t]x|f}+ of]hgf

-cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_

g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F

@)&! c;f/

1
 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnf cWoIf
k|f=8f= uf]ljGb/fh kf]v/]n pkfWoIf
>L nLnfdl0f kf}8]n, d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ ;b:o
k|f=8f= uf]ljGb g]kfn ;b:o
8f= o1axfb'/ sfsL{ ;b:o
8f= rGb|dl0f clwsf/L ;b:o
8f= ef/t]Gb' ld> ;b:o
8f= k|]dk|;fb bËfn ;b:o
8f= :jl0f{d jfUn] ;b:o
8f= ljdnf /fO{ kf}8]n ;b:o
>L o'j/fh e';fn, ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno ;b:o
8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL ;b:o–;lrj

4
 Abbreviations

ABBS Any Branch Banking System

AMP Aid Management Platform
CFL Cyber Forensic Lab
DTAA Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
EG E-payment Gateway
EMS Express Mail Service
EVI Economic Vulnerability Index
GCI Government Cloud Infrastructure
GEA Government Enterprises Architecture
GI Geographical Indications
GIF Government Inter-operability Framework
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Station
GPS Global Positioning System
HAI Human Assets Index
HARCC Health Altitude Research Coordination Center
IPC Integrated Phase Classification
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
ITERC Information Technology Emergency Response Center
PKI Public Key Infrastructure
RDC Root Data Center
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
TMC Threat Monitoring Center
UNCAC United Nations Convention Against Corruption

5
 ljifo;"rL
kl/R5]b M !
kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld !
!=@ lqjifL{o of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ sf] ;+lIfKt ;dLIff @
!=@=! cfly{s j[l4 #
!=@=@ ;dli6ut cfly{s If]q $
!=# ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] k|ult ;dLIff !!
!=$ ljsf; k|lqmofdf ljBdfg r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x¿ !*

kl/R5]b M @
t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_
@=! k[i7e"ld @)
@=@ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r @)
@=# p2]Zo @)
@=$ nIo @)
@=% /0fgLlt @!
@=^ k|fyldstf @#
@=& cfly{s j[l4 b/sf] nIo / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf @#
@=&=! cfly{s j[l4 b/ @#
@=&=@ ;fwg ;|f]t jfF8kmfF8sf] cfwf/ @^
@=&=# k"FhL nufgL tyf ;LdfGt k"FhL pTkfbg cg'kft @&
@=&=$ ;/sf/L jh]6 tyf ;/sf/L vr{ a]xf]g]{ ;|f]tx¿ @*
@=&=% nufgLjf6 ;dli6ut cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj #)
@=* ljsf;df ljleGg If]qsf] e"ldsf #!
@=*=! ;fj{hlgs If]q #@
@=*=@ :yfgLo lgsfo ##
@=*=# lghL If]q ##
@=*=$ ;xsf/L If]q #$
@=*=% u}/;/sf/L If]q #%

kl/R5]b M #
;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx¿
#=! art #^
#=@ ;/sf/L ljQ #*
#=@=! /fh:j #*
#=@=@ ;fj{hlgs vr{ $@
#=@=# ;fj{hlgs C0f $$
#=@=$ j}b]lzs ;xfotf $^
6
#=# cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGw $*
#=$ j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL %)
#=% df}lb|s gLlt %#
#=%=! d'b|f tyf a}+lsª %#
#=%=@ shf{ %^
#=^ aLdf %(
#=& k"FhL ahf/ ^@
#=* ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ^$
#=( d"No gLlt ^&
#=!) ljb]zL ljlgdo tyf zf]wgfGt/ ^(
#=!! lghL If]q &@
#=!@ ;xsf/L If]q &$

kl/R5]b M $
If]qut ljsf; gLltx¿
$=! s[lif, l;FrfO, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg &(
$=!=! s[lif &(
$=!=@ l;FrfO (@
$=!=# e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf (*
$=!=$ vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f !)#
$=!=% jg tyf e"–;+/If0f !)^
$=@ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{ / ko{6g !!%
$=@=! pBf]u !!%
$=@=@ jfl0fHo !!(
$=@=# cfk"lt{ !@$
$=@=$ ko{6g !@*
$=# ;fdflhs ljsf; !##
$=#=! hg;ª\Vof !##
$=#=@ lzIff !#%
$=#=# :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f !$@
$=#=$ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO !$&
$=#=% ;+:s[lt !%@
$=#=^ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f !%%
$=#=^=! ;fdflhs ;'/Iff !%%
$=#=^=@ Ho]i7 gful/s !%(
$=#=^=# ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ !^@
$=#=^=$ afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L !^%
$=$ o'jf ljsf; !^(
$=% v]ns'b ljsf; !&@
7
 kl/R5b M %
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gLltx¿
%=! pmhf{ !&%
%=!=! hnljB't !&%
%=!=@ gjLs/0fLo tyf cGo pmhf{ !*!
%=@ oftfoft !*&
%=@=! ;8s !*&
%=@=@ xjfO{ oftfoft !(@
%=@=# /]n tyf cGo oftfoft !(^
%=# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ !((
%=$ ejg, cfjf; tyf zx/L ljefu @)%
%=$=! ejg tyf cfjf; @)%
%=$=@ zx/L ljsf; @)*
%=% :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ @!@

kl/R5]b M ^
cGt/ ;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx¿
^=! ul/aL lgjf/0f @!(
^=@ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; @@#
^=# >d tyf /f]huf/L @@%
^=$ ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf; @#!
^=$=! ;ª\3Lotf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g @#!
^=$=@ k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng @$)
^=% jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g @$#
^=^ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg @$(
^=& hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f @%#
^=* lj1fg ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw @%*
^=*=! lj1fg tyf k|ljlw @%*
^=*=@ ;"rgf k|ljlw @^!
^=( n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / d"nk|jfxLs/0f @^%
^=(=! n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f @^%
^=(=@ ;dfj]zLs/0f @&)
^=!) ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ @&%

8
 kl/R5]b M &
zflGt, ;'zf;g tyf d"nk|jfxLs/0f gLltx¿
&=! zflGt, k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf @*!
&=@ k|zf;sLo ;'zf;g @*$
&=# Gofo Joj:yf @**
&=$ ljQLo ;'zf;g @(!
&=% e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f @(#
&=^ gful/s ;xeflutf @(&
&=& ;'/Iff Joj:yf @((
&=* oftfoft Joj:yf #)@
&=( :jo+;]js ;]jf #)^
&=!) dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f #)*
&=!)=! dfgj clwsf/ #)*
&=!)=@ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f #!!

kl/R5]b M *
of]hgfk|lqmof, tYofÍLo k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg gLltx¿
*=! of]hgf th'{df #!%
*=@ of]hgf sfof{Gjog #!&
*=# cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg #!(
*=$ tYofÍLo k|0ffnL #@#
*=% cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; #@&

9
 kl/R5]b M !
kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmddf lj=;+=@)!# ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd gf}j6f k~rjifL{o
of]hgf tyf tLgj6f lqjifL{o of]hgf sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf 5g\ . ut lqjifL{o of]hgf
-@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ sf] cjlw @)&) c;f/ d;fGtdf ;dfKt eO{ t]x|f}+ of]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .
ljutsf of]hgfx¿df ;dofg's"n ljifox¿ k|fyldstfdf kb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . cf7f}+
of]hgfb]lv cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/L lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / ul/aL
36fpg] d'2fnfO{ dxTTj lbOof] . To;kl5sf of]hgfx¿df lbuf], km/flsnf] / ;dfj]zL
cfly{s ;d'GgtLnfO{ d'Vo p2]Zo /flv sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljut
@) jif{sf] cjlwdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft $@ k|ltztaf6
@#=* k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf u/]sf] k|lta4tf cg'¿k ;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf nIox¿
xfl;n ug]{ / ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf /fi6«;+3åf/f kl/eflift æcltsd ljsl;tÆ d'n'ssf]
bhf{af6 :t/f]Gglt ug]{ cfsf+Iffsf;fy of] t]x|f}+ of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n]
bL3{sfndf g]kfnnfO{ dWo cfo ePsf] ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xdf k'¥ofpg dfu{
k|z:t ug]{ k|s[ltsf p2]Zo, nIo, /0fgLltx¿ / k|fyldstf to u/]sf] 5 .
ultxLg cfly{s j[l4sf] b'Zrqm tf]8\g /fhgLlts l:y/tf;Fu;Fu} ljsf;sf] cleofgdf
bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o ;Ddlt (national consensus) cfjZos 5 . ljut rf/ bzssf]
cjlwdf cf};t @ b]lv % k|ltztsf] j[l4nfO{ & b]lv !) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg pko'Qm
gLltut ;+/rgf / k|r'/ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 . d'VotM
k"jf{wf/df /fli6«o nufgLsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpFb} lghL If]qd}qL P]g, sfg'g /
lgodgx¿df Jofks ;'wf/ u/L x/]s g]kfnLsf] >d, ;Lk, k"FhL / pmhf{nfO{ pBd
Joj;fodf s]lGb|t ug{ h?/L 5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 5f]6f] ;dodf g} d'n'snfO{
sfofsNk ug{ ;s]sf s]xL k"jL{ Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿sf] cg's/0f ug]{ xf] eg] klg
pgLx¿n] h:t} b'O{ tLg bzs;Dd ;ft k|ltzteGbf a9Lsf] cfly{s j[l4sf]
dxTTjfsf+Iff;lxt cl3 a9\g'kg]{ x'G5 .
d'n'ssf ;Defjgfo'Qm If]qx¿af/] w]/} g]kfnLnfO{ 1fg / hfgsf/L 5 . o; s'/fdf
g]kfnLx¿ cgle1 5}gg\ . g]kfn;Fu h}ljs tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdf ;DkGg clåtLo
e"b[Zo 5 . o;af6 g]kfnnfO{ ljZjs} cu|0fL ko{6sLo uGtJo agfpg ;lsG5 .
bL3{sfndf xfd|f pmhf{sf cfjZostfx¿ :jR5, k|b"if0f/lxt, cfGtl/s hn;|f]taf6}
kl/k"lt{ x'g ;Sb5 . t/fO{ dw];sf pj{/ e"ld / lxdfn kxf8sf ljljw k|fs[lts
jf;:ynx¿sf] andf s[lifsf] Jofks Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . jt{dfgdf eg]
pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ ;'ne agfpg hnljB't k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fnfO{ yk k|fyldstfdf /fVg'

1
kb{5 . To:t} s[lifdf pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{, lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] kx'Fr tyf
u'0f:t/ ;'wfg]{, ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{, dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{, oftfoft tyf
cGo k"jf{wf/x¿sf] Jofks ljsf; ug]{, ko{6g k|j4{gåf/f cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn
agfpg], cf}Bf]lusLs/0fåf/f cfTdlge{/tf a9fpg], lgof{t j[l4 ug]{ tyf k|fs[lts
;|f]t ;fwgx¿ pkof]u ubf{ jftfj/0fd}qL sfo{ k4lt / Jojxf/df Wofg lbg]h:tf
ljifonfO{ of]hgf k|lqmofdf k|fyldstf;fy ;d]6\g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L pRr cfly{s
j[l4;Fu;Fu} ;Gt'lnt / ;dfj]zL ljsf;, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / g]kfndf To;af6 kg]{
c;/sf] ljifo tyf xl/t cy{tGqsf] cjwf/0ff u|x0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfn] of]hgfa4
ljsf; sfo{nfO{ yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ agfPsf] 5 .
pmhf{, s[lif / ko{6g;Fu;Fu} g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] klg cfk\mg} ;Defjgf
5g\ . b'O{ l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t / rLgsf] pRr cfly{s ljsf;af6 g]kfnn] yk nfe
lng;Sg] gofF P]ltxfl;s cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pbLodfg ahf/x¿;Fusf]
;fdLKon] e"kl/j]i6Ls/0fn] xfdLnfO{ k'¥ofPsf] cltl/Qm nfutsf] cf+lzs lg/fs/0f
ug]{5 . of] ljifo lsg klg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 eg] g]kfn h:tf e"kl/j]li6t kxf8L
/fi6«x¿nfO{ ljZjahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg] hndfu{ jf hndfu{df cfl>t ef/L
pBf]ux¿df k|lt:k4f{ ug{ sl7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnn] ef}lts
cf];f/k;f/ ug'{ gkg]{ b"/;~rf/, xjfO{ oftfoft, ljQLo dWo:ytfh:tf cfw'lgs
;]jf If]qx¿df 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;s] 1fgdf cfwfl/t gofF pBf]ux¿ hGdg] /
k/Dk/fut pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf klg clej[l4 x'g] cfzf /fVg ;lsG5 .

!=@ lqjifL{o of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ sf] ;+lIfKt

;dLIff
-;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt afx]s cGo kl/R5]bx¿ / If]qut ljifox¿sf] ;+lIfKt
;dLIff ;lxtsf] cBfjlws l:ylt ;DalGwt kl/R5]bx¿df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 ._
;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ tyf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf]
pTyfg sfo{of]hgf cg'¿ksf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Ddfghgs / nfehGo /f]huf/L
;[hgf ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg], If]qLo ;Gt'ng xfl;n ug]{, ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f a9fpFb} cfd g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / lbuf] cfly{s
j[l4dfkm{t\ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt @!
df emfg]{ nIo;lxt of] of]hgf k|f/De ul/Psf] lyof] . of]hgfn] to u/]sf] pQm nIo
k|fKt ug{sf nflu /f]huf/L s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub}{
ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ k|d'v p2]Zo lnOPsf] lyof] .
of]hgfn] lnPsf oL k|d'v p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu d'VotM b]xfoadf]lhdsf ^ j6f
/0fgLltx¿ c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .

2
!= ;/sf/L, lghL / ;fd'bflos÷;xsf/L ;a} If]qsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df /f]huf/Ld"ns
tyf ul/aL lgj/0f pGd'v lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .
@= b]zsf] efjL ;+3Lo :j¿knfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] / k|fb]lzs cfly{s j[l4 ;d]tnfO{
;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ .
#= lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg] .
$= cfly{s ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'b[9 u/L /fHosf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf ;3fp
k'¥ofpg] .
%= ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]/ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofp+b} ljsf; sfo{nfO{
glthfd'vL agfpg] .
^= lghL tyf ;fd'bflos÷;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf; / cf}Bf]uLs/0f, Jofkf/ tyf ;]jf
If]qnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k|of;df d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj
;'b[9 ug]{ .
of]hgfn] k|fyldstfk|fKt egL /fv]sf If]qx¿df ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf]
;Gt'lnt ljsf;, s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, lgof{t Jofkf/, /f]huf/L ;[hgf, pk]lIft
;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zLs/0f, cTofjZos ;]jfx¿ -vfg]kfgL, pmhf{, ;8s, ;~rf/, vfB
;'/Iff, cf}ifwf]krf/_ sf] pknAwtf / lg/Gt/tf, ;'zf;g clej[l4 sfo{x¿, jftfj/0f
;+/If0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljifo tyf cfd hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf /fxt lbg] sfo{qmd
/ cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .
!=@=! cfly{s j[l4
o; of]hgfn] ;dli6ut cfly{s j[l4 b/ jflif{s cf};t %=% k|ltzt k|If]k0f u/]sf]
lyof] . o; cGtu{t s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 b/ #=( k|ltzt / u}/ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 b/ ^=$
k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg lyof] t/ of]hgf cjlwdf ;dli6ut cfly{s j[l4 b/ cfwf/e"t
d"Nodf jflif{s cf};t $=) k|ltzt dfq eof] . o;dWo] s[lif If]qtk{m #=$ k|ltzt /
u}/s[liftk{m $=@ k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

3
 tflnsf !=! lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] kl/df0ffTds nIo tyf pknlAw
-k|ltztdf_
lqjifL{o pknlAw
@)^^÷^&
ljj/0f of]hgfsf] cf};t
sf] l:ylt )^&÷^* )^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
nIo j[l4
cfly{s j[l4 b/ 4.3 5.5 3.8 4.6 3.5 4.0
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 b/ 2.0 3.9 4.5 4.6 1.1 3.4
u}/s[lif If]qsf] j[l4
5.4 6.4 3.6 4.5 4.6 4.2
b/
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
25.4 21.0 25.2 24.4 23.8 0.5
/x]sf] hg;+Vof
/f]huf/L j[l4 b/ 3.0 3.6 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, jflif{s cf};t ul/aL 36]sf] k|ltzt c+s .
cfly{s j[l4 b/df vf;u/L s[lif If]qdf of]hgf cjlwsf] klxnf] b'O{ jif{ cg's"n
df};d / cGo pTkfbg cg's"n jftfj/0fn] ubf{ ck]Iffcg'¿k g} nIo xfl;n eP
klg clGtd jif{ /f;folgs dnsf] cefj, df};dsf] k|lts"ntf / ;dod} k"0f{ ah]6
cfpg g;Sgfn] ck]lIft j[l4 x'g ;s]g . u}/s[lif If]qtk{m ljQLo dWo:ytfdf ePsf]
Go"g j[l4 Pj+ clGtd jif{sf] C0ffTds j[l4, yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/df /x]sf] Go"g
j[l4, 3/ hUuf jxfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkdf b]lvPsf] ;':ttf, lgdf{0f If]qdf
ljBdfg lzlyntfsf ;fy} :jf:Yo If]qdf ;d]t lgwf{l/t pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;Sbf
ck]lIft j[l4sf] nIo k|fKt x'g ;s]g .
!=@=@ ;dli6ut cfly{s If]q
art
s'n ufx{:y art s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf !!=@ k|ltzt k'Ug] nIo to
ul/Psf]df klxnf] jif{ nIo cg';f/sf] k|ult xfl;n eP tfklg kl5Nnf b'O{ jif{ eg]
of] nIo k|fKt x'g ;s]g . pQm cg'kft cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* df !$ k|ltzt /x]tf
klg cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df !)=! k|ltztdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'df
d'Vo ¿kdf pkef]udf j[l4 x'g', ;]o/, l8a]Gr/, ;/sf/L C0fkq nufotsf ljQLo
pks/0fx¿sf] ck]lIft :t/df lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg', d'n'ssf b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f e]udf
cem} klg kof{Kt ljQLo kx'Fr k'¥ofpg g;Sg', art ug]{ afgLdf ljsf; x'g g;Sg',
artsf nflu pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' cflb
sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g . To;}u/L ut lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{ @)^^÷^&
df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #%=( k|ltzt /x]sf] s'n /fli6«o art of]hgfsf] clGtd
jif{ @)^(÷&) sf nflu to ul/Psf] $!=! k|ltzt nIosf] t'ngfdf $)=# k|ltzt
sfod x'g ;Sof] .

4
/fh:j
of]hgfn] cf};t jflif{s /fh:j j[l4sf] nIo !%=& k|ltzt /fv]sf]df cfly{s jif{
@)^&÷^* df !!=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] /fh:j To; kl5sf b'O{ jif{df qmdzM @#=@ /
@!=! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ nIo eGbf a9Lsf] k|ult xfl;n x'g ;Sof] . of]hgfsf]
klxnf] cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* df s'n /fh:jsf] of]ubfg s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf
!$=% k|ltzt /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df of] cg'kft !&=#
k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIosf] t'ngfdf !&=% k|ltzt k'Ug ;kmn ePsf]] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vr{
of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{df s'n vr{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @!=&^ k|ltzt /x]sf]df
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ @)^(÷&) df @! k|ltzt /xg uof] . of]hgf cjlwdf s'n
;/sf/L vr{ cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf ¿=!) va{ @) ca{ x'g] nIo
/x]sf]df ¿=* va{ @* ca{ dfq vr{ x'g uPsf] 5 . s'n vr{sf] %& k|ltzteGbf
a9L c+z /x]sf] rfn" vr{ cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf ¿=% va{ *$ ca{
x'g] nIosf] t'ngfdf ¿=% va{ *& ca{ vr{ x'g uPsf] 5 . To;} u/L k"FhLut vr{
tk{m cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf ¿=# va{ ^$ ca{ x'g] nIosf] t'ngfdf
s]jn ¿=! va{ @* ca{ dfq vr{ x'g ;s]sf] 5 . ;fFjf e'QmfgLtk{m nIoeGbf %*
k|ltztn] a9L eO{ ¿=! vj{ !# ca{ vr{ ePsf] 5 . of]hgf cjlw leqsf jflif{s
ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd ;dodf g} k|:t't x''g g;s]sf] sf/0f k"FhLut vr{df ;+s'rg x'g
uPsf] lyof] .
;fj{hlgs C0f
cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& ;Dd s'n ltg{ afFsL ;fj{hlgs C0f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
#!=( k|ltzt /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ @)^(÷&) df of] cg'kft #@=& k|ltzt
k'u]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf cfGtl/s C0f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @=@ k|ltztdf
;Lldt /fVg] nIo /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{df !=! k|ltzt /xg uPsf]
5.
j}b]lzs ;xfotf
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{sf] @)&) c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ¿=# va{ @* cj{
;xof]usf nflu ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . To;dWo] ¿=! va{ &% ca{ %& s/f]8
cg'bfgtk{m /x]sf] 5 eg] ¿=! va{ %# ca{ @% s/f]8 C0ftk{m /x]sf] 5 . ;a}
k|sf/sf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o ah]6df ;dfj]z u/fpg hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] kl/rfng /fli6«o k|fyldstf /
gLltcg'¿k t'Nofpg / kf/blz{tf a9fpg cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
cfj4 u/fpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 .

5
k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL
o; of]hgf cjlwdf ¿=#& cj{ !# s/f]8 a/fa/sf] j}b]lzs nufgL ug]{ u/L ljleGg
&%# j6f cfof]hgfx¿n] ;~rfngsf nflu :jLs[lt lnPsf 5g\ . To:tf
cfof]hgfx¿af6 sl/a #^ xhf/ /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . blIf0f
Pl;ofsf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿;Fusf] t'ngfdf xfd|f] pknlAw Go"g /x]tf klg ljutsf]
of]hgfcjlwsf t'ngfdf o; cjlwsf] k|ult ;'wf/f]Gd'v /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs nufgL
cfslif{t ug]{ Wo]osf;fy nufgL af]8{sf] :yfkgfsf ;fy} To:tf nufgLstf{x¿sf]
;+/If0fsf nflu yk d'n'sx¿;Fu nufgL ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j4{g ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/
d'QmL ;Demf}tfsf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
d'b|f tyf a}lsª
of]hgf cjlwdf lj:t[t d'b|f k|bfosf] cf};t jflif{s j[l4 b/ !*=# k|ltzt /xg] nIo
/flvPsf]df cf};t !&=) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, s'n cfGtl/s shf{ cf};tdf
@) k|ltztn] / lghL If]qdf hfg] shf{ cf};tdf @@=# k|ltztn] a9\g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf]df of]hgf cjlwdf s'n cfGtl/s shf{ !#=^ k|ltzt / lghL If]qsf] shf{
!%=! k|ltztn] dfq a9]sf] 5 . To;}u/L cfwf/ jif{df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf]
art kl/rfng ¿=&@(=! ca{ /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] klxnf], bf]:f|f] / t]:f|f] jif{df qmdzM
!@=( k|ltzt, @@=( k|ltzt / !&=$ k|ltznn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿sf] lgliqmo shf{sf] cg'kft of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{df @=( k|ltzt /x]sf]df
@)^( c;f/df j[l4 eO{ #=* k|ltzt sfod eof] .
ljutdf emF} o; of]hgf cjlwdf klg v'nf ahf/ sf/f]af/nfO{ df}lb|s gLltsf] k|d'v
pks/0fsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ub}{ df}lb|s p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ qmddf ;/sf/L
C0fkqx¿sf] k|fylds / bf]:f|f] ahf/sf] sf/f]af/n] lg/Gt/tf
kfof] . To;}u/L, a}+s b/ of]hgfsf] ;'?df ^=% k|ltzt /x]sf]df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf
a}+lsª If]qdf /x]sf] clws t/ntfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ of]hgfsf] bf];|f] jif{df & k|ltzt
k'¥ofOof] . a}+s b/sf] pkof]unfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] o;nfO{
k'gMkl/eflift u/L of]hgfsf] t];|f] jif{df * k|ltzt agfOof] .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] k"hF L sf] cfwf/ a9fO{ ljQLo k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ufEg–ufleg pTk|]l/t ug]{ gLlt cg'¿k
of]hgf cjlwdf $# a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ufleP/ !* a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿ ag]sf 5g\ .
Pl;of Kofl;lkms u|'k cg dgL nfpG8l/Ën] ;g\ @)!! b]lv g]kfnnfO{ ljz]if
cg'udg k|lqmofdf /fv]sf]df o; cjlwdf xfl;n ul/Psf gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf
Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL k|ultsf cfwf/df ;g\ @)!# sf] h'nfO{ kl5 ;fdfGo
cg'udg k|lqmofdf /fVg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . o; lg0f{oaf6 ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f
lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o 5ljdf :t/f]Gglt ePsf] 5 .

6
shf{ tyf n3'ljQ
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] jif{df s[lif / hnljB'tsf] nflu k'gs{hf{ b/ ^=%
k|ltzt / tf]lsPsf cGo pTkfbgzLn If]qsf] nflu & k|ltzt sfod ul/Psf]df
of]hgfsf] t];|f] jif{df pQm b/x¿ 36fO{ ^ k|ltztsf] Psn k'g/shf{ b/ sfod
ul/Psf] lyof] . b'Uw tyf df;'hGo Joj;fosf] k|j4{gdfk{mt\ e"ld ePsf / gePsf
b'a}y/L ls;fgx¿sf] nflu /f]huf/L / cfo–cfh{gsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug{ kz'k+IfL tyf
dT:okfng Joj;fosf nflu ;d]t pko'{Qm cg';f/sf] k'g/shf{ pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfO{Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L of]hgfsf] cGt;Dddf ¿U0f pBf]u, 3/]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u, lgof{td"ns Joj:ffo / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu tf]lsPsf ju{df k|jfx
ul/g] ljz]if k'g/shf{ b/x¿df eg] ljutsf] !=% k|ltztsf] b/ oyfjt\ sfod u/L
o:tf] Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f ul/of] .
ljkGg ju{df shf{sf] kxF'r a9fO{ cfo–cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{
p2]Zon] of]hgfsf] t];|f] jif{df jfl0fHo a}+s, ljsf; a+}s / ljQ sDkgLx¿n] ljkGg
ju{df nufgL ug'{kg]{ shf{ cg'kft qmdzM $ k|ltzt, #=% k|ltzt / # k|ltzt
sfod u/L o:tf] cg'kft tLg jif{;Dd k|To]s jif{ )=% k|ltzt ljGb'n] a9fpb}
hfg'kg]{ gLlt lnOPsf] lyof] .
dfWolds tyf pRr dfWolds tx ;/xsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff cWoog,
dlxnfx¿åf/f ;~rflnt n3'pBd, ;fd'bflos pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf lghL If]qn]
Go"gtd %) k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf dfly nufgL ug]{ %)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf;Ddsf] n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgf, u|fdL0f If]qdf ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;xsf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t\
lgdf{0f x'g] l;FrfO{ k|0ffnL, u|fdL0f If]qdf tf]lsPsf s[lif cf}hf/ vl/b, tf]lsPsf
dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rflnt ;fd'bflos c:ktfn, ls;fgåf/f
cGgafnL ;+/If0ffy{ :yfkgf ul/g] zLte08f/ h:tf If]qx¿df a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿af6 k|jflxt tf]lsPsf] /sd;Ddsf] shf{nfO{ ljkGgju{ shf{df u0fgf ug]{
Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 .
of]hgf cjlwdf ;d"xdf cfa4 ePsf C0fL ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿dfkm{t\ n3'pBd jf n3'Joj:ffo ;~rfng ug{ ;fd"lxs hdfgLdf k|bfg
ul/g] shf{sf] ;Ldf qmdzM j[l4 u/L k|lt ;d"x ;b:o ¿=! nfv;Dd / :jLsf/of]Uo
lwtf]df k|bfg ul/g] shf{sf] xsdf ¿=# nfv;Dd n3'shf{ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]
5 . o:tf] shf{ k|jfx ubf{ æ3Æ ju{sf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] s'n shf{sf] Ps
ltxfO;Dd lwtf] lnO{ n3'shf{ k|jfx ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 .
ljQLo kx'Fr Pj+ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] ljQLo kx'Fr Go"g /x]sf
If]qx¿df æ3Æ ju{sf] ljQLo ;+:yf vf]Ng ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . ;a}
k|sf/sf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] u|fdL0f If]qdf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{ ;~rfng vr{ sd x'g]
df]afOn a+}lsª tyf zfvf/lxt a}+lsªnufot cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf a}+lsª ;]jfnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ePsf] 5 .

7
aLdf
aLdf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] aLdf If]qsf] ;du| d"Nof+sg
u/L k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df la:t[t sfo{ of]hgf agfO{ aLdfsf] :t/ j[l4;+u
;DalGwt k|0ffnLx¿ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . k|rngdf /x]sf] aLdfn]vx¿nfO{
;/nLs/0f ul/g'sf ;fy} gofF aLdfn]vx¿ k|rngdf NofO{Psf] tyf aLDff bfjL
e'QmfgL k|s[ofnfO{ ;/n agfpg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .
u|fld0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ju{sf] aLdf ;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg ul/g'sf ;fy}
t];|f] kIf k|ltsf] bfloTj aLDff clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf If]qsf] ljBdfg ;]jfx¿
kl/dfh{g tyf afnL aLdf, kz' aLdf tyf k];fut bfloTj aLdf nufotsf aLdf
;]jfsf] sfo{ If]qx¿ klxrfg, s[lif If]qsf] nufgL ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu s[lif tyf
;xsf/L dGqfnosf] ;xsfo{df s[lif tyf kz'klG5 aLdf sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .
:jb]zdf k'gaL{df sDkgL :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy}
k'gaL{df ;DaGwL ;'b[9, kf/bzL{ tyf ljZj;lgo Joj:yf ljsf;sf nflu cfsl:ds
aLdf sf]ifnfO{ k'gaL{df sDkgLdf kl/0ft ug]{ k|s[of ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . :jf:Yo aLdf
sfo{qmd k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf nfu" ug{ cjwf/0ff kq tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
k"h
F L ahf/
lwtf]kqsf] s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnL, ;fd"lxs nufgL sf]if, qm]l86 /]l6ª sDkgLh:tf
lwtf]kq ahf/sf] clt cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ tT;DaGwL
lgodg Joj:yfx¿ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t lwtf]kqsf] s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^& tyf ;fd"lxs nufgL sf]if lgodfjnL, @)^&, qm]l86 /]l6ª
lgodfjnL, @)^* ;d]t nfu" eO;s]sf] 5 . ;f]xL Joj:yf cg';f/ ahf/df ;fd"lxs
nufgL sf]if :yfkgf eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . lghL If]qjf6 qm]l86 /]l6ªsf] ;]jf lbg] sfo{ ;'?
ul/;s]sf] 5 . To:t} s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL ;'? ul/;s]sf] ca:yf 5
. k"FhL ahf/ k|efjsf/L lgodg Joj:yf, k"FhL ahf/sf] l:y/tf tyf ;do;fk]If
ahf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] kfFr jifL{o k"FhL ahf/ ljsf; of]hgf
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . lwtf]kq Joj;foLx¿sf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf j[l4
u/L nufgLstf{x¿df ;xh / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lwtf]kq bnfnx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
j[l4 ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf
;+:yfgx¿ dWo] !( ;+:yfgx¿ gfkmfdf /x]sf eP tfklg af+sL !& ;+:yfgx¿
nuftf/ 3f6fdf /x]sf / ! ;+:yfg nfdf] ;dob]lv sf/f]af/ ljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf]
5 . To:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/sf ;fy} k|lt:kwL{ agfpg]
gLltut Pj+ sfo{ut k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\, tyflk pknlAw ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;fy} :yfkgfsfndf tTsfnLg d'n'ssf] kl/l:yt cg';f/ cfwf/e"t
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / cfk"lt{ Pj+ /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf nflu cf}lrTo b]lvP

8
tfklg jbln+bf] v'nf cy{tGq Pj+ lghL If]qsf] ljsf;;+u} :yflkt sltko ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿n] cfkm\gf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu cf}lrTo b]vfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgsf] Joj:yflkso ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf s]xL ;+:yfgx¿df k|lt:k4f{sf cfwf/df
k|d'v sfo{sf/L lgo'Qm x'g] k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft ul/Pkl5 To:tf ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;du|
sfo{ ;Dkfbg Pj+ ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .
d"No l:ylt
of]hgf cjlwdf jflif{s cf};t d'b|f:kmLlt &=) k|ltztleq ;Lldt /xg] nIo /x]sf]df
(=@ k|ltzt /xg uPsf] 5 . of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{ (=% k|ltzt /x]sf] jflif{s d"No
j[l4 bf];|f] jif{df k|d'v vfB afnLx¿sf] pTkfbgdf ePsf] pNn]vgLo j[l4n]
vfBfGgsf] d"Nodf lu/fj6 cfO{ ;du| d"No :t/df cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;'wf/
eO{ *=# k|ltztdf ;Lldt /Xof] . of]hgfsf] t];|f] jif{df eg] ;du| d"No :t/df rfk
kg{ uO{ jflif{s d"No j[l4 (=( k|ltzt /xg k'Uof] . o;/L d'No j[l4df rfk kg'{df
nuftf/sf] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o d"No j[l4, cd]l/sL 8n/sf] t'ngfdf
ePsf] g]kfnL d'b|fsf] cjd"Nog, tna tyf Hofnf b/df j[l4 tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf
cfpg] c;xhtf h:tf sf/0fx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ .
j}b]lzs Jofkf/ l:ylt
o; of]hgfn] b]zut tyf j:t'ut lgof{t ljljwLs/0f tyf k|j4{g u/L zf]wgfGt/
l:yltnfO{ cg's"n agfpg] nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf j:t' lgof{t k|rlnt
d"Nodf jflif{s cf};t *=# k|ltztn] a9\g uPsf] 5 . s'n lgof{tdWo] ef/ttk{msf]
lgof{t of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{ *=$ k|ltztn] a9]sf]df bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{ qmdzM !$=$
k|ltzt / @=* k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . cGo d'n'stk{msf] lgof{t of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{
)=& k|ltzt j[l4 ePsf]df bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df s]xL ;'wf/ cfO{ qmdzM !&=% k|ltzt
/ %=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
of]hgf cjlwdf cfofttk{m j:t' cfoft k|rlnt d"Nodf jflif{s cf};t !$=#
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . s'n cfoftdWo] ef/ttk{msf] cfoft j[l4 b/ pRr /x]sf]
5 . of]hgfsf] k|yd jif{ k|rlnt d"Nodf ef/taf6 ePsf] cfoft @)=^ k|ltzt, bf];|f]
jif{ !$=# k|ltzt / t];|f] jif{df @@=^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] cGo d'n'saf6
ePsf] cfoft of]hgfsf] k|yd jif{ !$=^ k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df
qmdzM @)=( / !^=( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;/L lgof{tsf] Go"g j[l4 /
cfoftsf] pRr j[l4sf sf/0f ;du| Jofkf/ 3f6f of]hgf cjlwdf jflif{s cf};tdf
!%=% k|ltztn] a9\gsf ;fy} To:tf] 3f6f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @^=* k|ltzt
k'u]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* df s'n Jofkf/df ef/tsf] c+z ^^=# k|ltzt /
cGo d'n'ssf] c+z ##=& k|ltzt /x]sf]df ef/tsf] c+z bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df qmdzM
^%=! k|ltzt / ^^=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

9
zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt
of]hgfsf] k|yd jif{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] )=( k|ltzt /x]sf] rfn" vftf 3f6f
bf];|f] / t];|f] jif{df qmdzM % k|ltzt / #=$ k|ltztn] artdf /Xof]] . o;/L of]hgf
cjlwdf rfn" vftf art cf};tdf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @=% k|ltzt /xg uof] .
To;}u/L k"FhL vftf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf of]hgfsf] cl3Nnf] b'O{ jif{ !=@
k|ltzt /x]sf]df clGtd jif{df )=^ k|ltzt dfq /Xof] . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;Fu
ljQLo vftfsf] cg'kft of]hgf cjlwdf qmdzM )=@, !=( / )=& k|ltzt sfod /xg
uof] . o;/L of]hgf cjlwdf zf]wgfGt/ art jflif{s s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !
k|ltzt /fVg] nIo /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{df )=# k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{df *=^
k|ltzt / t];|f] jif{df $=! k|ltzt /xL of]hgf cjlwsf] cf};t zf]wgfGt/ art s'n
ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] $=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt
o; of]hgfdf ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt sDtLdf klg ^ dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
cfoftnfO{ wfGg ;Sg] :t/df sfod /fVg] nIo /flvPsf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] cfwf/
jif{ @)^^÷^& sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf /x]sf] ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltsf] :t/n] &=$
dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft wfGg ;Sg] l:ylt /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{
&=# dlxgf, bf];|f] jif{ !)=# dlxgf / t];|f] jif{ !)=! dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
cfoft wfGg ;Sg] l:yltdf k'u]sf] 5 .
of]hgf cjlwdf g]kfnL ¿k}ofF cd]l/sL 8n/;Fu ;du|df @!=^ k|ltztn] cjd"Nog
eof] . @)^* c;f/ d;fGtdf s'n ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt @)^& c;f/ d;fGtsf]
t'ngfdf !=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf]df @)^* c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @)^( c;f/
d;fGtdf o:tf] ;l~rlt ^!=% k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g k'Uof] . To;} u/L @)&) c;f/
d;fGtdf o:tf] ;l~rlt @)^( c;f/ d;fGtsf] t'ngfdf @!=$ k|ltztn] a9\g k'Uof]
. s'n ;l~rltdf kl/jTo{ d'b|f ;l~rltsf] c+z @)^* c;f/ d;fGtdf *!=! k|ltzt
/x]sf]df @)^( c;f/ d;fGtdf &*=) k|ltzt / @)&) c;f/ d;fGtdf &&=^
k|ltzt /Xof] . of]hgf cjlwdf kl/jTo{ / ckl/jTo{ ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rltsf] c+z
cf};tdf qmdzM &*=( k|ltzt / @!=! k|ltzt /Xof] .
tflnsf !=@ M lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s nIo / pknlAw
lqjifL{o lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] pknlAw
ljj/0f of]hgfsf]
nIo )^&÷^* )^*÷^( )^(÷&) cf};t
s'n l:y/ k"FhL nufgL -s'n
@!=$ 21.4 20.8 22.6 21.6
ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
lghL If]q !^=@ 16.7 16.1 18.4 17.1
;/sf/L If]q %=@ 4.7 4.7 4.2 4.5

10
 lqjifL{o lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] pknlAw
ljj/0f of]hgfsf]
nIo )^&÷^* )^*÷^( )^(÷&) cf};t
s'n ufx{:y art -s'n ufx{:y
!!=@ 14.0 11.0 10.1 11.5
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
s'n /fli6«o art -s'n ufx{:y
$!=! 37.0 39.5 40.3 39.0
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
/fh:jsf] j[l4 b/ !%=& 11.5 23.2 21.1 18.5
/fh:j -s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
!&=# 14.5 16.0 17.5 16.1
cg'kftdf_
s'n vr{ -s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
@%=* 21.6 22.2 21.0 21.6
cg'kftdf_
rfn" vr{ -s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
!$=( 15.4 15.9 14.6 15.3
cg'kftdf_
k"FhLut vr{ -s'n ufx{:y
(=! 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
cfGtl/s C0f -s'n ufx{:y
@=@ 3.1 2.4 1.1 2.1
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
j}b]lzs cg'bfg -s'n ufx{:y
$=$ 3.4 2.7 2.1 2.6
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
j}b]lzs C0f -s'n ufx{:y
@=! 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.7
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
d'b|f:kmLlt b/ &=) 9.5 8.3 9.9 9.3
lj:t[t d'b|f k|bfo j[l4 b/ !*=# 12.2 22.7 16.4 17.1
lghL If]qdf hfg] shf{ j[l4 b/ @@=# 13.9 11.3 20.2 15.1
s'n cfGtl/s shf{ jflif{s j[l4
@)=) 14.3 9.3 17.2 13.6
b/
ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rltn]] j:t' tyf
^ 7.3 10.3 10.1 9.2
;]jfsf] cfoft wfGg ;Sg] dlxgf
zf]wgfGt/ art -s'n ufx{:y
! 0.3 8.6 4.1 4.3
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu .

