Foreign – from a country that is not your own

Gist – the gist of sth is the general meaning but not all the details

Text – the written part of the book

Recognize sb/smt - know who sb is or what sth is because you’ve seen or heard them before

Go through sth – read sth cerafully from beginning to end

Identify – recognize sth and decide what it is

Guess sth – give an answer for sth without being sure of the facts

Context – the words before and after the new words or phrase that help you understnad

meaning

Keep a record of sth – write sth down to help you remember it, record sth – verb

Make a note of sth – write sth down quickly to help you remember it

Construction – the way words are used together in a sentence, construct sth – verb

Translation – a text that has been changed from one language into another,translate sth –verb

Conversation – is a talk between two or more people.You can also have a chat with sb,which

is friendly informal conversation

Discussion about sth – is when you talk about sth seriously, discuss sth –verb
Argument – is discussion in which people disagree,often angrily

Repeat sth – say sth again, repetition – noun

Explain sth – make sth clear or easy to understand, explanation – noun

Pronounce sth – make the sound of a word or letter, pronuncation – noun

Opportunity – a time when it is possible to do sth that you want to do, syn chance

Experiment with sth – try sth to see what result it has

Make mistaked – do mistakes

Revise sth – study sth again

Method - a way of doing sth

Work – get or have the result you want

Enthusiastic – very interested in sth or excited by it, enthusiasm – noun

Motuvated – really want to do sth, motivation – noun

After a while – after a period of time

Improve – become better,syns get better,make progress,improvment

Express sth – say or show what you think or feel

Effectively – in a way that gives you the result you want, effective adj
Obvious – easily seen and understood, syn clear

Encouraging – if sth is encouraging, it gives you hope and makes you want to

continue,encourage- verb

Accurately – with no mistakes, accurate – adj

Be aware of – know about sth

Frustrating – making annoying because you cannot do sth you want to do,frustration –noun

Goal – a thing you want to be able to do in the future,syn aim

Evryday – normal or usual

Expand – become bigger or make sth bigger

A wide range – a large number of different things

Complex – not simple, often diffucult to understand,syn complicated

Fluent – able to speak a foreign language easily and well, fluently- adv

In detail – fully and including a lot of information

Appropriate – right or siutable in a particular situation, opp inappropriate

Relevant to sth – usseful for and connected to sth, opp irrelevant

Specialized – having or needing a lot of special knowledge

Definition – an exact statement of what a word or phrase means, define sth-verb

Avoid doing sth – try not to do or experience it

Idiom – a group of words whose meaning is different from the meaning of rhe individual

words (also expression)

Entry – one of a list of items included in a dictionary,list

Provide sth – give sth to sb or make sth available for sb

Style – the way sth is written or spoken

For instaance – for example

Slang – very informal words or phrases used in spoken language

Offensive – rude and likely to upset sb , offend sb – verb

Symbol – a letter, number or sign that has a particular meaning meaning

Syllable – a part of a word which contains a vowel sound

Relate sth to sth – connect sth to sth,related – adj

Build sth – make sth bigger, increase sth

Select sth – choose sth,selection – noun

Abbrevation – a short form of a word

Capital letters – A B C D

Pausa – a short period of time when sb/sth stop

Separate – keep people or things away from,syn divide

List – a a series of name,items,numbers,…

Omit sth – if you omit sth, you don’t include it, syn leave sth out

Interrupt – occur in the middle of sth of sth and stop it

Details – small pieces of information about sth

Instead of sb/sth - in the place of sb/sth

Connect sth – put two or more things together, syn join

Such as – syn like

Alternative – one of two or more things that you can choose between

Male – men

Female – women

Well built – with a solid,strong body, syn stocky

Skinny – very thin,but not in an atractive way

In bad/good shape – in good/bad physical condition

Plump – quite fat, in a nice way

Fattish – quite fat

Clean shaven – without a heard or moustache

Be pregnant – be exciting baby

Pretty – attractive and nice to look at

Smooth – with a completely flat surface,opp rough

Tanned – having brown skin after spending time in the sun

Slim – thin in an attractive way, syn slender

Figure – the shape of a woma’s body

Appearance – the way sb looks

Go grey – become grey-haired or write- haired

Neat – tidy and cerafully arranged

Contact lenses – small round pieces of plastic you wear in your eyes to help you see better

