Agriculture is one of the most dangerous jobs on the planet.

Agriculture employees face at

least double the chance of death on the job as those in other industries. According to the
International Labor Organization, at least 170,000 agricultural laborers are slain every year.
The World Health Organization estimates that between 2 and 5 million employees are
poisoned by pesticides each year, with 40,000 of them dying ( Nankongnab et al., 2019).
Farming in different parts of the world differs in terms of climate, crops, animals cared for,
and chemicals utilized. Chemicals, animal dander, flours, various organic dusts, plants,
zoonotic illnesses, and sunshine are among the skin irritants and allergens that farmers and
farm workers are exposed to. Many farmers maintain their own equipment and perform
building labor. Temperature, humidity, and frequent washing can all contribute to skin
disorders and alter the skin's susceptibility to irritants and allergens. A group of European
dermatologists looked at existing data and found that annual prevalence rates of hand and
arm dermatoses ranged from 8% to 37% of farmers. The Farm Family Survey research in the
United States (383 males and 265 females) discovered a 10% male and 14% female overall
incidence of contact dermatitis.  skin disorders have a wide range of risk factors and agents.
Hand labor, which is especially popular among farmers, leads in close direct contact with
plants that may contain irritants or allergens, as well as chemicals used in production and
livestock, all of which increase the risk of contact dermatitis ( Rabei, 2021).

Objective:

The study aims to explore the skin disorders among farmer worker in the Madinah and
Yanbu.

Research question:

What is the prevalence skin disorder among farmer worker in the Madinah and Yanbu?

Background:

farmer workers, as well as other rural people, come into contact with substances that might
cause skin disorders on a regular basis. Plants, insects, pesticides, sunshine, heat, and
infectious agents are the main causes of skin disease in the agricultural environment
( Feldman et al., 2009).

Skin disorders related with farms and rural areas can be divided into five categories:

1. Contact dermatitis is the most common kind of dermatitis.

2. Infectious dermatitis is a kind of dermatitis that is caused

3. dermatitis caused by arthropods

4. Skin problems caused by the sun

 5. Heat, cold, and humidity-related skin problems humidity.

Contact dermatitis:

The most frequent kind of occupational dermatitis is contact dermatitis, which is especially
widespread in agricultural and rural settings. The following are the different types of contact
dermatitis:
1. contact dermatitis due to an irritant
2. contact dermatitis due to an allergic reaction
3. contact dermatitis due to photoirritants
4. Photoallergic contact dermatitis is a kind of dermatitis that is caused by exposure to light.
Irritating contact dermatitis is the most prevalent kind of contact dermatitis in agricultural
work settings, followed by allergic contact dermatitis and photocontact (irritant or allergic)
dermatitis.

Contact skin disorders in Clinical Practice:

Acute and chronic or delayed irritant contact dermatitis are the two kinds of irritant contact
dermatitis. Acute irritant contact dermatitis is caused by a single encounter with a powerful
chemical, which causes a burn-like reaction. Soon after contact, erythema, blistering, and
ulceration appear. The majority of irritating contact dermatitis, on the other hand, is chronic
or delayed as a result of prolonged or repeated exposure. Erythema, thickening, and
thickening, as well as patchy hyperkeratosis, are all common symptoms. Itching and painful
fissuring are other frequent signs of the disease.

Contact Dermatitis Epidemiology and Risk Factors:

Occupational skin disorders have a wide range of risk factors and agents. Hand labor, which
is especially popular among migrant and seasonal laborers, involves near physical contact
with plants that may contain irritants or allergens, as well as chemicals used in production
and livestock, all of which increase the risk of contact dermatitis ( Irby et al., 2009). Working
in wet clothing and shoes, wearing rain jackets (for protection) when applying pesticides or
harvesting tobacco, working with pesticides, sun exposure, harvesting vegetable crops
without gloves, and living in substandard (unsanitary) housing are all additional risk factors
(Vallejos et al., 2008).

Contact Dermatitis Causers in Agricultural Settings:

Several compounds, including carbaryl (a carbamate insecticide) and proparagite (a sulfur-

based substance used to kill mites on orchard and other crops), can produce pesticide-
induced allergic contact dermatitis (Ghafari et al., 2017). Pyrethrum is a sensitizer that's
included in a lot of bug sprays and powders around the house. Because they all contain
oleoresins comparable to pyrethrum, pyrethrum sensitive people may also acquire
sensitivities to chrysanthemums, shasta daisies, ragweed, and other members of the daisy
family. Furthermore, several synthetic pyrethrums (pyrethroids) that presently dominate the
pesticide industry may cause allergic reactions in these persons (de-Assis et al., 2020).
Although contact dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis linked to pesticides,
other conditions such as urticaria (shortlived multiple red raised itchy bumps on the skin),
erythema multiforme (multiple red papules more permanent than hives), ashy dermatosis
(diffuse bluishgray skin plaques), parakeratosis variegata (multiple bizarrely patterned
papules) ( Piccoli et al., 2016).

2. Infectious Dermatitis:

zoonotic dermatophytic fungus and two zoonotic viral infections, contagious ecthyma of
sheep and goats and pseudo cowpox of cattle (milker's nodule), are the three most
significant and prevalent infectious dermatoses of agricultural workers.

3. dermatitis caused by arthropods:

Agricultural workers are exposed to a wide range of arthropods that bite and sting since they
spend so much time outside. Wasps, bees, and ants (hymenoptera species) are among the
arthropods, as are a wide range of spiders, mites, and ticks (arachnids), mosquitoes and
biting flies (Diptera), and caterpillars (Lepidoptera). The kind of toxin in the offending
arthropod's venom, as well as biological differences among the victims (e.g., the person's
degree of sensitization), influence cutaneous reactions to most of these insect attacks (
Ngajilo & Jeebhay., 2019).

4. 4. Skin problems caused by the sun