!=# ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] k|ult ;dLIff

;g\ @)!% ;Dddf xfl;n ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿nfO{
g]kfnn] b;f}+ of]hgfb]lv g} of]hgf tyf jflif{s sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z ub}{ cfPsf]

11
5 . ;g\ @))@ df oL nIox¿sf] ;dLIff ubf{ k|ult pT;fxk|b b]lvPsf] lyPg . ;g\
@))% df ul/Psf] bf];|f] k|ult ;dLIffn] s]xL /fd|f kIf k|:t't ub}{ ul/aL lgjf/0f,
lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf dxTTjk""0f{ k|ult
ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))(÷!) df ul/Psf] t];|f] k|ult ;dLIffn]
k|lts"n kl/l:yltx¿sf afah'b klg pT;fxhgs pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] b]vfPsf]
lyof] . ;g\ @)!# df ePsf] rf}yf] k|ult ;dLIffn] klg nIo k|flKtdf pNn]Vo k|ult
ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 o;sf nflu k'/:sf/ ;d]t kfPsf] 5 .
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof ;g\ !(() df $@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)!# df of]
@#=* k|ltztdf cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))% / ;g\ @)!# sf] aLrdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf]
cf};t jflif{s b/ Ps k|ltzt c+s /x]sf] 5 . of] b/ sfod /xg] xf] eg] ;g\ @)!%
;Dddf @! k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsf] 5 . ul/aL 36\g] b/
pT;fxhgs eP tfklg ul/aLsf] /]vfsf] cf;kf;df /x]sf hg;+Vof cem} pNn]Vo
/x]sf] 5 .
;g\ @)!% ;Dd b}lgs Ps cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf sd cfo ePsf JolQmsf] cg'kft !&
k|ltztdf /fVg] uGtJo xfl;n x'g] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnf tyf o'jf nufot ;a}sf nflu
k"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L tyf ;Ddfghgs sfd xfl;n x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
7"nf] ;+Vofdf g]kfnaf6 >ldsx¿ ljb]lzPsf] cj:yfn] s[lifdf pTkfbgzLntfsf]
cfwf/ sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . o'jf tyf dlxnfx¿;d]t ljb]l;+bfsf] ;du| ;fdflhs
d"No dx+uf] kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ef]sd/L 36fpg] nIo k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 . sd tf}n ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
cg'kft k|ltxhf/df #) k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo /x]sf]df @*=* k|ltzt k'u]sf]n]
;f/e"t ¿kdf nIo xfl;n eO;s]sf] 5 . k'8\sf]kg ePsf afnaflnsfsf] cg'kft
;g\ @))! df %& k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @)!! df $! k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsfdf k'8\sf]kg 36fpgdf /fd|f] k|ult eP klg #) k|ltztsf] nIosf]
t'ngfdf $! k|ltztsf] pknlAw ;Gtf]ifhgs dfGg ;ls+b}g .
;a}nfO{ k|fylds lzIffsf] nIotk{m k|fylds txdf s'n egf{ b/ ;g\ !(() df ^$
k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!# df (%=# k|ltzt k'u]sf] Ps ;'vb kIf /x]sf] 5 .
afnsx¿sf] eGbf aflnsfx¿sf] v'b egf{ b/ a9L /x]sf]n] ljBfnodf :jfut
cleofg tyf aflnsfsf] nflu 5fqj[lQ of]hgfsf] ;kmntf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a}nfO{
k|fylds lzIff ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf] ljBfyL{ kfFr sIff;Dd
ljBfnod} /xg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] l6sfp b/df ;'wf/ x'Fb} @))% sf] &(=! k|ltztaf6
;g\ @)!# df *$=@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . aLrd} ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ sIff Psdf &=&
k|ltzt / sIff kfFrdf ^ k|ltzt 5 eg] ltg} sIffdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ qmdzM !(=( /
%=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] k|fylds lzIff;DaGwL nIosf tLg ;"rsdWo] Pp6f v'b egf{ b/dfq xfl;n
x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 / afFsL b'O{ ;"rs -l6sfp b/ tyf ;fIf/tf b/_ xfl;n x'g g;Sg]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+Vof / JoflKt b'j} b[li6n] k|fylds ljBfnosf] ;+hfn a9]sf] 5 . ;g\

12
@))#÷)$ sf] (!=$ k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!# df ($=& k|ltzt kl/jf/ cfwf
306fleq glhssf] k|fylds ljBfno k'Ug ;S5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|fylds lzIffsf]
sfo{bIftf / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ afn ljsf;, k"j{ k|fylds lzIff, ljBfyL{ cg's"n
ljBfno tyf sIff sf]7fsf] jftfj/0f, k|wfg cWofks tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf
;b:ox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4h:tf gLltut dfkb08 nfu" u/]kl5 egf{ / l6sfp b/
a9fpg ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 . kf7\oqmdx¿sf] lgoldt kl/dfh{g, lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sgsf]
;anLs/0f, dft[efiff, ax'efiff lzIff tyf ;|f]t s]Gb|n] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ;xof]u
u/]sf 5g\ . ;fIf/tfsf] b/ clt sd ePsf b'u{d If]q / ljkGg ju{sf afnaflnsf
ljBfno hfg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To:t} ljBdfg z}lIfs tYof+sLo k4ltn] ljBfyL{sf]
pd]/ ;d"xut egf{nfO{ ;fdflhs ;d"x, ckf+utf tyf a;f]af;sf] :yfgh:tf
sf]l6nfO{ cnUu} /fVg g;Sbf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf
Nofpg] of]hgf lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{sf nflu vf; u/L tL afnaflnsf sf] x'g\ /
sxfF a:5g\ eGg] cj:yf cfFsng ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .
n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0ftk{m k|fylds lzIffdf 5fqf / 5fqsf]
cg'kftdf ;g\ !(() b]lv pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 / ;g\ @)!% sf nflu lgwf{l/t
uGtJo xfl;n eO;s]sf] 5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cg'kft pRr dfWolds txdf )=(!
/ pRr lzIffdf )=&! 5 h'g ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;dfgtf k|fKt ug{ sl7g x'g]
b]lvG5 . o'jf -!%–@$ jif{_ sf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt dlxnfsf] &(=#^ / k'?ifsf] (@=(&
u/L o'jfsf] /fli6«o cf};t *&=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . !%–$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf
slxNo} ljBfno guPsf $) k|ltzt eGbf a9L dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf To:tf k'?if
hDdf !$ k|ltzt 5g\ . To:t}, sfddf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ k|fo cfly{s kfl/>lds
gkfpg] sfd u5{g / cj}tlgs kfl/jfl/s >dzlQmsf] &$=* k|ltzt dlxnf g} 5g\
. ;]jf If]qdf vf;u/L k|fylds / dfWolds txdf lzIfssf ¿kdf dlxnfsf]
/f]huf/L pNn]Vo ¿kn] a9\b} uPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts j[Qdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9]sf]
5 / lghfdtL ;]jf ;g\ @))! b]lv @)!# sf] aLrdf ;du| /fhkqf+lst txdf
dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;ft u'gfn] a9]/ @=$ jf6 !^=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 tyflk
dlxnf lj?4sf lx+;f / ljljw ;fdflhs s'/Lltn] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] lj:tf/df
cj/f]w Nofpg] u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ !(() b]lv ;g\ @)!! aLrdf lzz' d[To' b/df pNn]vgLo ¿kdf 36]/ k|ltxhf/
hLljt hGddf !)* d[To'af6 $^ df em/]sf] 5 eg] kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf]
d'To' b/ !^@ af6 %$ df em/]sf] 5 . gjhft d[To' b/ ;g\ @))! b]lv @))^
;Dddf k|lt xhf/ $# af6 ## df em/]sf] lyof] t/ ;g\ @))^ b]lv ;g\ @)!! ;Dd
To;eGbf tn emg{ ;s]g tyflk g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!% cl3 afn :jf:Yo;+u ;DalGwt
nIo xfl;n ug]{ b]lvG5 . xfn kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afnd[To' b/nfO{ k|ltxhf/ hLljt
hGddf %$ df emfg]{ nIo ;g\ @)!! df g} k|fKt eO;s]sf] x'Fbf xfn gofF uGtJo
#* tf]lsPsf] 5 . To:t} lgoldt vf]k sfo{qmddfkm{t\ bfb'/fsf] vf]k nufpg] Ps
jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] cg'kft ;g\ !(() df $@ k|ltzt lyof] . of] ;g\ @)!!
df ** k'u]sf] 5 / ;g\ @)!% sf] uGtJo () k|ltzteGbf a9L xfl;n x'g] b]lvPsf]

13
5 . gjhft d[To' b/ 36fpg' afn :jf:Yosf nIo k|flKtdf cfwf/e"t s'/f ePsf]n]
d[To'sf sf/0fx¿M ;+qmd0f, hGdFbf rf]6 nfUg', lg;fl;g' / sd tf}n x'g'h:tf
ljifonfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
dft[ :jf:Yo ;'wf/tk{m ;g\ !(() df k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf *%) /x]sf] dft[ d[To'
b/ ;g\ @))^ df @*! df em/]sf] 5 . @)!% ;Dddf of] b/ !#$ df emfg]{ nIo
/x]sf] 5 . k|;"ltkl5sf] cfGtl/s /Qm>fj, lk| PSnflD;of, PSnflD;of, ue{ktgn]
NofPsf hl6ntf, aflwt k|;j, k|f;ljs /Qm ljsf/h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf dft[d[To'
x'g] u/sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cfwf hlt k|;"lt cem} klg 3/}df u/fOg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
k"j{ k|;"lt, k|;"lt / k|;"ltkZrft\ tLgj6} cj:yfdf lg/Gt/ :ofxf/sf] ;'lglZrttf
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To:t} kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jfn] k|hgg 36fpg], dft[ tyf
gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g], hg;+Vof j[l4 lgolGqt x'g] x'Fbf k|hgg :jf:Yon]
dft[ :jf:Yodf k|ToIf k|efj kf5{ . ue{lg/f]wssf] k|of]u ;g\ @))) df #% k|ltztn]
u/]sf]df ;g\ @)!# df of] b/ $#=@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() b]lv @)!! sf]
aLrdf s'n k|hgg b/ %=# af6 cfwf 36]/ @=^ ePsf] 5 . Go"gtd Ps rf]l6 k"j{
k|;"lt :ofxf/df k'Ug] ue{jtL dlxnfsf] cg'kft ;g\ @))) df $*=% k|ltzt
/x]sf]df ;g\ @)!! ;Dddf *% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . k"j{k|;"lt :ofxf/ lj:tf/sf] b/
/fd|f] eP klg ;d'bfosf] glhssf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf] Go"g:t/sf] ;]jf / ToxL
;]jfdf klg kxF'r k'Ug g;Sg' r'gf}tL b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;'/lIft ue{ktg ;]jfsf]
;'lglZrttf / u'0f:t/Lo ue{ lg/f]ws ljlwx¿sf] pknlAw a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 .
Pr=cfO{=eL= P8\; ;+qmd0f lglZrt hg;+Vof ;d"xdf ;Lldt /lxcfPsf] 5 . sfdsf
nflu ef/t hfg] / ToxfF of}gsdL{x¿ sxfF k'Ug] k'?ifx¿ g} ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf
of] /f]u ;+qmd0f km}nfpg] dfWod ag]sf 5g\ . To;sf ;fy} zx/L If]qdf ;d]t
of}gsdL{sf ;fy} ;'O{ dfkm{t\ nfu" kbfy{sf] ;]jg ug]{ Pj+ ;dln+uLx¿sf sf/0f ;d]t
of] /f]u km}n]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;du| d'n'sdf ;g\ @)!! df P8\; ePsf !%–$( jif{
pd]/ ;d"xsf jo:s )=# k|ltzt lyP h'g ;g\ @))& sf] b/eGbf sd xf] . /fli6«o
P8\; tyf of}g /f]u lgoGq0f s]Gb|n] to u/]sf] ;g\ @)!^ sf nflu gofF uGtJo !%–
@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf )=)^ sf] JoflKt b/ xfl;n ug{ Go"gLs/0f b/ a9fpg'kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!!÷!@ df P8\; JoflKt b/ pRr hf]lvd ePsf dWo] ;'O{af6
nfu" kbfy{ lng]x¿df, k'?if ;dln+uLx¿df / dlxnf of}gsdL{x¿df qmdzM ^=#, #=*
/ !=& k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 .
cf}nf] !# j6f pRr hf]lvdo'Qm lhNnfx¿df / !* j6f ;fdfGo hf]lvdo'Qm
lhNnfx¿df dfq} ;Lldt 5 . oBlk yk #$ lhNnfdf Go"gtd ;+qmd0f b/ kfOPsf]
5 . !) j6f lhNnfdf s'g} hf]lvd 5}g . cf}nf] /f]usf 36gf b/df ljut kfFr jif{df
ptf/r9fp b]lvP klg jflif{s k/hLjLsf 36gf b/ rflxF ljut bz jif{df pNn]Vo
¿kdf 36]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) df cf}nf]af6 ePsf] d[To'sf] b/ hf]lvddf /x]sf k|lt
nfv dflg;df )=)$ lyof] h'g ;g\ @)!@ df z"Godf em/]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs pkrf/
ul/Psf] e'mnleq ;'Tg] kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt ;g\ @))% df $*=@

14
lyof] h'g @)!@ df (^=* k|ltzt k'uL ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;a}nfO{ o:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwf
k'¥ofpg] uGtJosf] glhs /x]sf] 5 .
s'n hg;+Vofsf] $% k|ltzt JolQmx¿ Ifo/f]uaf6 ;+qmldt 5g\ eg] To;sf] ^)
k|ltzt k|f}9 5g\ . x/]s jif{ $),))) JolQmdf ;lqmo Ifo/f]u ljsf; x'G5 eg] tL
dWo] cfwf ;+qmfds / /f]u km}nfpg ;Sg] x'G5g\ . ;g\ !(() / ;g\ @)!! aLrsf]
cjlwdf k|ltnfv JolQmdf Ifo/f]usf] k|;f/ $^) af6 36]/ @#* x'g cfPsf] / d[To'
$# af6 @! df em/]sf] 5 . Ifo/f]u pGd"ng ug{ sl7g x'g] ax'cf}iflw k|lt/f]wsf
36gfsf] ;+Vof;d]t l:y/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf (! k|ltztsf] nIo k|fKt ug{;Sg]
cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu to ul/Psf] ;ftf}+ nIocGtu{t
k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{g sl/a )=! 6g
5 h'g ljZjsf] cf};t $=% 6gsf] t'ngfdf cToGt sd xf] . pmhf{ vkttk{m
t/nLs[t k]6«f]lnod Uof;sf] k|of]u ;g\ @)!) df !@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;g\
@)!!÷!@ df a9]/ !* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ a9fpg / jftfj/0fLo
kl/jt{g;+u h'Wg ;xfos n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs
Uof; KnfG6x¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . To:t} h}ljs ljljwtftk{m
g]kfnn] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] Ifo Go"gLs/0f b/df pNn]Vo k|ult u/]sf] 5 . 3f]lift
;+/lIft If]qleq kg]{ e"efu ;g\ !(() / ;g\ @)!@ sf] aLrdf t]Aa/ ePsf] 5 .
;'/lIft vfg]kfgL tyf cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOtk{m ;g\ @)!@÷!# df ;'/lIft
vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/sf] cg'kftsf] /fli6«o cf};t *% k|ltzt k'u]sf]
5 h'g ;g\ @)!% sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIoeGbf a9L xf] t/ klg ;'/lIft kfOksf]
kfgLdf kx'Fr eg] ljut ;ft jif{b]lv a9]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @))) / ;g\ @)!! aLr
/fli6«o ;/;kmfO lj:tf/ bf]Aa/eGbf a9\b} #) k|ltztaf6 ^@ k|ltzt k'uL @)!% sf]
nIo xfl;n eO;s]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] sl/a *% k|ltzt hgtfdf cfwf/e"t kfgLsf]
cfk"lt{ kx'Fr ePklg cflwsf+z zx/L kfgL cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL eg] k|efjsf/L 5}gg\ .
To:t} u|fdL0f If]qdf cfk"lt{ l6sfp x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf ck"/f sfo{ / ;g\ @)!% kl5sf k|fyldstfx¿
hg;+Vofsf] @#=*@ k|ltzt cyf{t\ @& nfv eGbf a9L dflg; cem} ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] cj:yf ;'wf/sf nflu nlIft sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{, vfB
;'/Iff a9fpg], /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf gofF pkfo vf]Hg] sfo{df cfufdL lqmofsnfkx¿
s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
cem} klg ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf Nofpg
g;lsPsf], lzIffdf ;dfg kx'Fr gk'u]sf] / *&=% k|ltzt dfq} ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$
pd]/ ;d'x_ /x]sf]n] /rgfTds pkfox¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ k|fylds lzIffdf ljBfyL{
l6sfpg], ul/a cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ / ljBfno aflx/
/x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿ Nofpg'kg]{

15
b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|fylds tyf dfWolds txdf n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod /fVg / ;fIf/tf b/ a9fpg
5fqfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg], cfd ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿ rnfpg], dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L
s]lGb|t cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{, n}+lus lx+;fk|lt z"Go ;xgzLntfsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . afn tyf dft[ :jf:Yo k|flKtsf] lbzfdf clt ul/a / lk5l8Psf]
;d'bfodf a9L Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . P8\;, cf}nf], Ifo/f]uh:tf /f]ux¿sf]
k|fb'ef{j x'g glbg / /f]syfd ug{ kof{Kt hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd;lxtsf gofF
uGtJo to ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf nflu rflxg] lbuf] tyf lskmfotL
pmhf{ kl/k"lt{sf nflu o; If]qdf kof{Kt nufgLsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnL
pTkfbgx¿sf] ef/tLo / ;d'b|kf/sf ahf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg], hnjfo'
kl/jt{g;DaGwL k|of;sf nflu tyf d'n'ssf k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] s'zn pkof]usf
nflu cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf cfslif{t ug]{ u/L k|of; cl3
a9fpg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% kl5sf] sfo{;"rLsf nflu ;'emfOPsf cf7
ljifox¿df ;'zf;g, lje]bsf] ;Daf]wg, Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, >d :yfgfGt/0f /
ljk|]if0fsf] pkof]u, pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L, n}+lus lx+;fk|ltsf] z"Go ;xgzLntf,
u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;+usf] cg's"ngsf
If]qx¿df ljz]if k|of; x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
tflnsf !=# M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf ljsf;sf cGo ;"rsx¿
;g @)!%
sf]
jif{ pknlAwsf]
qm=;+= ;"rsx¿ ;x;|fAbL ;|f]t
-;g\_ l:ylt ljsf;
nIo
! @)!! @^=%) s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s
hg;ª\Vofsf]] cfsf/ ljefu
-bz nfvdf_ -s]=t=lj=_
@ cf};t hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ @)!! !=#% -s]=t=lj=_
-k|ltztdf_
# @)!! ^*=* g]kfn
ck]lIft cf};t cfo'
dfgjljsf;
-jif{_
k|ltj]bg, @)!$
$ k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o @)!@÷!# &!# -s]=t=lj=_
cfo -cd]l/sL 8n/df_
% s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l4 @)!@÷!# #=$^ -s]=t=lj=_
b/ -cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
-k|ltzt_
^ d'b|f:kmLlt j[l4 b/ @)!@÷!# (=( -s]=t=lj=_
-k|ltzt_
& @)!! )=$^ ;+o'Qm
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s
/fi6«;ª\3Lo
-dfg_
ljsf; sfo{qmd,

16
 ;g @)!%
sf]
jif{ pknlAwsf]
qm=;+= ;"rsx¿ ;x;|fAbL ;|f]t
-;g\_ l:ylt ljsf;
nIo
* /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg @)!@÷!# @#=* @! -s]=t=lj=_
/x]sf hg;ª\Vof -
k|ltzt_
( kfFr jif{d'lgsf sd tf}n @)!! @( @( g]kfn hg;ª\Vof
ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] tyf :jf:Yo
;ª\Vof k|ltzt ;j]{If0f, @)!!
!) ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{ @)!@÷!# *&=% !)) lzIff dGqfno
pd]/ ;d"x_ -k|ltzt_
!! k||fylds lzIffdf v'b egf{ @)!@÷!# (%=# !)) lzIff dGqfno,
b/ -k|ltzt_ @)!@÷!#
!@ kfFr jif{d'lgsf aRrfsf] @)!! %$ %$ g]kfn hg;ª\Vof
d[To' b/ -k|ltxhf/ tyf :jf:Yo
hLljt hGddf_ ;j]{If0f, @)!!
!# @))^ @*! !#$ g]kfn hg;+Vof
dft[d[To' b/
tyf :jf:Yo
-k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_
;j]{If0f, @))^
!$ !%–$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf @)!! )=# )=# /fli6«o P8\; tyf
Pr=cfO{=eL= ;ª\qmldt of}g/f]u s]Gb|,
/f]uL @)!@
-k|ltzt_
!% d'Vo pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf @)!! ^$ -s]=t=lj=_
bfp/f k|of]u ug]{
JolQmx¿sf] cg'kft
-k|ltzt_
!^ jgn] 9fs]sf] If]q @)!@÷!# #(=^ 40 jg tyf e';+/If0f
-k|ltzt_ dGqfno
!& u|fdL0f tyf zx/L b''a} @)!@÷!# *@=* &# -s]=t=lj=_
If]qdf ;'/lIft kfgLsf]
;|f]tdf lbuf] ¿kdf kx'Fr
x'g] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft
-k|ltzt_
!* u|fdL0f tyf zx/L b''j} @)!@÷!# ^@ %# -s]=t=lj=_
If]qdf ;'/lIft ;/;kmfO
-zf}rfno_ df lbuf] ¿kdf
kx'Fr x'g] hg;ª\Vofsf]
cg'kft -k|ltzt_

17
!=$ ljsf; k|lqmofdf ljBdfg r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x¿
ljutsf of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] kmn:j¿k cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . tyflk, hgck]Iff Pj+ ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o
;d'bfodf u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿ cg'¿k ;jf{lË0f ljsf;df ck]lIft pknlAw cem}
xfl;n x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o; k[i7e"lddf xfd|f ljsf; k|of;x¿nfO{ gofF ult
lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ / ;Defljt cj;/x¿ b]xfo cg';f/
5g\ .
ljsf; k|lqmofsf ljBdfg r'gf}tL
 clt sd ljsl;t b]zaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf :t/f]Ggltsf nflu pRr / lbuf]
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug'{ .
 /fhgLlts l:y/tf / ljsf;d'vL /fhgLlts ;+:sf/, Joj;flos sd{rf/LtGq /
;xof]uL ;dfhsf] ;[hgf ug'{ .
 k|fKt pknlAwsf] Goflos k'glj{t/0fsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
 ;LdfGts[t ;d"x / ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ;dGoflos ljsf; ug'{ .
 hgck]Iff Pj+ cfjZostfx¿ kl/k"lt{ ug{ /fHon] k|efjsf/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug'{ .
 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf lgIf]k0fsf sfo{nfO{ cu|ult lbnfO{ d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf
hgtfsf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{', :yfgLo:t/sf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg' /
nf]stGqsf] hgfwf/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug'{ .
 bIf hgzlQm ljsf; tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df Jofks j[l4 ug'{ .
 pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 tyf k"FhL / >dsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug'{ .
 u'0f:tl/o k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, Ifdtf clej[l4
/ ;dGjo sfod ug'{ .
 vfg]kfgL / ljB't ;+s6sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ .
ljBdfg cj;/
 d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu hgtfdf gofF pT;fx / hfu/0f pTkGg x'g' .
 :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g' .
 hg;f+lVos ;+/rgfdf ;lqmo hgzlQmsf] lx:;f a9]sf] ;Gbe{df b]z ljsf;sf
nflu cfjZos dfgj k"FhL pknAw b]lvg' .

18
 b]zsf] e"–w/ftnLo agf]6 Pj+ xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0fn] ;f+:s[lts, h}ljs Pj+
kof{j/0fLo ljljwtf k|r'/ dfqfdf /xg' .
 l5d]sL b]zx¿df ePsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4 b/af6 b]zsf] ko{6g, Jofkf/ /
nufgLsf If]qdf kmfObf lng ;Sg] cj:yf /xg' .
 g]kfnsf] ckf/ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkof]u u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf
cfocfh{gsf nflu nufgLsf ;Defjgfx¿ a9\g' .
 a;]{gL lelqg] ljk|]if0f /sdnfO{ nufgL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xg'sf ;fy} ljb]zdf
uP/ cfh{g u/]sf] bIftfnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug]{ ;Defjgf x'g' .
 u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿ ;d]tnfO{ /fi6«sf] ljsf;df kl/rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf
a9\g' .
 g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|of;df ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / ;b\efj /xg' .

19
 kl/R5]b M @
t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_
@=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfn cem} klg cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] /fhgLlts k|lta4tf
;lxt ljsf; sfo{df yk k|efjsfl/tf NofOPdf o;nfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«af6
dWod cfo ePsf] ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] ;"rLdf :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf
5 . ;fy} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf blIf0f Pl;of If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g (SAARC)
sf ljsf; nIox¿ xfl;n ug]{, lbuf] ljsf;, dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ hnjfo'
kl/jt{gnufot cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo :t/df k|lta4tf hgfOPsf cGo
ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg u/L xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
ug]t{ k{m of] of]hgfnfO{ s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r

lj=;+= @)&( -;g\ @)@@_ leq g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn
/fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ .

@=# p2]Zo
b]zdf JofKt cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ul/aL 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t/df k|ToIf
kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] .

@=$ nIo
of]hgfsf] k|d'v nIo ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ /x]sf]
5 . cGo nIo b]xfoadf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
tflnsf @=! M nIox¿
cfly{s jif{ t]x|f}+
qm=;+= ;"rs @)^(÷&) sf] of]hgfsf]
l:ylt nIo
! jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4 b/ -k|ltzt_ #=% ^=)
@ s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4 b/ -k|ltzt_ !=! $=%
# u}/s[[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4 b/ -k|ltzt_ $=^ ^=&
$ jflif{s cf};t /f]huf/L j[l4 b/ -k|ltzt_ @=( #=@
% ck]lIft cfo' -jif{_ ^*=* &!=)
^ ;fIf/tf b/ -!%—@$ jif{_ *&=% ()=)
& hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ -k|ltzt_ !=#% !=#%
* dft[ d[To' b/ -k|lt nfv_ @*! !#$
( vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ *% (^=@%
!) ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ ^@ ()=%

20
 cfly{s jif{ t]x|f}+
qm=;+= ;"rs @)^(÷&) sf] of]hgfsf]
l:ylt nIo
!! k|fylds tx -sIff ! -%_ df v'b egf{ b/ -k|ltzt_ (%=# !))
!@ ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -;ª\Vof_ &# &%
!# 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn;d]t -k|lt;o 3gTjdf_ &!=% !))
ljB' t pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -d] u fjf6_ 
!$ &%* !$@^
!% ljB'tdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ ^&=# *&
!^ l;+rfO -x]S6/_ !#,!!,))) !$,*&,@&%
!& jg hª\unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltzt_ #(=^ $)
!* ;8s oftfoftsf] s"n nDjfO -ls=ld=_ @%,!## @*,!##
 x'Dnf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdsf] xsdf rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat tk{mjf6 hf]l8g] .
 hnljB'taf6 &)% d]ufjf6, tfkLoaf6 %# d]ufjf6 u/L hDdf &%* d]ufjf6 /fli6«o k|;f/0f
nfOgdf hf]l8Psf], j}slNks pmhf{tk{msf] #% d]ufjf6 /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf ghf]l8Psf] .

;g\ @)!! sf] l:ylt .
clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf :t/f]Ggltsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3n] k|lt JolQm cf};t s'n /fli6«o cfo, dfgj ;DkQL ;"rs (HAI) / cfly{s
hf]lvd ;"rs (EVI) u/L # dfkb08x¿ / ltgsf] ;Ldf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu # dWo] Go"gtd @ dfkb08sf] lgwf{l/t
;Ldf kf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt dfkb08x¿ dWo] of]hgf cjlwdf k|ltJolQm
s'n /fli6«o cfo -cd]l/sL 8n/df_ &!# af6 ()@ / cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rs @&=*%
af6 @^=(% k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

@=% /0fgLlt
pko'{Qm p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{ b]xfosf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfOPsf 5g\ M
!= ljsf; k|lqmofdf lghL, ;/sf/L / ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfg clej[l4 u/L
;dfj]zL, km/flsnf] / lbuf] cfly{s j[[l4 ug{] M d'n'ssf] ljsf;df ;j} If]qsf]
;qmLo ;xeflutf / of]ubfg cfjZos x'G5 . o; of]hgf cjlwdf ljsf;
k|lqmofnfO{ kmnbfoL jgfpg ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L ltgj6} If]qsf] Ifdtfsf]
pkof]u ug{ ;xlhsf/0f, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] gLlt lnOPsf]5 . o;} u/L
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpgsf] nflu o; of]hgfdf
cy{tGqsf ;j} If]qdf ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbOg]5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf
k|ltkmndf ;j}sf] kx'Fr j9fpg'sf ;fy} ;j}n] cfly{s j[l4df of]ubfg lbg ;Sg]
jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ Ifdtf ljsf;, kx'Fr, cj;/df j[l4 / ;'/If0fsf] Joj:yf
u/L cfly{s j[l4 b/nfO{ ;dfj]zL, km/flsnf] / lbuf] agfOg]5 .
@= ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ M efjL ;+3Lo:j¿ksf] ljs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yf
;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;+efljt k|b]zx¿sf] cfly{s Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ jftfj/0f

21
 ;[hgf u/L cGt/ If]qLo ;Gt'ngsf] clej[l4 ug{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 . o; ;Gbe{df 7"nf hnljB't, ;8s tyf l;rfO{ cfof]hgfx¿sf]
lgdf{0fsf ;fy} :yfgLo hgtfsf] klxrfg / ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t demf}nf tyf
;—;fgf cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ hf]8 lbO{g]5 . ;fy} ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;
/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ Pj+ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Jofks lj:tf/ u/L pTkfbgzLn
/f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ hf]8 lbO{g]5 . s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf
u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L k"jf{wf/nfO{ cfly{s
ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf lnOg]5 .
#= ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qx¿df kx'Fr, pkof]u / u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ M u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qx¿df ;j}sf]
kx'Fr Pj+ pkof]u clej[l4 ug{ hf]8 lbOg]5 . oL If]qaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg o:tf ;]jfsf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo lgsfo,
lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/L If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx¿ aLr ;xsfo{sf] Joj:yf
ldnfO{g]5 .
$= ;fj{hlgs tyf cGo If]qx¿df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{] M sfg'gL /fHosf] d"No /
dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ /fHo ;+oGqsf ;j} If]qdf ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf,
hjfkmb]lxtf / e|i6frf/df z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] cj:yf ;[hgf u/L ;fj{hlgs
tyf cGo If]qx¿df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu lghL If]q, gful/s
;dfh÷u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf pkof]u u/L
;'zf;gsf] dfWodjf6 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;a} g]kfnLx¿sf]
kx'Fr a9fOg]5 .
%= nlIft ju{, If]q / ;d"xsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fdf clej[l4 ug]{ M
;dfhdf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L, d'l:nd,
c;xfo, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, clt ul/a JolQm tyf ;d"x Pj+ ljs6 ef}uf]lns
If]q;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL oL nlIft ju{, If]q / ;d"xsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs
;zQmLs/0fdf clej[l4 ug{ :ki6 gLlt, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . ;dfj]zL ljsf; cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ;j} nlIft ju{ /
If]qx¿n] ljsf;sf k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf ;xefuL x'g] / cfly{s ljsf; k|ls|ofdf
of]ubfg lbg] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ul/g]5 .
^= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt x'g]u/L ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ M hnjfo'
kl/jt{gjf6 xfn b]lvPsf ;d:of / eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efj
;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt x'g] u/L ljsf;
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL
hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;d:ofsf] Go"gLs/0fsf
pkfox¿sf] dfkm{t\ kg{ ;Sg] k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ u/L
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t\ :yfgLo
:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿aLr

22
 ;dGjo sfod u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t Pj+ ;fwgsf] ljj]szLn k|of]uåf/f lbuf]
ljsf; xfl;n ug{'sf ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t k|lts"n k|efjx¿nfO{
Go"gLs/0f Pj+ cg's"lnt agfpFb} nlug]5 .

