 Proses pembentukan ATP terjadi pada dua tingkat, yaitu pada tingkat

substrat dan pada tingkat fosforilasi oksidatif.

 Tingkat substrat  dapat dilihat jelas pada reaksi kimia yang terjadi.

Cellular respiration does not oxidize any organic fuel (ex: glucose) in a
single explosive step. Glucose is broken down in a series of steps, each
one catalyzed by an enzyme. At a specific steps, electrons are stripped
from the glucose which travel with protons or hydrogen atoms. The
hydrogen atoms are not transferred directly to oxygen, but instead are
usually passed first to an electron carrier which also serve as oxidizing
agent. Those electron carriers are NAD, NADP, and FAD.

because the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidation process occurs in the

cytoplasm and the membrane in the mitochondria is also not permeable to
NADH, NADH must be oxidized first using dihydroxy acetone phosphate
which will produce glycerol-3-phosphate and NAD +. in the mitochondria,
glycerol-3-phosphate will be oxidized to produce dihydroxy acetone
phosphate again and FADH2.