DESIGN OF U-SHAPED ANTENNA
USING DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE WITH
Figure 8 Comparison between measured and simulated noise figure of
LNA
22 to 40 GHz. The NF of the LNA was measured by using an
AV3985 microwave noise figure analyzer through on-wafer probe,
and the simulated and measured NF are plotted in Figure 8. Mini-
mum NF is 2.5 dB at 36 GHz, and the NF is less than 3 dB from
22 to 40 GHz. The simulated and measured results are basically in
good agreements except slight discrepancy at output return loss
for the short transmission line in the output, which can be fixed by
using an long gold line.
5. CONCLUSION
A broadband (22–40 GHz) four-stage MMIC LNA has been pre-
sented in this article. It was fabricated in WIN 0.15 um PHEMT
technology. The source inductor, interstage mismatching methods
and lossy match circuit were used to realize both low noise and
flatten gain simultaneously in wideband. The designed LNA has
achieved a gain of 22 6 1 dB, a return loss of less than 10 dB, and
a noise figure of less than 3 dB from 22 to 40 GHz. The chip size
was 2 3 1 mm2, which can be used in active phased-array receiver
modules, millimeter wave imaging, broadband wireless communi-
cation systems, and 24-GHz short-range sensors. In addition the
LNA was worked with only one supply power, which was realized
by four self-bias resistances. Compare to LNA has both Vg and Vd,
the self-bias LNA can improve the circuit responsibility for
MMIC LNA with Vg can be easily damaged by ESD.
REFERENCES
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BiCMOS phased array front-ends, IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 43
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C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V using IE3D software followed by experimental verifications.
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 4, April 2016
ENHANCED BANDWIDTH FOR
WLAN/WIMAX APPLICATIONS
Bappadittya Roy,1 U. Chakraborty,2 S. K. Chowdhury,3 and
A. K. Bhattacharjee1
1
Department of Ece, Nit Durgapur, West Bengal, India;
Corresponding author: bappadittya13@gmail.com
2
Department of Ece, Nit Hamirpur, H.P, India
3
Department of Ece, Ju, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Received 22 August 2015
ABSTRACT: A compact single layer coaxially fed wideband microstrip
antenna is presented in this letter. The proposed antenna consists of a
U-shaped patch and a rectangular ground plane embedded with two
open ended rectangular ground slots (RGS). The antenna is designed for
wide band of communication (3.02–6.03 GHZ). It is found that the maxi-
mum bandwidth of the antenna is obtained about 66.5% when a rectan-
gular slot is inserted near the lower edge of the U-shaped patch. The
antenna was studied experimentally for impedance bandwidth, and gain.
It is shown that the antenna can cover the bands of several applications
including IEEE 802.11n (and the older 802.11a) WLANs application
(allocate channels between 5.15 and 5.825 GHz) and WiMAX (3.2–
3.8 GHz) application. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt
Technol Lett 58:959–963, 2016; View this article online at
wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29702
Key words: bandwidth enhancement; U-shaped patch; rectangular
ground slot (RGS); wideband antenna
1. INTRODUCTION
With the tremendous advancements in wireless communications,
the demand for miniaturized microstrip antennas with wide oper-
ating bandwidth is increased for the use in commercial commu-
nication systems. To further enhance modern communications
systems technology, researchers have been studying different
approaches for creating novel wideband microstrip antennas
[1–15]. Earlier, one antenna with fixed radiation characteristic
was used for a specific wireless system application. This disad-
vantage was overcome by enhancing the bandwidth of the micro-
strip antennas by which one antenna fulfills the bandwidth
requirements of several wireless communication standards. In
Ref. 3, the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna is enhanced by
41%. A dual band tunable antenna has been proposed with two
resonant elements in Ref. 4. They have used two varactor tuned
circuits for separate tuning of the each resonant band. In some
similar works [5,6], the bandwidth of microstrip antenna is
enhanced by introducing rectangular open ended slot inside the
patch of the antenna. However, the bandwidth enhancement of a
planar antenna is not very difficult using CPW feed technique
[9,10]. Different design techniques of microstrip antennas for
WLAN and WiMAX applications are reported in Refs. 11–14. In
this letter, the design of a wide band microstrip antenna for wire-
less application is realized by using a simply designed U shaped
microstrip patch embedded with two rectangular ground slots.
About 210 dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 3.02–
6.03 GHZ. The wideband antenna fulfills the bandwidth require-
ments of IEEE 802.11a WLAN band (5.15–5.85 GHz) and IEEE
802.16 WiMaX band (3.2–3.8 GHz). The simulation bandwidth
(66.5%) is quite matched with the measurement bandwidth
(57.66%). The proposed antenna configuration was first verified
959
 Figure 1 Reference Antenna (Antenna1)

2. ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometry of the reference antenna is shown in Figure 1. In
the first stage, a rectangular microstrip antenna of width
(Wp) 5 24.5 mm and length (Lp) 5 24 mm is designed to work
as reference antenna (Antenna 1). The dimension of the ground
plane is 443 40 mm2. The substrate of the proposed antenna is
FR4 epoxy having thickness of 1.6 mm and relative permittivity
er54.4 and tand50.02. The location of the feed point is in the
middle of the patch and the ground plane. The coaxial feed is
given by an SMA connector of internal radius 0.5 mm. In the
second stage, two open ended rectangular ground slots are sepa-
rately inserted inside the ground plane of the Antenna 1 [as
shown in Fig. 2(a) which is Antenna 2]. As the resonance of
each ground slot is nearly equal to the patch resonance, the Figure 2 Rectangular microstrip antenna: (a) Antenna 2 (back-view) with
bandwidth of the Antenna 2 is enhanced. In the next stage, the ground slot l1 and l2 when front view is same as shown in Antenna 1, (b)
geometry of the patch is modified to U-shape when the ground Antenna 3(front-view) when back view is same as shown in Antenna 2, and
plane of the antenna is same as Antenna 2 [as shown in Fig. (c) Antenna 4 (front-view) when back view is same as shown in Antenna 2
2(b) which is Antenna 3]. Dimensions of the Antenna 3 (specifi-
cally “a”, “b”, and “c”) are optimized such that the 210 dB
bandwidth of the antenna is maximum. In the final modification
stage, one rectangular slot of length Lq and width p is inserted
inside the U-shaped patch [in Fig. 2(c) which is Antenna 4]. entire frequency band from 3.02 to 6.04 GHz. The maximum
All the parameters of the antenna are optimized by using IE3D simulated gain is found around 22.1 dBi at the lower band and
simulation software. All Dimension of the antenna listed in Table 1. 2.5 dBi at the higher band of the proposed antenna (in Fig. 4).
Simulated for Y–Z plane radiation patterns of the proposed
3. SIMULATED RESULT AND ANALYSIS antenna are shown in Figure 5. Its between co-polar and cross
Simulated reflection coefficient versus frequency plots of Anten- polar patterns is decreased as the frequency is increased.
nas 1–4 are shown in Figure 3. It is found that the impedance
bandwidth is gradually increased for the modification of antenna
4 EEEECT OF SLOT IN PATCH OR GROUND PLANE
structure from Antenna 1 to Antenna 4. Results in terms of 210
dB impedance bandwidth and fractional bandwidth (Antenna 1 4.1. Effect of Close-Ended Patch Slot
to Antenna 4) are given in Table 2. The proposed antenna Antenna 4 introduce a closed ended slots just below the feed point
(Antenna 4) gives reflection co-efficient below 210 dB over the with length Lq515.5 mm and width p 5 3 mm. It is observed in

TABLE 1 Dimension of the Antenna (Antennas 2–4)

Parameter W L WP LP Lq p w1 w2 l1 l2 a b c q
Value (mm) 44 40 12.5 24 15.5 3 16 18 35.5 30 12.5 8.5 13.5 4

960 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 4, April 2016 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 3 Simulated S11(dB) characteristics of Antenna 1–4. [Color figure
can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 2 Summary of Fractional BW for All Antenna

Performance

Antennas Bandwidth (GHz) Fractional BW

Antenna 1 0.20 3.508%
Antenna 2 0.60 08.96%
Antenna 3 0.82 13.88%
Antenna 4 3.03 66.66%

Figure 6 that the slot impedance is increased when the width (p) is
gradually increased when the value of p reaches 3 mm then we get
the best resonant value. Although the impedance bandwidth and
FWB for different values of p are given in Table 3.