@=^ k|fyldstf
o; of]hgfn] b]xfoadf]lhd k|fyldstfsf] If]q tf]s]sf] 5 M
 hnljB't tyf cGo pmhf{ ljsf; .
 s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4, ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f .
 ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf; .
 cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] ljsf; .
 ;'zf;g k|j4{g .
 ;8s tyf cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; .
 k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f .
plNnlvt k|fyldstfx¿sf] cg';/0fn] of]hgfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;3fp k'Ug]5 .

@=& cfly{s j[l4 b/sf] nIo / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf

@=&=! cfly{s j[l4 b/
b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s j[l4 b/ a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf / pknAw ;fwg
;|f]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; of]hgfdf cfly{s j[l4 b/ jflif{s cf};t ^=) k|ltzt x'g]
nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . s'n cfly{s j[l4b/df s[lif If]qtk{m $=% k|ltzt / u}/
s[lif If]qtk{m ^=& k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; of]hgf cjlwdf
d'b|f:kmLltsf] j[l4 b/ jflif{s cf};t &=) k|ltzt x'g] nIo 5 . o; cfly{s j[l4
b/af6 b]zsf] k|ltJolQm cfo jflif{s ;/b/ $=^ k|ltztsf] b/n] j[l4 x'g]5 . To:t}
/f]huf/L k|ltjif{ cf};t #=@ k|ltztsf] b/n] j[l4 x'g]5 . xfn;Dd ul/aL
Go"gLs/0fdf ePsf] pknlAwsf] k|j[lQ, /f]huf/L lj:tf/ tyf nlIft sfo{qmdx¿sf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf cfwf/df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltztdf emfg{]
nIo /x]sf]] 5 .
 of]hgf cjlwdf s[lif If]qsf] Jofj;foLs/0f lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{,
;xsf/Ls/0fsf] k|j4{g tyf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ l;+rfO, s[lif ;8s,
s[lif C0f, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw k|;f/, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / ahf/ ;+oGqsf]
ljsf;df hf]]8 lbOg]5 .

23
 cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg gofF cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g nufot
cfjZos gLltut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofj;flos
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, n3', ;fgf, 3/]n' tyf demf}nf pBf]ux¿sf] lj:tf/ / k|j4{g,
cf}Bf]lus zflGtsf] k|Tofe"lt / vlghhGo pBf]udf ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofO{ ljBdfg
pBf]ux¿df jf:tljs Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ul/g]5 .
 lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;d]t s]xL ljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g] /
;/sf/L nufot cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] pmhf{af6 ljB't\ If]qsf] j[l4 b/ jflif{s
cf};t *=@ k|ltzt x'g] nIo /flvPsf]] 5 . lgdf{0ftk{m gofF / /fli6«o dxTTjsf
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf lj:tf/ x'g] ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ;8s k'Ug],
/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL j[l4 x'g] / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf
lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf cem clej[l4 x'g] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df of]hgf cjlwdf
ljB't pTkfbgtk{m jflif{s cf};t j[l4 b/ %=% k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]] 5 .
 ko{6gsf gofF :ynx¿ Pj+ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ul/g'sf] ;fy} ko{6g ljsf;sf
;+/rgfTds afwf x6fpg gLltut Pj+ ;+:yfut ;'wf/af6 o; If]qsf] jflif{s
cf};t j[l4 b/ *=^ k|ltzt x'g] nIo /flvPsf]] 5 .
 oftfoft, e08f/0f tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf ;/sf/L If]qaf6 pRr nufgL ul/g] /
gLltut ;'wf/af6 lghL If]qsf] klg nufgL clej[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/P cg';f/
o; If]qsf] j[l4 b/ jflif{s cf};t *=$ k|ltzt x'g] nIo /flvPsf]] 5 .
 nufgLsf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ cfpg] / ljk|]if0fdf j[l4 x'g] ePsf]n] ljQLo If]q
cGtu{t ljQLo dWo:ytftk{msf] j[l4 b/ ^=@ k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg 5 .
 3/hUuf sf/f]af/df ;'wf/ cfO{ 3/hUuftk{m ^=& k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] nIo
/flvPsf]] 5 . lzIff If]qdf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 x'g] / :jf:Yo
If]qdf ;d]t nufgL clej[l4 ug{ hf]8 lbOg] ePsf]n] oL If]qx¿df qmdzM *=@
k|ltzt / &=& k|ltztn] pRr j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . k|zf;lgs
If]qtk{msf] j[l4 %=( k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] cGo ;fd'bflos If]qdf
;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] nufgL lj:tf/sf sf/0f o; If]qsf] j[l4 b/ (=% k|ltzt
x'g] nIo /flvPsf]] 5 .

24
tflnsf @=@ M t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg tyf If]qut d"No clej[l4 nIo
-@)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cf};t cfwf/ jif{
If]qx¿ j[l4 @)&)÷&! @)&!÷&@ @)&@÷&#
@)^(÷&)
b/
! s[lif $=% 53,451.5 55,749.9 58,258.7 61,055.1
!=! s[lif tyf jg 4.5 52,786.9 55,056.7 57,534.3 60,295.9
!=@ dT:okfng 4.5 664.6 693.2 724.4 759.1
@= u}/s[lif 6.7 104,354.2 110,691.3 118,126.3 126,778.4
@=! pBf]u 5.4 23,927.5 25,091.0 26,424.9 27,995.3
@=!=! vfgL tyf 4.7 961.6 1,002.9 1,049.1 1,102.6
pTvgg
@=!=@ pTkfbgd"ns 4.7 10,031.2 10,462.5 10,943.8 11,502.0
pBf]u
@=!=# ljB't, Uof; 8.2 2,036.8 2,193.6 2,371.3 2,582.4
tyf kfgL
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 5.5 10,897.9 11,431.9 12,060.7 12,808.4
@=@ ;]jf 80,426.7 85,600.3 91,701.4 98,783.1
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f 5.6 22,874.7 23,904.1 25,242.7 26,959.2
Jofkf/
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf 8.6 2,988.6 3,236.7 3,518.2 3,831.4
/]:6'/G] 6
@=@=# oftfoft, 8.4 14,053.7 15,163.9 16,437.7 17,884.2
e08f/0f /
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo 6.2 6,218.3 6,572.7 6,973.7 7,440.9
dWo:ytf
@=@=% 3/ hUuf, 6.7 13,858.7 14,690.2 15,689.2 16,818.8
axfn tyf
Jofkfl/s
lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g 5.9 3,223.6 3,400.9 3,601.6 3,824.8
tyf /Iff
@=@=& lzIff 8.2 9,173.6 9,889.1 10,709.9 11,620.3
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf 7.7 2,232.7 2,400.2 2,589.8 2,791.8
;fdflhs sfo{
@=@=( cGo 9.5 5,802.8 6,342.5 6,938.7 7,611.7
;fd'bflos,
;fdflhs
JolQmut
;]jfsf
lqmofsnfk

25
 -@)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cf};t cfwf/ jif{
If]qx¿ j[l4 @)&)÷&! @)&!÷&@ @)&@÷&#
@)^(÷&)
b/
s'n d"No clej[l4 6 157,805.7 166,441.2 176,384.9 187,833.5
ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf 8.2 5,520.5 5,962.1 6,457.0 6,999.4
ck|ToIf¿kdf
s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg 5.9 152,285.2 160,479.1 169,927.9 180,834.1
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
j:t'df cg'bfg 11.1 16,979.0 18,846.7 20,957.5 23,158.1
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg 6.4 169,264.2 179,325.8 190,885.4 203,992.2
-pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

@=&=@ ;fwg;|f]t afF8kmfF8sf] cfwf/

!= ljB't, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, u|fdL0f pmhf{, ;8s tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df
lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug{'sf ;fy} oL If]qx¿df ;/sf/L
lghL ;xsf/L ;fem]bf/L clej[l4 u/L nufgL j[l4 ul/g]5 .
@= nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf, pTkfbsTj clej[l4 tyf u'0f:t/Lo j:t' /
;]jfsf] pTkfbg ub}{ ljt/0f sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg
lbOg]5 .
#= pRr cfly{s j[l4 b/ xfl;n u/L ljsf;sf] k|ltkmndf ;j} hgtfsf] kxF'r
a9fpg / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;'ne agfO hgtfn] ;xh 9ª\un] k|fKt ug{;Sg]
cj:yf agfpg ;+:yfut / gLltut Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
$= /fli6«o PsLs/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg] 7"nf / /fli6«o dxTTj Pj+ uf}/jsf
cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL a9fOg]5 .
%= ;dfj]zL / km/flsnf] cfwf/ ePsf] Pj+ lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿df nufgL a9fOg]5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;]jf k|jfxdf
k|efjsfl/tf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / cGo cfly{s ultljlwdf lghL tyf ;xsf/L
If]qsf] nufgL pTk|]l/t x'g] u/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
^= k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g] If]q, /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdx¿df
nufgL s]lGb|t ul/g] 5 . s'g} klg cfof]hgf / k|ljlwsf] 5gf}6df /f]huf/L
;[hgfnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ lnOg]5 .
&= ;dGoflos cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ / vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ hLjgofkgsf] dxTTjk"0f{{
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if dxTTj lbO{ PsLs[t ;]jf,
ahf/Ls/0f tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ cfjZos l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/, plrt s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] ;dofg's"n oy]i6 cfk"lt{, s[lif ;8s, s[lif C0f,

26
 cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw k|;f/, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / ahf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf;df hf]8
lbOg]5 .
*= ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{sf nflu
hg;d'bfonfO{ kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt x'g] tyf pknAw ;DefJo ;|f]tsf] clwstd
kl/rfng x'g ;Sg] If]qx¿df nufgL a9fOg]5 .
(= ul/a tyf ;LdfGt ;d"xsf] cfo j[l4 x'g] tyf ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd tyf
/0fgLltnfO{ hf]8 lbO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofOg]5 .
!)= lk5l8Psf ef}uf]lns If]q, dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo, ckfÍtf
ePsf JolQm, Ho]i7 gful/s tyf Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljsf;sf] k|lqmof÷k|ltkmndf
;xefuL u/fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .
!!= :yfgLo :t/df hg;d'bfon] klxrfg / ;~rfng u/]sf cfly{s lqmofsnfksf]
clej[l4 cfof]hgfx¿df ljQLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf hf]8 lbb} /f]huf/L lj:tf/
tyf :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 .
@=&=# k"FhL nufgL tyf ;LdfGt k"FhL pTkfbg cg'kft
of]hgf cjlwdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ cfpg] eP tfklg 5f]6f] cjlwdf
;LdfGt k"FhL pTkfbg cg'kftdf vf; kl/jt{g gx'g] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 tfklg o;
cjlwdf ;LdfGt k"FhL pTkfbg cg'kft $=( x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df
of]hgf cjlwdf k|If]lkt cfly{s j[l4 b/ xfl;n ug{ @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf s'n
l:y/ k"FhL nufgL ¿= !$ va{ &! ca{ %& s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 o;dWo]
;/sf/L If]qjf6 s'n l:y/ k"FhL lgdf{0f ¿=$ va{ ^$ ca{ ! s/f]8 x'g]5 eg]
lghLaf6 ¿= !) va{ )& ca{ %^ s/f]8 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf @=# M k"FhL nufgLsf] nIo
-@)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cg'dflgt
;LdfGt ;fj{hlgs lghL of]hgf cjlwsf] hDdf
nufgLsf
qm=;+= k"FhL
If]qx¿
pTkfbg /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
cg'kft
!= s[lif 7,017.3 15.1 15,793.4 15.7 22,810.7 15.5
!=! s[lif tyf jg 3 6,930.1 14.9 15,597.0 15.5 22,527.1 15.3
!=@ dT:okfng 3 87.3 0.2 196.4 0.2 283.6 0.2
@= u}/s[lif 39,383.7 84.9 84,962.4 84.3 124,346.0 84.5
@=! pBf]u 7,191.6 15.5 16,690.5 16.6 23,882.2 16.2
@=!=! vfgL tyf 5 24.8 0.1 680.1 0.7 704.9 0.5
pTvgg
@=!=@ pTkfbgd"ns 5 259.2 0.6 7,094.6 7.0 7,353.8 5.0
pBf]u

27
 -@)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cg'dflgt
;LdfGt ;fj{hlgs lghL of]hgf cjlwsf] hDdf
nufgLsf
qm=;+= k"FhL
If]qx¿
pTkfbg /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
cg'kft
@=!=# ljB't, Uof; 22 6,907.6 14.9 5,094.8 5.1 12,002.4 8.2
tyf kfgL
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 2 0.0 0.0 3,821.0 3.8 3,821.0 2.6
@=@= ;]jf 32,192.0 69.4 68,271.8 67.8 100,463.9 68.3
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f 2.8 148.7 0.3 11,287.9 11.2 11,436.6 7.8
Jofkf/
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf 7 565.6 1.2 5,333.7 5.3 5,899.4 4.0
/]:6'/]G6
@=@=# oftfoft, 8.7 10,222.4 22.0 23,103.2 22.9 33,325.6 22.6
e08f/0f /
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo 5.5 935.2 2.0 5,789.2 5.7 6,724.4 4.6
dWo:ytf
@=@=% 3/ hUuf, 5.5 0.0 0.0 16,280.4 16.2 16,280.4 11.1
axfn tyf
Jofkfl/s
lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo 4 2,405.0 5.2 0.0 0.0 2,405.0 1.6
k|zf;g tyf
/Iff
@=@=& lzIff 3.5 4,734.9 10.2 3,828.5 3.8 8,563.4 5.8
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf 8.9 3,975.7 8.6 999.9 1.0 4,975.7 3.4
@=@=( ;fdflhs sfo{
cGo 6 9,204.4 19.8 1,649.0 1.6 10,853.4 7.4
;fd'bflos,
;fdflhs
JolQmut
;]jfsf
lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 4.9 46,401.0 100.0 100,755.8 100.0 147,156.8 100.0

@=&=$ ;/sf/L ah]6 tyf ;/sf/L vr{ a]xf]g]{ ;|f]tx¿

of]hgf cjlwdf cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf s'n ¿= !! va{ ## ca{ @#
s/f]8 /fh:j ;ª\sng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . /fh:j k|If]k0f ubf{ l:y/ d"Nodf
jflif{s cf};t !#=* k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] / /fh:j s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kft
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df !&=) k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df of]hgfsf] clGtd
jif{ @)&@÷&# df @!=! k|ltzt k'Ug] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L vr{tk{m of]hgf cjlwdf cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf s'n ah]6
¿= !^ va{ !^ ca{ &% s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . rfn" vr{ ¿= !) va{ #(
ca{ @( s/f]8 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{@)^(÷&) df rfn" vr{ s'n
ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kft !^=$ k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwdf rfn"

28
vr{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !*=^ k|ltztdf /xg] cg'dfg 5 . k"FhLut vr{tk{m
of]hgf cjlwdf ¿= # va{ @(ca{ (* s/f]8 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{
@)^(÷&) df k"FhLut vr{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #=( k|ltzt /x]sf]df o;nfO{
j[l4 u/L of]hgf cjlwdf ^=$ k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnOPsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotftk{m of]hgf cjlwdf cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf s'n
¿= # va{ $! ca{ %( s/f]8 kl/rfng ul/g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . o; dWo] j}b]lzs
cg'bfg tk{m ¿= ! va{ *( ca{ $^ s/f]8 / j}b]lzs C0f tk{m ¿= ! va{ %@ ca{
!# s/f]8 kl/rfng ul/g] cg'dfg 5 . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf cfly{s jif{
@)^(÷&) df s'n j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] cg'kft $=# af6 of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df %=(
k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df cfGtl/s C0f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @=@# k|ltzt /xg]
cg'dfg /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df @=@% k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; of]hgfdf ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{ u/L jh]6sf] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]
5.

tflnsf @=$ M ;/sf/L ah]6sf] k|If]k0f

-cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
¿= s/f]8df
cfwf/ jif{ cf};t
@)&)÷ @)&!÷ @)&@÷ t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf]
qm=;+= ljj/0f @)^(÷ j[l4
&! &@ &# hDdf
&) k|ltzt
1 s'n ah]6 35863.8 48452.3 53600.6 59622.4 161675.3 13.8

2 s'n /fh:j 29794.2 33071.0 37558.7 42693.2 113322.9 13.8

3 j}b]lzs 3523.0 5912.8 6216.6 6816.1 18945.5 13.2

cg'bfg
4 s'n vr{ 30205.4 40648.6 45565.0 50712.7 136926.3 13.7

– rfn" vr{ 24745.5 31589.7 34649.6 37689.4 103928.7 10.5

– k"FhLut vr{ 5459.8 9058.9 10915.4 13023.3 32997.6 25.3

5 ah]6 art –3111.8 –1664.8 –1789.7 –1203.4 –4657.9 12.1

-–3f6f_
6 ljQLo 2481.6 1664.7 1789.7 1203.4 4657.8 12.1
Joj:yf
7 v'b C0f 1179.7 2560.8 2550.4 2869.2 5720.2 21.9
nufgL
– cfGtl/s 1255.2 2990.7 2969.7 3277.3 6977.5 17.4
C0f nufgL
– cfGtl/s 75.5 429.9 419.3 408.1 1257.3 -2.5
C0f lkmtf{
k|flKt

29
 cfwf/ jif{ @)&)÷ @)&!÷ @)&@÷ t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] cf};t
qm=;+= ljj/0f @)^(÷ j[l4
&! &@ &# hDdf
&) k|ltzt
8 v'b ;]o/ 890.2 1121.5 1179.1 1428.5 3043.3 18.4
nufgL
– cfGtl/s 535.7 887.9 917.1 1061.2 2180.3 22.5
;]o/ nufgL
– j}b]lzs ;]o/ 354.5 233.6 262.0 367.3 863.0 9.4
nufgL
9 v'b j}b]lzs –222.1 –3003.1 –3096.3 –2979.5 –10251.1 43.9
C0f
– j}b]lzs C0f 1419.0 1962.6 2008.9 2163.2 4962.5 10.9
;fFjf e'QmfgL
– j}b]lzs C0f 1196.9 4965.7 5105.2 5142.7 15213.6 25.8
10 v'b cfGtl/s 189.7 –2343.9 –2422.9 –2521.6 –8148.3 3.1
C0f
– cfGtl/s C0f 2094.0 1729.0 1877.9 2040.7 4787.7 10.8
;fFjf e'QmfgL
– cfGtl/s 1904.3 4072.9 4300.8 4562.3 12936.0 6.3
C0f
;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .

@=&=% nufgLaf6 ;dli6ut cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj

o; of]hgfdf pRr, km/flsnf] tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 ug{sf] nflu cfjZos
nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf eO{ /f]huf/L lj:tf/ x'g'sf ;fy} cfly{s :yfloTj sfod
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx¿df,
;/sf/sf] s'n /fh:j kl/rfng cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
!&=) k|ltzt /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷&# df @!=! k|ltzt
k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 . ;/sf/sf] s'n ah]6 cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df s'n ufx{:y
pTkfbgsf] @#=* k|ltzt /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df @(=% k|ltzt k'Ug]5 .
rfn" vr{ !^=$ k|ltztaf6 a9]/ !*=^ k|ltzt k'Ug] / k"FhLut vr{ #=( k|ltztaf6
a9]/ ^=$ k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} j}b]lzs ;xfotf $=# k|ltztaf6
a9]/ %=( k|ltzt k'Ug] / cfGtl/s C0f @=@% k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 . s'n ufx{:y
pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf s'n l:y/ k"FhL nufgL @!=@ k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ @&=(
k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 .
tflnsf @=% M t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] k|If]lkt nufgL, ;/sf/L vr{ / o;sf ;|f]tx¿
-s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
cfly{s jif{
qm= t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] nIo
ljj/0f @)^(÷&)
;+= sf] l:ylt -@)&@÷&# df_
! s'n nufgL -df}Hbft kl/jt{g ;d]t_ 36.9 40.84
@ s'n l:y/ k"FhL nufgL 22.6 27.89
– lghL If]q 18.4 19.16
– ;fj{hlgs If]q 4.2 8.73**
# df}Hbftdf kl/jt{g 14.3 12.94

30
 cfly{s jif{
qm= t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] nIo
ljj/0f @)^(÷&)
;+= -@)&@÷&# df_
sf] l:ylt
$ s'n /fli6«o art 40.3 41.0
% j}b]lzs ;xfotf 2.8 5.91
– cg'bfg 2.1 3.37
– C0f 0.7 2.54
^ s'n ah]6 21.2 29.47
& s'n /fh:j 17.6 21.1
* j}b]lzs cg'bfg 2.1 3.37
( s'n vr{ 17.8 25.06
– rfn" vr{ 14.6 18.63
– k"FhLut vr{ 3.2 6.44
!) jh]6 art (-) 3f6f (+) 1.8 0.59
!! ljQLo Joj:yf 1.5 0.59
!@ v'b C0f nufgL 0.70 1.42
– cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 0.74 1.62
– cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|flKt 0.04 0.2
!# v'b ;]o/ nufgL 0.53 0.71
– cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 0.32 0.52
– j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 0.21 0.18
!$ v'b j}b]lzs C0f 0.13 1.47
– j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 0.84 1.07
– j}b]lzs C0f 0.71 2.54
!% v'b cfGtl/s C0f 0.11 1.25
– cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 1.24 1.01
– cfGtl/s C0f 1.13 2.25
;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .
**
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] nufgL;d]t hf]l8Psf] tyf of] of]hgf cjlwdf ;/sf/L nufgL lghL
If]qnfO{ k|>o k'Ug] k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t x'g] x'Fbf ;/sf/L nufgLsf] j[l4 b/ a9L
cg'dfg ul/Psf] .
@=* ljsf;df ljleGg If]qsf] e"ldsf
hg;xeflutf lagf ul/Psf] ljsf; k|of;n] ckgTj kfpg ;Sb}g . o;y{ hgtfsf]
:j:k"mt{ ;xeflutf clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] a9\bf] OR5f cfsfª\IffnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/sf] ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwg kof{Kt gx'g] xF'bf /fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{
ljsf;sf] lhDd]jf/L k|fylds ¿kdf ;/sf/s} eP klg d'n'ssf] ljsf; k|of;df
lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo nufot ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]t
;/sf/sf] ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf x]l/g' kb{5 . oL If]qx¿sf] ljsf; / logsf] e"ldsf
tyf sfd, st{Jo :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 .

31
@=*=! ;fj{hlgs If]q
;/sf/ d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;+oGq xf] . o;y{ lghL If]q tyf cGo u}/ ;/sf/L
If]qx¿sf] ;d]t ;xsfo{df ;/sf/n] cu'jfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 . ljsf;df
d'Vo nufgL lghL If]qs} ePtf klg d'n'ssf] ;d'Ggltsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;a}
lgsfox¿sf] kl/rfng ug{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gb{edf ;/sf/sf]
e"ldsf b]xfo adf]lhd /xg]5 M
!= d'n'ssf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ / lgikIf Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cg'e"lt
hgtfnfO{ lbnfpg] .
@= bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff adf]lhd bL3{sfnLg gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df
ug]{ .
#= lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / nufgL clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos gLltut, ;+:yfut /
sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{] / lghL If]q cfslif{t gx'g] If]qsf] ef}lts ;fdflhs
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
$= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] o'jfx¿nfO{ d'n'sleq} kl/rfng ug{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/
;[hgf ug]{ .
%= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uP/ kms]{sf o'jfx¿åf/f x'g;Sg] nufgLsf nflu ;'/lIft
jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo / If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ ljsf;sf]
k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0fdf k'¥ofpg cfjZos gLltut / sfo{ut kxn ug]{ .
^= lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg / lbzf lglb{i6
u/fpg] .
&= ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt
ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg ub}{ cBfjlws ljj/0f
;Da4 ljifout lgsfox¿n] b'?:t /fVg] .
*= ;'zf;g clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ;dod} Gofof]lrt
¿kdf kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf ug{] .
(= :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{
of]hgf th'{df, k|fyldsLs/0f tyf hg;xeflutf kl/rfngåf/f sfof{Gjog Pj+
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{nfO{ :j:k"mt{ ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

32
@=*=@ :yfgLo lgsfo
:yfgLo lgsfox¿n] ;du| k4ltsf] pkk4ltsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cfwf/e"t
;]jfk|jfx / kxF'r clej[l4df :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng' kb{5 .
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] k|lt:kwL{ geO{ kl/k"/s e"ldsfdf /x]/ :yfgLo lgsfon] sfo{ ug'{
kg]{5 . o; ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 M
!= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% n] tf]s] jdf]lhd :yfgLo:t/df ;]jfsf] kxF'r
j[l4 u/L ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
@= t]x|f} of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt / k|fyldstf jdf]lhd cfkm\gf] sfo{qmd th'{df
ug]{ .
#= :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ / ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] .
$= :yfgLo cfly{s ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ .
%= :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L ;[hgf / cfo cfh{g j[l4 ug]{ .
^= :yfgLo ;'zf;g sfod u/L ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL :yfgLo ljsf;
k4lt cjnDag ug]{ .
&= ;fdflhs kl/rfng, ;fd'bflos ;zQmLs/0f / ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th{'df,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ .
*= :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng, /fh:j j[l4 / ljQLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
(= s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿, lghL If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;+u ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
!)= :yfgLo nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
@=*=# lghL If]q
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf b]vfk/]sf]] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/;Fu}
g]kfn ;g\ !(() df k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv b]zsf] cfly{s
;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/+b} cfPsf]
xf] . pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDagsf k|f/lDes lbgx¿df ;sf/fTds k|ultsf] nIf0f
b]lvP klg o; pknlAwnfO{ bL3{sfnLg agfpg ;lsPg . o; qmddf ;/sf/L
:jfldTjdf /x]sf clwsf+z a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf nufot ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO{
lghLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s If]qsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ gLltx¿ cjnDag ul/P
klg nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] sdL tyf k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kttfn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] lghL
If]q ck]lIft ¿kdf cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . d"ntM cf}Bf]lus c;'/Iff, pmhf{
;ª\s6, pBdL / sfdbf/aLrsf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGwdf x|f; / ;du|df /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf o;sf sf/s x'g\ .

33
o; ;Gbe{df lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
!= ljZjJofkLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0fsf] jt{dfg ljZj cy{Joj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ .
@= pkef]Qmfx¿sf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL d"No / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo
;~rfng ug]{ .
#= lghL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th{'dfdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] .
$= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffcg'¿k sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
%= nufgLstf{ / >ldsx¿aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ / afn>d lg/fs/0fdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
^= j:t' / ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ / ;'ne¿kdf j:t' / ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
&= ahf/d'vL cy{ Joj:yfsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k sfo{ u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb}
;+ul7t ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ .
*= ;/sf/n] lgoldt ¿kdf ug]{ ahf/ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgefpg] .
(= ul/aL lgjf/0f / ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ If]qdf nufgL j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] .
!)= jftfj/0f d}qL sfo{ tyf ;+/rgfsf] dfWodaf6 lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] .
@=*=$ ;xsf/L If]q
cy{tGqdf ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 M
!= :yfgLo >d, ;Lk / k"FhLnfO{ clwstd ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{ u/L ;xsf/LnfO{
/fli6«o cy{tGqsf] Ps k|d'v :tDesf ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .
@= zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf :j/f]huf/L tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ub}{ ul/aL 36fpg]
/fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
#= ljkGg, dlxnf tyf cGo nlIft ju{sf] hLjg :t/ psf:gsf nflu /f]huf/L tyf
:j/f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug]{ .
$= ;xsf/L If]qsf pBf]u, Joj;fo pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿ Dffkm{t cfly{s j[l4
tyf /fli6«o ljsf;df of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] .
%= Uf|fdL0f If]qdf cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿nfO{ art kl/rfngdf ;xefuL u/fO{ ljQLo

34
@=*=% u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|of;sf] kl\5Nnf] r/0fdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] of]ubfg dxTTjk"0f{
/lxcfPsf] 5 . o; t]x|f} of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿sf]] e"ldsf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
!= t]x|f} of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf k|fyldsLs/0fsf If]qdf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L
cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ul/aL 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg :t/df k|ToIf kl/jt{gsf]
cg'e"lt lbnfpg d2t ug]{ .
@= ;fdflhs ;'wf/, dfgjLo ljsf;, hgr]tgf hfu/0f, ;Lk clej[l4nufot
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, ckfË, blnt / hghfltsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f Pj+ c;xfosf]
;'/Iffh:tf sfo{x¿ ug]{, u/fpg] .
#= pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L clej[l4 sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;fdflhs kl/rfngåf/f
;lk ljsf; / /f]huf/ ;[hgfsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
$= ul/aL lgjf/0f, ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fnufot ljsf;
lgdf{0f Pj+ cfo cfh{g j[l4 / ;fdflhs kl/rfngh:tf sfo{x¿ :yfgLo
lgsfo;+usf] ;xsfo{df ;~rfng ug]{ .
%= lgoldt sfo{df pQ/bfloTj tyf kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ .

35
 kl/R5]b M #
;dli6ut cfly{s gLlt
#=! art
!= k[i7e"ld
pRr, lbuf] Pj+ km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4sf] d"n cfwf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] nufgL
kl/rfng ug{ artdf j[l4 x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . g]kfndf ljut kfFr jif{sf] cf};t
s'n /fli6«o art s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #* k|ltzt;Dd ePtf klg s'n ufx{:y
art s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !! k|ltzt dfq 5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljk|]if0f
cfk|jfxdf ePsf] j[l4sf sf/0f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s'n /fli6«o artsf] cg'kft
pRr /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;n] /fh:j j[l4df 6]jf k'¥ofpFb} j}b]lzs d'b|f ;+lrtLnfO{
nueu Ps jif{sf] cfoft wfGg ;Sg] l:yltdf k'¥ofP klg ljk|]if0fsf] clwsf+z /sd
cfofltt pkef]udf vr{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ut lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;'? cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !$=)
k|ltzt /x]sf] s'n ufx{:y art of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df pNn]Vo x|f; cfO{ !)=!
k|ltztdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{df s'n ufx{:y art
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !!=@ k|ltzt k'Ug] nIo to ul/Psf]df klxnf] jif{ nIo
xfl;n eP tfklg tTkZrft\sf jif{x¿df nIo k|fKt x'g ;s]g, h;sf] d"n sf/0f
pkef]udf ePsf] j[l4 g} xf] . To;}u/L, cfwf/ jif{ @)^&÷^* df s'n ufx{:y
pTkfbgsf] #&=) k|ltzt /x]sf] s'n /fli6«o art of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ @)^(÷&)
df $)=# k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 h'g lqjifL{o of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIo $!=!
sf] t'ngfdf sd x'g' xf] . ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ePsf] j[l4;Fu} v'b 6«fG;km/df pNn]Vo
j[l4 eP tfklg v'b ;fwg cfodf x|f; cfPsf] Pj+ s'n pkef]udf j[l4 ePsf]n] s'n
/fli6«o artsf] nIo k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] xf] .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
a9\bf] pkef]u k|j[lQsf ;fy} ;]o/, l8a]Gr/, ;/sf/L C0fkq nufotsf ljQLo
pks/0fx¿sf] ck]lIft :t/df lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg', u|fdL0f e]udf cem} klg cfjZos
ljQLo kx'Fr k'Ug g;Sg', art ug]{ afgL ljsl;t x'g g;Sg', artsf nflu pTk|]l/t
ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut ljsf; kof{Kt gx'g', ;–;fgf artstf{nfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿n] k|f]T;flxt ug{ g;Sg' / artnfO{ nufgL u/L k|ltkmn lng] If]qx¿ k|fKt
x'g g;Sg' h:tf sf/0fx¿ g} art kl/rfngsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf
5g\ .

