LIPOPROTEINS

Cholesterol increases 2 mg/dL/year between 50 and 60 years old

after the age of 50
Liebermann Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic acid
Burchardt Green end color
Salkowski Cholestadienyl Disulfonic acid
Lipoprotein lipase Hydrolyzes TAG in lipoproteins, releasing fatty acid and glycerol
Red end color
(Lipemia clearing
Color
factor)developer Glacial acetic acid
mixture (Cholesterol) Acetic anhydride
Hepatic lipase Hydrolyzes TAG and phospholipids from HDL
Cone. H2SO4
Hydrolyzes lipids on VLDL and IDL
One-step method Colorimetry (Pearson, Stern and Mac Gavack)
Endothelial lipase Hydrolyzes phospholipids and TAG in HDL
Two-step method Color. + Extraction (Bloor's)
Apolipoprotein Protein component of lipoprotein
Three-step method Color. + Extract. + Saponification (Abell-Kendall)
Amphipathic helix-ability of proteins to bind to lipids
Four-step method Color. +Extract. + Sapon. + Precipitation (Schaenheimer Sperry ,
Chylomicrons Largest and least dense
Parekh andbyJung)
- creamy layer Produced the intestine - small intestine
Abell, Levy and CDC reference method for cholesterol:
SG: <0.95
Brodie mtd (Chemical -Hydrolysis/saponification
80-95% TAG (exogenous) (Ale. KOH)
method) -Hexane extraction
Apo B-48 (Major)
-Colorimetry
EP: Origin (Liebermann-Burchardt)
Triglycerides Most insoluble
Triglyceride lipid is high and is removed by lipoprotein
content
Main
lipasestorage lipid in man (adipose tissue) - 95%
Fasting:
Abundant 12 hours
in blood after a rich fat meal
Triglyceride increases 2 mg/dL/year between 50 and 60 years old
after the age of 50 PINAKAMAGAAN PERO INAKAMALAKI
Van Handel & Chromotropic acid (+) Blue color compound
EXOGENOUS -TRYGLYCERIDES
Zilversmith EX : LIPID PROFILE
(Colorimetric) COLOR WILL BE YELLOW
Hantzsch RESPONSIBLE SA CREAMY LAYER IS CHYLOMICRONS
Diacetyl acetone
Condensation (+) Diacety l lutidine compound
(Fluorometric)
VLDL - “PRE BETA” Secreted by the liver
Modified Van Handel CDCSG: 0.95-1.006
reference method for triglycerides:
and Zilversmith 65% TAG hydrolysis
-Alkaline (endogenous)
(Chemical method) -Chloroform(Major)
Apo B-100 extraction -> extract treated w/ silicic acid -Color
EP: pre-beta
reaction w/ chromotropic acid - meas. HCHO (+) Pink colored
Fatty acids Short chain = 4-6 C atoms
VERY LOW
Medium DENSITY
chain = 8-12LIPOPROTEINS
C atoms - ALSO KNOW AS PRE-BETA
LIPOPROTEINS
Long chai n = > 12 C atoms
Saturated = w/o double bonds
LDL - “BETA Synthesized by
Unsaturated thedouble
= w/ liver bonds
LIPOPROTEINS” SG: 1.006-1.063
Substrate for gluconeogenesis
50% CE
Most is bound to albumin
Palmitic acid Apo B-100 (Major)
16:0
Stearic acid EP: beta
18:0
Cholesterol transport: Liver->Tissues
Oleic acid 18:1
Target of cholesterol lowering therapy
Linoleic acid 18:2
Better marker for CHD risk
Arachidonic acid 20:4
Bad cholesterol
BAD CHOLESTEROL - 50% CHOLESTEROL
CORONARY HEART DISEASE- CHD RISK
HDL - “ALPHA” Smallest but dense
SG: 1.063-121
45-55% protein
26-32% phospholipid
Apo A-l (Major)
EP: alpha
Produced by the liver and intestine
Reverse cholesterol transport: Tissue-^Liver

- MAJOR COMP HDL- PROTEIN

GOOD CHOLESTEROL
SMALLEST AMOG THE LIPOPROTEIN BUT DENSE/MABIGAT
MAJOR COMPONENTS IS PROTEINS

INCREASE CHOLESTEROL SA PHERIPEHRAL TISSUES IT BRINGS

BACK TO THE TISSUE

HDL- HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS

IDL - INTERMEDIATE Product of VLDL catabolism

DESITY LIPOPROTEIN Seen in Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia (Apo E-III def.; beta-VLDL)
SG: 1.006-1.019

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia - DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

