Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78

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Energy and Buildings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild

Heat insulation solar glass and application on energy efficiency

buildings
Chin-Huai Young, Yi-Lin Chen ∗ , Po-Chun Chen
Department of Civil & Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Building integrated photovoltaics are among the best methods for generating power using solar energy.
Received 8 January 2014 To promote and respond to the concept of BIPVs, this study developed a type of multi-functional heat
Received in revised form 1 April 2014 insulation solar glass (HISG) that differs from traditional transparent PV modules, providing functions
Accepted 3 April 2014
such as heat insulation and self-cleaning in addition to power generation. This study also made thorough
Available online 18 April 2014
preparations for the safety of future HISG installation on curtain walls in large-scale buildings. Further-
more, this study provides a comprehensive discussion regarding the energy-saving performance of HISG
Keywords:
and relevant practical applications. Two experimental houses were constructed, which independently
Glass
PV module
employed HISG and single-layer tempered glass. Taiwan’s climate was adopted as the environmental
Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) condition for the experiment, and the effects of HISG and single-layer tempered glass on indoor temper-
Heat insulation ature variation and the energy consumed by air conditioners and heaters were explored. Related software
Energy saving was also employed to simulate, compare, and verify HISG efficacy.
Building energy performance simulation © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction to buildings, the power generated directly by these buildings

In recent years, the energy crisis has prompted countries around
the world to research renewable energy that can replace traditional
energy forms. Of all the renewable energy resources currently avail-
able, solar energy is the most abundant, inexhaustible and clean one
[1]. Photovoltaics is a truly elegant means of producing electricity
on site, directly from the sun, without concern for energy supply or
environmental harm [2].
The concept of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs)
involves applying photovoltaic (PV) modules to buildings. BIPVs are
photovoltaic materials that replace conventional building mate-
rials in parts of the building envelopes. Furthermore, “BIPV are
considered as a functional part of the building structure, or they
are architecturally integrated into the building’s design”. BIPVs
can act as shading devices and also form semi-transparent ele-
ments of fenestration. While on the other hand semi-transparent
modules can be used in facades or glass ceilings to create
different visual effects [3]. If BIPV concepts can be applied
∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Civil & Construction Engineering,
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, E2-604 Office, No. 43, Sec. 4,
Keelung Road, Da’an District, Taipei 106, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 2 2733 3141x7420/936
795 410; fax: +886 2 2737 6606.
E-mail addresses: elin9510@gmail.com, elin9510@outlook.com,
elin9510@hotmail.com (Y.-L. Chen).
could assist in partially solving problems of inefficient energy
consumption.
However, to install semi-transparent PV modules on buildings
requires the consideration of another problem: With up to 60%
of the total energy loss of a building coming from its windows
[4]. Semi-transparent PV modules can replace traditional glass in
buildings and generate power. However, the notion that semi-
transparent PV modules should be installed on the side of a building
with sufficient sunlight to achieve satisfactory power-generation
efficiency is often neglected. Sufficient sunlight engenders strong
solar radiation that causes increasing indoor temperature, and
occupants must rely on air conditioning to maintain a comfort-
able indoor environment. Therefore, by reducing the U-value and
shading coefficient of semi-transparent PV modules installed on
buildings, the effects of conductive and radiation heat on indoor
environments can be reduced, and the problem of inefficient energy
consumption caused by electrical devices or appliances in a build-
ing may be resolved.
In addition, ordinary solar module can be combined with all dif-
ferent types of glass. In combination with other glass types even
“re-protection, low-e insulation, sun protection or bullet-proof”
can be reached. The optical attraction of solar cells even more give
a solar facade a value in itself, revaluing the building as well [5].
In order for the BIPV systems to achieve multifunctional roles,
various factors need to be taken into account, such as the PV’s
module temperature, shading, installation angle, and orientation.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.04.012
0378-7788/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78 67

Fig. 1. Materials and section structure of HISG.