36
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fli6«o art kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 yk :jb]zL nufgL clej[l4 u/L lbuf] cfly{s
ljsf; xfl;n ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
%= p2]Zo
hgtfsf] art ug{] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L s'n ufx{:y art j[l4 ug{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
pkef]u k|j[lQdf qmlds kl/j{tg Nofpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
!= ljleGg cj;/x¿nfO{ a9fP/ hgtfnfO{ arttk{m pTk|]l/t ug{] .
@= ljQLo ahf/sf] ;d"lrt ljsf; u/L art kl/rfngdf j[l4 ug{] .
#= ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljQLo kx'Frdf clej[l4 u/L nufgL clej[l4df k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
!= hgtfdf a+}lsª afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ r]tgfsf] ljsf;, a}+lsª lzIffnufot
ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . -!_
@= ljQLo ahf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;]o/, C0fkq tyf cGo ahf/of]Uo
pks/0fx¿sf] sf/f]af/ sf7df8f}+sf cltl/Qm cnfjf cGo d'Vo zx/x¿af6
;d]t x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
#= ljQLo pks/0fn] cf]u6]sf] ahf/sf] bfo/fnfO{ cem lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ;fy}
;fd'lxs sf]if (Mutual Fund) of]hgfnfO{ yk ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
$= ;Demf}tLt art kl/rfng ug]{ sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]ifsf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L
yk nufgL of]Uo sf]if kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
%= ;Demf}tLt art kl/rfng ug]{ gful/s nufgL sf]ifnfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfO lghL
If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 tyf o:t} k|s[ltsf gofF sf]ifx¿sf] :yfkgf
ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
^= hgtfdf ljQLo kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ a}+s, ljQLo tyf n3'ljQ ;+:YffnfO{ u|fdL0f
:t/df ;]jf k'¥ofpg clek|]l/t ul/g]5 . -#_
&= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lkqdf nufgL a9fpg k|f]T;flxt pGd'v sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -#_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{;Dddf s'n ufx{:y art s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !#=) tyf
s'n /fli6«o art s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] $!=) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

37
#=@ ;/sf/L ljQ
#=@=! /fh:j
!= k[i7e"ld
/fh:j kl/rfngnfO{ km/flsnf] / pRr agfO{ ;'b[9 ;fj{hlgs ljQ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ug'{ /fh:j gLltsf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L vr{sf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ cfGtl/s
;|f]taf6 k"/f ug{ ;s]df j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf sd ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df s'n ;/sf/L vr{sf] *#=# k|ltzt c+z a]xf]g{ ;kmn
/fh:jsf] ;+sng nIosf] t'ngfdf ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf e}/x]sf] 5 . To;/L ;+slnt
/fh:j s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !&=% k|ltzt k'Ug'sf ;fy} kl5Nnf] tLg jif{sf] cf};t
j[l4 b/ !*=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n /fh:j dWo] d"No clej[l4 s/sf] c+z em08}
Pst[tLof+z /x]sf] 5 eg] kl5Nnf jif{x¿df cfos/af6 p7\g] /fh:j eG;f/
dxz'nnfO{ pl5g]sf]n] cfGtl/s /fh:j ;+sngsf] cfwf/ alnof] xF'b} uPsf] 5 .
cfGtl/s /fh:j j[l4 x'Fb} hfg'df cfly{s jif{ @)^^.)^& nfO{ æs/ ;xeflutfÆ
jif{sf] ¿kdf lnO{ s/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/ ul/Paf6 ut of]hgf cjlwdf k/]sf]
;sf/fTds k|efj Pj+ ut of]hgf cjlwnfO{ æs/ sfof{Gjog cleofgÆ jif{sf] ¿kdf
lnO{ s/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/ / sfg'gL sf/jfxLn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}u/L
s/ k|zf;gdf ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fO{Psf] -Online registration, e-filing
nufotsf e-system sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]_, k"/fgf aSof}tf tflnsLs/0f u/L
k|fyldstfsf ;fy c;"nL ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fOPsf]sf/0fn] ;d]t /fh:j
;+sngdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;fy} :jod\ s/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf ePsf] lj:tf/,
hf]lvddf cfwfl/t k|zf;lgs lgu/fgL, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ j:t' juL{s/0f ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] tflnd pknAw u/fOg'sf ;fy} j:t' juL{s/0f / d'Nof+sgdf
sfof{nox¿nfO{ ljz]if ;hu u/fO{ eG;f/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL ;'wf/df Wofg lbO{
jf:tljs sf/f]af/ d"NonfO{ :yflkt ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/
;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePkl5 pQm ;+u7g / ljZj ;d'bfo ;dIf u/]sf k|ltaåtf cg' ¿k
eG;f/ ;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;'wf/ / /fh:jsf b/x¿df ;d]t kl/dfh{g ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
/fh:j k|zf;gdf cem} bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] /fh:j ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ :yfoL ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf x'g g;Sg', s/sf] cfwf/ km/flsnf]
agfpg g;lsg', p4]Zout tfbDotf cg's"n efl/t nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ g;lsg', s/
;DaGwL cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ ulx/fOdf k'¥ofpg g;Sg', s/ /fh:jdf k|ToIf s/sf]
of]ubfg a9fpg g;Sg', s/ lzIffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g;Sbf :j]lR5s s/
kl/kfngsf] cefj /xg', /fh:j aSof}tf k|To]s jif{ a9\b} hfg', /fh:j 5'6nfO{

38
Jojl:yt ug{ g;lsg', s/ sfg'gx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cEof; Pj+ gjLgtd k|ljlw
cg'¿k kl/jt{g ug{ g;lsg', s/sf] bfo/fdf gcfpg] jf cfP/ klg Go"g ;xeflutf
hgfpg] jf s/ bfloTj k"/f ug{ grfxg] ju{dfly kof{Kt 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg
u/L s8f sf/jfxL ug{ g;lsg', o; If]qsf k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}
eG;f/ d"Nof+sgnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg g;lsg', rf]/L k}7f/L lgoGq0f x'g g;Sbf
s/ r'xfj6 / 5lnnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ sl7g x'g', ;+o'Qm ;Ldf Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff
cg'¿k eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ g;lsg', /fh:j k|zf;gdf k"0f{ ¿kdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g g;Sg', bL3{sfnLg /fh:j gLlt aGg g;Sbf s/
sfg'gx¿df x/]s jif{ /fh:j 5'6sf k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z x'Fb} hfg' cflb ;d]t
;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
/fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df s/bftf d}qL s/ k|zf;g agfpg], s/ kl/rfngsf]
nfut 36fpg], Jofj;flos nfut (cost of doing business) 36fpg], /fh:j r'xfj6
lgoGq0f ug]{, /fh:j k|zf;gsf sfof{nox¿nfO{ ljB'tLo dfWod;Fu cfa4 u/L
;'zf;g sfod ug]{, ;dGjo sfod ug]{, jf:tljs sf/f]af/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df eG;f/
d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f P]gnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg], cgf}krfl/s cy{tGqnfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldfdf Nofpg], /fh:j k|zf;gnfO{
:jfoQ lgsfosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{, s/ lzIffnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / s/
kl/kfngfsf] nflu ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ k|]l/t u/L cfk'mn] lt/]sf] s/sf] jf:tljs
pkof]usf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] h:tf /fh:j k|zf;gn] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf
5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;3g, :jR5 / kf/bzL{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] hudf Jofks cfGtl/s ;|f]t
kl/rfng ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
:j}lR5s s/ ;xeflutf a9fpg u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf s/ sfg'gsf] ;do;fk]If
kl/dfh{g Pj+ sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub}{
s/ k|0ffnLsf] sfo{s'zntf tyf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
!= s/ gLlt tyf s/ sfg'gsf] s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] .
@= :j}lR5s s/ ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 s/sf] cfwf/ / bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#= /fh:j k|zf;gsf] jt{dfg ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf k'g/jnf]sg u/L ;ª\u7g
k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm agfpg] / ;Ifd dfgj ;+;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ .

39
$= eG;f/ k|zf;gsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, P]g, lgodsf] kl/kfngf u/fO{ j}wflgs
Jofkf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub}{ /fh:j kl/rfngdf of]ubfg lbg] .
%= /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f k|efjsf/L agfpg] / cfly{s ck/fw d'Qm cfly{s
lqmofsnfksf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
^= u}/s/ /fh:jsf b/x¿nfO{ ;d;fdlos nfutk|efjL / kf/bzL{ agfO /fh:j
;ª\sngsf] dxTTjk"0f{{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
&= s/ Joj:yfkgdf p2]Zout tfbDotf ldnfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
!= s/ gLlt tyf s/ sfg'g / sfo{k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ;dofg's'n / cGt/f{li6«o
dfkb08adf]lhd ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
@= clwstd /fh:j ;ª\sngsf] nflu cg';Gwfg tyf /fh:j k|If]k0f k|0ffnLsf]
sfof{Gjog / hf]lvd Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljsf;sf] nflu s/ ;"rgf ;~hfnsf]
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
#= /fh:j kl/rfngdf lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug{ / :j}lR5s s/ ltg]{
jftfj/0f agfpg Jofj;flos nfut sd ug]{ gLlttk{m hf]8 lbOg]5 . -!_
$= s/sf af/]df r]tgf km}nfpg dfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmddf g]kfnsf] s/
k|0ffnLsf af/]df hfgsf/Ld"ns ljifo ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -@_
%= /fh:j k|zf;gdf ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw ;~hfnsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
u/L k"0f{tof ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
^= cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 adf]lhd ;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg
tyf lgoldt k/LIf0f ul/g]5 . -#_
&= s/;DaGwL k];f j}lzi6otf ljsf; ug{ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgf
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{sf ;fy} k|zf;lgs nfut Go"gLs/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
*= g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ lj1;d]t ;lDdlnt Ps
pRr:t/Lo s/ k|0ffnL k'g/jnf]sg cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 . -#_
(= eG;f/ k|zf;gnfO{ /fh:j hf]lvd, ;fdlhs ;'/Iff / Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ug{]
;zSt lgsfosf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ eG;f/ ljefusf] ;ª\u7gfTds
;+/rgfdf ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g ul/g]5 . -#_
!)= /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|sf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 / ;f] s]Gb|df clen]v OsfO{
:yfkgf ul/g]5 . -#_

40
!!= g]kfnnfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug] tyf nufgL k|f]T;fxg x'g] d'n'sx¿;Fu bf]xf]/f]
s/d'lQm ;Demf}tf (DTAA) ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -#_
!@= /fh:j ckrng / t:s/Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ pRr hf]lvdsf If]qdf /fh:j ;z:q
k|x/Lsf] kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
!#= k}7f/L ubf{ Go"gtd x:tIf]k u/L zL3| hfFrkf; ug{] kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ug{
hf]lvddf cfwfl/t hfFrkf; kl5sf] k/LIf0f sfof{Gjog ug{ eG;f/ ljefusf]
Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
!$= /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug{ k|j4{gfTds pkfo, lg/f]wfTds pkfo /
pkrf/fTds pkfosf ljlwx¿ cjnDag ul/g]5 . -%_
!%= Jofkf/ ljrng x'g] vfnsf cglws[t ¿kdf k}7f/L jf lgsf;L x'g] a:t'pk/
lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -%_
!^= dfn;fdfg 9'jfgLsf ;fwgx¿df ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt k|0ffnL (GPS) df
cfwfl/t cg'udg pks/0f /fVg clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . -%_
!&= /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, ljb]zL ljlgdo ckrng / ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f
cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg j}1flgs ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
cg';Gwfg k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -%_
!*= ;DklQ z'4Ls/0fsf lj?4df cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ qmdzM
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -%_
!(= /fh:j 5'6nfO{ Jojl:yt jgfpg 5'6sf cfwf/ / dfkb08 tof/ u/L nfu"
ul/g]5 . -%_
@)= u}/s/ /fh:jsf gofF If]qx¿sf] klxrfg, ljleGg If]qx¿sf] ljBdfg s/sf
b/x¿sf] k'g/jnf]sg / /}s/ /fh:j ;ª\sng k|lj|mofnfO{ ;/n / Jojl:yt
agfpg cWoog ul/g]5 . -^_
@!= s/ kl/rfngsf] p4]Zout ef/ tof/ u/L s/bftfnufotsf gful/sx¿nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 . -&_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fh:j s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf @!=! k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], s/ ljj/0f tyf
cfo ljj/0f k]z gug]{ s/bftfx¿sf] xfnsf] ;ª\Vofdf @% k|ltztn] 36]sf] x'g],
s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf ljsf; u/]sf] x'g], s/ ;xeflutf nfut tyf
k|zf;lgs nfut 36]sf] x'g]5 .

41
#=@=@ ;fj{hlgs vr{
!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L pkof]u ub{} o;nfO{ kf/bzL{, ljZj;gLo,
hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo agfpFb} n}hfg' /fHosf] bfloTj Pj+ cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] . ljut s]xL jif{b]lv /fh:j kl/rfng pT;fxhgs ¿kdf j[l4 xF'b}
cfP klg cem} klg rfn" vr{ k|If]lkt nIoeGbf lgs} a9L / k"FhLut vr{sf] cg'kft
lgs} sd xF'b} cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ glthf;Fu cfa4 u/L
;Da4 lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg sl7gfO{ e}/x]sf] 5 . pmhf{sf] pTkfbg tyf
ljt/0f, ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/h:tf If]qx¿df ul/g] ;fj{hlgs vr{n] cGo
;DalGwt If]qx¿df lghL If]qsf] nufgL klg lelqg] (crowding-in) k|an ;Defjgf
/xG5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
s'n ;/sf/L jflif{s ljlgof]lht /sd s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf sl/a @%
k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'Fb} cfPtf klg oyfy{ vr{ nIo cg'¿k x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ut
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf To:tf] vr{nfO{ @%=* k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvPsf]df
o; cjlwsf] cf};t vr{ s]jn @!=^ k|ltztdf ;Lldt /xg k'u]sf] 5 .
s'n vr{dWo] klg 7"nf] lx:;f -sl/a %& k|ltzt_ rfn" vr{ /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] vr{
nIosf] t'ngfdf ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf g} e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ s'n vr{sf] sl/a !%
k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf vr{ e}/x]sf] k"FhLut tk{msf] vr{ kl5Nnf jif{x¿df nIosf]
t'ngfdf lgs} Go"g e}/x]sf] cj:yf ut of]hgf cjlwsf] k|ult ;ldIffn] ;d]t
b]vfpF5 . h;cg';f/ To:tf] vr{ cfly{s jif{ @)^^.^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf of]hgf
cjlwdf ¿=# va{ ^$ ca{ x'g] nIo /flvPsf]df s]jn ¿=! va{ @* ca{ dfq vr{
x'g k'u]sf]] 5 . ;fFjf e'QmfgLtk{m eg] nIosf] t'ngfdf k|utL ;Gtf]ifhgs g} /x]sf]
5 . of]hgf cjlw leqsf jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd ;dodf g} k|:t't x''g g;s]sf]
sf/0f k"FhLut vr{df ;+s'rg x'g uPsf] lyof] .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg bIftf Pj+ sfof{Gjog k|efjsfl/tfsf]
sdLn] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd pkof]u Pj+ nfe xfl;n ug{ g;Sg' ;fj{hlgs
vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cfly{s jif{ ;'? x'g k"j{
ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ :yflkt ug{ g;Sg', cfly{s jif{sf]
;'?cftL ;doaf6} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u/L jif{e/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{
;dofjlwnfO{ k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ g;Sg', k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df 7"nf Pj+
cfly{s÷;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn] dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf k"jf{wf/df nufgL s]lGb|t ug{ g;Sg'
/ ;–;fgf Pj+ 5l/Psf sfo{qmddf /sd ljlgof]lht x'g', cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws
ljZn]if0f kZrft\ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DefJo kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ;"rL (project bank)

42
sf] cefjdf tby{jfbdf /x]/ cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf}6 Pj+ sfof{Gjog x'g', vr{ Ifdtf
ljZn]if0f u/L ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug'{ eGbf ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]/ vr{ ug'{kg]{ k|j[lQ
;d]tn] ubf{ vr{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg' ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf
;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ug]u/L ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
!= k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df zf;sLo Ifdtf clejl4 u/L ;/sf/L ;fwg ;|f]tsf]
;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{ .
@= ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|If]k0fnfO{ e/kbf]{ t'Nofpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
!= ah]6 ljlgof]hg k|lqmofnfO{ s'zn agfpg] .
@= ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfnfO{ ljZj;gLo, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / pknlAwd"ns
agfpFb} ;~rfng s'zntf xfl;n ug]{ .
#= /fli6«o dxTTj / uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf}6sf cfwf/ tof/ u/L tLgsf]
nflu ;|f]t / sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrttf ug{] .
$= glthf;Fu cfa4 x'g] u/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
ljQLo pQ/bfloTj tyf ah]6 Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL P]g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofOg]5 . -!_
!= u}/ ah]6/L lgsf;fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . -!_
@= ah]6sf] ljlgof]lht c+z clgjfo{ ¿kdf lgsf;f x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
#= cg'bfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ pTkfbgzLn / kf/bzL{¿kdf pkof]u ug{ /fli6«o
cg'bfg gLlt th{d
' f ul/g]5 . -@_
$= ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L sf]if Joj:yfkg /
n]vfª\sg k|ltj]bgnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -@_
%= of]ubfgd"ns lgj[lQe/0f Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 . -@_
^= ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfnfO{ ljZj;gLo, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / pknlAwd"ns
agfpFb} cw{ ljQLo bfloTjx¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t agfOg]5 . -@_

43
&= /fli6«o dxTTj / uf}/jsf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ tof/
ul/g]5 . -#_
*= ah]6 lgsf;f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/n ul/g]5 . -$_
(= glthf;Fu cfa4 x'g] cg'udg / ah]6 k|0ffnLdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -$_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
;dodf ah]6sf] lgsf;f eO{ pTkfbgd'vL tyf nfut k|efjL cfof]hgfx¿
sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'g]5 . dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] lg/Gt/tf ;lxt ljQLo
p/bfloTj ;DaGwL P]g th'{df ePsf] x'g]5 . ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ah]6 th'{df
/ sfo{qmd :jLs[tLsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} ljlgof]hg cg'¿ksf] kF"hLut vr{ Pj+
lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq rfn" vr{ /x]sf] x'g]5 . of]ubfgd"ns lgj[lQe/0f ;DaGwL sfg'g
th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g'sf ;fy} cg'bfg gLlt th'{df a]?h' ;d]t 36]sf] x'g]5 .
#=@=# ;fj{hlgs C0f
!= k[i7e"ld
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv /fh:j ;ª\sngsf] jflif{s j[l4 b/ pT;fxhgs /x]sf] t/
k"FhLut vr{sf nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] /sd vr{ x'g g;s]sfn] ;fj{hlgs C0f
kl/rfngdf sdL x'Fb} uPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs C0f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Go"g ljQ
kl/k"lt{ ug{] k|d'v cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs C0f kl/rfngdf
ck]lIft lqmofzLntf cfpg g;s]sf]n] cfGtl/s C0f g} ah]6 3f6f k"lt{sf]
dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ ;/sf/L vr{ Joj:yfkgn] cfly{s
:yfloTj sfod ub}{, lghL If]qsf] nufgL Pj+ lgof{t clej[l4sf nflu kof{Kt cj;/
;'lglZrt ug{ cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} C0fx¿sf] plrt kl/rfng / s'zn Joj:yfkg
ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fwg h'6fpg
cfGtl/s Pad\ afx\o C0f ;d]t kl/rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] eP tfklg C0f Joj:yfkg
gLlt nfu" u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
s'n ltg{ afFsL ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] c+s x/]s jif{ qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvPtf klg
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] t'ngfdf To:tf] C0fsf] c+z kl5Nnf jif{x¿df l:y/ k|foM
/x]sf] 5 . ut lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{ @)^^÷^& df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
#!=( k|ltzt /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs C0f of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{ @)^(÷&) df
#@=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfGtl/s C0f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @=@ k|ltztdf
;Lldt /fVg] nIo ln+O{b} cfO{Psf]df ut of]hgf cjlwsf] cf};t cg'kft @=! /xg'sf
;fy} cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df s]jn !=! k|ltzt /xg uPsf] 5 . ;du|df,
;fj{hlgs C0fsf] af]em ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf sd x'g] qmddf b]lvG5 .

44
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs C0f nufgLsf nflu k|fyldstf If]q tf]Sg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;/L
If]q tf]Sg g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L / glthfd"ns agfpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . o; If]qdf pkof]u Ifdtfdf sdL x'g', k|lta4tf k|fKt
låkIfLo÷ax'kIfLo C0f k|flKt / ;f]wegf{ lng g;Sg', s"n cfGtl/s C0fdf Ps
jif{;Dd e'QmfgL cjlw ePsf] 6«]h/L ljnsf] c+z w]/} x'g', cNksfnLg cjlwsf] C0f
bfloTj w]/} eO k'glg{isf;gsf] ;dodf Aofh b/ ;DaGwL hf]lvd a9]/ hfg', ;du|
C0f bfloTjdf afx\o If]qsf] C0f bfloTj ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L /x]sf] sf/0f afx\o
If]qsf] C0fdf ljb]zL ljlgdo;DaGwL hf]lvd a9L x'g' ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg
;DaGwdf :ki6 gLlt tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf gx'g' cflb ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .
k|fKt cfGtl/s tyf afXo C0fsf] PsLs[t pknlAw ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
C0fsf] pRrtd pkof]u u/L /fh:j / vr{ aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ C0f ef/ axg
ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{, C0fsf] ;+/rgf / ld>0f af/] ljZn]if0f / Joj:yfkg
ug]{, a9\bf] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;Gbe{df C0fnfO{ pko'Qm ;Ldfleq /fVg] Pj+ C0fsf]
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
k"FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
b]zsf] ljsf; tyf k"FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L cfGtl/s tyf afXo C0fsf]
pko'St / k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ub{} bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf /fli6«o C0f ef/ sd ug{] /
/fi6«sf] C0fnfO{ s'zn ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{] .
^= /0fgLlt
!= ;fj{hlgs C0fnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg] .
@= 7"nf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / afWofTds ca:yfdf afx]s Jofkfl/s zt{df afXo
If]qaf6 C0f glng] / ;/sf/afx]ssf s'g} klg lgsfon] lng] j}b]lzs C0fdf
;/sf/ hdfgtdf ga:g] .
#= /fHo sf]ifsf] cj:yfnfO{ larf/ u/L art /sdnfO{ C0f e'StfgLdf k|of]u ug{]
sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

45
&= sfo{gLlt
!= ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{ cfGtl/s C0fsf] dfqfnfO{ plrt
;Ldfleq /flvg]5 . -!_
@= clwljsif{ lgoGq0f ug{] / o;nfO{ ah]6 3f6fk"lt{ ug{] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf pkof]u gug{]
gLlt lnOg]5 . -!_
#= 6«]h/L lannfO{ ;/sf/sf] gub k|jfxsf] cj:yf adf]lhd cNksfnLg ;fj{hlgs
C0f kl/rfngsf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/g]5 . -!_
$= ;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
%= a9L k|ltkmn lbg] / /fli6«o k"FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ug{] 7"nf k"jf{wf/
cfof]hgfx¿df afx]s cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 Jofkfl/s C0f lnOg]
5}g . -@_
^= ;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg / ;/sf/ afx]ssf cGo s'g} klg lgsfox¿n]
lng] C0fdf ;/sf/ hdfgtbftfsf] ¿kdf a:g] 5}g . -@_
&= C0f Joj:yfkgdf ljQLo cg'zf;gnfO{ pRr dxTTj lbOg]5 . -#_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
;fj{hlgs C0fnfO{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] ## k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fvL ;/sf/L s'n
vr{df cfGtl/s C0fsf] c+z of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{;Dd @=% k|ltztdf ;Lldt
/xg]5 .
#=@=$ j}b]lzs ;xfotf
!= k[i7e"ld
;du| ljsf;df cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xb} cfPsf] 5 . jflif{s
ljlgof]lht ah]6 s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] sl/a @% k|ltzt / oyfy{ vr{ sl/a
@!=^ k|ltzt /xFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df s'n ljlgof]hgdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pNn]Vo
lx:;f /x]tf klg oyfy{ vr{df s]jn !%=* k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 / of] cg'kft
kl5Nnf jif{x¿df qmdzM 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ ;'? ul/Psf] ^ bzseGbf a9L eO;Sbf klg s'n
/fli6«o ah]6sf] Ps t[tLof+z;Dd j}b]lzs ;xfotfaf6 a]xf]g'{kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 .
lg/Gt/sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f k"lt{ ug{ klg j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ul//xg'
kg]{ afWotf 5 . Psflt/ ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ s'/f ljZjJofkL¿kdf k|lt:kwL{ aGb}
uPsf] 5 . ;xfotf kl/rfngaf6 k|fKt glthf÷pknlAw :yflkt ug{ g;lsg] xf] eg]

46
;xfotfsf] kl/rfngdf klg qmdzM sdL cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvb}5 eg] csf]{ tk{m
;xfotf dfly ;w} e/ kl//xg] b'irqmaf6 pDsg'kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 . kl5Nnf] ljsf;
;xfotf k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] sl/a &) k|ltzt j}b]lzs
;xfotfdfq ;/sf/L ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;d]6\g ;lsPsf] 5 . u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
dfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] oyfy{ lx;fa pknAw 5}g . To;}u/L bft[d'n's
tyf ;+3;+:yfx¿af6 ;f]em} kl/rfng e}/x]sf] sl/a #) k|ltzt ;xfotfaf6
;~rflnt sfo{qmd / ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd aLrsf] bf]xf]/f]kg x6fO{
;dGjo sfod ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL
g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf a}b]lzs ;xof]u ah]6 k|0ffnLleq cfpg g;Sg',
;xof]u /sd vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf sd /x]sf], cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf]
vf; u/L af/Daf/ x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf, ;f]wegf{ ;dod} lng g;Sg', ;dod}
7]Ssfk6\6f x'g g;Sg', cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdsf nflu ;Demf}tf x'g'k"j{ kof{Kt tof/L
gx'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .
cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] 7"nf] c+z ;—;fgf cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿df vr{ x'g glbO{
;xfotfsf] v08Ls/0f /f]Sg'kg]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgf th'{df txdf xfd|f]
Ifdtf cem} klg ljsl;t x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] clwsf+z ¿kdf bftfd} e/ kg'{ kg]{
l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))% df k]l/; 3f]if0ffkqdf JoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tfx¿nfO{
klg xfd|f /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / Jojxf/df cfGtl/ls/0f ug'{ kg]{ / d'n'ssf]
j:t'ut cj:yf Pj+ k|fyldstf / cfjZostfsf cfof]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{
s]lGb|t ug]{ sfo{ emg\ 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
j}b]lzs ;xfotf dflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ qmdzM sd ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
!= /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf / /fli6«o k|fyldstf cg'¿k cfjZos kg]{ j}b]lzs
;xof]usf] clwstd kl/rfng ug]{ .
@= d'n'snfO{ cfTdlge{/ / lbuf] ljsf;sf lglDt k|fKt j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]
clwstd pkof]u / plrt Joj:yfkg u/L ljsf; k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
!= j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ /fli6«o ah]6dfkm{t\ kl/rfng ug{ yk hf]8 lbg] .
@= afx\o C0fsf] af]em sd ub}{ k|fKt C0f ;xof]unfO{ cfly{s k"jf{wf/ ljsf;,
pTkfbgzLn If]q / /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ If]qdf pkof]u ug]{ .

47
#= j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg / ;dGjodf cem a9L k|efjsfl/tf
Nofpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
!= g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]unfO{ cy{ dGqfnodf /x]sf]
;xfotf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;"rgf k|0ffnL (AMP) df cfa4 ul/g]5 . -!_
@= j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ jh]6 k|0ffnLleq NofO{ kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .
-!_
#= kl/dflh{t j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt nfu" ul/g]5 . o;df j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{
cfly{s k"jf{wf/x¿df vf;u/L ;8s, pmhf{, s[lif h:tf If]qsf] pkof]u ug]{ u/L
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
$= cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ ;xof]usf] ljj/0fnfO{ kf/bzL{ /
pQ/bfoL t'Nofpg cy{ dGqfnon] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjosf/L
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . -#_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf dfq j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rflnt
ePsf] x'g] / ;a} k|sf/sf ;xfotf /fli6«o k|0ffnL dfkm{t\ kl/rflnt ePsf x'g]5g\ .

#=# cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGw

!= k[i7e"ld
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efjaf6 s'g} klg b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs kIf d'St /xg
g;Sg] / o;af6 pTkGg x'g] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / k|fKt pknlAwsf] pkof]u ug{'kg{]
cfjZostf 5 . g]kfn ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3, blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;+u7g,
ljZj a}+s, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g,
ax'If]qLo k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu a+ufnsf] vf8L ;DaGwL kxn /
sf]nDaf] Knfgh:tf cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] lqmofzLn ;b:o /xL
cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn cfa4 ePsf oL låkIfLo, If]qLo, pkIf]qLo / ax'kIfLo
;+u7gx¿df cem a9L cfly{s / cGo kmfObfx¿ lng;Sg] b]lvG5 . xfn cfP/
ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ cjnDag ug{] sfo{ klg ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;Lldt dfqfdf ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL /fhb'tfjf; / cGo s"6gLlts lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\
cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{df s]xL k|of;x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ . s]xL cl3;Dd
ljb]z l:yt g]kfnL /fhb'tfjf;x¿af6 z'4 s"6gLlts lqmofsnfkx¿ e}/x]sf]df

48
xfn}sf lbgx¿df jfl0fHo dxfb't tyf >d ;xrf/Lx¿ dfkm{t\ j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf]
lj:tf/ / ljljlws/0f ug]{, d'n'sdf j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g ug]{, ljleGg j}b]lzs
uGtJo d'n'sx¿df u/]sf] g]kfnL >ldsx¿sf] xs lxt ;+/If0f u/L ;Lk / bIftf
cg';f/sf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ h'6fpg], If]qLo tyf k|fb]lzs ;DaGw lj:tf/ / ko{6g
k|j4{g ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; / cGo s"6gLlts lgsfo tyf k|ltlglwx¿af6 ePsf k|of;x¿
kof{Kt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lghL If]q;+usf] ;xsfo{nfO{ klg k|fyldstfsf ;fy
cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}u/L, cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL
;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfd ug]{ :yfoL ;+oGq klg /x]sf] 5}g . vf; u/L ko{6g, s[lif
/ pmhf{sf] If]qdf cfpg O{R5's j}b]lzs nufgLstf{ tyf ljb]zdf a;f]jf; u/]sf
g]kfnL d"nsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;f]r]hlt cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
g]kfnsf] cGt//fli6«o klxrfgnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfpFb} clwsflws cfly{s kmfObf
lng] .
%= p2]Zo
cGt/f{li6«o If]qLo / låkIfLo ;DaGwx¿ ;'b[9 u/L cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. l5d]sL d'n's, cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo ;ª\3 ;+:yf;Fusf] ;DaGwaf6 cfly{s tyf
cGo nfe lng] .
2. cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ ;an t'NofO{ cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf] b|'t cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b[li6ut ub{} tyf k/Dk/fut
;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 ub{} g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg pko'Qm gLlt
cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_
2. g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] e"ldsf
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
3. j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qx¿df leq\ofpg cfjZos gLlt cjnDag
ul/g]5 . -!_

49
4. g]kfnsf] lxtsf ljifodf låkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo ;DaGw tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3
;ª\u7gnfO{ lqmofzLn / ;'b[9 ug{ k//fi6« gLlt tyf cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ k|d'v
dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_
5. cfly{s s"6gLltsf] dfWodaf6 Jofkf/, nufgL, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ko{6gsf]
k|j4{g, dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g cflbsf nflu k//fi6«
dGqfno / ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfO{
kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. cfly{s s"6gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu k//fi6« dGqfno / ljb]zl:yt
g]kfnL b"tfjf; Pj+ lgof]udf yk b/aGbL / ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fO{ Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
g]kfnsf s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0faf6 g]kfnsf] cfly{s s"6gLltsf] cEof;
k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g], b]zdf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] nufgL j[l4 ePsf] x'g] /
l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df eO/x]sf] b|'t cfly{s ljsf;n] ;[hgf u/]sf cj;/sf] nfe b]zn]
lnPsf] x'g]5 .

#=$ j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL

!= k[i7e"ld
k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{, cfw'lgs k|ljlw, Joj:yfksLo Pj+ k|fljlws
;Lk leq\ofO{ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnL j:t' / ;]jfsf] cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df kx'Fr a9fpFb} Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0f ug{ tyf pRr cfly{s j[l4 b/ xfl;n
ub}{ yk /f]huf/L ;[hgfåf/f ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL nufgLsf]
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn Joj;fo d~rsf] cjwf/0ff sfo{fGjogdf cfO{
Jofkfl/s ;d'bfo / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿aLr ;xh hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg eO{
;fj{hlgs lghL If]q aLr lg/Gt/ ;+jfb eO/x]sf] 5 . nufgL af]8{ lqmofzLn x'Fbf
7"nf nufgLstf{x¿sf] sf/f]af/ nfut / k|lqmof ;xh / ;/n eO;s]sf] 5 .
nufgLstf{x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu yk d'n'sx¿;Fu låkIfLo nufgL ;+/If0f Pj+
k|j4{g ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm ;Demf}tf ug{] k|lqmofx¿ cl3 a9L/x]sf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t pBf]u ljefun] j}b]lzs nufgL;DaGwL k|zf;lgs sfo{
ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd ljleGg &% eGbf a9L d'n'sx¿af6 sl/a Ps va{ !) cj{
a/fj/sf] nufgL eO;s]sf] 5 . pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] l;nl;nfdf nufgL
cfk|jfx ug]{ lbzfdf cy{tGqsf ljleGg If]qx¿df k"FhLut vftf kl/jTo{ agfOPsf]
5 . ljb]zdf nufgL k|ltaGw ug]{ P]g @)@!, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f

50
P]g @)$(, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( nfO{ xfnsf] ljsl;t cGt/f{li6«o
k"FhLahf/sf] k|j[lQ adf]lhd agfpg] u/L ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
gLltsf] d:of}bf clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . sDkgL btf{ ;DaGwL ;a}
sfdsf/jfxLx¿nfO{ ljB'tLo kf]6{n dfkm{t\ @$;} 306f ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yf
ldnfO{P kl5 vf; u/L ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ Joj;fo ;'? ubf{ nfUg] ;do /
nfutdf sdL cfpg'sf ;fy} k|zf;gLs emd]nfx¿af6 d'QmL ldn]sf] 5 .
lgof{t k|j4{g tyf j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t u/L cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ Wo]o
af]s]sf ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿sf] :yfkgfsf] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbOPsf] 5 eg] e}/xjf
ljz]if cfly{s If]q ;~rfngsf] nflu tof/L cj:yfdf 5 . nufgL af]8{ P]g, @)^*
adf]lhd 7"nf pBf]u tyf k"jf{wf/x¿df nufgL ug{ rfxg] nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ ;xh
tl/sfn] nufgL ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ nufgL jf]8{sf] :yfkgf u/L
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sdhf]/ >d ;DaGw, cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ tyf
pmhf{sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf x'g g;Sg', sdhf]/ nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f / sfg'gL
hl6ntfx¿n] nufgL cfk|jfxdf pT;fxhgs cj:yf 5}g . nufgL d}qL gLltut
:yfloTj sfod ub}{ t'ngfTds nfesf If]qdf yk nufgL cfslif{t ug'{ r'gf}tLsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk tLj| cfly{s j[l4 ul//x]sf] l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ ef/t / rLgsf]
aLrdf /x]sf] g]kfndf nufgL pT;flxt ug{sf nflu cj;/x¿ klg ljBdfg /x]sf
5g\ . ;f]sf nflu l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf] cltl/Qm cGo ljsl;t Pj+ Jofkfl/s tyf
nufgL lj:tf/sf ;Defjgf /x]sf d'n'sx¿;+u bf]xf]/f] s/ d'lQm, nufgL ;'/lIft ug]{
låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;+emf}tfx¿ / k|ltj4tf ;d]taf6 d'n'sn] k|z:t kmfO{bf lng]
;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb}klg /fli6«o ;xdtL aGg g;Sg' ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . If]qLo
Pj+ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ pbf/ cy{k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf], ljB'tLo
;]jfk|jfx :yfkgf ul//x]sf], nufgL d}qL x'g]u/L sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ ;+zf]wg / th'{df
ug]{ k|of;x¿ e}/x]sf] ;Gbe{df j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cfk|jfxdf j[l4 x'g] k|z:t}
;+efjgfx¿ /x]tf klg To:tf k|of;x¿nfO{ b|'t ultdf ;DkGg ug'{ r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L k"FhL, k|ljlw / ;Lk x:tfGt/0f x'g] u/L ljb]zL
nufgLnfO{ ljz]if k|j4{g ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. nufgLsf] a9\bf] cfjZostf / ;Lldt ufx{:y artaLrsf] a9\bf] c;dfgtfnfO{
ljb]zL k"FhL nufgLsf] dfWodaf6 kl/k"lt{ ug{] .

51
2. ljb]zL k"FhL;Fu} cfw'lgs k|ljlw, Joj:yfksLo sf}zn / k|fljlws ;Lk;d]t
leq\ofO{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ub}{ pTkfbsTj j[l4sf] dfWodaf6 b]zsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg] .
3. :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;Lk / ;fwgnfO{ ljb]zL nufgL;Fu cfa4 u/L ;Gt'lnt If]qLo
ljsf; ug{] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpg nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{] .
2. ;'dw'/ >d ;DaGw sfod ug]{ .
3. lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]udf ljz]if ;'ljwf lbO{ ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{] .
4. k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{ cfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ pkof]u
ug]{ .
5. ljb]zL nufgLsf Joj;fonfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf nufgLx¿nfO{ nufgL af]8{dfkm{t\ b|'tultdf k|j4{g ub}{
nlug]5 . -!_
2. u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] g]kfnL gful/s ;/x g]kfndf pBf]u jf Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfOg]5 . -!_
3. ljb]zL k"FhL nufgL v'nf gul/Psf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fodf klg k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f
ug{ ;lsg] u/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
4. ;]jf pBf]udf ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gdf ul/Psf] k|lta4tf cg'¿k ljb]zL
nufgLsf] c+z, ;Ldf tyf k|lqmof tf]sL ;f] adf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -!_
5. lqkIfLo >d ;DaGwnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ pBf]u / dhb'/aLr b]lvg]
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
6. ljz]if cfly{s If]q / lgof{t k|j4{g If]qdf aGb x8tfn ug{ gkfpg] u/L sfg'gL
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
7. >d;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ nlrnf] agfpg'sf ;fy} >d cbfntsf] ;ª\Vof lj:tf/
u/L >d ljjfb l56f] 6'ª\Uofpg] k|aGw ldnfOg]5 . -@_
8. lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]usf] nflu k"jf{wf/ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ;lxtsf] ljz]if cfly{s
If]q÷lgof{t k|j4{g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df hf]8 lbOg]5 . -#_

52
9. g]kfnsf ljb]zl:yt lgof]ux¿nfO{ cfly{s s"6gLltdf ;lqmo agfOg'sf ;fy}
ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o kmf]/dx¿df x'g] ax;df j}b]lzs nufgL / k|ljlwnfO{
d'n'ssf] k|fyldstfdf /flvg]5 . -$_
10. g]kfndf a9L dfqfdf ljb]zL nufgL ub{} cfPsf d'n'sx¿ dWo] låkIfLo nufgL
k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf / bf]xf]/f] s/ pGd'lQm;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug{ afFsL
/x]sf d'n's;Fu k|fyldstfsf ;fy To:tf ;Demf}tfx¿ ul/g]5 . -$_
11. ljb]zL k"FhL nufgLsf] kl/lwleq ;+:yfut ck|ToIf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ ;d]t
;dfj]z ul/g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -%_
12. ;+:yfut nufgLstf{sf] nflu bf];|f] ahf/ klg v'Nnf ub}{ nlug]5 . -%_

*= ck]lIft pknlAw
yk j}b]lzs nufgL;Fu} pTkfbg j[l4 / /f]huf/L lj:tf/ x'g'sf ;fy} cfoft
k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t j[l4 x'g]5 .

