Example 36.

3
• A 250 W, 230 V, 50 Hz capacitor-start motor has the following constants for the
main and auxiliary winding: Main winding, Zm=(4.5+j3.7) ohm, Auxiliary winding,
Za=(9.5+j3.5) ohm. Determine the value of the starting capacitor that will place the
main and auxiliary winding currents in quadrature at starting.

Let Xc be the reactance of the capacitor connected in the auxiliary winding. Then
Za=9.5+j(3.5-Xc )ohm
Im lags behind V by 39.4◦. Since time phase angle between Im and Ia has to be 90◦, Ia
must lead V by (39.4◦ - 90◦)=-50.6◦.
For auxiliary winding, tanφa=(3.5-XC )/R or tan(-50.6◦)= (3.5-XC )/9.5=-1.217, Or (3.5
XC )=-9.5×1.217=-11.56 ohm
∴ XC=11.56+3.5=15.06 ohm
Or 1/(2×π×50×C)=15.06
or C=1/(2×π×50×15.06)= 211×10-06 F
∴ C=211 μF.
 Capacitor Start-and-Run Motor
• This motor is similar to the capacitor-start motor except that the starting winding and

capacitor are connected in the circuit at all time.

• The advantage of leaving the capacitor permanently in circuit are:

(i) improvement of over-load capacity of the motor,

(ii) a higher power factor,

(iii) higher efficiency, and

(iv) quieter running of the motor which is so much desirable for small power drivers in

offices and laboratories.

• Some of these motors which start and run with one value of capacitance in the circuit are

called single-value capacitor-run motor.

• Other which start with high value of capacitance but run with a low value of capacitance are

known as two-value capacitor-run motor.

Single-value Capacitor Run Motor
It has one running winding and one starting winding in series with a capacitor as
shown in Fig. 36.28. Since the capacitor remains in the circuit permanently, this
motor is often referred to as permanent-split capacitor-run motor and behaves
practically like an unbalanced two-phase motor.

Obviously, there is no need to use centrifugal switch which was necessary in the
case of capacitor-start motors.
The low value of the capacitor results in small starting torque which is about 50 to
100% of the rated torque as shown in Fig. 36.29.
Single-value Capacitor Run Motor
One unique feature of this type of motor is that it can be reversed by an external
switch provided its running and staring winding are identical. One serves as the
running winding and the other as a starting winding for one direction of rotation.
For reverse rotation, the one that previously served as a running winding becomes
the starting winding while the former starting winding serves as a running winding.
As seen from Fig. 36.30 when the switch in the forward position, winding B serves
as running winding and A as starting winding. When switch is in ‘reverse’ position,
winding A becomes the running winding and B the starting winding.
Single-value Capacitor Run Motor
Obviously, there is no need to use centrifugal switch which was necessary in the
case of capacitor-start motors. Since the same capacitor is used for starting and
running, it is obvious that neither optimum starting nor optimum running
performance can be obtained because value of capacitance used must be a
compromise between the best value for starting and that for running.
 Two-Value Capacitor-Run Motor
This motor starts with a high capacitor in series with the starting winding so that the
starting torque is high. For running, a lower capacitor is substitute by the centrifugal
switch. Both the running and starting windings remain in circuit.
The two values of capacitance can be obtained as follows:
1. by using two capacitors in parallel at the starting and then switching out one
for low-value run as shown in Fig. 36.31, or
2. by using a step-up auto-transformer in conjunction with one capacitor so that
effective capacitance value is increased for starting purpose.
In Fig. 36.31, B is an electrolytic capacitor of
high capacity (short duty) and A is an oil
capacitor of low value (continuous duty).
Generally, starting capacitor B is 10 to 15 times
higher than the running capacitor A. At the
start, when the centrifugal switch is closed, the
two capacitors are put in parallel, so that their
combined capacitance is the sum of their
individual capacitances.
Two-Value Capacitor-Run Motor
After the motor has reached 75% full-load speed, the switch opens and only
capacitor A remains in the starting winding circuit. In this way, both optimum
starting and running performance is achieved in such motors. If properly
designed, such motors have operating characteristics very closely resembling
those displayed by two-phase motors. Their performance is characterized by
1. Ability to start heavy loads,
2. Extremely quiet operation,
3. Higher efficiency and power factor, and
4. Ability to develop 25% overload capacity

The use of an auto-transformer and single oil-

type capacitor is illustrated in Fig. 36.32.
 Problem
A 50 Hz split-phase induction motor has a resistance 10 Ω and an inductive reactance 80Ω
in both main and auxiliary winding. Determine the value of resistance and capacitance to
be added in series with auxiliary winding to send the same current in each winding with a
phase difference of 90◦.

Z = 10 + j80 = 80.62∠ 82.87°

The current flowing through the auxiliary winding after connecting resistor R and a
capacitor C in series should make an angle 90o with Im or make an angle 90◦ -82.87◦
=7.13◦ with the applied voltage V.
 Problem
1. The impedance of the main and auxiliary windings of a 50 Hz single-phase induction
motor are 4+j4 and 7+j3 respectively. (i) What will be the value of the capacitor to be
connected in series with auxiliary winding to achieve a phase difference of 90o between
the currents of the two windings? (ii) How much resistance and capacitance should be
added in series with auxiliary winding to get a phase difference of 80o between the
currents of the two windings?
2. A 50 Hz Split-phase induction motor has a resistance of 5 and an inductive reactance
of 20 in both main and auxiliary winding. Determine the value of resistance and
capacitance to be added in series with auxiliary winding to send the same current in
each winding with a phase difference of 90o.
3. The impedance of the main and auxiliary winding of a single-phase induction motor
operating at 50 Hz are (4 + j3.5) and (6.5 + j3.4) respectively. Determine the value of the
capacitor that will be placed in series with the auxiliary winding to produce a phase
difference of 75° between the windings. If a new capacitor is added to the existing
capacitor to obtain a phase difference of 90°, then find the value of newly added
capacitor.
 References
[1] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, “A Textbook of ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY in SI Units Volume II, AC & DC Machines
Chand & Company Ltd., (Multicolour illustrativeEdition).

[2] A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd, A.G. Conrad, “Alternating Current Machines”, © 1942, Asia Publishing House, Third Edi
(Fully revised and corrected Edition 2006-07).

[3] Jack Rosenblatt, M. Harold Friedman, “Direct and Alternating Current Machinery”, Indian Edition (2nd Edition), C
Publishers & Distributors.

[4] A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr. Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 5thEditionin SI units, ©1992 Me
Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company.

[5] Irving L. Kosow, Electrical Machinery and Transformers, Second Edition, Prentice –Hall India Pvt. Limited.

Acknowledgement
Ahmed Mortuza Saleque