Among these factors, the irradiance and PV module temperature
should be regarded as one of the most important factors, since it
affects both the electrical efficiency of the BIPV system and the
energy performance of buildings where BIPV systems are installed
[6].
Building energy performance simulations (BEPSs) can be used to
observe the power generation efficiency of BIPV modules and the
influence of BIPV module installation in buildings has on indoor
temperature fluctuations and the power consumption of elec-
trical appliances. Building energy simulation tools are currently
widely used to analyses or forecast building energy consumption,
in order to facilitate the design and operation of energy efficient
buildings since practice has shown that the results of the simula-
tions can often accurately reflect actual measurements [7]. Various
BEPS software programs render simulations that satisfy diverse
requirements. The performance simulation module calculates and
analyzes various performances that will be used to optimize the
conceptual design. Commonly used performance simulation pro-
grams include energy simulation programs such as EnergyPlus and
Ecotect, etc. [8]. Previous work reviewed computer tools for ana-
lyzing the integration of renewable energy into various systems.
For detailed system design there are standalone tools specific for
analysis of each renewable energy technology. For example, PV*Sol
Pro [9]. Previous studies have investigated these phenomena under
different scenarios, and as a result, various validations of the use of
CFD to predict indoor thermal and flow conditions are found in the
literatures [10].
In summary, in addition to replacing traditional construction
materials to generate power, BIPV modules should also guarantee
indoor safety. Moreover, BIPV modules should contribute to com-
fort inside a building while also achieving goals of energy-saving.
This concept allows the exterior of a building to achieve multi-
ple functions and simultaneously considers power generation and
energy-saving, thereby enabling the building to generate renew-
able energy while reducing its own energy consumption. Energy
required by the building is then provided through the solar energy
produced by the building exterior. Concurrently, energy consumed
by air conditioners can be reduced, and the building becomes self-
sufficient in terms of power demands.
Consequently, this study improved the traditional amorphous
silicon (a-Si) transparent PV module, and developed a heat insu-
lation solar glass (HISG)-BIPV module, which possessed multiple
functions including power generation, heat insulation, self-
cleaning, and energy-saving. In this study, the structure, materials,
and functional principles of HISG were thoroughly described and
investigated. To understand HISG performance in relation to com-
mon architectural glass in practical application to buildings, this
study developed a BEPS-based approach for conducting simulations
and analyses regarding the power generation, heat insulation, and
energy-saving performance of HISG. Experimental houses were

Fig. 2. Function theory of HISG (T sol is the solar transmittance, T vis is the visible light transmittance, T UV is the UV transmittance, SHGC is the solar heat gain coefficient, S.C.
is the shading coefficient, and U value is the thermal transmittance of HISG).
68 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78

Fig. 4. Plane figure of Sun Well transparent PV module: (a) light transmission type,
(b) cell structure.

Fig. 3. Plane figure of Kaneka transparent PV module: (a) light transmission type,
(b) cell structure.
3. Heat insulation solar glass (HISG)

3.1. Structures and materials of HISG

constructed to test the simulation results and confirm the energy- HISG constructed in this study possessed a structure compris-
saving effectiveness of HISG. ing multiple layers of material. The first layer was a transparent PV

2. Methodologies

This paper provides a detailed discussion regarding the fabrica-

tion process and functional theory of the HISG structure. Common
international specifications were used to test and evaluate the
various functions of the HISG (i.e., the power generation, heat insu-
lation, self-cleaning ability, wind pressure resistance, and fire resis-
tance performance). Tests were conducted on these functions to
verify whether the HISG is a type of multi-functional BIPV module.
Two experimental houses were constructed, which indepen-
dently employed HISG and single-layer tempered glass. To compare
the efficacy of HISG and single-layer tempered glass that is com-
monly used in buildings, this study tested the power generation,
heat insulation, and air-conditioner and heater energy-saving
effects of HISG and single-layer tempered glass, using experi-
mental houses for realistic measurements. In addition, related
software was adopted to perform simulations that verified HISG
performance. Subsequently, the amount by which HISG exceeded
common architectural glass in energy-saving effectiveness was Fig. 5. I–V curves of HISG and Kaneka transparent PV module by electrical charac-
determined. teristics experiment at standard test condition (STC).
 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78 69

Fig. 6. I–V curves of HISG and Sun Well transparent PV module by electrical char-
acteristics experiment at standard test condition (STC).