#=% df}lb|s gLlt

#=%=! d'b|f tyf a}+lsª\u
!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'ssf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu d"No tyf zf]wgfGt/ :yfloTj sfod ug'{sf
;fy} ;du| ljQLo If]qsf] :yfloTj tyf ;'/lIft, :j:y / k|efjsf/L e'QmfgL
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/L df}lb|s gLltsf] cjnDag ul/cfO{Psf] 5 . d"No tyf
afx\o If]q :yfloTj sfod ug]{, cfly{s j[l4df ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L cfjZos t/ntfsf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{, ljQLo If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf :yfloTj sfod u/L d"nse/ ljQLo
;]jfsf] kxF'r clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿sf] k|of; hf/L 5 . df}lb|s tYofÍsf] bfo/f
km/flsnf] agfO{ ljQLo If]qsf] t/ntf dfkg a9L oyfy{k/s agfpg] p2]Zon] df}lb|s
;j]{If0fsf] bfo/fdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] cltl/Qm ljsf; a}+s / ljQ
sDkgLx¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L lj:t[t df}lb|s ;j]{If0f tof/ kfg{ yflnPsf] 5 .
jfl0fHo a}+sx¿sf] shf{sf] Aofh b/ lgwf{/0fnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfO{ lgIf]k / shf{sf]
Aofh b/ cGt/ km/snfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg] pkfosf] ¿kdf cfwf/ Aofh b/ nfu"
ul/Psf] 5 . ef/t;Fu /x]sf] g]kfnsf] l:y/ ljgLdo b/sf] ;jn / b'a{n kIfx¿sf]
bL3{sfnLg k'g/jnf]sg ub}{ hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
v'nf ahf/ sf/f]af/nfO{ df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsf/L pks/0fsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ub}{
df}lb|s p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ qmddf ;/sf/L C0fkqx¿sf] k|fylds / bf]:f|f] ahf/sf]
sf/f]af/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . tf]lsPsf If]qsf] shf{ lj:tf/df clej[l4 ug]{

53
p2]Zon] a9Ldf ^ dlxgf cjlwsf] nflu c;n shf{sf] lwtf]df a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] k'gs{hf{sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpg'sf] ;fy} t/ntfsf]
cj:yf / a}+s Aofh b/sf] l:yltsf] lgoldt ;dLIff u/L k'g{shf{sf b/x¿ ;d]tdf
;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ub}{ cfO{Psf] 5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg / ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} ;'zf;g /
:yfloTj sfod ug]{ lbzfdf dxTTjk"0f{{ sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿sf] jf;nftdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ug'{sf] ;fy} ;'zf;g ;d]t clej[l4 ug]{
p2]Zon] :ynut / u}/–:ynut lg/LIf0f tyf ;'kl/j]If0f, k"j{–;r]ttf k|0ffnL, zL3|
;'wf/fTds sf/afxL, hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;'k/Lj]If0f, bafa k/LIf0f, cfsl:dstf
of]hgf, cGj]if0ffTds ljZn]if0f nufot ;dli6ut ljj]szLn lgodgnfO{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ kl/dfh{g u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, jfl0fHo
a}+sx¿sf] k"FhLsf]if kof{Kttf ;DaGwdf BASEL-II sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOPsf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] k"FhLsf] cfwf/ a9fO{ ljQLo k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ps–cfk;df ufEg–ufleg
pTk|]l/t ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
df}lb|s gLltsf] k|of;sf afjh'b u}/–df}lb|s sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ d'b|f:kmLlt b/ ck]lIft
:t/eGbf s]xL dfly /xg uPsf] 5 . a9\bf] cfoft, lgof{tdf ;':ttf / ljk|]if0f
cfodf a9\bf] lge{/tfsf] l:ylt /x]sf]n] df}lb|s gLltsf] k|of;af6 afXo If]q :yfloTj
sfod ug{ ;lsg] ca:yf 5}g . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf nlDab} hfg', nufgL d}qL
jftfj/0fsf] cefj;+u} x'g', a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ shf{ nufgLsf] k/Dk/fut
If]qaf6 ko{6g, hnljB't / 1fgnufot gofF If]qtk{m k|j]z ug{ pGd'v x'g
g;Sg'h:tf sf/0fx¿n] cfly{s j[l4 b/ pRr t'Nofpg]tk{m ljQLo ;]jf k"0f{tM pGd'v
u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] k"FhLut vr{df lzlyntf cfPsf] sf/0f a}+lsª
If]qsf] ;/sf/ dflysf] bfaLsf] j[l4 sd x'Fb} hfg'nufot sf/0fx¿n] s'n cfGtl/s
shf{sf] j[l4 b/ NfIo eGbf sd x'g uPsf] xf] . ;+efljt ljQLo ;+s6 (financial
sector crisis) n] af:tljs cy{tGqdf kfg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/x¿;Fu h'Wg g]kfn
/fi6« a}+sdf ;'kl/j]If0f tyf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs a}+ls+u ;]jfx¿df ax';+Vos u|fdL0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg] x]t'n]
/fi6« a}+sn] lbPsf] k|f]T;fxg hfoh eP tfklg ;du| shf{sf] u'0f:t/af/] ;hu
/xg'kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cfw'lgs, k|efjsf/L Pj+ :jYo ljQLo If]q ljsf;dfkm{t\ lbuf] cfly{s j[[l4 Pj+
;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .

54
%= p2]Zo
1. ;Gt'lnt df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltdfkm{t\ d"No, zf]wgfGt/ / ljQLo If]qsf]
:yfloTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
2. a}+lsª ;]jfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} pknAw ljQLo ;fwgnfO{ cfly{s
lqmofsnfk lj:tf/ x'g] k|sf/n] k|jflxt ug{ cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ .
3. ;'/lIft / k|efjsf/L e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ljQLo k|0ffnL dflysf]
hgljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. df}lb|s gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ d"No l:y/tf, zf]wgfGt/ art / ljQLo If]q
:yfloTj xfl;n u/L ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{ .
2. df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf yk ;'b[9 ug{ gjLgtd df}lb|s l;4fGt / k|of]usf
;DaGwdf cWoog u/L df}lb|s gLltsf] cfGtl/s nIo / sfof{Gjogdf
k'g/jnf]sg ug]{ .
3. u|fdL0f If]qdf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] k|f]T;fxg ug]{ tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
4. a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg, lg/LIf0f / cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{
ljQLo If]qnfO{ :j:y / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljQLo If]qsf] :yfloTj Pj+ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo If]q /0fgLlt th'{df
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. v'nf ahf/ sf/f]af/nfO{ df}lb|s gLltsf] d'Vo cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lnOg]5 . -@_
3. g]kfnn] u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf k"/f ug{ tyf ljQLo If]qnfO{ ultzLn
agfpg P]g, lgodx¿df cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
4. d'n'ssf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu pTkfbgzLn k'gs{hf{ sfo{qmdnfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cl3 a9fOg]5 . -@_
5. u|fdL0f If]qdf ljQLo kx'Fr a9fpg ljBdfg gLltut Joj:yfdf cfjZos
kl/dfh{g u/L ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
6. Ohfhtkq ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf dfkm{t\ ljQLo kx'Fr / ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
Jofks agfpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . o;sf nflu b'u{d Pj+ lk5l8Psf
If]qx¿df a}+lsª tyf ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'FrnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -$_
7. ljkGg ju{df hfg] shf{nfO{ ;do–;fk]If ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug]5 . -$_

55
8. pTkfbgd"ns / /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf Psn C0f ;Ldf a9fpb} nlug]5 .
-$_
9. a}s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] /]l6ª u/L jf:tljs l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5 . -$_
10. a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ufEg] tyf ufleg] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLltsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
11. n3'ljQ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -$_
12. n3' ljQ ;+:yfnfO{ ;an / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, s[lif k|;f/
tyf kz' ;]jf k|;f/ sfo{qmd, ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf
;Lk ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;d]t ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9fO{g] 5 . -$_
13. of]hgf cjlwdf &% lhNnfdf g} n3'ljQ ;+:yf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
14. Networking Business, Derivatives Market sf ;fy} cGo d'b|f tyf ljQLo
ahf/ k|0ffnLnfO sfg'gL bfo/fdf Nofpg / cj}w lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]Sg cfjZos
sfg'g / lgodgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
d'b|f:kmLlt b/ jflif{s cf};t &=) k|ltztdf ;Lldt x'g], lj:t[t d'b|fk|bfosf] j[l4 b/
jflif{s cf};t !$=% k|ltzt /xg], lghL If]qdf hfg] shf{ cf};t !&=% k|ltztn]
a9]sf] x'g], s'n cfGtl/s shf{ jflif{s cf};t !^=) k|ltztn] a9]sf] x'g] / ljb]zL
d'b|f ;l~rltn] sDtLdf ^ dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft wfGg ;Sg] ca:yf
/xsf] x'g]5 .
#=%=@ shf{
!= k[i7e"ld
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] shf{ tyf nufgL cg'Tkfbs If]qaf6 s[lif nufotsf
pTkfbg If]qtk{m s]lGb|t ug{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] s[lif If]qsf] nufgLnfO{
a9fpb} cfufdL bz jif{leq s'n shf{ tyf nufgLsf] @)=) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg' kg]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . tf]lsPsf If]qdf shf{ lj:tf/ clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] a9Ldf ^
dlxgfsf nflu c;n shf{sf] lwtf]df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg]
k'gs{hf{sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfO{ k'gs{hf{ b/ 36fO+b} nluPsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ o:tf]
bfo/fdf s[lif nufot tf]lsPsf cGo If]qx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf
pBdL / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kmls{Psf JolQmx¿ ;d]t o;af6 nfeflGjt x'g]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

56
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
s[lif / hnljB't If]qdf lbO{g] k'gM shf{sf] Psn b/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . b'Uw tyf
df;'hGo Joj;fosf] k|j4{g dfk{mt\ e"ld ePsf / gePsf b'j}y/L ls;fgx¿sf] nflu
/f]huf/L / cfo–cfh{gsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug{ kz'k+IfL tyf dT:o kfng Joj;fosf
nflu ;d]t pko'{Qm cg';f/sf] k'gs{hf{ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ¿U0f
pBf]u, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u, lgof{td"ns Joj:ffo / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu
tf]lsPsf ju{df k|jfx ul/g] ljz]if k'gs{hf{ Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
ljkGg ju{df shf{sf] kxF'r a9fO{ cfo–cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{
p2]Zon] df}lb|s gLlt dfkm{t\ jfl0fHo a}+s, ljsf; a+}s / ljQ sDkgLx¿n] ljkGg
ju{df nufgL ug'{ kg]{ shf{ cg'kft lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} To:tf] cg'kftnfO{ k|To]s
jif{ qmdzM a9fpFb} n}hfg] gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . n3'ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n]
ljkGg ju{df k|jfx ug]{ u/L k|fKt ;fk6L /sdnfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6
Aofh cfh{gdf pkof]u ug{ gkfOg] ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjog
ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"xdf cfa4 ePsf C0fL ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿dfkm{t\ n3'pBd jf n3'Joj:ffo ;~rfng ug{ ;fd"lxs hdfgL /
:jLsf/of]Uo lwtf]df k|bfg ul/g] n3' shf{sf] ;Ldf qmdzM j[l4 ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf]
shf{ k|jfx ubf{ æ3Æ ju{sf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] s'n shf{sf] Ps ltxfO{;Dd lwtf]
lnO{ n3'shf{ k|jfx ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
ljQLo kx'Fr Pj+ ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] xfn;Dd ljQLo kx'Fr
Go"g /x]sf If]qx¿df æ3Æ ju{sf] ljQLo ;+:yf vf]Ng ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .
;a} k|sf/sf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] u|fdL0f If]qdf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{ ;~rfng vr{ sd
x'g] df]afOn a+}lsª tyf zfvf/lxt a}+lsªnufot cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf a}+lsª ;]jfnfO{
k|f]T;flxt x'g] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ jfl0fHo
a}+s / /fli6«o :t/sf ljsf; a}+sx¿ Go"g /x]sf tf]lsPsf lhNnfx¿df sDtLdf Ps
zfvf / cGoq Ps zfvf u/L b'O{j6f zfvf vf]nL ;~rfngdf NofP kZrft\ dfq
sf7df8f}+} pkTosfleq Ps zfvf vf]Ng lbg] gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 . To;}u/L,
ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr sd ePsf lhNnfx¿df sfo{If]q sfod x'g] u/L :yfkgf x'g]
æ3Æ ju{sf n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|fylds k"FhLsf] % u'0ff;Dd lgIf]k
;ª\sng ug{ kfpg] gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ;fIf/tf /
hghfu/0f;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;dfj]zL Pj+ ;Gt'lnt ¿kdf a}+lsË ;]jf k|jfxsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{ cem}
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lbO{g] shf{nfO{ pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf
k|jfx ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g, h:sf] sf/0fn] shf{ lkmtf{ b/ Go"g x'g uO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] Non-Performing Assets 36fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . zx/

57
s]lGb|t a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df u|fld0f hgtf / pBdL Pj+ s[ifsx¿sf] ;xh
kx'Fr :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] k|fKt x'g] ;Lldt shf{df klg pRr nfut a]xf]g{
afWo e}/xsf] cj:yf 5 . C0f k|fKt ubf{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;Sg]
1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} shf{ ;'/If0fsf] nflu k|fKt shf{af6
ul/Psf] sfo{sf] aLdfsf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
lghL If]qdf shf{sf] k|jfx j[l4 ub}{ b]zsf u|fdL0f tyf ljkGg If]qdf ljQLo ;|f]tsf]
s'zn kl/rfng / ;]jfsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
lghL If]qsf] lj:tf/ / u|fdL0f If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} ljQLo kx'Fr
clej[l4 ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. lghL Joj;fox¿sf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/sf nflu shf{sf] kx'Fr ;xh agfpg] .
2. b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qdf ljkGgju{ shf{ sfo{qmdnfO{ kl/dfh{g;lxt
lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
3. n3'ljQ ;+:yfx¿sf] sf/f]af/sf] bfo/f of]hgfa4 ¿kdf km/flsnf] agfpFb}
n}hfg] .
4. ;xsf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ s[lif, u|fdL0f shf{ tyf n3'ljQsf]
sf/f]af/df cem a9L ;xefuL agfpFb} hfg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. lghL Joj;fo, s[lif tyf kz'kfng ug]{ pBdLx¿nfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿n] pQm kl/of]hgfs} lwtf]df shf{ pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljkGg ju{ shf{ sfo{qmdsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfpg'sf] ;fy} o:tf] cg'kftnfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/jnf]sg ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
3. u|fdL0f art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ u7g ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
4. n3'ljQ kl/rfng / k|of]usf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfO{ o;sf] pkof]u pTkfbsLo
If]qdf u/fpg ljBdfg gLltut Joj:yfdf k'g/jnf]sg ul/g]5 . -@_
5. u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf a}+s zfvf lj:tf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_

58
6. n3'ljQ sf]if :yfkgf u/L ;f] sf]ifnfO{ cGo sf]ifx¿;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ ;x'lnot
Aofh b/df yf]s / v'b|f C0f k|jfxdf kx'Fr j[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
7. n3'ljQ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] ljQLo ;fwgsf] cefj sd ug]{ k|of]hgsf]
nflu ;~rflnt u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sf]ifnfO{ yf]s shf{sf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg] u/L Pp6f 5'§} sf]ifsf] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -#_
8. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] o'jf ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L n3'ljQ sfo{qmd th'{df
ul/g]5 . -#_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
s[lif nufot pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf shf{ tyf nufgL lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g], u|fdL0f
If]qdf ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ePsf] x'g] / dlxnf, ljkGg / blnt ju{sf
hgtfsf] /f]huf/L tyf cfo–cfh{gsf] cj;/df j[l4 eO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'lw|g]
/ u|fdL0f If]qdf ljQLo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

#=^ aLdf
!= k[i7e"ld
ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfnsf] aLdf If]qn] s]xL
ult lng yfn]sf] 5 . lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf aLdf Joj;fon] tLj|tf kfPsf] x'bf
aLds -hLjg tyf lghL{jg aLdf sDkgL_ aLldt -aLdf ;]jf k|fks_, aLdf clestf{,
aLdf ;e]{o/, aLdfz'Ns, aLdf If]qn] u/]sf] nufgL, /fli6«o cy{tGqdf aLdfn]
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg, aLdf pBf]un] ;[hgf u/]sf] /f]huf/Lsf] k|ToIf tyf k/f]If
cj;/x¿, cflbdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf] 5 . aLdf lgodg lgsfox¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o
tyf cGt/If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿df aLdf ;ldltsf] e"ldsfdf j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} aLdf
;]jfdf b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ju{sf] kx'Fr / cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k
o; ;+:yfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug'{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
aLdf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] aLdf If]qsf] ;du| d"Nof+sg
u/L k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df la:t[t sfo{ of]hgf agfO{ aLdfsf] :t/ j[l4;+u
;DalGwt k|0ffnLx¿ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] . k|rngdf /x]sf] aLdfn]v -aLdf
s/f/_ x¿nfO{ ;/nLs/0f ul/g'sf ;fy} gofF aLdfn]vx¿ k|rngdf NofO{Psf] tyf
aLDff bfjL e'QmfgL k|s[ofnfO{ ;/n agfpg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox¿ klxrfg
ul/Psf] 5 . u|fld0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ju{sf] aLdf ;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg
ul/g'sf ;fy} t];|f] kIf k|ltsf] bfloTj aLDff clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . aLDff ;DaGwL
hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . k|rlnt aLdf P]g, @)$(
nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{sf nflu gofF aLdf P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy} aLdf

59
Aoj;fo;+u ;DalGwt lgb]{zgx¿ hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf If]qsf] ljBdfg ;]jfx¿
kl/dfh{g tyf afnL aLdf, kz' aLdf tyf k];fut bfloTj aLdf nufotsf aLdf
;]jfsf] sfo{ If]qx¿ klxrfg, s[lif If]qsf] nufgL ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu s[lif tyf
;xsf/L dGqfnosf] ;xsfo{df s[lif tyf kz'klG5 aLdf sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .
:jb]zdf k'gaL{df sDkgL :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy}
k'gaL{df ;DaGwL ;'b[9, kf/bzL{ tyf ljZj;lgo Joj:yf ljsf;sf nflu cfsl:ds
aLdf sf]ifnfO{ k'gaL{df sDkgLdf kl/0ft ug]{ k|s[of ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . :jf:Yo aLdf
sfo{qmd k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf nfu" ug{ cjwf/0ff kq tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿
aLdf ;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] sdL, cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj,
;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf artug]{ Ifdtfsf] sdL tyf aLdsx¿;+u /x]sf] /sd
nufgLsf] nflu pko'Qm cj;/x¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw gx'g' aLdf Joj;fodf
c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ x'g', b]z leq k'gaL{dfsf] :yfkgf gx'g' / ljleGg lgsfo tyf
ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿ nufot cGo lgsfox¿af6 aLdfnfO{ k|fyldstf glbg' h:tf
;d:ofx¿ aLdf If]qdf ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k aLdf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug'{, lghL{jg aLdfnfO{
;fdflhs tyf k|fs[lts hf]lvd e"sDk, lxd gbLsf] k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg]
cfly{s Iflt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;zQm ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{, hLjg aLdfnfO{
cfly{s ;'/Iffsf ;fy} bL3{sfnLg art / nufgLsf] pQd dfWodsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
u/L 5l/P/ /x]sf] artnfO{ kl/rfng ub}{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos k"FhL lgdf{0f
ug]{ lbuf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ / o; ;]jfnfO{ b'u{d u|fld0f If]q tyf
;dfhsf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{ nufot ;a} tx;Dd k'¥ofpg' cfhsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL
xf] .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf ;fy} b}jL k|sf]k tyf cGo r'gf}tLx¿af6 pTkGg
x'g] hf]lvdx¿ lj?4 ;'/Iff k|bfg ub}{ g]kfnL aLdf If]qnfO{ cGt//fli6«o aLdf
ahf/;+u t'ngfof]Uo agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 tyf /fli6«o cfjZostfcg'¿k aLdf ;]jfsf] :t/ clej[l4
ug]{ .
2. b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf ;dfhsf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot ;a} tx;Dd aLdf
;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .
3. aLldtsf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/x¿ th'{df u/L aLdf Joj;fosf]
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug]{ .

60
^= /0fgLlt
1. b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q / Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot ;dfhsf ;a} txsf] nflu
pko'Qm aLdf ;]jfx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
2. aLldtsf] lxt ;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{ ljZj;gLo ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
3. aLdfsf] bfo/fnfO{ s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;nufot ljleGg pTkfbgzLn If]qdf
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ePsf] ju{sf] cfjZostf klxrfg ePcg'¿k
pko'Qm n3' aLdf ;]jfx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
2. aLdf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] aLdf If]qsf] d"Nofªsg
u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] lj:t[t sfo{ of]hgfadf]lhd aLdfsf] :t/ j[l4;Fu ;DalGwt
k|0ffnLx¿ ljsl;t ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
3. aLdf If]qdf ljBdfg ;]jfx¿df kl/dfh{g tyf gofF If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
4. s[lifdf aLdf gLltdf Jofkstf lbO{, /f]u lj?4sf cf}iflwx¿ ;lhn} pknAw
ul/g]5 . -@_
5. aLdf bfaL ;/nLs/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L j}slNks ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
-#_
6. :jb]zdf k"gaL{df;DaGwL ;'b[9, kf/bzL{ tyf ljZj;gLo Joj:yfsf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -#_
7. aLdsx¿ Ps cfk;df ufleg], :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f jf u|x0f ug]{, vf/]hL x'g]
cj:yfdf ;d]t aLldt, sd{rf/L, dWo:ystf{ tyf nufgLstf{x¿sf] lxt
;'lglZrt ul/g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
8. aLdssf] cfly{s Jofj;flos Ifdtf sfod /fVg solvency margin nufotsf
ljifox¿sf sfo{ljlwx¿ th'{df u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . -#_
9. :jf:Yo aLdf, afnL aLdf, kz' aLdf tyf n3' shf{ aLdfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_

*= ck]lIft pknlAw
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 tyf /fli6«o cfjZostf cg'¿k aLdf ;]jfsf] :t/ clej[l4
ePsf] x'g], b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf ;dfhsf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot ;a} txsf]
aLdf ;]jf -n3'aLdf ;d]t_ df kx'Fr k'u]sf] x'g] / aLdf pBf]un] sd{rf/L, aLdf

61
clestf{ / ;e]{o/sf] ¿kdf sl/a Ps nfv bz xhf/ JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
k|bfg u/]sf] x'g]5 .

#=& k"FhL ahf/

!= k[i7e"ld
b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;–;fgf artnfO{ PsLs[t u/L bL3{sfnLg nufgLsf nflu
cfjZos k"FhL pTkfbgzLn If]qdf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df k"FhLahf/sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/xG5 . xfn k"FhLahf/ ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df jf:tljs If]qsf pBf]ux¿sf] pkl:yltsf]
cj:yf Go"g /x]sf] eP tfklg hnlaB't tyf cGo If]qsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] k|j]z
qmdzM a9b} uO/x]sf] 5 eg] ahf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿
;d]t :yfkgf e}/x]sf 5g\ . ljz]if u/L /fhwfgLeGbf aflx/ /x]sf nufgLstf{x¿sf]
k"FhLahf/df ;xeflutfsf nflu kx'Fr gk'u]sf] tyf hgdfg;df nufgL ;DaGwL 1fg
tyf ;Lksf] sdL /x]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] ahf/ kx'Frdf j[l4 Nofpg' / k"FhL
kl/rfngsf] bfo/fnfO{ b]zJofkL agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
lwtf]kqsf] s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k k|0ffnL, ;fd"lxs nufgL sf]if, qm]l86 /]l6ª sDkgL h:tf
lwtf]kq ahf/sf] clt cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ tT;DaGwL
lgodg Joj:yfx¿ ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t lwtf]kqsf] s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k
;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^& tyf ;fd"lxs nufgL sf]if lgodfjnL, @)^&, qm]l86 /]l6ª
lgodfjnL, @)^* ;d]t nfu" eO;s]sf] 5 . ;f]xL Joj:yf cg';f/ ahf/df ;fd"lxs
nufgL sf]if :yfkgf eO{ ;s]sf 5 . lghL If]qjf6 qm]l86 /]l6ªsf] ;]jf lbg] sfo{ ;'?
ul/;s]sf] 5 . To:t} s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL ;'? ul/;s]sf] cj:yf
5 . k"FhLahf/ k|efjsf/L lgodg Joj:yf, k"FhLahf/sf] l:y/tf tyf ;do;fk]If
ahf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{n] kfFr jifL{o k"FhLahf/ ljsf; of]hgf
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . lwtf]kq Joj;foLx¿sf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf j[l4
u/L nufgLstf{x¿df ;xh / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lwtf]kq bnfnx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
j[l4 ul/Psf] 5 .
#= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cfdhgtfsf] artnfO{ nufgLdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Ifd Pj+ ultzLn k"FhLahf/sf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
$= p2]Zo
kF"hLahf/df nufgLstf{x¿sf] kx'Fr Pj+ ljZj;gLotfdf clej[l4 u/L nufgL
ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t\ k"FhL ahf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ub{} nlug]5 .

62
%= /0fgLlt
1. k"FhLahf/ ;DaGwdf nfugLstf{x¿sf] ;r]tgfdf clej[l4 u/L lwtf]kqsf
cf}hf/x¿df nufgLsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
2. k"FhLahf/df ;+:yfut nufgLstf{ Pj+ u}/ ljQLo If]qsf] k|j]zdf clej[l4 u/fO{
k"FhL kl/rfngdf clej[l4 ug]{ .
3. k|efjsf/L lgodg tyf ahf/ Joj;foLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L k"FhLahf/sf]
ljZj;gLotfdf clej[l4 ug]{ .
4. lwtf]kqsf] bf];|f] ahf/ ;]jfnfO{ b]zJofkL agfpg] .

^= sfo{gLlt
1. lwtf]kqdf ul/g] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ b]zsf ljleGg efudf r]tgf
clej[l4;DaGwL k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/sf] sf/f]af/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf :jrflnt x'g] agfpg
tyf cgnfO{g 6«]l8ªsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg lghLIf]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf nflu lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg cfjZos
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. k"FhLahf/;DaGwL nufgL lzIff k|bfg ug{ tflnd k|lti7fg :yfkgfy{ cfjZos
sfo{afxL cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
5. ;fd"lxs nufgL of]hgfdf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;+:yfut nufgLstf{x¿sf] k|j]z
a9fpg sf]ifcGtu{t of]hgf ;~rfngnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L o; ;DaGwL r]tgf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
6. j:t' ahf/sf] lgodgsf nflu cfjZos sfg'g th'{df u/L k"jf{wf/ tof/
ul/g]5 . -#_
7. qm]l86 /]l6ª ;]jfnfO{ a9L ljZj;gLo agfpg To; ;+:yfsf] lgodg k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -#_
8. lwtf]kqsf] cef}ltsLs/0f, /fkm;fkm tyf x:tfGt/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
s]Gb|Lo lgIf]k sDkgLsf] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -#_
9. lwtf]kq Joj;foLx¿sf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ u/L ltgsf] lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -$_
10. k"FhLahf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f u/L ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofOg]5 . -$_

63
&= ck]lIft pknlAw
lwtf]kq ahf/n] k"0f{ :jrflnt ;]jf k|bfg u/L b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 cgnfOg
sf/f]af/ eO{ ahf/sf] lj:tf/ ePsf]x'g], qm]l86 /]l6ª ;]jfk"0f{?df lqmofzLn /xL
lwtf]kq ahf/sf] ljZj;gLotfdf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g], ;fd"lxs nufgL of]hgfsf]
lj:tf/ eO{ lwtf]kq ahf/df k"FhL kl/rfng a9\g]5 / nufgLstf{x¿n] bIf nufgL
;]jf k|fKt ug]{, ;"rLs[t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g tyf ;"rgf k|jfxsf]
:t/df;'wf/ ePsf] x'g] / lwtf]kq cef}lts¿kdf x:tfGt/0f eO{ sf/f]af/ k|lqmof
;/n / ljZj;gLo ePsf] x'g]5 .

#=* ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg

!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx tyf ahf/ lgodgsf nflu ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
k|s[ltsf ;+:yfgx¿df afx]s lghL If]qsf] Jofj;flos bIftf ePsf] If]qdf /x]sf
;/sf/L nufgL qmdzM Go"gLs/0f ub}{ nUg' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ;~rfng
u'g{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf Jofj;flostf clej[lå ub{}
;dGjofTds 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy tL ;+:yfgx¿sf] gLlt lgwf{/0f,
k'g;+/rgf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg ug{] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{
u7g ePsf] 5 . af]8{n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df casf lbgx¿df
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ Jofj;flos of]hgf ;lxt pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd / s'zn
Joj:yfkg k4ltcg'¿k ;~rfng x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
tt\sflng cj:yfdf cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy}
/f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ ;d]t Woon] :yflkt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] sltkon]
kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfkm\gf] k"0f{ cf}lrTo b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5, oBlk k"0f{ ¿kdf
o:tf ;+:yfgx¿sf] cf}lrTo cGTo eO;s]sf] cj:yf eg] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{
:jfldTjdf #& j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf ;+:yfgx¿ dWo] !(
;+:yfgx¿ gfkmfdf /x]sf ePtf klg af+sL !& ;+:yfgx¿ nuftf/ 3f6fdf / Ps
;+:yfg nfdf] ;dob]lv sf/f]af/ljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . To:tf ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿sf] ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/sf ;fy} k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] gLltut Pj+ sfo{ut
k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\, tyflk pknlAw ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;fy},
:yfkgfsfndf tTsfnLg d'n'ssf] kl/l:yt cg';f/ cfwf/e't j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbg / cfk"lt{ Pj+ /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf nflu cf}lrTo b]lvPtf klg abln+bf] v'nf
cy{tGq Pj+ lghL If]qsf] ljsf;;+u} :yflkt sltko ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿n] cfkm\gf]
lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu cf}lrTo b]vfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf]
Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf s]xL ;+:yfgx¿df k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df k|d'v

64
sfo{sf/L lgo'Qm x'g] k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft ul/Pkl5 To:tf ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;du|
sfo{;Dkfbg Pj+ ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
ljleGg dGqfnox¿ cGtu{t 5l/P/ /x]sf ;+:yfgx¿sf] aLrdf Ps} dfkb08 cem}
nfu" gx'g', hgzlQm Joj:yfkg kIf sdhf]/ /xg', bL3{sfnLg Jofj;flos of]hgf
tyf To;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] cefj x'g', ljQLo sfo{s'zntf sdhf]/ /xgfn]
gfkmfsf] t'ngfdf bfloTj a9\b} hfg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .
;+:yfgx¿sf] p2]Zo cg'¿k ;~rfng k|lqmofdf tfnd]n ldnfO{ ;+:yfgx¿sf]
sfo{ut bIftfdf clej[l4 ug'{, bL3{sfnLg Jofj;flos sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L ;f]sf]
;kmn sfof{Gjog ug'{, ;+:yfgx¿af6 ;/sf/dfly k/]sf] ljQLo tyf Joj:yfksLo
ef/ Go"gLs/0f ug'{ tyf ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df Jofj;flos
lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf qmdzM sd ub{} lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpgsf
nflu :ki6 /fli6«o gLlt / To;sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf sfo{x¿ cem} r'gf}tLk"0f{ g}
5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;/sf/L :jfldTj / ;+nUgtfdf ;~rfng gul/gx'g] ;+:yfgx¿df ;Lldt /x]/ To:tf
;+:yfgx¿nfO{ k"0f{ Jofj;flos cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cfd hgtfn] pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf
;]jf / j:t' k|lt:klw{ d"Nodf ;xh ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg ;Ifd agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. /fHon] ;~rfng gu/L gx'g] If]qdf dfq} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng ug]{
gLlt lnO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ j9L Jojl:yt / ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; u/L
;]jf k|jfxsf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ .
2. lghL tyf cGo If]q ;Ifd / tTk/ gePsf] tyf /fHo cfkm}n] bfloTj jxg ug{
clgjfo{ ePsf If]qdf dfq ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /fHon] ;~rfng gu/L gx'g] If]qdf ;~rflnt dxTTjk"0f{{ ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx¿df dfq ;/sf/L nufgL s]lGb|t ug]{ / To:tf ;+:yfgx¿df s'zn
Joj:yfkg ;lxt Joj;flostf clej[lå ul/g]5 .
2. ;j} ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_
cfb]z, @)^* df Joj:yf eP adflhd ;~rfng ul/g] / ;+:yfgjf6
sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf NofOg]5 .

65
3. ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/df Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL jgfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgdf ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/g]]5 .
4. lghL If]q ;Ifd eO;s]sf] If]qdf ;~rflnt tyf ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug{
cfjZos g7fg]sf Joj;flos tyf Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf]
lghLs/0f jf qmdzM nufgL ljlgj]z ul/g]5 .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ljsf; ;ldlt, cfof]u tyf k|lti7fgx¿df sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg gLltut Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. bfloTj jxg ug]{ ;|f]tsf] k|fjwfg g/fvL ;[hgf ul/Psf bfloTjx¿ ;/sf/L
sf]ifjf6 a]xf]l/g] 5}g . -!_
3. ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] bIftf tyf Jofj;flostf clej[lå ug]{ sfo{df ;3fp
k'¥ofpg ;+:yfgdf sfo{sf/L k|d'v tyf ;~rfnsx¿ lgo'lQm ubf{ ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{n] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t\ of]Uo tyf Jofj;flos bIftf
ePsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . -@_
4. sfo{ ;Dkfbg s/f/sf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{, sfo{sf/L k|d'v
lgo'lQm l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df dfq} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf dxfk|aGws tyf
sfo{sf/L k|d'v lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ;+:yfgx¿df sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf Ps¿ktf NofO{ ;+:yfgsf]
cfly{s bfloTjdf Joj:yfkgnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] tyf tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq}
n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/fO{ ;+:yfgx¿df ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ul/g]5 .
-#_
6. gfkmf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg;Fu cfaå u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng /
;'b[9Ls/0f x'g] u/L dfq af]g; tyf cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 . -$_
7. nufgL ljlgj]z eO;s]sf ;+:yfgx¿sf] xfnsf] cj:yf tyf k|efjsf] cWoog
u/L ;+:yfgx¿sf] nufgLsf] ljlgj]z sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljlgj]zsf]
sfo{ljlw agfO{ /fHon] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos g7fg]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf]
ljlgj]z ub}{ nlug]5 . -$_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
;+:yfgx¿df pRr Joj:yfkssf] lgo'lQmdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] cGTo e} of]Uotf,
bIftf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{jf6 lgo'lQm x'g], ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf]
pTkfbsTj a9]sf] x'g], ;+:yfgx¿sf] ljQLo bfloTj sd ePsf] x'g], ;+:yfgx¿tk{m
;/sf/L bfloTjdf Go"gLs/0f cfpg], ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;+nUgtf cfjZos gePsf]

66
If]qdf ;~rflnt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] klxrfg e} To:tf ;+:yfgsf] ljlgj]z k|lqmof
cl3 a9]sf] x'g] / ;+:yfg ;~rfngdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9]sf] x'g]5 .