Tell sth – know or guess sth

Crazy/ mad – is not always negative,we can describe someone who is bit out of control just

wants to enjoy life

Stupid – is always negative

See sb as sth – imagine or think of sb in a particular way

Ambitious – having a strong desire to do well or be succesful,opp unambitious, ambition –

noun

Self-confident – feelinf sure about your own ability, opp insecure

Generous – happy to give more money and help than is usual, opp mean, generosity – noun

Impatient – not able to stay calm and wait for sthh/sb, opp patient, patience- noun

Arrogant – thinking you are better than other people,opp modest, arrogance – noun

Aggressive – likely to fight or argue, aggression – noun

Cheerful – feeling happy

Easy-going – relaxed and not worried by what other people do

Energy – the ability to be very active without getting tired, energetic – adj

Responsible – able to act sensibly and intelligently,opp irresponsible

Honest – always telling the truth, opp dishonest, honesty – noun

Hard-working – able to work with effort and for a long time, opp lazy

Tolerant – able to accept ideas you don’t agree with, opp intolerant, tolerance –noun
Dull – boring

Sense of humor – the ability to laugh at things and see when sth is funny

Thriled – very happy,excited, syn delighted

Furious – very angry

Astonished – very suprised,syn amazed

Heartbroken – very sad and emotionally upset

Terrified – very frightened, syn scared stiff

Miserable – unhappy and depressed,syn fed up

Proud – pleased about sth your or other people have done

Jealous – 1.angry or sad because you are afraid of losing sb’love

2.angry or sad because sb has sth you don’t have, syn envious

Anxious – worried and afraid

Upset – sad and angry because of smt has happened

Absolutely – use before extreme adjective

Very – use before degree adjective

Sensitive – 1.a positive meaning; able to understand people’s feelings and problems,opp

insensitive

2.a more negative meaning; easily upset

Emotional – having strong feelings and often showing them, emotion – noun

Show your feelings – express your feelings openly, opp hide your feelings

Upset sb – make sb unhappy

Be in a bad mood – feel angry or unhappy in a particular time, opp be in a good mood

Hurt sb’s feelings – say sth that makes sb unhappy

Moody – often change and become angry or unhappy for no obvious reason

Sympathetic – kind and showing you understand sb’s problems (it doesn’t mean friendly or

nice in english)

Supportive – giving help to sb who has a problem

Friendship – the relationship between people who are friends

Make friends – form friendly relationships

Get on(well)with sb – have a good relationship with sb, opp not get on with sb

Rely on sb – feel sure that sb will do what they say will do, reliable –adj, syn depend on sb
Trust sb – believe sb is good and won’t hurt you

Loyal – being a friend to sb,even in difficult times,opp disloyal

Sociable – a sociable person likes the company of other people,opp antisocial

Keep in touch – stay in contact by speaking or writing to each other

Get to know sb – meet sb a number of times and become friends

One another – each other

Get together – meet for a social occasion

Go wrong – used when a problem happens in a situation or relationship

Realize sth – begin to understand sth that you didn’t know before

Have nothing in common – have no interests that are the same,opp have a lot in common

Regret sth/doing sth – feel sorry about sth you did or didn’t do

Split up with sb – stop being in a romantic relationship with sb

Go out with sb – have sb as a boyfriend or girlfriend

In a serious relationship – having long term boyfriend girlfriend

Fall out with sb – argue with sb and stop being friendly with them

Had a row with/argue with – have an angry discussion

Only child – a child with no brothers or sisters

Single parent – a mother or gather who looks after their children alone

Foster parent sb - who looks after another person’s child in their home for a time

Adopt a child – take sb’s child into your family and legally make them your child