module, on the back of which a layer of high reflectivity heat insu-

lation film between two layers of spacers was located. A sheet of
rear glass was placed behind the second spacer layer, which formed
an air gap on both sides of the high reflectivity heat insulation film.
Numerous driers were situated between the two layers of spacers
to sustain dry conditions in the air gap. Finally, all materials were
fixed separately using hot-melt adhesive and sealed using silicone.
The materials were then placed in an oven and heated for 4 h at
120 ◦ C. When all materials were solidified, a layer of photocatalyst
was coated on the module surface as the last procedure of the HISG
production process (Fig. 1).
The technology employed in this study is applicable to the
processing and upgrading of various transparent PV modules
because it focuses on the rear structure packaging of the PV module
and the photocatalyst coating. The rear glass section can be flexibly
incorporated, depending on the requirements of the indoor envi-
ronment. Furthermore, inert gases required in the air gap can be
selected to accommodate local climates and environments.
Fig. 7. The daily cumulative power generation of the HISG and transparent PV mod-
ule: (a) the laser cutting and (b) TCO back contact modules.
Table 1
Results of electrical characteristics experiment at standard test condition (STC). Table 3
Initial states of HISG and Kaneka transparent PV module. The measurement results of daily cumulative power generation for the laser cutting
and TCO back contact modules in the forms of the original module and the HISG.
Test item HISG (packaged with Kaneka Kaneka transparent
transparent PV module) PV module Item Laser cutting TCO back contact
type module type module
Module efficiency (%) 6.02 5.95
Maximum power output 56.1 55.4 Original module power generation (Wh) 523.88 543.48
(W) HISG power generation (Wh) 528.53 576.38
Maximum voltage (V) 72.3 72.1 HISG enhance power (%) 0.8 6.1
Maximum electric 0.77 0.77
current (A) Table 4
Open circuit voltage (V) 92.1 91.8 Results of optical and thermal experiment on HISG and Kaneka transparent PV
Short circuit current (A) 0.96 0.95 module.

Item HISG (packaged with Kaneka

Table 2 Kaneka transparent transparent
Results of electrical characteristics experiment at standard test condition (STC). PV module) PV module
Initial states of HISG and Sun Well transparent PV module. Visible light transmittance (%) 7.34 10
Item HISG (packaged with Sun Well Visible light reflectance (%) 5.31 6.6
Sun Well transparent transparent PV Solar radiation transmittance (%) 2.18 8.9
PV module) module Solar radiation reflectance (%) 9.78 15.9
UV transmittance (%) 0.00 0.04
Module efficiency (%) 8.45 8.31 SHGC (SUMMER) 0.108 0.242
Maximum power output (W) 120.8 118.8 SHGC (WINTER) 0.125 0.278
Maximum voltage (V) 105.3 105.6 Shading coefficient (SUMMER) 0.125 0.278
Maximum electric current (A) 1.147 1.125 Shading coefficient (WINTER) 0.144 0.320
Open circuit voltage (V) 138.3 138.7 U value (SUMMER) [W/(m2 K)] 1.104 4.863
Short circuit current (A) 1.345 1.321 U value (WINTER) [W/(m2 K)] 1.311 5.590
70 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78

Fig. 8. Water contact angles on the surface of HISG and Kaneka transparent PV
module: (a) initial states, (b) after 3-Month.

3.2. Functional theory of HISG

Regarding power-generation functions, HISG possesses capa-

bilities identical to those of a transparent PV module. However,
power generated by modules can be increased by applying an
off-module reinforced PV generation technique. When sunlight
transmits through the first layer of HISG (i.e., the transparent PV
module), the rest of the light is reflected to the back of the trans-
parent PV module by the high reflectivity heat insulation film (i.e.,
the second layer). The amount of power generated increases when
the transparent PV module absorbs the reflected light.
With a multi-layer structure, HISG can insulate heat by gradu- Fig. 10. Photographs of fire resistance testing: (a) fire on the outside of the building,
ally isolating solar heat energy in each layer of the glass material. (b) fire inside the building.
When sunlight passes through the first layer (i.e., the transparent
PV module), part of the energy is converted to electrical energy, and
from the glass, and, consequently, possesses superior heat insu-
the remaining radiation heat is effectively blocked or isolated by the
lation performance.
high reflectivity heat insulation film, which reduces the shading
HISG’s superior performance regarding heat insulation also
coefficient. The special double air gaps can lower the U-value and
affects its energy-saving capabilities. In the summer, activation fre-
block the conductive heat that transmits through glass. This struc-
quencies for air-conditioner compressors are significantly reduced
ture prevents heat from diffusing into the indoor environment
because solar radiation heat cannot easily enter buildings and
conductive heat from glass cannot readily transfer to the indoor
environment. In the winter, the extremely low U-value of HISG
ensures superior conductive heat insulation. Therefore, heat is pre-
served indoors and energy consumed by heaters is reduced.
Finally, the photocatalyst coating on the HISG surface allows
self-cleaning because it reduces the reflectance of the glass surface
and renders the surface hydrophilic. Under sunlight, the photo-
catalyst decomposes the pollutants on the HISG surface, and the
hydrophilic surface removes pollutants when rain occurs. This pre-
vents power generation efficiency from being reduced because of
long-term surface pollution and decreases the costs of installing
cleaning modules (Fig. 2).