#=( d"No gLlt

!= k[i7e"ld
d"No l:yltnfO{ dfu Pj+ nfut tyf cfk"lt{hGo kIfn] k|efj kfg]{ ub{5 . pTkfbgsf
;fwgx¿sf] d"Nodf cfpg] kl/jt{g, sRrf kbfy{sf] pknAwtfsf] cj:yf, ;/sf/n]
cjnDag ug]{ cfly{s gLlt, afXo d'n'sdf x'g] d"Noj[l4, k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/sf]
cj:yf, ljleGg k|fs[lts ljklQsf] cj:yf cflbn] d"Nodf k|efj kfl/x]sf] x'G5 .
;fy}, df}lb|s of]ufÍx¿df x'g] kl/jt{gsf] c;/ ;dli6ut dfudf kg]{ ePsf]n] o:tf]
k|efj d"Nodf ;d]t kb{5 . g]kfnsf] d"No l:yltdf dfu kIfsf] eGbf cfk"lt{ kIf /
;+/rgfTds kIf, vf;u/L k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cGt/f{li6«o d"Nodf cfpg] ptf/–r9fj
/ ef/tsf] d"No l:yltn] c;/ kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . df}lb|s gLltn] k|d'v p2]Zo d"No
l:y/tf sfod ug]{ eP klg cfk"lt{ kIfaf6 d"No l:y/tfdf a9L rfk kg]{ u/]sf]
xfnsf jif{x¿df df}lb|s pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 d"No l:y/tf sfod /fVg] sfd
hl6n aGb} uO{/x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
d'b|f lj:tf/nfO{ pko'Qm ;Ldfdf /fVg] k|of;x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ . d"No j[l4 36fO{
hgtfsf] qmo zlQm 36\g glbg] k|of; ubf{ ub}{ klg Uof; / cGo k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf]
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df x'g] d"No j[l4sf] ;f]emf] c;/ g]kfndf kg{sf cltl/Qm :jb]zdf
ljB't cfk"lt{sf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] dxFuf] d"Nodf cfofltt k]6«f]lnod kbfy{nfO{
pTkfbgsf] k|ToIf ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ afWotfn] ubf{ :jb]zL j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] pTkfbg nfut :jtM j[l4 x'g] ;Fu;Fu} ahf/ d"No a9\g uPsf] cj:yf 5 .
9'jfgL tyf laqmLljt/0fdf x'g] ldn]dtf], 6«]8o"lgogsf] bjfjsf ;fy} ;/sf/n] klg
tby{¿kdf ug]{ kfl/>lds tyf Hofnf j[l4 / cfofltt u}x|vfB j:t'x¿sf] a9\bf]
pkof]un] To:tf j:t'sf] d"No j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 . :jb]zL s[lif pTkfbg cem} klg
dg;'gdf e/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf df};d k|lts'n ;dodf pTkfbg Go"g x'g uO{ :jtM
To:tf j:t'sf] d"Nodf rfk kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df ePsf] lg/Gt/
Pj+ pRr b/sf] :jb]zL d"b|fsf] cjd"Nogsf sf/0f cfofltt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No
j[l4 x'g uO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] qmozlQmdf c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ultzLn t'Nofpg] Pj+ cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] qmozlQmdf x|f; cfpg
glbg] u/L d'b|f :kmLlt b/nfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg' o; If]qsf] d'Vo r'gf}tLsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L s[lifIf]qnfO{ df};dL k|lts"ntfaf6 d'Qm ug{ / cfw'lgs
s[lif k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 o;sf] pTkfbg j[l4 Pj+ ;xh cfk"lt{sf] k|aGw ug'{, /

67
9'jfgL tyf laqmLljt/0fdf b]lvPsf] ldn]dtf]nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ljQ
gLlt / df}lb|s gLlt aLrdf pko'Qm ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ;xof]u
k'Ug] u/L d'b|f ahf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
d"No j[l4nfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldfleq /fVg] .
%= p2]Zo
pRr d"No j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L cfd hgtfsf] qmozlQmdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / g]kfnn]
lgof{t ug{] j:t' Pj+ ;]jfx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. pko'Qm df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog u/L dfu–;[lht
d'b|f:kmLltnfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldfdf /fVg] .
2. a}+s shf{sf] pTkfbgzLn If]qdf pkof]u, k"FhLsf] pknAwtf, k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/
;+oGqsf] ljsf; Pj+ ahf/ cg'udg / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 d"No
l:y/tf sfod ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. df}lb|s lj:tf/nfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldf leq /flvg]5 . -!_
2. ahf/ d"No / t/ntfsf] l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbO{ df}lb|s gLltdf ;do–;dodf
cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljQ gLlt tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo b/;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ubf{ d"Nodf kg]{ c;/nfO{
Wofg lbO{g]5 . -!_
4. d"No ;"rsfÍ (price index) nfO{ kl/dflh{t u/L d"No l:yltsf] lgoldt
cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ahf/sf] cg'udg / lgodgåf/f cjfl~5t
lqmofsnfknfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ / df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltdf ;Gt'ng / ;dGjo
sfod u/L d"No j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -@_
6. d"No j[l4nfO{ jfl~5t ;Ldfdf /fVg ljz]if u/L s[lif If]qdf larf}lnofsf]
k|efjnfO{ x6fO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;xsf/L ahf/ / k|ToIf ahf/sf DffWodaf6
pTkfbs / pkef]QmfaLr ;f]emf] ;DaGw :yflkt ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ahf/df yf]s k;n / v'b|f k;n :ki6 ¿kdf 5'l§g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .
-@_

68
8. ahf/ sf6]{lnª, xf]l8{ª / oftfoft l;lG8s]6nfO{ lgodg u/L lg?T;flxt
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ahf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 u/L Jofks k|rf/–k|;f/df Wofg lbO{g]5 . s[lif
pkh tyf cGo j:t'sf d"Nosf af/]df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ljleGg
7fpFx¿df ahf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
10. pkef]Qmf hfu/0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
11. k]6«fl] nod kbfy{sf] d"NonfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ d"No cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .
-@_
12. cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] e08f/0f Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} cfk"lt{ Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -@_
13. ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -@_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
jflif{s cf};t d"No j[l4 b/ & k|ltztdf ;Lldt /xg]] .

#=!) ljb]zL ljlgdo tyf zf]wgfGt/

!= k[i7e"ld
j:t' lgof{tsf] j[l4 b/ sd / o;sf] cfwf/ ;fF3'/f] /x]sf] t/ cfoftsf] cfwf/ a[xt\
x'g'sf ;fy} j[l4 b/ pRr /x]sf] sf/0f d'n'sdf Jofkf/ 3f6f qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
gofF lgof{t of]Uo j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg, ljsf; / k|j4{g x'g g;Sbf g]kfnn]
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/af6 xfn;Dd vf;} kmfObf lng ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . Psftk{m g]kfnn]
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf lgof{t ub}{ cfPsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 eg]
csf]t{ k{m k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ;'g / ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x¿sf] cfoftdf cTolws j[l4 x'Fb}
uPsf] 5 . cfoftsf] j[l4b/;Fu} ef/t;Fu a9\b} uPsf] Jofkf/ 3f6fsf sf/0f d'n'sn]
ef/tLo d'b|fsf] dfu Joj:yfkg ug{ cd]l/sL 8n/ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df laqmL u/L
ef/tLo d'b|fsf] vl/b ug]{ qmd klg qmdzM a9\bf] 5 . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf]
dfWodaf6 lgof{t lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt lnOP tfklg d'VotM cfGtl/s cfk"lt{hGo
cj/f]wx¿sf sf/0f ck]lIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfGtl/s pTkfbg Go"g /xg uO{ :jb]zL cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf]
cfGtl/s cfk"lt{ sd eO{/x]sf] kl/l:yltdf ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwL{¿kn] lgof{t ug{
;Sg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] sdL /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ;Dk"0f{ lgof{taf6 k|fKt x'g]
cfDbfgLn] ;d]t k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoft ;d]t wfGg g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . Psftk{m
k"FhL lgdf{0f u/L cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg cfjZos d]lzg/L tyf

69
pks/0fx¿sf] cfoft ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{tk{m a9\bf] ljnfl;tfsf
;fdfgx¿sf] pkof]u k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . pRr d"No clej[l4
x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg a9fpg g;Sg' Pj+ pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
clwstd d"No k|fKt ug]{ u/L cGt/fli6«o ahf/df kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g;Fusf] cfa4tf / cGo If]qLo tyf låkIfLo Jofkf/
;Demf}tfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] cj;/x¿sf] k"0f{ ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lg/Gt/sf]
Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ wfGg rfn" vftfsf] cfDbfgLsf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{ / ef/t;Fusf]
Jofkfl/s lge{/tfsf] sf/0fn] k6s k6s cd]l/sL 8n/ laqmL u/L ef/tLo ¿k}of
vl/b ug'{kg]{ afWotf 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
d"ntM ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf e/ kl//x]sf] b]zsf] zf]wgfGt/ l:yltnfO{ lbuf] agfpg]
sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uPsf]
5.
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
zf]wgfGt/ l:yltnfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
b]zut tyf j:t'ut lgof{t ljljwLs/0f tyf k|j4{g u/L afx\o vr{x¿nfO{ bIftf /
k|ltkmnd'vL agfpFb} ljk|]if0f tyf cGo cfo j[l4 u/L zf]wgfGt/ l:yltnfO{ lbuf]
agfpg] / ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rltnfO{ Go"gtd * dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft
wfGg ;Sg] :t/df /fVg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. a9L t'ngfTds nfe ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg clej[l4 ub}{ j:t'ut /
b]zut ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t\ lgof{t clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. cfGtl/s pTkfbg clej[l4 dfkm{t\ cfoft k|lt:yfkg u/L a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f
sd ub}{ hfg] .
3. ef/tnufot cGo d'n'saf6 cfpg] ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L
cf}krfl/s k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 leq\ofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
4. ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
5. ljb]zL d'b|fdf x'g] ;]jf vr{nfO{ ldtJooL t'Nofpg] .

70
6. ko{6g nufot cGo ;]jfIf]qsf] lgof{t k|j4{g / pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 u/L
ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{gdf yk of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
!= /fli6«o /0fgLltx¿df klxrfg ul/Psf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbg a9fpg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -!_
@= cfGtl/s ¿kdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] a9L t'nfgfTds nfe ePsf j:t' tyf
;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg clej[l4dfkm{t\ cfoft k|lt:yfkg ul/g]5 . -!_
#= ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g, blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ Joj:yf / ax'If]qLo
k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xfotf ;DaGwL a+ufnsf] vf8Lsf] kxn nufotsf
;+:yfx¿ Pj+ ef/t / rLg nufotsf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿n] j}b]lzs nufgL
cfslif{t ug{ u/]sf k|of;x¿sf] ;d]t l;+xfjnf]sg u/L ljBdfg ljb]zL nufgL
tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g / ljb]zL nufgL tyf Psåf/ gLltdf ;+zf]wg
ul/g]5 . -!_
$= bL3{sfndf klg k|lt:kwL{ x'g;Sg] / cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{] pBf]ux¿nfO{
k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
%= ef/tLo d'b|fsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{{ Wofgdf /fvL ef/taf6 x'g] cfoftnfO{ a}+lsª
dfWodaf6 ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf ef/tLo ahf/df cTolws dfu ePsf
j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] lgsf;L k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -@_
^= l5d]sL d'n's tyf cGo b]zx¿af6 /sd ljk|]if0f ubf{ ;+:yfut dfWodsf]
k|of]u ug{ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -#_
&= ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ k|sf/sf]] gLlt, lgod
tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ul/g]5 . -$_
*= u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g]kfndf yk nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -$_
(= lzIff, ko{6g, aLdf h:tf If]qdf x'g] ljb]zL d'b|fsf] vr{df ldtJooLtf sfod
ul/g]5 . -%_
!)= d'n'sleq} u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw x'g] jftfj/0f agfpFb}
lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] nflu /sd aflxl/g] qmdnfO{ 36fpFb} nlug]5 . -%_
!!= ef/t;Fusf] ljlgdo b/nfO{ k'g/jnf]sg k'g/jnf]sg ul/g]5 . -%_
!@= ko{6g pBf]unfO{ a9L ;Ifd agfO{ o;nfO{ ljb]zL ljlgod cfh{gsf] e/kbf]{
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_

71
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt slDtdf klg cf7 dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft wfGg
;Sg] :t/df sfod /x]sf] x'g] / zf]wgfGt/ art wgfTds ePsf] x'g]5 .

#=!! lghL If]q

!= k[i7e"ld
:yfgLo pTkfbg a9fO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;f] cg'¿k
;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ g;Sbf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\b} u}/x]sf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf]
Jofj;flostfnfO{ hf]8 lbO{ /fhgLlt If]qsf] ;+/If0f vf]Hg] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ug'{ o;
If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu 7'nf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gb{edf ef/t / rLgn] u/]sf]
cfly{s j[l4 / pknAw ahf/sf] ;+efJotfnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnO{ lghL If]qsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/df b]lvPsf Jojwfgx¿ x6fpFb} cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
d'n'sn] v'nf cy{tGqsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]b]lv g} lghL If]qnfO{ pTkfbg, ljt/0f /
/f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] If]qdf ;fem]bf/ agfpg] k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{Psf] 5 . To;}
u/L g]kfn Joj;fo d~rsf] :yfkgf;Fu} ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaLr ug{ ;lsg]
;xsfo{sf ;DaGwdf lgodlt ¿kdf ;Djfbsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{Psf] 5 . 7"nf 7"nf
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f nufotsf If]qdf ;/sf/L lghL ;xsfo{nfO{ Jojxf/d} ¿kfGt/0f
ug{sf nflu cfjZos gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ tk{m sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . lghL
If]qnfO{ Joj;flos jftfj/0f pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ljB'tLo O{hfhtkq / sDkgL
btf{ b]lv vf/]hL k|lqmof ;/n ul/Psf] 5 . Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 nufgLstf{nfO{ ;]jf
k|jfx ug]{ Pj+ d'n'sdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L lghL If]qnfO{ :j:km't{ ¿kdf
cufl8 a9\g d2t k'¥ofpg] ;d]t p2]Zon] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf nufgL af]8{sf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;/sf/åf/f gofF ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L;DaGwL gLltut
Joj:yfaf/] kxn e}/x]sf] 5 . lghL If]qaf6 lgdf{0f Pj+ ;~rfng x'g] pBf]unfO{
cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;/sf/L nufgLdf u/fpg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;xsdL{sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg
/fhgLlts ;+qmd0fn] ubf{ lghL If]q ;/sf/;Fu k"0f{ cfZj:t x'g ;s]sf] cg'e"lt
ePsf] 5}g . cGo ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf u}/ s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg lghL If]q
klg kl/kSj eO;s]sf] 5}g . lghL pBdLx¿sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof v'b|f Jofkf/, xf]6n tyf
/]i6'/]06df cfa4 5g\ eg] Hofb} ;fgf] c+zdfq pTkfbgd"ns pBf]udf ;+nUg 5 .
;ohgfeGbf a9LnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] pBdL Hofb} sd / kfFrhgfsf] xf/fxf/Ldf
/f]huf/L lbg] pBdL tyf Joj;foLsf] ;+Vof cTolws b]lvG5 . ax';+Vos lghL
Joj;foL dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q cem vf;u/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;lqmo

72
kfOG5 . o;/L Joj;foLx¿sf] pkl:ylt ef}uf]lns kIfaf6 klg ;Gt'lnt 5}g .
lghL If]q tTsfn nfe x'g] If]qdf a9L cfslif{t eO{ bL3{sfnLg nfe k|fKt x'g]
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f Pj+ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;df sd s]lGb|t ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
Psftk{m lghL If]qdf kof{Kt k"FhLsf] sdL 5 eg] csf]{tk{m lghL If]q k"0f{ ¿kdf
;+:yfut Joj;flos ;+:sf/df cfO{g;s]sf] / hjfkmb]xL lgjf{x ug]{ ;+:sf/ ljsl;t
e}g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lghL nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ qmddf pmhf{ ;+s6 csf]{ afwssf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;foLs P]gnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws
ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . 6«]8 o'lgognfO{ Jojl:yt u/L pQ/bfoL agfpg] u/L >d
;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ug{ klg afFsL 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
lghL If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;+jfxssf ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; / /f]]huf/L
;[hgfsf] nflu lghL If]qsf] nufgL a9fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. nlrnf] >d ;DaGw sfod ug]{ .
3. cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{] .
4. /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt ef}lts k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lghL If]qsf]
;xeflutf a9fpFb} n}hfg] .
5. ;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ljQ tyf df}lb|s gLltx¿
th'{df ul/g]5 . -!_
2. cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] pQ/bfloTj / e"ldsf :ki6 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug{ :yfgLo txdf /x]sf ;xsf/L / kmfOgfG;sf]
k|efjsf/L¿kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. >d ;'/IffnfO{ Wofg lbO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;lxtsf] nlrnf] >d gLlt ckgfOg]5 .
-@_

73
5. cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iffan u7g u/L cf}Bf]lus If]qdf of]ubfgsf cfwf/df ;'/Iff
k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
6. cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -$_
7. lghL If]qsf] lgodgsf/L ;+:yfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
8. pBf]usf] ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] If]qsf] klxrfg u/L afx|} dlxgf pknAw x'g]u/L
ljB't cfk"lt{ nufotsf cGo ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -$_
9. nufgL pTk|]l/t ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
10. nufgL af]8{sf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -$_
*= ck]lIft pknlAw
lghL If]qsf] nufgL, Ifdtf / pQ/bfloTjdf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g] / pQm If]qsf] e"ldsf
cy{tGqdf a9]sf] x'g]5 .

#=!@ ;xsf/L If]q

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #% -@_ n] æ;/sf/, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf]
dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{]Æ eGg] gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf]
cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ljleGg pTkfbg If]qx¿dWo] ;xsf/L If]q klg kb{5 .
;xsf/L If]qnfO{ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;+nUg
u/fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;d'bfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf] >d, ;Lk, k|ljlw / k"FhLnfO{ Pslqt u/L
pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / /f]huf/L j[l4af6 /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg tyf
;b:ox¿sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f u/L ;Dj[4 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;xsf/L
If]qsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ul/g]5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf ;xsf/L If]q ;DaGwL of]hgf
th'{df ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;xsf/L If]qsf] lj:tf/sf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿n] ubf{ cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf]
cGTo;Dddf sl/j @^,%)) k|f/lDes txsf ;xsf/L ;+:yf, ^^ lhNnf ;xsf/L ;ª\3,
!%& ljifout lhNnf ;xsf/L ;ª\3, !& j6f ljifout s]Gb|Lo ;ª\3, Pp6f /fli6«o
;xsf/L a}+s / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txdf Ps /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;ª\3 u/L hDdf @$@ j6f
lhNnf, s]Gb|Lo tyf /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/Ldf $) nfv eGbf a9L
JolQm ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ;xeflutf $@ k|ltzt /x]sf], ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf
dlxnfsf] kx'Fr @@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] / dlxnfdfq ;b:o /xL ;~rflnt ;xsf/L @,^))
k'u]sf] l:ylt 5 . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfg # k|ltzt k'u]sf]
cg'dfg 5 eg] %) xhf/eGbf a9LnfO{ k|ToIf / & nfv eGbf a9L nfO{ ck|ToIf

74
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ h'6]sf] 5 . zx/L If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf] afx'No /x] klg ;a} lhNnfdf
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ;xsf/L ljefuaf6 dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;xsf/L
;ª\3;+:yfsf] cg'udg / lgodg ug]{ k|0ffnL z'¿jft ePsf] 5 . ;xsf/L If]qsf]
ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{gsf nflu ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;xsf/L P]g lgoddf ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g x'g g;Sg', cfly{s cfofdsf w]/} If]qdf
;xsf/L k4ltsf] Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLltsf]] cefj x'g', cfdgful/sdf
;xsf/Lsf] pkof]u / pkfb]otfsf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L gx'g' / pTkfbgzLn If]qdf
;xsf/Lsf] of]ubfg a9fpg g;lsg' h:tf ;d:of 5g\ . ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;'zf;gsf]
cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5|}g . cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿sf] lxtdf sfd ug'{kg]{ sltko ;xsf/L
;+:yfn] ;b:ox¿sf] eGbf ;Lldt tyf ;De|fGt ;d"xsf] lxtdf sfd ug]{ k|j[lQn] ;du|
;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf; / ljZjf;df cf3ft k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pTkfbgzLn If]qdf
sfo{ u/L ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] eGbf ;]jf Jofkf/df s]lGb|t x'g uPsfn] o;
If]qaf6 ck]lIft /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;d]t ;[hgf ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf 5 .
;xsf/L ljefusf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g g;s]sf] / ;a} lhNnfdf ;xsf/L sfof{no
gePsf]n] ;xsf/L;DaGwL ;]jf pknAwtfdf sl7gfO{ k/]sf] 5 . art tyf C0fsf]
sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;ª\3;+:yfsf nflu ;do;fk]If sfg'gL Joj:yf Pj+ cg'udgsf]
k|efjsf/L ;+/rgfsf] sdL ePaf6 ;xsf/L dfkm{t\ x'g] ljQLo sf/f]af/nfO{ Jojl:yt /
e/kbf]{ agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo ;|f]t, >d, ;Lk / k"FhLsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. ;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L d'n'ssf] lbuf] /
;dtfd"ns cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
2. ;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGt / d"Nox¿sf] k|j4{g ub}{ ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgsf ljlw /
k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ;xsf/L ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;xsf/L;DaGwL hgr]tgf lj:tf/df
6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
2. pTkfbg tyf ;]jfdf cfwfl/t cGo Joj;fodf klg ;xsf/L k4ltnfO{ lqmofzLn
t'Nofpg] .

75
3. dlxnf, ul/a, ;LdfGts[t, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, e"ldxLg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{ /
>ldssf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xsf/L k4ltsf] Joj;fodf kx'Fr a9fpg] .
4. cg'udg tyf lgodgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;xsf/L If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ .
5. ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{gsf] nflu :yfgLo lgsfo / ljsf;
;fem]bf/sf] ;xof]u ;d]t kl/rfng ug]{ .
6. ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf, bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts
of]hgfsf] th'{df Pj+ pko'Qm ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;xsf/L;DaGwL cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;xsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] bIftf clej[l4sf nflu tflndnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/+b}
nlug]5 . -!_
3. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L ;xsf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
-!_
4. ;xsf/L dfWodaf6 ;a} lsl;d / :t/sf pBf]u Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]
u/L If]qut gLlt, sfg'g / ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -@_
5. s[lif pTkfbg, e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, ahf/Ls/0f tyf s[lif ;fdu|L cfk"lt{sf] nflu
s[ifssf] ;xeflutfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;xsf/L pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 ljkGg dlxnf, ;LdfGts[t ul/a, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm,
e"ldxLg tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo / >ldsnfO{ :j/f]huf/d"ns pBf]u tyf
Joj:ffo :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k"FhL / ;Lkd"ns tflnd pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -#_
7. u|fdL0f txdf pTkfbg tyf pkef]Qmf ;xsf/LnfO{ ljleGg dxz"ndf 5'6 ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
8. ;xsf/L pBf]u Joj:ffosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu k"FhL dflysf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg
;xsf/L ljsf; sf]ifdfkm{t\ ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f tyf cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
9. ;b:osf] of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t lgIf]k ;'/If0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/L lgIf]k ;'/Iffsf]
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / cg'zfl;t
agfpg ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo ;ª\3x¿df l:y/Ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_

76
10. ljifo / ef}uf]lns lgs6tfsf cfwf/df æPs ;b:o Ps ;xsf/LÆ sf]
gLltdfkm{t\ c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ Go"g ul/g]5 . nfut nfe / ;'b[9 Joj:yfkgsf nflu
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] PsLs/0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -$_
11. ;xsf/Ltfsf] k|j4{gsf sfo{df :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L tyf :yfgLo lgsfo /
;xsf/L ;ª\3;+:yf aLrdf ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] jftfj/0f agfpg k|efjsf/L
;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -%_
12. ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{gsf nflu bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts of]hgf
th'{df ul/g]5 . -^_
13. s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg ljleGg :yfgdf
;xsf/L ahf/ s]Gb|sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_
14. ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 s[ifsnfO{ ;x'lnot shf{sf] nflu s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}+s dfkm{t\ Go"g k"FhL kl/rfngdf ;xof]u
pknAw u/fOg]5 . -^_
15. art tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/L a}+s / ;ª\3;+:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf
;~rfng ug{ P]g lgodsf] th'{df ul/g]5 . -^_
16. ;xsf/L d}qL s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_

*= d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿
 P]g lgoddf ;'wf/M ;xsf/L P]g lgodx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/, /fli6«o ;xsf/L
j}+s P]gsf] th'{df tyf /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; jf]8{ P]gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g
ul/g]5 .
 ;+:yfut ;'wf/M ;xsf/L sfof{no gePsf lhNnfx¿df qmdzM ;xsf/L
sfof{nosf] :yfkgf, ;xsf/L ljefu / cGt{utsf sfof{nox¿sf] ;+u7g /
Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f, ;femf oftfoft, ;femf k|sfzg, ;femf k;n, ;femf
e08f/nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xsf/Ls/0f, ;xsf/L art ;'/If0f sf]if / ;xsf/L C0f
;'/If0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
 ;xsf/L ;'zf;gM ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ ljz]iftM ljQLo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;xsf/L
;+:yfx¿sf] ;3g cg'udg u/L ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod, ;xsf/L If]qaf6 ul/g]
nufgLsf] oyfy{tf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ ;xsf/L shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf,
;xsf/L n]vf+sg tyf n]vfkl/If0f dfkb08 tof/Lsf ;fy} ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfdf
lgodg, ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf sfod ul/g]5 .
 k"FhLut cg'bfgM nlIft ju{ / ;d"xsf aLr u7g x'g] ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf]
lbuf] ljsf; / Jofj;flos lj:tf/sf nflu aLp k"FhL k|bfg, ;xsf/L dfkm{t\
s[lif Pj+ kz'hGo / ;fgf pBf]usf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf;sf] nflu kF"hLut

77
 cg'bfg, u|fdL0f tyf ljkGg ;d'bfodf ;xsf/L Aoj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ k"FhL jfl0fHo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿jf6 shf{ nufgL ug]{
;+oGqsf] ljsf; / kz' tyf afnL aLdf ;]jf ;~rfng h:tf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 Ifdtf clej[l4M /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3 / s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L ;+3x¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4sf] nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng, ;xsf/L tflnd ;~rfng
k4ltdf ;'wf/, ;xsf/L ;"rgfsf] pkof]udf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf] nflu
s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L ;"rgf OsfO{sf] lgdf{0f, ;xsf/L k4ltsf ljsf; / lj:tf/sf
nflu ljleGg txsf] z}lIfs kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z / ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/
;fdu|L cflb k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
 ljljwM ul/j 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfgsf] nflu kl/ro kq ljt/0f, ;/sf/–;xsf/L
/ lghL If]qsf] nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf ljleGg pBf]u ;~rfng, ;xsf/L dfkm{t\
ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L /f]huf/L ;[hgf tyf
u|fdL0f o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmdx¿;~rfng ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
;xsf/Lsf] pkfb]otfsf] jf/]df hgr]tgf j[l4 ePsf] x'g], ;xsf/L If]qdf tflnd
k|fKt hgzlQmsf ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] x'g], lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L / Joj:yfkgdf
;'wf/ cfO{ ;xsf/L If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ePsf] x'g], ;xsf/L If]qdf k|ToIf /f]huf/
/ :j/f]huf/Lsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] x'g] / dlxnf, blnt, ul/a Pj+ kl5 k/]sf]
;d'bfosf JolQmsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg of]ubfg k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ;fy}
@)^(÷&) df s]Gb| / lhNnf:t/sf ;xsf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof @$@ /x]sf]df ##) k'u]sf]
x'g], k|f/lDes ;xsf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof @^,%)) af6 #%,))) k'u]sf] x'g] / ;xsf/Ldf
cfa4 ;+Vof $) nfvaf6 a9]/ %) nfv k'u]sf] x'g]5 . o;}u/L o; If]qdf ;]o/ k"FhL
$% ca{, jrt ;+sng !&) ca{ / C0f nufgL !&) ca{ k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

78
 kl/R5]b M $
If]qut ljsf; gLltx¿
$=! s[lif, l;+rfO, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg
$=!=! s[lif
!= k[i7e"ld
b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] Ps ltxfO{ eGbf a9L s[lif If]qjf6 k|fKt x'g] / sl/a
b'O{ ltxfO{ hg;+Vof /f]huf/L tyf lhljsfsf nflu o; If]qdf lge{/ /xg] ePsf]n]
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf s[lif If]qsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf] :ki6 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# n] vfB ;+k|e'tfnfO{ df}lns xs leq /fvL /fHon] ls;fgnfO{
k|f]T;flxt u/L s[lif If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t clwsf+z hgtfsf]
cfly{s pGglt x'g] cj:yfx¿sf] ;[hgf u/L s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{5
eGg] gLltdf pNn]v eP jf6 o; If]qsf] dxTTj cem} phfu/ ePsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df vfBfGg tyf vfB kbfy{df ePsf] d"Noj[l4 tyf ckof{Kt cfk"lt{,
cfly{s ¿kn] ;s[o hgzlQm lbgfg'lbg ljb]lzg] qmd a9\b} hfFbf s[lif If]qdf j9\b}
uO{ /x]sf] >d zlStsf] cefj, pj{/ s[lif e"ldsf] u}/ s[lif k|of]hgdf j9\bf] pkof]u
tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds k|efj h:tf sf/0fx¿n] s[lif If]qdf cfzfltt
pknlAw xfl;n ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pTkfbgsf ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] kof{Kt
cfk"lt{ gx'g', u|fdL0f tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ckof{Kttf, ;fgf, vl08t /
cJojl:yt e"–pkof]usf] cj:yf, cfjZos 1fg, k|ljlw tyf >dzlSt ;j{;'ne
gx'g', pTkfbgsf] pko'Qm ahf/ tyf d"No kfpg g;Sg', pTkfbgdf ljljlws/0f,
k|lt:kwL{ / jhf/d'vL x'g g;Sg', hLjgfzs ljiffbL / e]6]l/g/L cf}iflwsf] ;'/lIft
k|of]uaf/] kof{Kt hfgsf/L gx'g', cg';Gwfg, lzIff / k|;f/ aLrsf] lqkIfLo
;DaGwnfO{ dha't t'NofO{ cg';Gwfgjf6 ljsf; ePsf k|ljlwx¿ kof{Kt dfqfdf
lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, pknAw s[lif lzIff, cg';Gwfg, pGgt aLp ljhg / k|ljlw,
;|f]t;fwg, s[lif pBdL o'jf tyf l;dfGt s[ifs ju{sf] rfxgf, t'ngfTds nfe /
/fli6«o cfjZostf tyf g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o :t/df u/]sf ;GwL, ;Demf}tf, k|ltj4tf,
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿, /fli6«o gLltx¿df u/]sf k|ltj4tfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb}
s[lif tyf kz' k+IfLhGo pTkfbg Pj+ Jofkf/df k|lt:kwf{, Joj;flos/0f, oflGqs/0f,
ljljlws/0fdf hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf kl5 k/]sf ju{x¿nfO{
;d]t k|fyldstf lbO{ ;/sf/L lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff c+lusf/ ub}{ s[lif
k];fnfO{ ;Ddfghgs agfO{ cfo tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgf, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, ;'wf/fTds
Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng, lbuf] / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;, vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff / cfly{s
¿kfGt/0fdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg o; of]hgfsf] k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t x'g]5g\ .