Get divorces – legally end your marriage, syn get a divorce

Support sb – help sb live by giving them money,foof, or a home

Bring sb up – look after a child and teach them how to live

Stepfather – a man who has married your mother but is not your father (related words:

stepmother,stepbrother,stepsister,stepdaughter,stepson)

Half – brother ,half-sister – a brother or sister who has either the same mother or the same

father as you

Be related to sb – be in the same family as sb, relative – noun, syn relation

Member – a person who is in a group such as a family or a club

Royal – relating to a king or quenn

Ancestor – a person in your family who lived a long time ago

Immigrant – a person who comes to a foreign country to live there

Emigrate from … to – leave your country in order to live in another

Previous – happening before the one you are talking about

Generation – all the people in a family born at about the same time

Originally – in the beginning, before other things happen

Look like sb – have the same appearence as sb

Take after sb – be like an older member of your family

Choose sth – decide which thing you want, choice- noun

Ceremony – a formal public event

Religious – takes place in a church, mosque, temple, religion – noun

Civil – is a non religious one

Wedding – a time when a man and women get married

Wedding reception – give a formal talk to a lot of people at a special event

Drink a toast to sb – raise a glass of wine,etc, to wish sb success or happiness

Wish sb sth – say that you hope good thinsg will happen to sb

Honeymoon – a holiday for a couple who have just got married

Celebrate sth – have a special meal,party,etc to show you are happy about sth
Anniversary – the date on which sth happened the previous year or in the past

Weddind - is a ceremony for a couple(two peoplle who are getting married)

Marriage – is a relationship between wife and husband

Bride and groom – after marriage, they become husband and wife

Die – stop living, death – noun, dead-adj

Related to sb – be in the same family as sb, relative n, syn relation

Die - verb/ death – noun/dead -adj

Widow – a women whose husbund has died

Widower a man whose wife has died

Cremate sb – burn the body of a deas person as part of a funeral

Cemetary – a place where dead people are burried

Will - a document that says who will have your money or things when you die

Inherit (inheritance – noun) - receive money or things from sb when they die

Universe – the whole of space and everything in it, including the planets and stars

Satallite – an object that moves round a bigger object in space

In other words – used for saying sth in a differently

Circle sth – go round sth in a circle

Approximately – about syn roughly

Reach sth – arrive at a place

Space – the area beyond the earth round the planets and stars

Far – fetched – not easy to believe because it is very improbable

Gain sth – get more and more of sth useful,such as knowledge or exprence

Knowledge what you know and understand about sth

Scientist – a person who studies the physical world (science – noun/scientific - adj)

Explore – travel round a place in order to learn about it(exploration - noun)

Carry out – do and complete task

Experiment – a scientific test done in order to learn sth

Analysis – a careful study in order to explain it (analyse – verb)

Confirm sth – say or show that sth is true or definite (confirmation – noun)

Exist – if sth exists , it is present in the real world(existance – noun)

Discover – if you discover sth you learn about or find sth for the first time(discovery – noun)

Invet – if you invent sth you crest sth thst didn't exist before (invention – noun)
Flow – move smoothly

Burst – break open suddenly and violently

Ocean a very big sea

Tide – the regular change in the sea level caused by the moon and the sun

Capsize - turn over in the water

Underwater – happening or existing below the surface of the water

Drown – die in the water because you can not breaathe

Coast – the area of land that is close to or next to the sea or an ocean

Shore – the land along the edge of the sea,a lake

Steep – hill or cliff goes up quickly from a low place to high one

Protect sb/sth from sth/sb - safe from sth (protection – noun)

Rough – rough sea has big waves , opp calm

Pebbles - a small smooth round stone, especially one found on a beach or in a river:

Steep cliff - a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast:

Caves - a large hole in the side of a hill, cliff, or mountain, or one that is underground
Bay- a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three

sides:

Harbour - an area of water next to the coast, often protected from the sea by a thick wall,

where ships and boats can shelter:

Horizon - the line at the farthest place that you can see, where the sky seems to touch the land

or sea:

Pour - rain hevaly

Soaking wet – extremely wet

Drizzle – rain lightly, with very small drops

Bitterly cold – extremely cold

Chilly – a little too cold to bo comfortable

Mild – warmer than usual for the time of year

Heatwave – a period unusually hot weather

Muggy - warm and damp in an unpleasant way ,syn humid

Mist – thin cloud near the ground which is diffucult to see through, misty –adj
Frost- the weather condition when the temperature is below 0 and ice forms on windows, the

grounds, frosty – adj

Breeze – a light wind , breezy – adj

Gale – a strong wind

Effect – is a change which is caused by smt

Affect sth – means to make it change in a particular way

Climate – the normal weather condition of a particular region

Environment- the natural world,the air land, and water in which people, plants, and animals

live(environmentalist is sb who studies the environment)

Gradual – happening slowly over a long period of time,gradully – adv

The atmosphere – the gases around the earth,planets

Harmful – causes damage ,injury or illness,harm sth/sb

Gas – a substance like air

Pollution – dirty and dangerous gases, chemicals that harm the environment(pollute verb)

Human – connected with people

Melt – if you beat ice it melts,it changes from a solid to a liquid

Rise – increase, go higher, opp fall

Extreme – much hotter,colder, or more violent than usual

Unpredictable – if sth is unpredictable you can't say how it will change in the future

Disappear – stop exsisting

Famine – is when there is not enough foof in the country

Disease – illness in people,animals or ec

Spread – affect more and more people or things

Disaster – a very bad event , causimg harm or death

Violent – very strong and usually causing damage (violence noun)

Sudden – happening very quickly (suddenly adv)

Ground – the top part of the earth's surface that people walk on

Damage – harm or injury caused when sth is broKEN, (damage – verb)

Destroy sth – break sth completely so it can't be used again, (destruction –noun)

Erupt – explode and throw out fire, burning rocks

Lava – hot liquid rock

Surrounding – that is near or around (surrounding – noun)

Starve (to death) - suffer (or die) because you don't have enough food

Wave - a raised line of water that moves across the surface of an area of water

Crops - a plant such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in large amounts:

Drought - a long period when there is little or no rain:

Hit sth/sb - make sudden violent contact with sth/sb syn strike sth/sb

Collapse – if a building collapses, it falls to the ground (collapse – noun)

Evacuate – move sb away from a dangerous place ( evacuation – noun)

Fear – a felling that sth bad might happen

Trap sb – if sb if trapped, they are inside and cannot get out

Death toll – the number of people killed in a disaster, accident

Considerable – very large in size or amount

Cricial – very important

Rescue sb – take sb from a dangerous place to safety, syn save sb

Maintain sth – make sth continue at a certain level

Supply – an amount of sth that you need

Trunk – alephant's nose

Feather – tuk

Creature – a living thing such as an animal, bird, fish, or insect

Wild – living in natural conditions, nor looked after by people

Insect – a small animal with six legs, one or two pairs of wings and body in three parts

Poisonous – producting a dangerous substance that can kill or harm you

Harmless – cot causing da,age, injury, or illness opp harmful,harm – noun

Vary – be different from each other

Up to – used when saying most an amount can be

Weigh – have a certain weight - noun,which is how heavy sth is

Survive – contunie to live in a diffucult sitation, survival – noun

Average – normal or typical

Lifespan – the time that sth is likely to live (for people, we say life expectansy)

Hunt sth – go after sth to catch and kill it

Attack sth/sb - try to hunt sb/sth by using physical forca (attack noun)