4. HISG performance for various functions

4.1. Power generation performance

Two types of transparent PV modules were employed in this

Fig. 9. Photograph of wind resistance testing. research. One was manufactured by Kaneka Corporation, Japan
 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78
Fig. 11. Temperature curves of fire resistance test: (a) fire on the outside of the building, (b) fire inside the building.
(laser cutting type module), and the other by Sun Well Solar, Taiwan
(TCO back contact type module). The light transmission mode and
cell structure are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
This study adopted the electrical characteristics experiment
at standard test condition (STC) in IEC61646 as the standard for
testing power generation functions [11]. The initial factory perfor-
mance of the modules was tested. In addition, the differences in
the power generation performance of the Kaneka transparent PV
module before and after being packaged into HISG were compared.
Table 1 and Fig. 5 show the comparison results.
The results of the experiment showed that all Kaneka trans-
parent PV modules packaged into HISG maintained their power
generation abilities, and were unaffected by the production pro-
cess during which the modules were placed in an oven. Compared
to the original module, the power generation performance of the
HISG modules even increased slightly. Thus, this study performed
the same experiment on Sun Well transparent PV module with a
different cell structure. Table 2 and Fig. 6 show the experiment
results.
The experiment showed that after being packaged into HISG,
power generation for the transparent PV module manufactured by
Sun Well increased, with the power generation amount increasing
by 2.0 W and the efficiency by 0.14%.
The a-Si transparent PV modules can be categorized into two
types depending on cell structures: (1) a structure with a rear elec-
trode made of opaque Al. This allows light to pass through after
portions of the Si and Al layers are removed through laser-cutting.
(2) A structure with a rear electrode made of TCO. Because the front
and back of the cell in the TCO structure are similar, the module can
generate power from both sides (Figs. 3 and 4).
The cell structure of the transparent PV module manufactured
by Sun Well is composed of two electrodes made of TCO, which
enable power generation from both sides. Consequently, light
71
reflected from the high reflectivity heat insulation film increases
the power generated by the module. However, the transparent PV
module manufactured by Kaneka has a rear electrode composed
of opaque Al, which, in theory, cannot receive reflected light and
enhance generated power. Nonetheless, reflected light tends to
scatter and may enter the power generation layer though the lateral
side of the laser-cut slits, thereby slightly increasing the amount of
power generated.
Regarding the two module types with differing light transmis-
sion modes and cell structures (i.e., the laser cutting and TCO back
contact modules), the two module panels that presented similar
levels of initial power generation were collected and packaged into
the HISG. Subsequently, observations regarding the daily outdoor
cumulative power generation were conducted in identical tem-
poral and environmental conditions. The observation results are
presented in Fig. 7 and Table 3.
The observation results showed that after the HISG packag-
ing, the laser cutting and TCO back contact modules generated a
higher level of daily cumulative power than when in the form of the
original module. In particular, the TCO back contact module gen-
erated approximately 6% more cumulative power compared with
the original module. These results indicated that the HISG packag-
ing technique could enhance the power generation performance of
PV modules. However, only one panel of modules was used for the
experiment. If numerous modules were installed in a PV system,
the overall power generation performance of the system could be
improved.
4.2. Heat insulation performance
