VirtualizationOS concepts * The concept of a process, memory image, CPU context * CPU context is saved in PCB/kernel stack during user/kernel mode transitions of a process, as well as during context switch between processes * Virtual memory, paging, address translation by MMU using page table * OS is mapped into the virtual address space of every process + Modern OSes use flat segments + paging + Interrupt/trap processing in kernel mode | * Change privilege level, save user context, jump to kernel code, handle trap * 1/0 handlingVirtualization and cloud computing * What is the cloud? * Commodity servers with lots of compute and storage, connected with high speed networking, located in data centers * What is virtualization? * Multiple virtual machines (VMs) can run inside a physical machine (PM) * VM gives user an illusion of running on a physical machine * Containers are like lightweight VMs ¢ Virtualization is a building block for cloud computing * Virtualization enables multiple clients share the cloud’s compute resources * Multiple users on VMs/containers can share same cloud server * In addition to compute, clouds also manage large amounts of data * Cloud storage/big data systems for efficient storage and retrieval of data °Process execution * When a process is run, CPU executes the code in the memory image * When a process runs on the CPU, the CPU registers hold values related to the process execution * The program counter (PC, or EIP in x86) has address of current instruction * The CPU fetches the current instruction, decodes it, and executes it * Any variables needed for operations are loaded from process memory into general purpose CPU registers (EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX etc in x86) + After instruction completes, values are stored from registers into memory * The stack pointer (SP, or ESP in x86) has address of top of stack (current stack frame holds arguments/variables of the current function that is running)Concurrent execution, context switching * To run a process, OS allocates memory, loads CPU context + EIP points to instructions, ESP points to stack of process, registers have process data * CPU now begins to run the process * OS runs multiple process concurrently by multiplexing on the same CPU * Context switch: After running a process for some time, OS switches from one process to another * How does context switch happen? OS saves the CPU context of the old process and loads the context of new process + When EIP points to instruction of new process, new process starts to run * Where is the context saved? * OS has a data structure called Process Control Block pcs) for each process * PCB (specifically, a PCB field called kernel stack) temporarily stores context of a process when it is not runningVirtual memory * Addresses assigned in memory image, that are used by CPU to load and store are virtual/logical addresses * These virtual addresses are not actual addresses occupied by instructions/data of process, but assigned from 0 for convenience * Actual addresses where instructions/data bytes of process are stored are called physical addresses * RAM hardware needs physical addresses to fetch bytes * CPU requests code/data at virtual addresses * Translated to physical address so that RAM can fetch itVirtualization and related concepts vol Machine 2 Viva Machine ‘eves'3} oust)Pee Virtualization is the creation of a virtual version of something, such as operating system, server, storage device or network resources.Physical Infrastructure Network Fibre Channel storageVirtual Infrastructure viral machines hypervisor Esxihost Fibre Channel storage .Two types of hypervisor Hyperisoe Vitual Machine Monitor VM) ype | Type? Notive( Bore Metal) Hosted ~a 2 eo ee+ Types of Hypervisor > TYPE-2 (Hosted) Ms Windows > TYPE-1 (Native/Bare Metal) Ms Windows Hordware HypervisorCore Benefits =a yew icy Detail ead to redirect investment into Ree meine to meet and anticipate the aed edInstalling vSphere Hypervisor on Existing Hardware VMware Go Installable = Goto = Load Installer via CD or “go.vmware.com” ISO image 1. Register for an account = Simple 2-step 2. Accept EULA procedure: 3. Walk through installation 1. Accept EULA a 2. Select local drive for installation he aInstalling vSphere Hypervisor: Using VMware Go VMware Go UI vSphere Installation wizard. = Simplified installation with HCL verification = Configuration & management « Installation, HW/SW inventory trackingIndustry’s Most Complete and Robust Virtualiza' vSphere Provides: * Infrastructure consolidation and cost savings VMware vSphere ‘= Application high-avaiiability and business continuity + Simple, yet powerful IT management What Does vSphere Solve for Customers? + Provides a powerful disaster recovery strategy Supports running mission-critical applications + Simplifies IT operations — + Delivers the most flexible building block for leveraging the cloudvSphere Hypervisor + FREE + Production-class hypervisor = Advanced server resource management vSphere — Kits or Editions + Pools of computing resources * Centralized management Built-in automation, availability and manageability