4.2. Effect of Variation of Width of Slots on the Ground Plane
In Antenna 2 t1 and t2 are two open-ended rectangular slots
inserted in a ground plane with length of l158.5 mm width
t152 mm and length l258 mm and width t255.3 mm. Simulated
reflection coefficient of different width and position of
Figure 5 (a) Simulated normalized radiation patterns at 5.2 GHz. (b)
Simulated normalized radiation patterns at 5.8 GHz. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 6 Variation of resonant frequency for different values of “p”.

[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
Figure 4 Simulated gain versus frequency plot of the proposed antenna wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 4, April 2016 961
TABLE 3 Summarized Results for Different Values of “p”

Width (p) mm BW (GHz) FBW

When53 3.03 66.66%
p52 0.96 8.2%
p51 0.48 8.97%
p50.5 0.43 8.01%
p50 0.63 11.06%

Figure 8 S11(dB) vs frequency plot for different lengths of stub “a”.

[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 7 Variation of resonant frequency for different values of

ground slot length parameter. [Color figure can be viewed in the online
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

rectangular ground-slotted are compared in Figure 7 also band-

width (BW) and fractional (FWB) bandwidth result given in
Table 4. It is clear from the results that the minimization of
width and position of ground slots of the proposed antenna gives
the best results wide bandwidth when the dimension is
t154 mm and t255.5 mm. Variations of resonant frequency for
different values of the ground slot length are given in Figure 7.
Figure 9 S11 vs Frequency plot for different lengths of stub “b”.
4.3. Variation of Stub Length [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
All experiments were carried out over the reference Antenna wileyonlinelibrary.com]
which resulted the proposed structure looks like a U-shaped
patch Antenna. This patch antenna covers the desire frequency
4.4. Measured Result
(in Ghz). Figure 3 shows the U-shaped patch having two stub
The Prototype of the Antenna (Proposed antenna) was fabricated
with different length (stub length “a”512.175 mm and stub
(as shown in Fig. 10) and tested. Return loss was measured
length “b”58.175 mm). Parametric study was carried out for
using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), Agilent Technology N5
various values of “a” (keeping “b”58.175 mm) and “b” (keep-
230A. The measured reflection coefficient of proposed antenna
ing “a”512.175 mm). Simulated S11 characteristics are shown
is shown in Figure 11. The Comparison of the measured
in Figures 8 and 9.
S11(dB) with simulated one of the proposed antenna and

TABLE 4 Summarized Result for Different Values of “t1” and

“t2”

Parameter
Value (mm)
t1 t2 BW(GHz) FBW in %
0 2 0.15 2.6
2 0 0.24 3.37
2 2 0.21 3.01
Figure 10 Fabricated prototype of the Proposed Antenna with back
5.3 5.3 1.29 12.29
view. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available
2 5.3 3.03 66.66
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

962 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 4, April 2016 DOI 10.1002/mop
 dielectric materials (Teflon, Polyamide, PVC, Bakelite, and
FR4). Simulated reflection coefficient for different substrate is
shown in Figure 12. It is found that the maximum 210 dB
bandwidth of 3.03 GHz is obtained when FR4 (with dielectric
constant of 4.4 and loss tangent 0.02) is used as a substrate for
the proposed antenna structure.

5. CONCLUSION
A compact single layer U-type coaxially fed wideband micro-
strip antenna has been presented. On the basis of the results, it
is observed that the proposed structure employing for WLAN
and WiMAX applications. The maximum bandwidth of the pro-
posed antenna is obtained about 66.5% when a rectangular slot
is inserted near the lower edge of the U-shaped patch. Gain of
the proposed antenna is found to be 2.02 dB at 3.88 GHz and
2.64 dB at 5.77 GHz. Good agreement is observed between
simulated and measured result.

Figure 11 Simulated and measured S11(dB) characteristics of the Pro- REFERENCES

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V

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 4, April 2016 963