To measure heat insulation functions, the optical and thermal
experiments of JIS3106 JIS3107 and JIS A5759 were adopted as
test standards [12–14]. In addition, the differences in the heat
72 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78
Fig. 12. Experimental house: (a) outside appearance, (b) 3D perspective.
insulation performances of the Kaneka transparent PV module
before and after being packaged into HISG were compared. The
comparison results are illustrated in Table 4.
Because HISG is a packaging technique employing several lay-
ers of materials, the visible light transmittance decreased slightly
compared to that for the original transparent PV module manu-
factured by Kaneka. However, other numerical data demonstrated
that HISG retained excellent heat insulation and conservation
performance.
Considering solar radiation transmittance, shading coefficients,
and solar heat gain coefficients, HISG more effectively blocked or
isolated solar radiation heat energy than the Kaneka transparent
PV module. Thus, HISG can exhibit superior heat insulation effects
if adopted in tropical and subtropical countries.
In addition, HISG displayed a U-value lower than that of the
Kaneka transparent PV module. An extremely low U-value not only
efficiently reduces the conductive heat transmitted through glass,
but also conserves heat in an indoor environment. Hence, HISG can
reduce the amount of power used by air conditioners in tropical
climates.
Finally, HISG can achieve a 100% UV-blocking rate, completely
halting the penetration or transmission of UV light and reducing
harm to skin and furniture.
Fig. 13. Thickness and thermal conductivity of all elements of the external envelope
of the experimental houses.
4.3. Self-cleaning performance
To measure self-cleaning functions, the water contact angle
experiments of CNS 15378-1 were adopted as test standards
[15]. Water contact angles were measured to investigate the sur-
face properties of HISG and the Kaneka transparent PV module
and to determine whether the modules possessed hydrophilic or
hydrophobic self-cleaning characteristics. Moreover, the modules
were placed outdoors for three months to investigate whether the
outdoor environment altered the original properties of the module
surfaces. Fig. 8 shows the results.
The water contact angle dropped on a glass surface can be used
to determine whether the surface possesses self-cleaning charac-
teristics. The water contact angle between 5◦ and 10◦ represents
a super hydrophilic surface, which forms a water film during rain
and removes stains easily. The water contact angle between 120◦
and 130◦ represents a super hydrophobic surface, which causes
raindrops to form beads and also removes stains with ease. The
water contact angle between 20◦ and 90◦ , however, tends to retain
raindrops as well as dirt and dust on the surface.
The photocatalyst layer coating on the HISG surface changed the
surface properties of the glass, creating the water contact angle of
only 6◦ , which was super hydrophilic. During rain, this coating pro-
duced a water film and stains were easily removed, thus achieving
self-cleaning. In contrast, the water contact angle of the Kaneka
transparent PV module was 33◦ , which was more likely to retain
rain as well as dirt and dust.
After a period of three months, the water contact angles of the
HISG and Kaneka transparent PV modules had increased because
of the influences of the outdoor environment. Because HISG was
capable of self-cleaning facilitated by the photocatalyst, its surface
did not retain dirt or dust, thereby maintaining the water contact
angle below 10◦ . Consequently, HISG retained super hydrophilic
surface properties, which prevented reduction in power generation
efficiency caused by long-term surface pollution and lowered the
cost of installing cleaning modules.
4.4. Wind pressure resistance performance
The structural strength of a BIPV module should be analyzed
before applying the module to buildings. Wind pressure resistance
 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78 73