Lp(a) Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein
SG: 1.045-1.080
Apo B-100
EP: pre-beta (VLDL)
UC: like LDL
Independent risk factor for atherosclerosis
LpX Found in obstructive jaundice (cholestasis) and LCAT deficiency
90% FC and PL
Apo C and albumin
Beta-VLDL Floating beta-lipoprotein
SG: <1.006
EP: beta (LDL)
UC: like VLDL
Found in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia (Apo E-III def; IDL)
Rich in cholesterol content than VLDL
Lipoprotein Specimen: sample from serum separator tubes (preferred) -red
methodologies top
EDTA plasma: choice for research studies of LPP fractions
Fasting state: TAG -> VLDL
Nonfasting state: TAG -> CM
Ultracentrifugation Reference method for LPP quantitation
Reagent: Potassium bromide (SG: 1.063)
Ultracentrifugation of plasma for 24 hours
Expressed in Svedberg units
Electrophoresis Electrophoretic pattern:
(+) HDL <-VLDL <- LDL <- CM (Origin) (-)
 Agarose gel: sensitive medium
VLDL: migrates w/ alpha2-globulin (pre-beta)

LIPOPROTEINS
 Lipoproteins' substances made up of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through the blood stream
 It functions to transport hydrophobic lipids (known as fats) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or
other extracellular fluids.

LIPO/FATS AND PROTEINS

LIPIDS + PROTEINS = LIPOPROTEINS

Lipids are transported in the plasma as lipoproteins.

Lipoproteins are classified according to increasing density
Four major lipid classes are present in lipoproteins:
1- Triacylglyççrpls
2. Phospholipids
3. Cholesterol
4. Cholestervl esters

FATS- MAKUKUHA SA DIET- DIRECTLY ABSORBED GAS INTENTINAL TRUCT- DIRECTLY

SYNTHESIZED IN LIVER +ADIPOSE - TRANSPORTED

FATS ARE INSOLUBLE IN H20- HDROPHOBIC

TRANSPORTED
1. UTILIZATION
2. STORAGE
PROTEINS
-APOLIPOPROTEINS/APPOPROTEINS

LIPIDS
-NON-POLAR
-TAG(TRIACYLYCEROL)
-CHOLESTEROL ESTERS
-AMPHIPATIC
-PHOSPOLIPIDS
-FREE CHOLESTEROL

INNERCORE
-NONPOLAR
OUTERCORE
-AMPHIPHATIC

HYDROPHILIC TAIL
HYDROPHOBIC HEAD

PHERIPHERAL PROTEINS-
-DDYSBETALIPRE
INTEGRAL PROTEIN-
-INSERT APOPROTEINS(APO1, 4)

 In addition to these, is the existence of a much smaller fraction of unesterified long chain fatty acids
(free fatty acids) that account for less than 5% of the total fatty acid present in the plasma
 Four (4) major groups of plasma lipoproteins which are important physiologically & in clinical
diagnosis: chylomocrons, IdI, vldl, hdl

Classification accdg to:

Density- ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

Electrophoretic mobility

Ultracentrifugation

PINAKAMABIGAT YUNG NASA BABA

-MOST DENSE TO LEAST DENSE

FREE FATTY ACIDS COMPLEX WITH ALBUMIN - PINAKALARGEST
HDL
LDL
LDL
IDL
VLDL
CHYLOMICROMS

SUMMARY OF APOLIPOPIOTEINS
APOUPOPROTEI FOUNpMAINLY FUNCTIONS
N IN
APO A 1 •HDL Cofactor of lecithin:
cholesterol
acyltransferase
Activates LCAT
APO B-lOO VLDL Main apoprotein and
IDL mediates secretion
LDL of
VXDL binds LDL and
VLDL receptors in
peripheral tissues
AP B-48 • Chylomicrons • main apoprotein.
and mediates
secretion of
chylomicrons
APO C-II HDL • Cofactor
VLDL lipoprotein lipase (in
Chylomicrons peripheral tissue)
shuttled
APO E • Chylomicrons • Mediates hepatic
LDL uptake of
chylomicron remnant
and LDL

ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEIN
- Lp(a)
- LpX
- Beta-VLDL
HYPOLIPOPRETEINEMIA-
ABETALIPOPREOTEINEMIA/ AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE/ ALSO KNOWN AS BASSES CONFLUENZA SYNDROME

TYPE I - HYPERCHYCLOMICRONEMIA
TYPE 2 (a) AND (B) - HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
TYPE 3 - HYPERLIPOPRETEINEMIA
TYPE 4- HYPERTRIGLYCEROLEMA

ORIGIN- CHYLOMICRONS
LDL
IDL
VLDL
HDL
FFA COMPLEX