79
;fy,} s[lif If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu @) jif{sf] nIo /flv s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt
tof/ ug]{ sfo{ clGtd cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . ;f] /0fgLltsf] dd{cg';f/ s[lif
ljsf;sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cfufdL of]hgfx¿df ;dfj]z ub}{ nlug] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ljut tLg jifL{o of]hgfdf s[lif If]qdf jflif{s cf};t j[l4 b/sf] nIo #=( k|ltzt
x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df of]hgfsf] cGtdf cf};t j[l4 b/ #=^ k|ltzt xfl;n ePsf]
5 . of]hgfsf] klxnf] jif{ cf=a= @)^&÷)^* df s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s j[l4 b/ #=(
k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{ cf=a= @)^*÷)^( df jflif{s j[l4 b/ %=) k|ltzt / clGtd
jif{ cf=a= @)^(÷&) df jflif{s j[l4 b/ !=# k|ltzt dfq ePsf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgf -cf=j=@)^^÷^&–@)^(÷&)_ df vfBfGg afnLsf] jflif{s pTkfbg
(%^! xhf/ d]=6g k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ -cf=a= @)^(÷&)_
df *&#* xhf/ d]= 6g pTkfbg eO{ nIo cg'¿ksf] k|ult xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
bnxg afnLsf] jflif{s pTkfbg nIo @&& xhf/ d]=6g k'¥ofpg] /x]sf]df nIo eGbf
a9L k|ult eO{ of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ -cf=a= @)^(÷&)_ df #%& xhf/ d]=6g
pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L gub]afnL tk{m cfn'sf] jflif{s pTkfbg @&%% xhf/
d]=6g k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df cf=a=@)^(÷&) ;Dddf @^$% xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg
ePsf] 5 . To;}ul/, pv'afnL / t]nxg afnLsf] jflif{s pTkfbg nIo qmdzM #@#*
/ !() xhf/ d]=6g /x]sf]df cf=a= @)^(÷&) df qmdzM @(#) / !&( xhf/ d]=6g
pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . kmnk"mn pTkfbg tk{m &&% xhf/ d]=6g jflif{s pTkfbg ug]{
nIo /x]sf]df cf=a= @)^(÷&) df !)%) xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg ePsf] 5 .
d;nf afnL tk{m cn}+rL, n;'g, cb'jf, a];f/ / v';f{gL afnLsf] cfjlws of]hgfsf]
nIo a/fa/ g} cf=a= @)^(÷&) df qmdzM * xhf/, %& xhf/, @ nfv @* xhf/,
$( xhf/ / #! xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . t/sf/Lsf] jflif{s pTkfbg #^)!
xhf/ d]=6g k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df cf=a= @)^(÷&) df #$)( xhf/ d]=6g
pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . slkmafnLdf /f]u tyf sL/fsf] k|sf]k a9\g uPsf] / ltgsf]
plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sbf of]]hgf cjlwsf] jflif{s pTkfbg nIo !@)) d]=6g
/x]sf]df $^) d]=6g dfq pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . To;} ul/ lrofsf] jflif{s pTkfbg
nIo @% xhf/ d]=6g xfl;n x'g g;ls !( xhf/ d]=6g dfq pTkfbg ePsf] 5 .
dxsf] pTkfbgtk{m jflif{s !#)) d]=6g nIo /x]sf]df nIoeGbf a9L k|ult eO{
cf=j= @)^(÷&) df !^@% d]=6g pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . To;} ul/ /]zd sf]ofsf]
jflif{s pTkfbg nIo ^) d]=6g /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ $) d]=6g dfq
pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . df5f pTkfbg tk{m jflif{s %^ xhf/ d]=6g nIo /x]sf]df
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df %&=@% xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg eO{ nIo eGbf s]xL a9L k|ult
xfFl;n ePsf] 5 .
kz'hGo pTkfbg tk{m b'Uwsf] jflif{s pTkfbg nIo !&&$ xhf/ d]=6g /x]sf]df
of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{sf] jflif{s pTkfbg !^*! xhf/ d]=6g ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L

80
jflif{s @*& xhf/ d]=6g df;' pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^(÷&) df @(%
xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . c08f pTkfbg tk{m jflif{s (# s/f]8 uf]6f pTkfbg
nIo /x]sf]df cf=j= @)^(÷&) df *# s/f]8 *( nfv uf]6f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 .
;du|df, of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ -cf=j= @)^(÷&)_ df bnxg, kmnk"mn, df;' /
df5fsf] pTkfbg of]hgfsf] nIo eGbf a9L k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 eg] cn}+rL,
n;'g, cb'jf, a];f/ / v';f{gLsf] pTkfbg of]hgfsf] nIo cg'¿k ePsf] 5 . t/
clwsf+z s[lif / kz'hGo pTkfbg h:t}M vfBfGg afnL, cfn', pv', t]nxg, lrof,
t/sf/L, skmL, dx, /]zd sf]of, b'Uw / c08fsf] pTkfbg nIo cg'¿k x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . of]hgf cjlwsf] klxnf] b'O{ jif{ cg's"n df};d / cGo sf/0fx¿af6 ck]lIft
nIo xfl;n eP tfklg cf=j= @)^*÷^( df /;folgs dnsf] cefj, df};dsf]
k|lts"ntf / ;dod} k"0f{ ah]6 cfpg g;Sbf of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df s[lifhGo
j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgdf sdL cfO{ ck]lIft j[l4 b/df sld ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;DalGwt P]g lgodx¿ ;do;fk]If gx'g' / ePsf P]g lgodsf] sfof{Gjog sdhf]/
x'g', ;/sf/L nufgL Go"g /xg' / s[ifs tyf Joj;foLx¿n] ;j{;'ne ¿kdf C0f /
k|fljlws ;xof]u ;dofg's"n kfpg g;Sg' k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s[lif
tyf kz'hGo j:t' pTkfbg j[l4 tk{m ;fgf, vl08t / cJojl:yt e" pkof]u x'g',
bf]xf]/f] e"–:jfldTjsf] l:ylt /xg', s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbgsf cfwf/e't ;fdu|Lsf]
kof{Kt cfk"lt{ gx'g', pTkfbgsf] pko'Qm ahf/ tyf d"No kfpg g;Sg', s[lif tyf
kz' ;]jf k|;f/ ;DaGwL sfo{df s]Gb| / lhNnf:t/sf] ;dGjodf sdL x'g', cfjZos
k|ljlw, hgzlQm, ;fdu|L, k|;f/ ;]jf ;xh / ;j{;'ne gx'g' h:tf ;d:of /x]sf
5g\ . s[lif Jofj;foLs/0f / Jofkf/tk{m pTkfbgsf] nfut, u'0f:t/ tyf ;du| k|j[lQ
k|lt:kwL{ / ahf/d'vL x'g g;Sg', lgof{t ;+efJotf ePsf afnL / j:t'x¿ tyf ;f]
sf] dfu ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgdf sdL x'g', dfu cg'¿k pTkfbg ljljlws/0f u/L
ahf/df k'¥ofpg g;Sg', ljljw If]qdf cfjZos j}1flgs tyf cGo hgzlQmsf]
Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ x'g', k|of]uzfnf nufot cg';Gwfgsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] sdL x'g'
h:tf ;d:of ljBdfg 5g\ .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ sd ug{], l;+rfO ;'ljwf ;j{;'ne agfpg], ;LdfGt e"lddf
s[lifsf] nflu rfk 36fpg], ls6gfzs ljifflbsf] cg'ko'Qm / c;'/lIft k|of]uaf6
jftfj/0f / hg:jf:ydf gsf/fTds k|efj 36fpg], pknAw s[lif k|ljlwx¿ kof{Kt
¿kdf s[ifssf] ynf]df k'¥ofpg], /f;foflgs dn cfoft / ljt/0f Joj:yf
;'lgZrt t'Nofpg], o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ s[lif k];fdf cfslif{t ug]{, s[lif pkhsf]
k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, s[lif Pj+ kz'hGo pTkfbg, ljt/0f, cfoft
Pj+ lgof{tdf u'0f:t/ Pj+ :jR5tf lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg], s[lif
pTkfbsTj a9fpg s[ifs ;d'x / ;xsf/Lsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, Jofj;flos bIftf,
;|f]t kl/rfng / sf/f]af/df u'0fTds ljsf; ug]{, ;LdfGts[t, ul/a, dlxnf,
hghflt, blnt, dw];L, d'l:nd / b'u{d If]qsf s[ifsx¿sf] s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf

81
sfo{qmddf kx'Fr j[l4 ug]{, s[lif ;DaGwL cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf kx'Fr
a9fpg] h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofj;flos
Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ s[lif k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] dfWodjf6
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. s[lif tyf kz'k+IfLhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{] .
2. s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL hGo pTkfbgnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / Jofj;flos agfpg] .
3. jftfj/0f d}qL Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu s[lif
k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
4. s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g Pj+ ;b'kof]u ug]{
^= /0fgLlt
1. s[lif tyf kz' k+IfLhGo pTkfbgsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, ljljwLs/0f tyf u'0f:t/Lo
pTkfbgsf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx¿, pGgt k|ljlw Pj+ s[lif k"jf{wf/
/ ;'ne s[lif shf{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
2. s[lif tyf kz' k+IfLhGo pTkfbgdf cg'bfgsf] bfo/f j[l4 u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkg
ug]{ lbzfdf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j9fpg] .
3. s[lif tyf kz'k+IfLhGo pTkfbgnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ahf/df k|lt:kl{w{ agfpg
u'0f:t/ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{
4. s[ifsx¿nfO{ sd cfoftg tyf pRr d"Nosf afnL j:t' pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;flxt
u/L d"No clej[l4 x'g] k|zf]wgdf cfwfl/t s[lif tyf kz'hGo pBf]usf]
ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .
5. u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f, k|zf]wg, cg'udg / lgodgnfO{ :yfgLo :t/sf hgtfsf] kx'Fr
x'g] u/L k|efjsf/L agfpb} ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
6. s[lifhGo h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g tyf ;b'kof]u ub{}{ hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t jftfj/0f d}qL s[lif
k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
7. s[lifnfO{ ;Ddfghgs / cfsif{s k];fsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L o'jfhgzlQmnfO{
Joj;flos s[liftk{m cfsif{0f ug]{ .

82
 8. cg';Gwfgjf6 ljsf; ePsf k|ljlwx¿sf] lj:tf/df s[lif If]qdf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{
;/sf/L tyf u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ aLr cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ sfod
ub{} sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ glthf pGd'v jgfpg] .
9. ofGqLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 u/L nfe–nfut cg'kft j[l4 u/L s[lif Joj;fonfO{
k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;]jf / u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx¿ / s[lif shf{sf]
cfk"lt{ ;'ne u/fOg]5 . -!_
2. s[ifs d}qL cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]uåf/f Jofj;flos pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
-!_
3. e"ldut tyf ;tx l;rf+O / aiff{sf] kfgL ;+sng tyf l;+rfOsf pko'Qm
k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u u/L jif}{el/ l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] k|s[of cufl8
a9fOg]5 . -!_
4. s[lif ;8s, lah'nL, ;~rf/, uf]bfd3/, zLte08f/, ;+sng s]Gb|, yf]s ahf/ /
afx\o If]qdf ahf/ ;~hfn ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
5. u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif tyf kz'hGo j:t' pTkfbg clej[l4 ug{ s[lif ;8s, ljB't,
;~rf/, uf]bfd 3/, zLt3/ ;+sng s]Gb|, yf]s ahf/ h:tf cTofjZos k"jf{wf/
ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} s[lif tyf kz' k+IfL ahf/ ;"rgfsf] kFx'r a9fOg]5 . -!_
6. pGgt kz' g:nsf] pknAwtf a9fpg ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿sf] ljsf; u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm
aLp g:n pknAw u/fOg]5 . 8]/L kmfd{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ / ldNs xf]ln8]sf]
cGTosf] nflu w'nf] b'w sf/vfgf :yfkgfsf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 . -!_
7. s[lif If]qsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f, cg'udg / lgodgsf] If]qdf
pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] s[ifs, o'jf, pBdL, k|fljlws tyf
lj1x¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
8. ;DefJo If]qx¿df d'Vo vfBfGgafnL / sd cfotg ePsf pRr d"Nosf
pkhx¿sf] 5gf}6 u/L pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -!_
9. u|fdL0f s[lif ko{6gsf] ljsf;df o'jf tyf s[ifs ;d"x / pBdLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t
u/L nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ldnfOg]5 . -!_
10. vfBfGg pTkfbg Go"g x'g] tyf vfB kf]if0f c;'/lIft If]qdf :yfgLo :t/d}
:yfgLo, ;|f]t, ;fwg, >d / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u eO{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] s[lif /
kz'k+IfLhGo pTkfbg k|j4{g tyf pkof]udf hf]8 lbO{ ;'/lIft vfglkg /
kf}li6s tTj tyf pkof]uaf/] ljz]if r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-!_

83
11. s[lifdf dlxnfsf] a9\bf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg dlxnf s[ifs nlIft
ljz]if sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
12. j}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"g ug]{ u/L k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df 5flgPsf afnL tyf
kz' j:t'sf] Joj;flos pTkfbg k|j4{g sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
13. kz' g:n ;'wf/ cleofg, s[lqd uef{wfg cleofg tyf kz' cfxf/ /fli6«o
cleofg h:tf sfo{qmddf ;/sf/L tyf lghL kmfd{ s]Gb|nfO{ ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf
;'b[9Ls/0f u/L :t/Lo aLp / g:n pTkfbgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -@_
14. ;'wfl/Psf tyf j0f{z+s/ k|hfltsf k|dfl0ft aLp / pGgt g:nsf kz'k+IfL
pTkfbg ug]{ ;/sf/L tyf lghL kmfd{ s]Gb|nfO{ ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;'b[9Ls/0f
u/L :t/Lo aLp / g:n pTkfbgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -$_
15. pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;xh cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf u/L s[lif tyf kz' aLdf,
;x'lnotk"0f{ s[lif C0f, s[lif tyf kz'hGo pBf]usf] pks/0f vl/bdf cg'bfg /
Jofkf/df s/ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ nfut 36fO{ k|lt:kwL{ jgfOg]5 . -@_
16. dT:o kfng sfo{qmdnfO{ dWo kxf8df lj:tf/ ul/g'sf ;fy} t/fO{df pknAw
hnfzo, 3f]n, kf]v/Ldf ;fgf e"ldxLg tyf ;LdfGts[t s[ifsx¿nfO{ nlIft
u/L ;d"x / ;xsf/Ltfdf cfwfl/t dT:okfngsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
Joj;flos ¿kdf dT:okfng ug]{ JolSt, s[ifs ;d'x, ;xsf/LnfO{ kf]v/L
lgdf{0fdf nfUg] nfutsf] cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
17. ;+qmfds kz' /f]uaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L kz'hGo pTkfbgsf]
nfut 36fOg]5 . -@_
18. g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf lgof{tof]Uo
afnL÷j:t'x¿sf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
19. t'ngfTds nfesf cfwf/df pRr pTkfbg ;DefJo s[lif pkhx¿sf] 5gf}6 Pj+
pTkfbg j[l4df hf]8 lbO To:tf j:t'x¿sf] af}l4s clwsf/ (patent right)
;'/lIft u/L k|lt:kwL{ agfOg]5 . -#_
20. cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df vkt x'g] pRr d"Nosf j:t' / afnLx¿sf] k|fËfl/s
v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ pTkfbgsf] a|fG8 k|a4{g tyf k|df0fLs/0fsf] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -#_
21. vfB k|zf]wg pBf]unfO{ nlIft u/L u'0f:t/ nufotsf k|fljlws ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nflu 6«fon kl/If0f tyf cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
hf]8 lbOg]5 . -$_
22. :yfgLo :t/;Dd s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ahf/ ;"rgfsf] kFx'r a9fOg]5 . -%_

84
23. s[ifs ;d"x, lghL pBdL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpFb} Joj;flos
pTkfbg x'g] If]qnfO{ PsLs[t ks]6 If]q 3f]if0ff u/L s[ifsnfO{ PsLs[t ;]jf
;'ne / ;xh ¿kdf k|bfg ul/g]5 . -%_
24. /fli6«o vfB k|of]uzfnfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] dfGotf k|fKt
k|of]uzfnfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -%_
25. cGt/fli6«o P]g, lgod, ;lGw, dxf;lGw;Fu ;fd~h:otf sfod u/]/ s[lif tyf
kz'hGo j:t' Pj+ ;]jf ;'ljwf lgodgdf ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g u/L dfkb08
tyf u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ NofOg]5 . -%_
26. hLjgfzs ljiffbL, e]6]l/g/L cf}iflw, PlG6afof]l6s, xdf]{gsf] ;xL pkof]u ug{ /
o;sf gsf/fTds c;/af6 aRg hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-%_
27. ljiffbLaf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf x'g] b"/ufdL b':k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ h}ljs ljiffbLsf]
pTkfbg tyf k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub}{ PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg k|lalw
ckgfO{ /;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u sd ub}{ nlug]5 . -%_
28. sf7df08f} nufotsf d'Vo zx/df /x]sf] cJojl:yt df;'hGo, t/sf/L tyf
cGo vfB ;fdfu|L laqmL :ynx¿sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L :j:y vfB j:t'
pknAwtfsf] ;"lglZrt ul/g]5 . o;sf] nflu cg'udg tyf lgodg sfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cjnDag ul/g] 5 . -%_
29. cvfB j:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ lgodg sfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfO{g]5 . ljiffbL / lh=Pd=cf]= jf6 kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efj
Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . k|+fuf/Ls v]tL sfo{qmdnfO{
k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
30. s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt k|of]uzfnfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f
ul/g]5 . -%_
31. hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 gsf/fTds c;/ cg's'ng / Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos
cWoog cg';Gwfg ;~rfng u/L c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|ljlw tyf
cEof;x¿nfO{ k|a4{g ul/g]5 . -^_
32. s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / pkof]u ul/g]5 . :yfgLo kz'k+IfL
;+/If0fsf lgldQ ;~rfng ul/Psf k|of;df ljz]if cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-^_
33. :jb]zL 1fg / cfg'j+flzs÷k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug{ pko'Qm
k|ljlw tyf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_

85
34. s[lif Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ kF"hLut cg'bfg tyf ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f pknAw
u/fO{ s[lif pBd ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos pBd ljsf; / ;Lkd"ns tflnd
lbg'sf] ;fy} pTs[i6 o'jf s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/g]5 -&_
35. o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ s[lif If]qdf cfslif{t ug{] u/L ljz]if o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]]5 . pTs[i6 s[ifsx¿nfO{ /fi6«klt pTs[i6 s[ifs k'/:sf/af6
;Ddfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -&_
36. k|fljlwsx¿ / s[ifs÷s[lif pBdL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
hf]8 lbOg]5 . -&_
37. :jb]zdf kfOg] hl8a'l6af6 af]6 la?jf tyf kz'k+IfLx¿sf] pkrf/ ug]{ k|ljlw
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -*_
38. s[lif If]qsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ cfwf/e"t, Jojxfl/s / cg'z/0fLo cWoog,
cg';Gwfgsfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 j9fOg]5 . -*_
39. k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df vfBfGg tyf gub]afnLsf] j0f{z+s/ hftsf] ljsf;sf]
nflu cg';Gwfg / aLp pTkfbg sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -*_
40. s[lif cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g Pj+ If]qLo :t/sf Jofkf/
;Demf}tfx¿af6 k|fKt cj;/sf] clwstd nfe lng]tk{m pGd'v ul/g]5 . -*_
41. g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb / dftxtsf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿af6 l;kmfl/;
ePsf glthfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :t/df s[lif k|;f/sf sfo{qmdx¿
;dGjofTds ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -*_
42. s[lif cg';Gwfg, lzIff / k|;f/ljr k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -*_
43. :yfgLo lgsfo dftxt /xg] u/L k|To]s ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf Ps÷Ps hgf
s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf k|fljlwssf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -*_
44. g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb cGtu{t cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t dflgt
ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf] nflu kxn ul/g]5 . -*_
45. :yfgLo lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df s[ifsx¿nfO{ s[lif tyf kz';]jf;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx¿ :yfgLo :t/df g} pknAw u/fOg]5 . -*_
46. s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{qmddf ;+nUg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] cfk;L ;dGjo Pj+ ;xsfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -*_
47. ;fgf, ;LdfGts[t tyf e"ldxLg ls;fgx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos v]tLtk{m pTk|]l/t
ug{ hUuf ef8fdf lng] ls;fgnfO{ ef8fsf] /sd / C0fdf cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -*_

86
48. s[lif If]qdf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] cefjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ofGqLs/0f ;DaGwL
gLlt lgdf0f{ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -(_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4
 s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{sf] nflu pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx¿ /f;folgs
dn k|fËfl/s dn, pGgt aLp lahg, l;+rfO, d]l;g/L cf}hf/, h}ljs tyf
/f;folgs ljiffbL tyf aLdf lk|ldoddf nfut ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
 &% j6} lhNnflhNnfdf ;d"xdf cfwfl/t ;fgf l;rfO{ lgd{f0f tyf dd{t
;Def/, ;xsf/Ldf cfwf/Lt ;fgf l;+rfO{ k"j{fwf/ lgd{f0f, dWo kxf8L lhNnf
lhNnfx¿df Knfli6s kf]v/L lgd{f0f tyf wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{fxL, l;/fxf,
lrtjg, k;{f, af/f, /f}tx6 / ;Kt/L lhNnflhNnfdf l8k 6o'jj]n h8fg,
kDkxfp; lgd{f0f tyf dd{t ;Def/, kDkxfp;df ljB'tLs/0f, :ofnf]
6o'jj]n h8fg u/L l;+lrt If]q lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 ljleGg afnL pTkfbg tyf kz'kfng Joj;fodf ;fgf tyf ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfonffO{ nlIft u/L ;xsf/L v]tL :sLd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 s[lif oflGqs/0f sfo{qmd dfkm{t s[lif oGq cf}hf/ pks/0fdf cg'bfg
lbO{g]5 / s[lif ;xsf/L;+usf] ;xsfo{df ;fd'bflos jLp ljhg k|zf]wg tyf
ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ ;xlhs/0f ug{ ;fd'bflos ;]jfs]G› :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
 dWo kxf8L lhNnfx¿df j[xQ/ ds} tyf e6df; pTkfbg cfof]hgf dfkm{t
afnL pTkfbg, aLp, 9'jfgL cg'bfg tyf pks/0f vl/b ;xof]u k|bfg
ul/g]5 .
 cleofgd'vL tnxg afnL pTkfbg sfo{qmd / cleofgd'vL sf]bf] pTkfbg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 Jofj;flos aLh j[l4 ;xof]u tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]hgf cGtu{t s[ifs
;d"x tyf ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ aLp e08f/0f 3/, pks/0f vl/b ;xof]u, y|]l;Ë
km\nf]/ lgd{f0f tyf aLp ljhg cfTd lge{/ sf]if :yfkgfdf ;xof]u ul/g]5 .
 pTkfbg clej[l4 u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf ;3fpg dl;gf tyf jf:gfbf/
wfg pTkfbg k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 h'6, pv', /a/ h:tf cf}Bf]lus afN˜Lx¿sf] v]tL k|j4{g sfoo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .

87
 t/sf/Lv]tL, dT:okfng, kz'kfng, 8]/L, k'ik Joj;fo, df}/Lkfng tyf
Rofp v]tLdf o'jfx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{] p2]Zon] o'jfnlIft sfo{qmd ;+rfng
u/L Joj;fo ;~rfngdf nfut ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfgsf] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 Jofj;flos sL6 ljsf; sfo{qmd dfkm{t df}/Lkfng / Rofp v]tL k|j4{gsf
sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u ul/g]5 .
 aLp cfn' pTkfbs s[ifs ;d"xx¿nfO{ ljif]z ;xof]uL sfo{qmd -aLp sf]if
tyf Kofs]lhª ;xof]u_, cfn' aLp pTkfbs s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfn' bfgf -
kLaLP;_ df %) k|ltzt cg'bfg, /li6s :6f]/ lgd{f0f tyf k'glg{df{0fdf
;xof]u tyf cfn'sf] aLp -l6lkP;_ ljt/0f tyf pTkfbg k|bz{g ;~rfN˜g
ul/g]5 .
 ;]/L P08 8]/Lsf] cjwf/0ff tyf /]zd v]tLsf] ;DefJotf / dfu adf]lhd
lsDa' If]q lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 :ofp pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] dgfË, d':tfË, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, d'u', sflnsf]6,
jfh'/f / ?s'd lhNnfx¿df :ofp cfTdlge{/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :ofp
af]6 x'sf{pg k|ltaf]6 ¿=100 ¿k}ofF cg'bfg ;xof]u ug{] tyf ahf/Ls/0fdf
;xof]u ul/g]5 .
 ljleGg Jofj;flos ;Defjgf ePsf kmnk"mn, k'ik, cfn++sfl/s la?jf /
t/sf/Lsf la?jf tyf a]gf{ / dT:o aLh pTkfbg tyf laqmL ljt/0f
ul/g]5 .
 k"jL{ t/fO{ lhNnfx¿df cfFk If]q lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 lxdfnL tyf dWokxf8L lhNnfx¿df lsjL kmn k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
 lrof tyf skmL If]q lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . lrof tyf slkm k|zf]wg pBf]u
:yfkgfdf k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u ul/g]5 .
 cgf/sf] hd{ KnfHd ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
 h}t'g g;{/L :yfkgf, ju}rf Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf]wgdf ;xof]u k'Ug]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 s[lif k];fnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg x/]s jif{ /fli6«o:t/df /fi6«klt pTs[i7
s[ifs k'/:sf/ tyf If]qLo:t/ / lhNnf:t/df pTs[i7 s[ifs k'/:sf/ ljt/0f
ul/g]5 .

88
  afnL, kz'wg tyf dT:o aLdf ;DaGwL ;r]tgfsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
 t/fO{df cleofgd'vL dT:o pTkfbg / dWo kxf8df dT:o pTkfbg sfo{qmd
;~rfN˜g ul/g]5 .
 u'0f:t/Lo dT:o bfgf pTkfbgsf] nflu Kn]6 bfgf d]lzg / kfgLdf
clS;hgsf] dfqf a9fpg P/]6/ ljt/0f ul/g]5 .
 dlxnf Pj+ nlIft ;d'bfoN˜fO{ ;d'xdf cfa4 u/L s[lif e"ld, k|ljlw, cf}hf/
/ C0fdf kx'Fr a9fpg] tyf 3f]n tyf ;fgfkf]v/Ldf dT:o kfng cg'bfg
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] tf]s]sf lgo{ftof]Uo afnL tyf j:t'x¿sf]
u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf ;3fp k'¥ofOg]5 .
kz'hGo j:t' pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4
 b'w tyf df;'sf] pTkfbg / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ kz' g:n ;'wf/ cleofg
sfo{qmd cGtu{t ufO{e}+;Ldf s[lqd uef{wfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 kz' cfxf/f /fli6«o cleofg sfo{qmd dfkm{t h}, al;{d, :6fOnf] l6of];]G6L,
e]r, HjfOG6 e]r/ cflb hftsf pGgt 3fF;sf] If]q lj:tf/ tyf cfxf/fsf]
;ld>0f k|ljlw dfkm{t kz'hGo j:t' pTkfbg N˜fut 36fOg]5 .
 kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf kz'j:t'sf] ;|f]ts]G› :yfkgf tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 .
 ljleGg ;/sf/L kmfd{x¿df /x]sf ofs/gfs, rf}+/L, d'/f{ e}+;L, h;{L,
xf]N;6Lg / qm; ufO{, e]8f, afv|f / a+u'/x¿sf Go'lSNo; ayfgsf]
Joj:yfkg u/L ofs gfs, afR5f afR5L, d'/{f g:nsf kf8fkf8L, e]8fsf
kf7f kf7L, afv|fsf kf7fkf7L, a+u'/sf kf7f kf7L pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f
ul/g]5 .
 Go"XofDkzfo/ / ci6f]nk{ g:nsf s'v'/fsf dfp kfng kf]if0f u/L rNnf
pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ul/g]5 .
 :jR5 tyf :j:y b'w pTkfbg / ljt/0f ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf ug{'sf
;fy} ;r]tgfd"ns ;Gb]z k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g]5 .
 Jofj;flos kz' kmfd{x¿df kflnPsf ufO{x¿df s[lqd ue{fwfg u/L afR5L
g} hGdfpg ;lsg] ;]S:8 l;d]g (sexed semen) cfoft u/L ljt/0f
ul/g]5 .

89
s[lif tyf kz'hGo j:t'sf] Aoj;foLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f
 :yfgLo lgsfo, ;xsf/L tyf lghL ;+:yf;+usf] ;fem]bf/Ldf gu/kflnsf
tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qdf kz' jwzfnf / jw:yn lgd{f0f ul/g]5 .
 b'Uw ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿;+usf] ;xsfo{df b'Uw pBf]u k|j4{g sfo{qmd tyf
lr:ofg s]G› :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
 b'Uw ljsf; af]8{ / kz'k+IfL ahf/ lgb{]zgfno dfkm{t c6f]d]l6s ldNs
PgfnfOh/ nufot b'Uw pTkfbg;+u ;DalGwt d]lzg/L, cf}hf/, tyf
pks/0f ljt/0f ul/g]5 . zLte08f/ / zLt3/ lgd{f0fdf nfut
;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
 ljleGg s[lif pkhsf] d"No >[+vnfdf cfwfl/t eO{ s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L
pBdL tyf lghL Joj;foLx¿sf] Joj;flos of]hgfx¿N˜fO{ a}b]lzs
;xfotfdf ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx¿ dfkm{t k|lt:kwL{ cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 .
 sfnLdf6L kmnk"n tyf t/sf/L yf]s ahf/sf] k'g{lgd{f0f / rf]ef/df
kmnk"mn tyf k'iif ahf/sf] lgd{f0f ul/g]5 .
 ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf Ps lhNnf Ps
pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]5 .
 kf]:6 xfe:6 lgb{]zgfno dfkm{t jftfg's"lnt Eofg vl/b, ;'Gtnfsf] k|zf]wg
tyf Kofs xfp; :yfkgf / cfn' aLpsf] nflu z"GozlQm e08f/0f ;+/rgf
:yfkgf sf] nflu s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/LnfO{ cg'bfg lbOg]5 .
s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ Pj+ k|;f/ / tflnd
 lgoldt ¿kdf ljleGg k|sfzgåf/f s[lif k|ljlwaf/] cfd s[ifs tyf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbOg]5 .
 g]kfn 6]lnlehg;+usf] ;xsfo{df k|To]s lbg s[lif sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf
k|;f/0f ul/g]5 . /]l8of] g]kfn / :yfgLo Pkm=Pd= x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df s[lif
sfo{qmd pTkfbg tyf k|;f/0f ul/g]5 .
 s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsx¿sf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
k|fljws tyf Joj;flos tflnd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms{]sf o'jfx¿nfO{ Joj;flos s[lif tyf kz'kfng
;DjlGw cfef/e"t 1fg / ;Lk clej[l4 u/fpg tflnd sfqm{dx¿ ;~rfng
ub{} nlug]5 .

90
  sfo{qmd ;~rfng lgb{]lzsf gd{; x¿ ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g ub{} nlug]5 .
s[lif If]qsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ;j{]If0f
 /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t s[lif k|ljlw ;DaGwL
cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf] nflu k|lt:kw{L k'/s cg'bfg k|bfg ul/g]5 .
 s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg ;DaGwL :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lwsf] zf]wsfo{sf nflu
zf]wfy{L{x¿nfO{ cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg]5 .
 s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL ;DaGwL tYof+sx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;+sng tyf k|sfzg
ul/g]5 . cfof]hgf nfu" x'g] lhNnfx¿sf] cfwf/e"t tYofÍ ;+sng tyf
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
 s[lif pkh d"No ;+sng tyf nfenfut cWoog ul/g]5 .
dfgj tyf kz' /f]u Joj:yfkg Pj+ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf ;r]tgf
 /fhdfu{l:yt xf]6n /]:6'/]G6df vfB :jR5tf :t/Ls/0f nf]uf] ljt/0f
sfo{qmd d]rL dxfsfnL cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 lgof{t tyf cfofltt s[lifhGo vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ lgodg, kl/If0f tyf
k|dfl0fs/0f ul/g]5 .
 ljiffbL Go"gLs/0f cleofg sfo{qmd tyf t/sf/L afnLdf ljifflbsf] cjz]if
tyf hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 s[lif Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L s[lif If]qdf x'g] ljleGg ljkb\
tyf hf]lvd ;DaGwdf k"j{ hfgsf/L lbO{g]5 .
 kz'k+IfLsf /f]u /f]syfd, lgoGq0f tyf pGd"ng ug{ kz' :jf:Yo cfkTsfnLg
Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 pRr Kofyf]h]lgs ;+qmfds /f]u lgoGq0f tof/L tyf Joj:yfkg x'g]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 kz'af6 dflg;df ;g{ ;Sg] h'gf]l6s /f]uaf/] hgr]tgf km}nfO{g]5 .
 a8{km\n' /f]u ;le{n]G; ;~rfng tyf /f]u lelqg glbg kz' Sjf/]G6fOg
sfo{fnox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[4L u/L lgu/fgL a9fO{g]5 .

91
  kz'k+IfLdf nfUg] ljleGg /f]ux¿sf] :ynut ¿kdf lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL cfd s[ifsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zo cg'¿k lgoldt ¿kdf
kz'k+IfL pkrf/ lzlj/ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwsf] cfwf/ jif{ @)^(÷&) df jflif{s vfBfGg pTkfbg *& nfv
#* xhf/ d]=6g /x]sf]df clGtd jif{ @)&@÷&# df jflif{s pTkfbg Ps s/f]8 cf7
nfv *! xhf/ d]=6g k'u]sf] x'g]5 . cfwf/ jif{ @)^(÷&) df t/sf/L afnLsf]
jflif{s pTkfbg #$ nfv gf} xhf/ d]=6g af6 of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ @)&@÷&# df
#^ nfv #% xhf/ k'¥ofOsf] x'g]5 . To;} ul/ kmnk"mn !) nfv %) xhf/ d]=6g
af6 !@ nfv ^) xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg ePsf] x'g]5 . cfwf/ jif{df jflif{s b'w
pTkfbg !^ nfv @# xhf/ d]=6g /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{df !& nfv
%( xhf/ d]=6g k'u]sf] x'g]5 . To;} ul/ df;' / c08fsf] jflif{s pTkfbg qmdzM b'O{
nfv ** xhf/ d]=6g af6 tLg nfv @$ xhf/ d]=6g / *) s/f]8 !$ nfv
uf]6faf6 (@ s/f]8 @& nfv uf]6f k'u]sf] x'g]5 . of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{ @)^(÷&) df
jflif{s dT:o pTkfbg %& xhf/ b'O{ ;o %) d]=6g x'g] u/]sf] cj:yfaf6 of]hgf
cjlw ;dfKt x'g] jif{ @)&@÷&# df && xhf/ d]=6g k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
$=!=@ l;+rfO
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmndWo] sl/a @^ nfv $! xhf/ x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo hldg ePsf]
cg'dfg /x]sf]df ljs6 ef}uf]lns agfj6 tyf hdLgsf] cjl:yltsf sf/0f sl/a !&
nfv ^^ xhf/ x]S6/df dfq l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsg] ;+efjgf 5 . g]kfndf
l;+rfO ;'ljwf ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] If]qdf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ls;fg cfkm}+n] / vf;u/L
of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] yfngL kl5 ;/sf/n] nufgL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of]hgfj4
ljsf;sf] yfngLkl5 b]zdf pknAw gbLgfnf, e"ldut Pj+ jiff{t\sf] kfgLsf] pkof]u
u/L ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf l;+rfO ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0faf6 s[lif pTkfbgdf pNn]Vo 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
o; If]qdf ljutdf ePsf ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k xfn;Dd sl/j !#
nfv #@ xhf/ x]S6/ s[lif If]qdf dfq l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'u] klg To;sf] sl/a #^
k|ltzt If]qdf dfq afx|} dlxgf l;+rfO ;]jf pknAw x'G5 . lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlw -
@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷&)_ df ;tx l;rfOtk{m @$,&)) x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;+rfO
k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df !&,^#@ x]S6/df dfq ;'ljwf lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf], e"ldut
l;rfOtk{m !,@#,&)) x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;+rfO k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df %(,*^)
x]S6/df dfq ePsf], gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfOtk{m !,&)) x]S6/ If]qkmndf

92
l;+rfO k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df !,%%# x]S6/df dfq ePsf] / s[ifs s'nf] ;'wf/tk{m
%),^)) x]S6/ If]qkmnsf] nIo /x]sf]df #^,^&* x]S6/df dfq ePsf]n] of]hgf
cjlwdf hDdf !,!%,&@# x]S6/ If]qdf l;rfO{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] ;Dk"0f{ s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L afx|} dlxgf lbuf]
Pj+ e/kbf]{ l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] l;+rfO gLlt ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf
NofOPsf] 5 .
o; cjlwdf aaO l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] aaO klZrdtk{m l;rfOsf nflu ;fOkmg
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ kfgL ;~rfng x'g'sf ;fy} /fgL–hd/f–s'nl/of l;rfO
cfof]hgfsf] OG6]s lgdf{0f tyf l;S6f l;rfO cfof]hgfsf] d"n gx/sf] #% ls=ld=
;Ddsf] lgdf{0fdf pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;/sf/af6 lgld{t dd{t
;+ef/df /x]sf l;rfO k|0ffnLx¿df lbuf] Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L
k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ hnpkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4, gf/fo0fL l;rfO
cfof]hgfsf] qmda4 k'g:yf{kgf tyf sGsfO{ l;rfO k|0ffnLsf] afFw / d"n gx/
afx]ssf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL], ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;rfO cfof]hgfsf] ;Ltfu~h zfvf, gf/fo0fL
l;rfO k|0ffnLsf] Ans g+ * / dxfsfnL l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] k|yd r/0fdf ljsl;t
k|0ffnLx¿ u/L s'n @#,!)) x]S6/sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu hnpkef]Qmf ;+:yfnfO{
x:tfGt/0f eO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ k'g:yf{kg ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . o; calwdf e]/L–aaO{
8fO{e;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t cWoog ;DkGg eO{ ;'?Ë lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
k|lqmof ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . ;'gsf]zL–dl/g, sfnLu08sL–ltgfp, sfnLu08sL–
gjnk/f;L, lqz'nL–lrtjg / df8L -bfË_ 8fO{e;{g cfof]hgfx¿sf] k"j{;+efJotf
cWoog ;DkGg eO{ sfnLu08sL–ltgfp 8fO{e;{g cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t ;+efJotf
cWoog yfngL x'gfsf ;fy} ef}ule{s cj:yfsf] cWoog ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
kof{Kt ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefj /xg', lgld{t ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/ gx'g', l;+rfO
z'Nssf] Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg' / ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;anLs/0f x'g g;Sg' /
;dGjosf] cefj x'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ o; If]qdf ljBdfg 5g\ . ;fy}, l;+rfO
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; If]qdf hUuf k|flKt tyf d'cfAhf lgwf{/0f, x:tf+tl/t l;+rfO
k|0ffnLx¿sf] lbuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttf tyf l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] ax'kIfLo pkof]u
ug'{h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
s[lifof]Uo e"lddf afx}| dlxgf l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofO s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj
j[l4 ug]{ .