Fig. 14. Computer simulations of power output by comparing the experimental data and simulation data, the computed data obtained from the simulation program (PV*Sol):
(a) south-facing roof, (b) south-facing vertical windows, and (c) total power generation.

is an issue that requires investigation specifically for areas that 4.5. Fire resistance performance
experience typhoons.
The CNS13972 experimental method (wind pressure test) was This study referenced the CNS12514 experimental method
referenced as the standard for this study’s examination of wind (fire resistance test) as a standard to measure the fire resistance
pressure resistance performance [16]. The maximum wind pres-
sure that HISG could withstand, as well as the occurrence of
damages, was determined (Fig. 9).
As shown in Table 5, the maximum positive wind pressure that
could be endured by HISG was 9500 pa (approximately 950 kg/m2 ).
Based on the data of typhoon wind velocity and wind pres-
sure provided by the Central Weather Bureau, HISG could endure
the wind pressure of a super typhoon (i.e., gusts above Beaufort
force 16, wind velocity above 51.0 m/s, and wind pressure above
312 kg/m2 ). Therefore, HISG proved to be a construction material
with extremely high structural strength and safety, and thus could
practically replace the applications of glass in buildings.

Table 5
Results of wind pressure test.

Item Pressure Crack

2
1st +Pressure +3600 [360] Pa [kgf/m ] NO
2nd −Pressure −3600 [360] Pa [kgf/m2 ] NO
3rd +Pressure +5400 [540] Pa [kgf/m2 ] NO
4th −Pressure −5400 [540] Pa [kgf/m2 ] NO
Fig. 15. Indoor and outdoor ambient temperature curves for HISG house and ordi-
5th +Pressure +9500 [950] Pa [kgf/m2 ] NO
nary house.
74 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78
Fig. 16. Computer simulations of indoor ambient temperature distributions, the computed data obtained from the simulation program (CFDesign): (a) HISG house, (b)
ordinary house.
performance and duration of HISG (Fig. 10) [17]. The test included
two conditions: (a) fire on the outside of the building and (b) fire
inside the building. Results were as follows.
In test (a), HISG resisted fire for 27 min; in test (b), it resisted
fire for 19 min. As shown in Fig. 11, both tests demonstrated longer
endurance times compared to the common glass used for construc-
tion.
Compared to common building glass, HISG has a multi-layer
structure. Multiple layers of glass provide protection against fire
from the outside and inside, enabling the HISG structure to endure
fire for a longer period.
The first layer of HISG, where the PV module is located, is made
of laminated glass that can adhere to another unit or plate of glass
using a PVB film if damaged by fire. If the laminated glass expe-
riences damage on both sides, no glass shards are created that
can affect environmental or human safety. Thus, HISG is a secure
construction material that can be safely applied to BIPV buildings.
5. The energy-saving performance of HISG in the
experimental houses
5.1. Experimental houses
As shown in Fig. 12, this study built two 2.5 m (l) × 2.3 m
(w) × 3.1 m (h) houses, which were named the HISG House and the
Ordinary House, in Taipei.
Two units of HISG were installed on both the south-facing roof
and vertical windows of the HISG House, and two units of single-
layer tempered glass 10-mm thick were installed on the same
locations on the Ordinary House. The two houses faced south to
achieve optimal solar radiation. The walls were composed of heat
insulating planks or panels that could effectively block or isolate
heat that might enter the house through walls and affect experi-
ment data. The walls were composed of a combination of multilayer
materials that exhibited exceptional insulating properties. Fig. 13
shows the structure and thermal conductivities of these materi-
als. A thermometer, air conditioner, electric heater, and electricity
(Watt–hour) meter were installed in the houses to analyze energy-
saving.
Aside from differences regarding the glass installed in the
two houses, both houses exhibited identical condition. This study
observed the effects that two types of glass had on thermal environ-
ments within buildings under climate conditions found in Taipei. In
addition, influences to the energy consumption of air conditioners
and heaters were observed.
5.2. Power generation performance of the HISG House
The power generation performance of the HISG House was
verified through practical measurements and computer software
simulation using PV*Sol.
Two units of 44-W HISG were installed on both the south-facing
roof and vertical windows of the HISG House, and one year of
 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78
Fig. 17. Computer simulations of energy consumption by air conditioner and heater
by comparing the HISG house and ordinary house, the computed data obtained from
the simulation program (Ecotect): (a) HISG house, (b) ordinary house.
Table 6
Results of power output on HISG and computer simulation by HISG house.
Item Experiments Simulation
Roof power output (kWh) 93.16 89.95
Windows power output (kWh) 37.95 33.5
Total power output (kWh) 131.11 123.45
practical measurements and software simulation were conducted
(Fig. 14 and Table 6).
Throughout the year, the two units of HISG installed on the
roof were measured as generating 93.16 kWh of electricity, with
a simulated result of 89.95 kWh. The HISG installed on the south-
facing vertical windows was measured as generating 37.95 kWh
of electricity, with a simulated result of 33.5 kWh. No significant
difference was observed between practical measurement and com-
puter simulation, and the generated power trends were distributed
based on the subtropical climate. Combining the four units of
