Lab Course Title: APPLIED PHYSICS

Lab Course Code: BSL-181L

Semester: 1st Semester SECTION “C” (Fall 2020)
REG #.

Lab Report # 2
APPLIED PHYSICS
Department of Computer system Engineering

Submitted to:
Mr. Haseen Ullah Jan, BSI

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar

Department of Computer System Engineering

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB LAB LAB

 Dated: 16/11/2020

EXPERIMENT:
Calibrate the thermocouple by deflection method.

THEORY:
1. Thermoelectric effect:
The Thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and
vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different
temperature on each side. Conversely, when a voltage is applied to it, heat is transferred from one
side to the other, creating a temperature difference. At the atomic scale, an applied temperature
gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side.

2. Seebeck effect:
The Seebeck effect is the buildup of an electric potential across a temperature gradient. A
thermocouple measures the difference in potential across a hot and cold end for two dissimilar materials.
This potential difference is proportional to the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends.

OBJECTIVE:
To calibrate the thermocouple by deflection method.

APPARATUS:
1. Two Thermometer.
2. Four Beaker.
3. Two test tubes.
4. Galvanometer.
5. Spirit lamp.
6. Stand.
7. Water.
8. Wire.
 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar

Department of Computer System Engineering

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB

Dated: 16/11/2020

Description of Apparatus:
1. Thermometer:
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature
gradient. A thermometer has two important elements: a temperature sensor in which
some change occurs with a change in temperature; and some means of converting this
change into a numerical value.
2. Beaker:
In laboratory equipment, a beaker is generally a cylindrical container with a flat
bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to aid pouring, as shown in the picture.
Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from one milliliter up to several liters. A
beaker is distinguished from a flask by having straight rather than sloping sides. The
exception to this definition is a slightly conical-sided beaker called a Philips beaker. The
beaker shape in general drinkware is similar .
3. Test tube:
A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of
laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the
top and closed at the bottom.
4. Galvanometer:
A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument used for detecting and
indicating an electric current. A galvanometer works as an actuator, by producing a rotary
deflection of a pointer, in response to electric current flowing through a coil in a constant
magnetic field. Early galvanometers were not calibrated, but improved devices were used as
measuring instruments, called ammeters, to measure the current flowing through an electric
circuit.
5. Spirit lamp:
Spirit lamp is commonly used in laboratories to heat up substances. The lamp
temperature is comparatively lower than the gas burner. Its flame is also small. It can be
used for precise heat treatment. Spirit lamps are commonly used in schools, colleges and
in the labs. It can also be used for flame sterilization of the lab tools .
 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar

Department of Computer System Engineering

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB LAB LAB

6. Lab Stand:
lab stands to elevate various pieces of lab equipment,
usually glassware. They're also sometimes called a support stand, retort
stand, and clamp stand. With a support stand and clamp, you can easily set
up any chemistry or physics experiment that requires raising one object
above another.
7. Wire:
A wire is a single usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of
metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and
telecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal
through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in various standard
sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term 'wire' is also used
more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in "multistranded wire",
which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in
electricity.
 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar

Department of Computer System Engineering

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB LAB LAB

OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS:
T1 T2 V T=T1-T2

20 20 0 0

21 31 0.1 10

21 41 0.2 20

21 51 0.3 30

21 61 0.4 40

21 71 0.5 50

21 81 0.6 60
21 91 0.8 70

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar

Department of Computer System Engineering

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB LAB LAB

PROCEDURE:
1.I took four test tubes filled with mercury and fitted two test tube with
Thermometer to measure temperature.
2.Then I placed these test tubes in two beakers filled water.
3.I took two wires, one was copper and other was eureka.
4.Then I created a few junctions connecting at different points to measure
temperature.
5.I dipped all other points in the test tubes filled with mercury and
connected two ends with galvanometer to measure change in voltage.
6.Now, my task was to note down the initial temperature of the beaker 1.
7.I place spirit lamp below beaker 2 to increase it’s temperature to know
different between initial temperature of beaker 1 and beaker 2.
8.I note temperature of beaker 1 as “T1” and beaker 2 as “T2”.
9.Now, I had to notes the change in voltage through the galvanometer as
the temperature increase in beaker 2 and remain constant in beaker 1.

University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar

Department of Computer System Engineering

APPLIED PHYSICS LAB LAB LAB

Precaution:
1.Carefully handle the equipment.
2.Equally fill the water in both the beakers.
3.Do not let one junction wire touch another, it will cause incorrect reading.