Sting – a sudden pain caused by poison sent into the skin / it is a verb

Cow - it is female animal

Bull – is a male animal

Cattle – a group of cows and bulls kept in the farm

Herd – a group of cows is called a herd

Plums - gavali

Apricots - erik

Rashberries morug

Grapefruits - greyfurt

Avocado - avakado

Figs - encir

Coconut - hindistan cevizi

Passion fruits

Papaya

Pomegranates - nar

Herbs - otlar

Parsley -ceferi

Mint - nane
Basil - reyhan

Thyme keklikotu

Rosemary - rozmarin

Spinach - ispanaq

Leek - pirasa

Celery - kereviz

Broccoli - brokoli

Chickpeas - noxud

Fennel - suyud

Artichoke - enginar

Asparagus - qulancar

Sweetcorn - qargidali

Beetroot - cugundur

Veal - dana eti

Calf's liver – dana qaraciyeri

Kidney- boyrek
Duck - ordek

Rabbit - dovsan

Trout - alabaliq

Carp -sazan

Salmon - qizil baliq

Oyster - ilbiz

Squid - kalamar

Lobster - xerceng

Crab – xerceng

Mussels – midiya

A waste of time – a bad use of your timr

Good for you – syn healthy, opp bad for you – syn unhealthy

Keep sth up – contunie doing sth

Put on weight – become heavier anf fatter, opp lose weight

Junk food – food which is not good for you

Plenty of sth – as much sth as you need

Fizzy drink – a drink containing of food usually eaten between meals

Snack – a small amount of food usually easten between meals

Fattening – making you fatter

Cut down on sth – have less of sth

Exercise – physical activity that keeps you healthy

Recipe – a set of instruction for cooking sth

Ingredients – the food items you need to have to make sth sth

Stock – water added flavour of meat fish or vegatable

Boil sth – cook sth in water, usually in a saucepan- qazan

Fry sth – cok sth in oil, usually in a frying pan- tava

Add sth - put sth together with sth else

Dish – a container for serving food at the table / tabak

Bake sth – cook sth in the oven without oil or fat

Afford sth – if you can afford sth you have enough money to pay for it

Scratch – a mark on the surface of sth made by a sharp object

Discount – a cut in the usual price of something, syn reduction

Off – if sth has 20$ off, it costs 20$ less than usual

Receipt – a piece of paper that shows that sth has been paid for

Refund – an amount of money paid back to you when you retunr sth to a shop

The sales – a time when shops sell things at a lower pieces

Reduce sth – make sth less in size, quantity or price, reduction – noun

Bargain – sth that is a good price or is cheaper than usual

Change – if sth costs 2$ and you give the assistant 5$, you get 3$ change

Income – the money you earn from work,plus any other money you receive

Wealthy – rich,syn well off

Worth – if a flat is worth 3$, you could sell it for 2$

Cost a fortune – be very expensive

Value sth at ath – decide what sth is worth, or what you could sell it for

Waste of money – a bad use of money

Own sth – if you own sth, it is yours, it belongs to you

Huge – very large, syn massive

Amount – a quantity of sth, a sum of money

Broke – having no money

Owe sb sth – have to pay money to sb for sth they have done or given

Debt – an amount of money that you owe sb

Sleepy – tired and ready to go to sleep

Fall asleep – start sleeping, syn go to sleep

Asleep – sleeping

Nightmare – a bad dream

Fast asleep – sleeping deeply, syn in a deep sleep, opp wide awake

Go off – ring or make a noise

Wake sb up – make sb stop sleeping

Oversleep – sleep longer than you should or want

Have a lie in – stay in bed later than usual

Habit – a thing you do often, almost without thinking

Sleep like a log – sleep very well, opp sleep badly

Have a restless night – be unable to sleep and often wake up

Concreate on sth – give all your atention to sth

Lack of sth – a situation in which you don’t have enough of sth

Irriratble – becoming angry easily

Exhausted – extremely tired, physicaly or mentally

A heavy sleeper – a person who doesnt wake up easily , opp a light sleeper

Disturb sb – do sth to stop sb who is trying to sleep, work, etc

Suffer from sth – have the experience of sth unpleasant

Insomnia – if you suffer from insomnia, you are often unable to sleep

Have a nap – have a short sleep, for half an hour

On my mind – if sth is on your mind, you are thinking or worrying about it