HISG on the south-facing roof and vertical windows, approximately
131 kWh of electricity were generated in one year.
Compared to the Ordinary House, the HISG House demonstrated
the added value of glass power generation because HISG integrated
renewable solar energy into the building to produce additional
75
Fig. 18. EAG house: (a) outside appearance, (b) skylight.
power. Thus, if HISG can replace tempered glass in buildings, new
resources can be created.
5.3. Experiment regarding the indoor ambient temperature of the
experimental houses
Thermometers were installed in the two houses (which were
sealed); the effect that the outdoor environment had on the indoor
ambient temperature was then examined during the summer.
CFDesign software was used to perform simulations and calcula-
tions that assessed fluctuations in indoor temperatures.
5.3.1. Practical measurement of indoor ambient temperature
The outdoor environment reached 36 ◦ C at noon on the day of
observation.
The curves in Fig. 15 show a high temperature (over 40 ◦ C) in
the Ordinary House due to direct exposure to solar radiation and
sealing. Conversely, the indoor temperature of the HISG House
remained at approximately 32 ◦ C, which was lower than the out-
door temperature. The temperature difference between the two
houses was approximately 12◦ , which implied that excellent heat
insulation effects could be provided by HISG.
5.3.2. Computer simulations of indoor ambient temperature
To verify HISG’s heat insulation effects, this study employed the
simulation software CFDesign to calculate the differing influences
that the two types of glass had on indoor ambient temperatures
under conditions in which the two houses were sealed. Results are
shown in Fig. 16.
76 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78
Table 7
Results of the experiment for air conditioner energy consumption.
Item HISG house Ordinary house
Time duration 7:00 A.M.–5:00 P.M.
Outdoor temperature (◦ C) 36
Setting temperature (◦ C) 26
Air conditioner consumption (kWh) 2 3.29
Energy saving (%) 40 –
Table 8
Results of the experiment for heater energy consumption.
Item HISG house Ordinary house
Time duration 6:00 P.M.–6:00 A.M.
Outdoor temperature (◦ C) 10
Setting temperature (◦ C) 20
Heater consumption (kWh) 6.9 9.8
Energy saving (%) 30 –
The simulated results showed that the glass of the HISG mod-
ule reached 60 ◦ C under solar radiation, whereas the single-layer
tempered glass temperature was only 48 ◦ C. The higher tempera-
ture of the HISG module resulted from a resistance effect inside the
module that increased glass temperature during power generation.
However, the multi-layer structure of HISG blocked radiation and
conductive heat; consequently, the temperature in the HISG House
was 44 ◦ C, which was approximately 11◦ lower than the 55 ◦ C tem-
perature in the Ordinary House. In summary, simulation software
again demonstrated excellent heat insulation effects for HISG.
5.4. Energy-saving experiment in the two houses
5.4.1. Experiment regarding the energy consumption of air
conditioners
Air conditioners and electricity (Watt–hour) meters were
installed in the two houses to identify the effects of the two types
of glass on air conditioner energy consumption during the summer.
Results are shown in Table 7:
The air conditioners were set to 26 ◦ C when the outdoor tem-
perature was 36 ◦ C. From 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., the air conditioner
in the Ordinary House consumed 3.29 kWh of electricity, whereas
that in the HISG House consumed only 2 kWh. This difference dis-
played a 40% air-conditioner energy consumption reduction for
HISG compared to the single-layer tempered glass. The reduction
resulted from the extremely small shading coefficient of HISG,
which contributed to excellent heat insulation effects and pre-
vented solar radiation heat from entering the house. In addition,
because of a significantly low U-value, cold air could not easily leave
or disperse from the indoor environment. Consequently, effective
energy-saving was achieved because air-conditioner compressor
activation frequency was reduced.
5.4.2. Experiment for heater energy consumption
Heaters and electricity (Watt–hour) meters were installed in the
two houses to determine the influences that the two types of glass
had on heater energy consumption during the winter. Results are
shown in Table 8:
The heaters were set to 20 ◦ C when the outdoor temperature
was 10 ◦ C. From 6:00 P.M. to 6:00 A.M., the heater in the Ordi-
nary House consumed 9.8 kWh of electricity, whereas that in the
HISG House consumed only 6.9 kWh. This difference displayed a
30% reduction in heater energy consumption for HISG compared
to the single-layer tempered glass. The reduction resulted from a
significantly low U-value for HISG, which prevented hot air from
diffusing out of the indoor environment through windows. Thus,
Table 9
Results for computer simulations of energy consumed by air conditioner and heater.
Item HISG Ordinary HISG house
house house saving energy (%)
Air conditioner consumption (kWh) 767 1104 30.6
Heater consumption (kWh) 394 542 27.3
Fig. 19. Outside appearance of USA Pavilion at Taipei International Flora Expo.
effective energy-saving was achieved because of heat conservation
or retention functions.
5.4.3. Computer-simulated energy-saving
To verify the energy-saving effects of HISG, this study used
the simulation software Ecotect to calculate the power consumed
by the air conditioners and heaters installed in the two houses
throughout an entire year. Fig. 17 and Table 9 show the results.
In the simulation program, a comfortable indoor temperature
was set between 20 ◦ C and 26 ◦ C, and the computer calculated the
energy consumed by air conditioners and heaters throughout an
entire year. According to the simulation results, the annual energy
consumed by the air conditioner in the HISG House was 767 kWh,
which was approximately 30.6% less than the 1104 kWh for the
Ordinary House. The annual energy consumed by the heater in the
HISG House was 394 kWh, which was approximately 27.3% less
than the 542 kWh for the Ordinary House. The simulated results
demonstrated the excellent energy-saving effects of HISG.
6. Real applications
6.1. EAG House
The EAG House is located in Taipei. As a novel building, with
planning and development that fulfill local development in Taiwan,
it integrates electronic, automatic, and green building concepts.
On the skylights of the EAG House, 18 units of 44-W HISG were
installed, which were expected to generate 1000 kWh of electricity
per year for experimental devices inside the house. The HISG units
should provide functions including power generation, heat insula-
tion, self-cleaning, and lighting for the skylights of the EAG House
(Fig. 18).
6.2. Taipei International Flora Expo – USA Pavilion
The USA Pavilion at the 2010 Taipei International Flora Expo-
sition adopted ecological energy-saving, integrated innovative
technologies and novel construction techniques, and adopted
a sustainable development concept of equilibrium with nature.
Solar energy technology was incorporated within the building,
 C.-H. Young et al. / Energy and Buildings 78 (2014) 66–78
Fig. 20. Etho house: (a) outside appearance, (b) skylight.
transforming it into a modern architectural design with simple and
clean characteristics.
HISG was installed on the skylights of the USA Pavilion. The glass
was expected to provide power generation, heat insulation, self-
cleaning, lighting, and shading effects and to create a comfortable
environment in which explanations and demonstrations for visitors
could be conducted.
Overall, 34 units of 100-W HISG were installed on the skylights
of the USA Pavilion. During the six month exhibition period, approx-
imately 2200 kWh of electricity was generated for display screens,
fans, and lighting devices during the night (Fig. 19).
The wooden structure of the USA Pavilion matched well with
the unique color of HISG, rendering a beautiful appearance for the
overall building structure. Furthermore, because HISG was capable
of insulating heat, a superior exhibition environment was provided
for local visitors. The pavilion received great acclaim during the
Flora exposition.
6.3. Solar Decathlon China 2013 – Etho House
Etho House is a building designed and constructed by a stu-
dent research team (consisting of students from Peking University
and the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign) for the Solar
Decathlon China 2013 Competition. The building skylight system
was designed using heat insulation solar glass (HISG), which was
provided by the National Taiwan University of Science and Tech-
nology (Fig. 20).
77
Etho House was constructed based on green, low-carbon, and
environmental protection concepts. The building used solar energy
as the sole source of energy for supplying indoor electricity. In
addition, insulation boards, constructed wetlands, natural light
illumination, and intelligent control systems were incorporated
to comprehensively integrate the house with the natural envi-
ronment. Based on human-centered and intelligence-oriented
concepts, Etho House was constructed to be a green intel-
ligent housing that yields low-energy consumption and high
quality.
The HISG was installed in two skylights above the central hall-
ways in the house and provided partial solar energy that could be
converted into power for use by indoor devices. In addition, the
HISG exhibited excellent heat insulation capabilities that prevented
excessive solar irradiation energy from entering the house when
providing illumination, thereby maintaining comfortable indoor
temperatures. The multi-functionality of the HISG enabled the Etho
House to reflect various novel concepts related to building designs
based on solar energy.
7. Conclusions
In summary, all experimental results indicated that HISG is
more powerful and multi-functional than the semi-transparent
PV module. Because of its heat insulation capability, HISG pro-
vides more comfort for indoor environments. If HISG is installed
for buildings with glass curtain walls, its self-cleaning capability
keeps the module surface clean, maintains the power generation
efficiency, and reduces the cost required for surface washing. HISG
can replace the common glass used in buildings because its safety
is guaranteed and it possesses a stronger structure and superior
fire-resistance. Furthermore, the experimental and computer-
simulated results for the two houses indicate that when applied to
buildings, HISG yielded superior energy-saving effects compared
with those of common architectural glass. Therefore, using the
HISG instead of common architectural glass can increase the max-
imal usage effectiveness of skylights, windows, and glass curtain
walls.
Electricity supply demands from power companies can be sig-
nificantly reduced if HISG is installed on buildings in place of glass to
allow the building to generate renewable energy and reduce energy
consumption. Consequently, the concept of self-sufficient power
generation can be realized, and global warming may therefore be
resolved.
This study only verified and compared the energy efficiencies of
HISG and ordinary glass in Taiwan (a subtropical zone). Subsequent
research will focus on additional climatic regions such as tropical,
temperate, and frigid zones. The feasibility of employing HISG in
individual climatic zones will be determined using field tests and
computer simulations.
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