93
%= p2]Zo
b]zdf pknAw hn;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L l;+rfO If]qsf] ax'p2]ZoLo tyf lbuf]
ljsf;åf/f s[lifIf]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
!= tTsfn k|ltkmn lbg] tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ ;fgf tyf demf}nf ;tx /
e"ldut l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|fyldstfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
@= ax'p2]ZoLo hnfzoo'Qm Pj+ cGt/ hnfwf/ hn:yfgfGt/0f hn;|f]t
cfof]hgfcGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] l;+rfOsf sfo{qmddfkm{t\ jif}{el/ l;+rfO ;'ljwf
k'¥ofpg] .
#= sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ Pj+ cGt/–;DalGwt
sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ .
$= ;DkGg eO;s]sf k|0ffnLx¿sf] lgoldt tyf cfjlws dd{t;+ef/ u/L
Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngnfO{ lbuf], bIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZostfcg';f/
pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ ;d]t ;Ifd agfpg] .
%= l;+rfO ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; Pj+ ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0f d}qL, hnjfo' kl/j{tg
cg's"lnt, ;xeflutfd"ns x'g] / /f]huf/L clej[l4 ug]{ u/L cWoog, cg';Gwfg,
l8hfO{g Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
^= l;+rfO ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] e/kbf]{ agfpg dd{t tyf ;~rfng nfut ;DalGwt hn
pkef]Qmfaf6 c;''nL ug]{ u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ .
&= l;+rfO ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ cGo ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L
:yfgLo txdf /x]sf jftfj/0f d}qL tfntn}of, kf]v/L, l;d;f/ tyf d"nx¿sf]
;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g x'g] u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
!= e"ldut hn l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf sfo{qmdx¿ tyf sd ;dodf ;DkGg x'g;Sg]
;tx tyf e"ldut hn l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
@= l;+rfO ;''ljwf pknAw u/fpg aFfsL /x]sf If]qx¿df l;+rfO u'?of]hgf tof/
u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
#= jif}{el/ l;+rfO ;'ljwf lbg] cfof]hgfx¿ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{{ hf]8 lbOg]5 ;fy}
cGo pko'Qm k"j{ ;+efJotf ePsf 8fO{e;{g cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;d]t k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df yk cWoog ul/g]5 . -@_

94
$= 7"nf tyf d´f}nf l;+rfO cfof]hgf -ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgf;d]t_ ljsf;sf nflu
nufgL of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
%= l;+rfO ljsf;sf sfo{ cufl8 a9fpFbf ;8s kx'Fr;DaGwL sfo{qmd klg ;Fu;Fu}
cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -#_
^= l;+rfO sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ hnjfo' lj1fg, s[lif Pj+ hnfwf/ ;+/If0fsf
lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo ul/g]5 . -#_
&= pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ 7"nf pks/0fx¿ k|of]u ug{
lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . -#_
*= ;DkGg eO{ ;s]sf l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] cfjZos dd{t ;+ef/sf nflu
hg;xeflutf;d]t kl/rfng u/L cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L lbuf] Pj+
cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -$_
(= e/kbf]{ l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw x'g] l;+rfO k|0ffnLx¿af6 plrt l;+rfO ;]jf
z'Ns lgoldt ¿kdf ;ª\sng ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -$_
!)= l;+rfO ljsf; / Jofj:yfkgsf] nflu l;+rfO ljefu tyf hn pkef]Qmf
;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/Fb} nlug]5 . -$_
!!= l;+rfOsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg tyf lgodgsf] nflu l;+rfO P]g th'{df u/L nfu"
ul/g'sf ;fy} l;+rfO gLlt tyf lgodfjnLsf] ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ul/+b}
nlug]5 . -$_
!@= cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k lk5l8Psf If]q Pj+
ju{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -%_
!#= hg;xeflutfsf l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ pkef]Qmfaf6 ljBdfg
l;+rfO gLlt cg';f/ hUuf k|fKt u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
!$= l;+rfO;DaGwL cfof]hgfx¿sf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0f
;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ul/g]5 . -%_
!%= l;+rfOsf] ljsf;sf nflu l;+rfO ljsf; sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ qmdzM
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -%_
!^= l;+rfO ;]jf z'Ns Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-^_
!&= l;+rfO cfof]hgf ;~rfng tyf ljsf;sf nflu sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L l;+rfO
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -^_

95
!*= l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] l8hfOg tyf sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo >d, ;Lk tyf
lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} l;+rfO{ ;DaGwL ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -^_
!(= ;fgf l;+rfOsf] ljsf;sf nflu nufgL a9fpg lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
-^_
@)= l;+rfO ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo txdf /x]sf jftfj/0f d}qL
tfntn}of, kf]v/L, l;d;f/ tyf d"nx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{gsf] sfo{df
;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ul/g]5 . -&_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 l;S6f l;rfO cfof]hgfM afFs] lhNnfsf] $@,&&^ x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo hldgdf l;+rfO
;'ljwf k'¥ofpg cfly{s jif{ @)%(÷^) b]lv lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] o;
cfof]hgfsf] o; of]hgf cjlwdf d"n gx/sf] #% ls=ld= ;Ddsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg
ug'{sf ;fy} x]8 jS;{sf] u]6x¿sf] h8fg sfo{ ;d]t ;DkGg ul/g], d"n gx/sf]
clGtd !% ls=ld=/ l;lwlgof zfvf gx/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ;'? u/L $,%)) x]S6/df
l;rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
 /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;rfO cfof]hgfM s}nfnL lhNnfsf] @),#)) x]S6/ hldgdf
l;rfO ;'lawf Joal:yt ug{ s[ifsx¿af6} k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ;+rflnt o;
of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f÷k'g{:yfkgf, l;+lrt If]q arfp sfo{, d"n gx/sf] %=^ ls=ld=,
lkm8/ gx/sf] * ls=ld=, zfvf gx/sf] lgoGq0f ;+/rgf / ^! ls=ld= s[lif
;8ssf] :t/f]Ggltsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g]5 .
 e]/L–aaO{ 8fO{e;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfM e]/L gbLsf] $) So"d]s kfgL ajO{
gbLdf NofO{ alb{of / afFs] lhNnfsf %!,))) x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo e"lddf afx|}
dlxgf l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] tyf $* d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu
8fOe;{g ;+/rgf, !@ ls=ld= nfdf] ;'?Ë tyf cGo ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{
cl3 a9]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf ^ ls=ld= ;'?Ë lgdf{0f u/L bf];|f] r/0f
cGtu{tsf] x]8jS;{ / kfj/ xfp; lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] nIo
lnOPsf] 5 .
 aaO{ l;rfO cfof]hgfM alb{of lhNnfsf] #^,))) x]S6/df l;+rfO ;''ljwf k'¥ofpg
afFw, k"j{tk{m l;rfOsf nflu d"ngx/ / s]xL zfvf k|zfvfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ;+kGg
eO !#,^*) x]S6/df l;+rfO ;]jf pknAw e}/x]sf], aaO{ klZrdtk{m l;rfOsf
nflu ;fO{kmg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] / of]hgf cjlwdf aaO{klZrdtk{m
d"n gx/ lgdf{0f÷;'wf/sf ;fy} 9f]9/L ln+s gx/ lj:tf/ u/L sl/a ^,#)) x]S6/
s[ifs Jojl:yt l;rfO k|0ffnLdf l;rfO ;]jf Aojl:yt ¿kdf pknAw
u/fOg]5 .

96
 ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;rfO cfof]hgf -t];|f] r/0f_ M ;'g;/L / df]/Ë lhNNffsf] sl/a
^*,))) x]S6/df l;rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg x]8jS;{, d"ngx/, zfvf k|zfvf
gx/x¿ lgdf{0f e} tLg r/0fdf #(,%)) x]S6/df sdf08 If]q ljsf;sf] sfo{
;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf ;Dk"0f{ l;rfO k|0ffnLsf]
;~rfng,cfjZos dd{t ;'wf/, hnpkef]Qmf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; /
hL0f{ ePsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{x¿ ul/g] 5g\ .
 dxfsfnL l;rfO cfof]hgf -t];|f] r/0f_ M s}nfnL / s+~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] sl/a
##,%@) x]S6/df l;rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg xfn;Dd # ls=ld= d"ngx/sf] df6f]sf]
sfd ;DkGg e} # b]lv !@=& ls=ld=;Ddsf] hUuf clwu|x0f ug]{ sfo{ / # ls=ld=
leq l;rfO{ ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ e}/x]sf]] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf d"n
gx/sf] !@=& ls=ld= ;Ddsf] lgdf{0fsf ;fy} !@ j6f zfvf gx/x¿ -s"n #@
ls=ld=_ sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ / sl/a !,))) x]S6/ hldgdf yk l;rfO ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnO{Psf] 5 .
 afudtL l;rfO cfof]hgf M ;nf{xL / /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] sl/a $%,^)) x]S6/
s[lifof]Uo hldgdf Jojl:yt l;rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg cfly{s jif{
@)#%÷#^ b]lv sfo{qmd ;~rflnt /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwdf ljsl;t sdf08
If]qsf] gx/ ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos dd{t ;+ef/, !,%)) x]S6/df gx/
gx/Lx¿ lgdf{0f, lg/LIf0f, ;8s u|fe]nLË, sdf08 If]q arfj6 sfo{x¿, klZrdL
d"ngx/df l;N6 Oh]S6/ lgdf{0f tyf ;+k"0f{ cfof]hgfsf] sdf08 If]q
l8hL6fOh];g ug]{ sfo{ ul/g]5 .
 demf}nf l;rfO cfof]hgfM cfly{s jif{ @)^!÷^@ b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] o;
cfof]hgfaf6 xfn;Dd @@# demf}nf l;rfO{ cfof]hgfx¿ ;DkGg eO sl/a ##
xhf/ x]S6/df l;rfO ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ tyf s[ifs Aojl:yt l;rfO k|0ffnLx¿sf]
k'g:yf{kgf u/L Jojl:yt l;rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf]df of]hgf cjlwdf
sl/a ! ;o cfof]hgfx¿ ;DkGg u/L sl/a ^ xhf/ x]S6/df yk tyf !! xhf/
x]S6/df Jojl:yt l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
 gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;rfO cfof]hgfM cf= j= @)^)÷^! b]lv ;LdfGts[t
s[ifsx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L yf]kf, kmf]xf]/f, kf]v/L cflbdf cfwfl/t l;rfO
k|ljlwaf6 xfn;Dd sl/a @%) cfof]hgfx¿ ;+kGg e} #,*%% x]S6/ hldgdf
l;rfO ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf !%) j6f cfof]hgfaf6 yk
sl/j !,&)) x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
 e"ldut :ofnf] tyf 8Lk 6\o"aj]n l;rfO cfof]hgfM o; sfo{qmdaf6 xfn;Dd
$&,$%) uf]6f :ofnf] 6\o'jj]n h8fg u/L sl/a !,!!,$!# x]S6/df l;rfO
;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . of]hgf calwdf #),($% j6f :ofnf] 6o"jj]n
lgdf{0f u/L &&,$)) x]S6/ hldgdf yk l;rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 .
of]hgf cjlwdf !)) j6f l8k 6\o"ja]nx¿ h8fg ug'{sf ;fy} of]hgf cjlwdf

97
 8Lk tyf :ofnf] 6\o'jj]n l;rfO cfof]hgf -/fxt_, ;d'bfo Jojl:yt l;+lrt
s[lif If]q cfof]hgf, l;rfO tyf hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf, dd{t ;+ef/
cfof]hgf, j[xt ;/sf/L l;rfO cfof]hgf k'g{:yfkgf, l;+rfO ;+efJotf cWoog
tyf lgdf{0f u'0f:t/ sfo{qmd / hn;fwg of]hgf tof/L ;'ljwf cfof]hgf;d]t
sfof{Gjogdf /xg]5g\ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
;tx l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿af6 !*,))), e"ldut l;+rfO cfof]hgfx¿af6 *(,*%) /
gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;rfO cfof]hgfaf6 !&)) u/L hDdf !,)(,%%) x]= If]qdf
l;+rfO ;]jf k'u]sf] x'g]5 . s[ifsx¿af6 ;+rflnt l;rfO k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;'wf/af6
$^,*)) x]= l;+lrt x'g]5 . ;fy}, #,@^,))) x]S6/ ljBdfg l;rfO k|0ffnLsf]
Joj:yfkg, !!,*)) x]S6/ l;rfO k|0ffnL x:tfGt/0f / *,@)) x]S6/ a[xt l;+rfO
cfof]hgfsf] k'gMlgdf{0f / ;'wf/ nufot of]hgf cjlwdf s'n !$,*&,@&% x]S6/df
l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
$=!=# e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf
!= k[i7e"ld
e"ld k|zf;g, hUufsf] gSzf+sg, clen]v k|0ffnL, e"ldxLgsf nflu e"ld Joj:yf,
d'Qm sd}of / xlnofx¿sf] nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd / b]zsf] ;du| e"ldsf] Jojl:yt
tYof+s /fVg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df b]zsf] e"ld k|zf;g cfw'lgsLs/0f,
e"ldsf] tYof+snfO{ j}1flgs tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfpg] k|of; ;/sf/sf]
k|fyldstfdf /x]sf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
gfkgS;ftk{m s]xL ufpFAnsx¿ afx]s b]ze/sf] lsQfgfkL sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
ufpFAns gfkL tyf åGåsf] qmddf Wj:t ePsf c5fd / c3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf]
e"ldnut k'g:yf{kgf sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . lsQfgfkL sfo{df gjLgtd l8lh6n
k|ljlwsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . b]ze/sf] :yn¿k gS;fsf] l8lh6n 8f6fj]; tof/
ePsf] 5 . ljleGg dfggfksf :yn¿k tyf e"ld;|f]t gS;fx¿ pTkfbg eO{ ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿df pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt /
gu/kflnsfx¿sf] gS;fx¿ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . gfkgSzfsf nflu cTofjZos kg]{
ljleGg k|sf/sf lgoGq0f ljGb"x¿sf] ;+hfn b]ze/ :yfkgf u/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
cBfjlws tyf dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . b]zdf ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k"jf{wf/
tof/ ug{sf nflu cfof]]hgf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5+ .
e"ld Joj:yfkg If]qdf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kx'Fr a9fpg
pgLx¿sf] gfddf lnvt kfl/t ubf{ /lhi6«]zg b:t'/df @% k|ltzt b]lv $)
k|ltzt;Dd / zlxb kl/jf/sf] gfddf hUuf vl/b ubf{ nfUg] /lhi6«]zg b:t'/df

98
ztk|ltzt 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . vf]6fË, ;f]n'v'Da', d'u' / c3f{vfFrL
lhNnfsf] Ifltu|:t ;|]:tf lkmN8df g} uO{ tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
*@ j6f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] df]7 tyf /f]Ssfsf] ljj/0f, %@ j6f gfkL
sfof{nox¿df /x]sf] lsQf gfkL gS;fsf] l8lh6fOh]zg sfo{, !^ j6f gfkL
sfof{nodf /x]sf]] Kn6 /lhi6/sf] ljj/0f sDKo'6/ k|ljli6, &) j6f gfkL sfof{nodf
lkmN8a'ssf] Od]h ;lxtsf] ;Gbe{ tYof+s tof/ ug]{ sfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . $% j6f
dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿df sDKo"6/ dfkm{t\ hUufwgL k|df0fk'hf{sf] lk|G6 ;lxtsf] ;]jf
k|jfx, @) j6f dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgoldt cBfjlwssf] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 eg]
pkTosfsf # j6f gfkL sfof{nodf sDKo"6/ k|ljlw dfkm{t\ ;]jf k|jfx eO{/x]sf] 5 .
;fy} @( j6f gfkL sfof{nox¿df lkmN8a'ssf] k|ltlnlk sDKo"6/ dfkm{t\ pknAw
u/fpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
xfn;Dddf @#,*%& d'Qm sd}of kl/jf/nfO{ hUuf pknAw u/fO{Psf] / sl/j
!#,&$$ d'Qm sd}ofnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] ;Lkd"ns / Jofj;flos tflnd k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . d'Qm xlnofx¿sf] nut ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . hDdf
!(,)%( d'Qm xlnof kl/jf/dWo] &,&*! kl/jf/nfO{ k|df0fLs/0f / $,$($
kl/jf/nfO{ kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
e"ld k|zf;gsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]r, Jojxf/ / sfo{;+:s[lt ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg',
e"ld;DaGwL clen]vx¿ Jojl:yt gx'g', e"ld;DaGwL gLlt af/Daf/ kl/jt{g e}/xg',
gfkgSzf sfo{df hl6ntf sfod g} /xg', e"ld Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLltn] k|efj kfg'{,
hgzlQmsf] ljsf; / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg', Ifltu|:t ejg tyf e"ld
nut k'gM:yfkg e}g;Sg' tyf e"–pkof]u gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg'
h:tf ;d:ofx¿ o; If]qdf ljBdfg 5g\ .
e"ld k|zf;gsf] Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg', e"ld;DaGwL PsLs[t sfg'gsf]
lgdf{0f ug{', ;"rgf k|ljlwo'Qm s]Gb|Lo e"–clen]v k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{', cfw'lgs
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L :t/Lo / ljZj;gLo gS;f, tYofª\s tyf e"–;"rgf tof/ ug{',
k'gM:yfkgf x'g afFsL d'Qm sd}of, d'Qm xlnof kl/jf/nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf ug{', d"NofÍg
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L 3/ hUufsf] jf:tljs d"No sfod ug{' / lnvt btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{
j}1flgs / ljZj;gLo agfpg' h:tf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
e"ldsf] Gofok"0f{, dxQd pkof]u / cfw'lgs Joj:yfkgaf6 pTkfbsTj / ;fdflhs
Gofosf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .

99
%= p2]Zo
1. e"ld tyf e"ld ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]usf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .
2. ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg] .
3. e"ld k|zf;g;DaGwL ;]jfnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, kf/bzL{ tyf k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .
4. ljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos gfkgS;f, ;]jf tyf ef}uf]lns
;"rgf ;j{;'ne agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /fli6«o e"ld gLlt th'{'df ug]{ tyf /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)^( sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
2. ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{ .
3. j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L / ;dGjofTds
tj/af6 ;~rfng u/L cfly{s ;fdflhs¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ul/a
e"ldxLgnufot ju{sf] e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg] .
4. e"ld k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg k|ljlwnfO{ sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t e"–;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
¿kfGt/0f ug]{ .
5. ufpF–Ans If]q tyf åGåaf6 Iflt ePsf gfkgS;f Pj+ >]:tf k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{ .
6. ef}uf]lns ;"rgfsf] ;xh pknAwtfsf nflu k"jf{wf/ Pj+ hgzlQmsf] ljsf;
ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. /fli6«o e"ld gLlt th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljBdfg P]g lgoddf kl/dfh{g u/L e"–pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cglws[t, clgolGqt tyf cJojl:yt a:tL ljsf;df /f]s nufOg]5 . -!_
4. hUufsf] d"NofÍgsf] jt{dfg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/stfdf
cfwfl/t d"NogLlt clVtof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs Pj+ u'7L hUufx¿sf]] s]Gb|Lo nut tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
6. :yfgLo lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs tyf u'7L hUuf ;+/If0f
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. e"lddflysf] bf]xf]/f] :jfldTj x6fO{g]5 . -#_

100
8. dlxnf, blnt, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, zxLb kl/jf/, Ho]i7 gful/s tyf ckfËtf
ePsf JolQmx¿sf gfddf hUuf vl/b ubf{ nfUg] /lhi6«];g b:t'/df 5'6
lbOg]5 . -#_
9. d'Qm sd}of tyf d'Qm xlnofx¿sf] k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -#_
10. gfkL tyf dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿nfO{ ;~hfnLs/0f u/L PsLs[t s]Gb|Lo e"–;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
11. gfkL / dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ u/L ;]jf k|jfx
ul/g]5 . -$_
12. åGåaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf dfnkf]t tyf gfkL sfof{nox¿sf] >]:tf k'gM:yfkgf
ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -%_
13. gfk gS;f ;DkGg ug{ afFsL ufpF–Ansx¿sf] gfkgS;f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/g]5 . -%_
14. gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L gSzf tyf ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx¿ tof/ tyf
cBfjlws ul/g]5 . -^_
15. gfkgS;f tyf e"ld Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf ;dofg's"n x'g]u/L hgzlQm Pj+ Ifdtf
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 e"–;"rgf tyf clen]v sfo{qmd M o;cGtu{t sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t e"–;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{, Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 l56f], 5l/tf], ;/n / k|efjsf/L hUuf
k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;]jf÷;"rgf pknAw u/fpg lsQf gfkL lkmN8a's :Soflgª u/L
;'/lIft /fVg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg], gfkL sfof{nox¿df /x]sf] gS;fsf]
ljj/0fx¿sf] 8f6fa]; tof/ ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 .
 dfnkf]t clen]v ;'/Iff tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmd M o;cGtu{t dfnkf]t
sfof{nox¿sf] ejg lgdf{0f tyf dd{t, sDkfp08jfn lgdf{0f, ;|]:tf jfOlG8Ë
tyf ;'wf/ h:tf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 /fli6«o e"–pkof]u cfof]hgfM o;cGtu{t ef}uf]lns ljz]iftf, hdLgsf] u'0f,
pj{/fzlQm, Ifdtf cg'¿k e"ldnfO{ juL{s/0f u/L s[lif pTkfbg j[l4,
ljlzi6Ls/0f / ljljwLs/0f ug]{, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ljsf; ug]{,
jftfj/0f / a;f]af;, ef}lts k"jf{wf/aLr lbuf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu
pkof]usf] cfwf/df hdLgsf] juL{s/0f u/L :jldTj k|df0fkq hf/L ug{ gd"gf
k/LIf0f h:tf sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 .

101
 e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd, d'Qm sd}of tyf d'Qm xlnof k'g:yf{kg sfo{qmdM o;cGtu{t
d'Qm sd}ofx¿nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf ug{ / tL kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;Lkd"ns Pj+
Jofj;flos tflnd k|bfg u/L :j/f]huf/ / cfTdlge{/ agfpg] / k'gM:yfkgf ug{
jfFsL /x]sf d'Qm sd}ofsf] k'gM:yfkgf ;DkGg ug]{ . ;fy} d'Qm xlnof
kl/jf/x¿sf] k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ / aw'jfF dhb'/ lgif]w ;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f
nufotsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 lsQfgfkL sfo{qmdM o;cGtu{t gfk gS;f x'g afFsL /x]sf ufpFAns If]qsf]
gfkhfFr u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ ljt/0f ug]{, c5fd / c3f{vfFrL lhNnfdf
åGåaf6 Iflt ePsf] e"ldnut k'g:yf{kg ug]{, cfw'lgs k|ljlw cjnDag u/L
gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qdf dfu cg'¿k k'gM gfkL ;~rfng ug]{, gfkL
sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
 :yn¿k gfkL sfo{qmdM o;cGtu{t b"/ ;Dj]bg k|ljlw cjnDag u/L :yn¿k
cfwf/ gSzf÷8f6fx¿ cBfjlws ug]{, k|zf;lgs tyf laifout gS;fx¿,
ljleGg k|sf/sf ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx¿sf] pTkfbg u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
lgdf{0f Pj+ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;j{;'ne ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg], gu/
tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qsf] !M%,))) sf] dfggfkdf :yn¿k 8f6f tof/ ug]{, /fli6«o
P6n; tof/ ug]{, /fli6«o ef}uf]lns ;"rgf gLlt th'{df ug]{, gfk gS;fsf] nflu
b]z ;'xfpFbf] l/km/]G; k|0ffnL, k|If]k0f k|0ffnL tyf lgofds k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{
sfo{ ul/g]5g\ .
 vuf]n tyf e"–dfkg sfo{qmdM o;cGtu{t gfk gS;f, ljleGg ef}lts k"jf{wf/
ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/ lgoGq0f
ljGb"x¿sf] b]ze/ :yflkt /fli6«o ;~hfnnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, hdLgdf :yfkgf
ul/Psf pRr bhf{sf lgoGq0f ljGb"÷:tDex¿sf] dd{t ;+ef/ Pj+ ;+/If0f ug]{,
GNSS sf] cfwf/ ;+/rgf tof/ u/L ;e]{If0f ug]{, lhof]8]l6s 8f6fx¿sf]
;d'lrt Joj:yfkg u/L ;j{;'ne agfpg], ;u/dfyfsf] prfO{ dfkg÷cWoog
cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdM o; cGtu{t hgzlQmx¿sf] bIftf clej[l4
tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu l;lgo/, h'lgo/ gfkL] tflnd tyf cGo ljz]if
k|sf/sf 5f]6f] tyf nfdf] cjlwsf tflnd tyf cWoog sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5g\ .
 u'7L hUufnfO{ /}s/df kl/0ft ug]{ / e"–pkof]unfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos
gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

102
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
of]hgf cjlwdf () j6f dfnkf]t÷e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nox¿df ;|]:tf, lnvt afOl08ª
;DkGg ePsf] x'g], #%# ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿df e"–pkof]u gS;f÷8f6f tof/
ePsf] x'g], !!% gu/f]Gd'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿sf] e"–pkof]u juL{s/0f ePsf] x'g],
(,%)) x]S6/ ufpFAns If]qsf] lsQf gfkL sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] x'g], åGåaf6 Ifltu|:t
ePsf b'O{ lhNnf -c5fd / c3f{vf+rL_sf] e"ldnut k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] x'g], l6sfk'/,
h'Dnf / s}nfnLsf åGåaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf hUuf wgL >]:tf k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] x'g],
b"/ ;+j]bg ljlwaf6 () j6f ;L6df :yn¿k gS;f÷8f6fj]; cBfjlws ePsf] x'g],
gu/kflnsf If]qsf] #) j6f ;L6df !M%))) sf] dfggfkdf gS;f tof/ ePsf] x'g],
@%) ljGb'sf] lhof]8]l6s ;j]{, g]6js{ ;'b[9Ls/0f, gi6 ePsf lgoGq0f ljGb'x¿sf]
k'g:yf{kgf / dd{t ;+ef/ ePsf] x'g], !@) :yfgdf e"–cfsif{0f gfkL ul/Psf] x'g],
!)% ls=ld= df ;dtng ;e]{If0f ePsf] x'g], *@ j6f dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿df 5'6
8f6f cBfjlws Pj+ 8f6f z'4Ls/0f ePsf] x'g], !(,)%( d'Qm xlnofx¿sf]
k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] x'g] / @%@ d'Qm xlnofx¿nfO{ ;Lk ljsf; tyf bIftf clej[l4
tflnd ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=!=$ vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f
!= k[i7e"ld
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf kl/nlIft x'g] / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df dxTTj lbOPsf] ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIox¿df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf k|ltlalDat x'g] ;"rsx¿ to
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . ljZj vfB ;Dd]ng !((^ n] vfB ;'/IffnfO{ kl/eflift u/]cg';f/
k|To]s JolStsf] :j:y / ;lqmo hLjgofkgsf] nflu cfˆgf] cfjZostf / rfxgf
cg'¿k ;w} kof{Kt, :jR5 / kf]if0fo'St vfgf dflysf] ef}lts / cfly{s kx'Fr ePsf]
cj:yf vfB ;'/Iff xf] .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfwf/ jif{ @)^(÷&) df k|lt JolQm ;/b/ jflif{s pknAwtf vfBfGg tk{m #@% s]=hL=,
bfnafnL !#=@( s]=hL=, kmnk"mn #!=# s]=hL=, t/sf/L !)& s]=hL=, cfn' &$=( s]=hL=
/x]sf] 5 . To:t} k|lt JolQm df5f @=! s]=hL=, b"w ^!=( ln6/, df;' !! s]=hL= / c08f
#)=* uf]6f pknAwtf /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df vfB ;'/Iffsf] ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ vfB ;'/Iffsf d'Vo
rf/ :tDex¿ vfB pknAwtf, kxF'r, pkof]u / l:y/tfdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ x'g
cfjZos b]lvG5 . ax';+Vos lhNnfx¿df vfB Go"gtfsf] cj:yf /xg' / emG8} $!
k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] b}lgs lgwf{l/t Sofnf]/Lsf] Go"gtd dfqf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt
/x]sf] cj:yfn] o;sf] uflDeo{nfO{ bzf{pF5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] vfB

103
;Dk|e'tfnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df gful/ssf] vfB ;'/Iff
;'lglZrt ug]{ tk{m o; of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf /xg]5 . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt
ug{sf nflu vfB ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"x / If]qsf] klxrfg x'g' h?/L
5.
x/]s lhNnfdf nufOg] k|d'v kfFr afnLx¿ -wfg, ux'F, ds}, sf]bf], hf}_ sf] pTkfbg /
To;af6 k|fKt x'g] pkef]u of]Uo vfB kbfy{sf] pknAwtf / To; lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug{]
hg;+Vofsf] nflu cfjZos vfB kbfy{sf] cfwf/df lhNnfx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ubf{ cf=j=
@)^(÷&) df #* lhNnfx¿df vfB Go"gtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{, vfB ;'/Iffsf
b[li6sf]0faf6 hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"x / If]qsf] cfo:t/ a9fO{ vfB j:t'df kx'Fr a9fpg],
vfB j:t'df cfTdlge{/ x'g], :j:ys/ vfgkfg tyf ;f] sf] nflu Jojxf/ kl/jt{g
s]lGb|t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . clgolGqt ¿kdf hLjgfzs
ljiffbL tyf e]6]l/g/L cf}iflw sf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df vfB tyf u'0f lgoGq0fsf
nflu hgr]tgf, cg'udg tyf k|of]uzfnf ljZn]if0f sfo{df Jofkstf Nofpg' r'gf}tL
ag]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;j} kIfx¿nfO{ ;an kfb}{ gful/ssf] vfB ;Dk|e'tf clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
!= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg j[l4
u/L cfwf/e"t vfB j:t'x¿sf] cfk"lt{ a9fO{ vfB tyf kf]if0f pkef]u l:yltdf
;'wf/ Nofpg] .
@= vfB c;'/Iffsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf If]q / ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm
vfBj:t'df kxF'r a9fpFb} vfB ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
!= /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df u/L vfB j:t'sf] pknAwtf a9fpg
s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ NofO{ vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{] .
@= vfB c;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dxTTjk"0f{ 7flgPsf If]qx¿df :yflgo ;DefJotf ePsf
pRrd"Nosf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg u/L cfo:t/ a9fpg / vfBj:t' tyf kf]if0fsf]
dxTTj, 1fg, zLk / hgr]tgf a9fpg nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
#= s[lif h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+a4{g / ;b'kof]u, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L vfB a:t'sf] pknAwtf, pkof]udf l:y/tf /
lg/Gt/tf sfod u/L vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

104
$= vfBj:t'sf] :jR5tf tyf :j:ytf ;'lglZrt ug{ lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. vfB ;Dk|e"tf P]g / /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf ;fy} vfB
sfg'gnfO{ cBfjlws u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] j[l4 ug{ ljz]if ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ kf]l;nf] vfBj:t'df kxF'r
a9fOg]5 . -!_
3. g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;:yfut u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;rf+ng
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. k|To]s lhNnfdf IPC sf] cfwf/df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf nflu vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt Pj+
lhNnf :t/Lo vfB ;'/Iff ;+hfnnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
5. cGt/–dGqfno ;dGjo tyf s]Gb|, If]q / lhNnflar ;dGjo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L
cfjZostf cg';f/ vfBfGg :6s /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
6. vfB ;+s6 Aoa:yfkgsf] lbuf]kg / k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu “vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu
pTkfbg j[l4” gLlt clVtof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
7. vfB tyf kf]if0f c;'/lIft If]qx¿df :yfgLo :t/df ;DefJo s[lif j:t'x¿sf]
pTkfbg / pkof]udf hf]8 lbO{ vfB c;'/Iffsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/df
;'wfl/Psf] uf]7]dn, sDkf]i6 dn, ux'Ft Joj:yfkg h:tf sfo{df ljz]if ;x'lnot
pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
8. vfB c;'/lIft If]qdf ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df :yfgLo:t/df pTkfbg x'g;Sg] pRr
d"Nosf s[lif pkh pTkfbg ug{] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L cfo:t/ a9fpg
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
9. vfBfGg c;'/lIft If]qdf s[lif tyf kmnk"mn v]tL, kz'kfng cflb h:tf sfo{x¿
Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;~rfng u/L o:tf pTkfbgnfO{ k|zf]wg / d"No clej[l4 ug{
vf]lng] s[lif hGo pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
10. vfB c;'/lIft If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] :yfgLo afnLgfnLsf k|hfltx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf
;+j4{g u/L pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
11. vfB c;'/lIft If]qsf] xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] s[lif k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] ;fy}
l;+rfOsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
12. vfB c;'/lIft If]qsf] df};d cg's'n x'g] lsl;dsf afnLgfnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -@_

105
13. u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif d}qL ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / zx/L If]q / zx/ glhssf
u|fdL0f If]qdf kf}li6s tTjo'Qm t/sf/L Pj+ pRrd"Nosf s[lif j:t' pTkfbg ug{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
14.:yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg x'g] afnL tyf vfBj:t'sf ljleGg kl/sf/sf] ljsf; tyf
k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -@_
15. k|To]s lhNnfdf s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt / lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;+hfn
dfk{mt vfB tyf kf]if0f l:yltsf] cg'udg ul/g]5 . -@_
16. vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f, k|df0fLs/0f tyf lgodg k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg k|of]uzfnf ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f pkef]u l:ylt/ vfB cfjZostf tyf pknAwtf af/]
cWoog ;e{]If0f ul/g]5 .
 vfB ahf/, vfB j:t' tyf vfB pBf]usf] cg'udg u/L :j:y / :jR5 vfBj:t'sf]
pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
 gLlt ljZn]if0f Pj+ cg';Gwfg, gLlt sfo{fGjog tyf k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL cWoog,
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;"/Iff k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm ;'/Iff sjrsf] klxrfg ;DaGwdf
cWoog ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
s[lif cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ k|ljlw / ;fdu|Lsf] ;dgjofTds k|of; tyf Jofks pkof]uaf6
cfjlws of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{df ePsf] k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ vfBj:t' pknAwtf ;DaGwdf
vfBfGg, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, df5f, b'w, df;' / c08f qmdzM #@% s]=hL=, !)& s]=hL=,
#!=# s]=hL=, @=$ s]=hL=, ^!=( ln6/, !! s]=hL=, / #)=* uf]6f af6 of]hgf cjlwsf]
clGtd jif{ @)&@÷&# df qmdzM #*( s]=hL=, !!# s]=hL=, #^=! s]=hL=, #=!! s]=hL=,
^$=$ ln6/, !!=*& s]=hL= / ##=* uf]6f k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
$=!=% jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
!= k[i7e"ld
jgn] g]kfnsf] s"n e"efusf] #(=^ k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf
a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'bfosf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] 3fF;–bfp/f–sf7,
h8La'6L, cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ / jftfj/0fLo ;]jf h:tf cTofjZos ;]jfx¿
jg If]qaf6 pknAw x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . jg If]qn] s[lif, pBf]u, hn;|f]t, jftfj/0f /
h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;+/lIft

106
If]qx¿ ko{6g ljsf;sf] cfwf/ :tDesf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L jghGo
;|f]tsf] Jofj;foLs/0faf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
c;/x¿df sdL NofO{ dfgj Pj+ kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ abln+bf] kl/l:ylt;Fu
cg's"ng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg jg If]qn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;}
kl/k]Iodf æ;d[l4sf nflu jgÆ eGg] d"nWo]osf ;fy hg;xeflutfd"ns tyf
ljs]lGb|t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cjnDjg u/L ;du| jg If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdfkm{t\
jgsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf lbuf] of]ubfg k'/\ofpg'sf ;fy}
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg]]tk{m of]hgfsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ lgb]{lzt 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf &$ lhNnfx¿sf lhNnf jg sfo{of]hgf cBfjlws
ul/Psf] 5 . sl/j !* xhf/ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿n] em08} !& nfv
x]S6/ jg If]q Joj:yfkg ub{} sl/j @@ nfv 3/w'/LnfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'¥ofPsf
5g\ . o;af6 ;fd'bflos ljsf;, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf jg
If]qsf] ;'zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf
;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg ul/g] sj'lnotL jg sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ ^,(#$ uf]6f sa'lnotL jg
;d"xdf cfa4 ^%,((& 3/w'/LnfO{ $),*(* x]S6/ jg If]q pknAw u/fO{
hLljsf]kfh{gdf pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} jgsf] x}l;otdf ;d]t ;'wf/
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . t/fO{sf ( lhNnfx¿df @) ;fem]bf/L jg sfo{of]hgf :jLs[t eO{
%$,)&@ x]S6/ jg Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L @% lhNnfdf
ælhNnf jg If]q /0fgLlts of]hgfÆ tof/ e} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ .
h}ljs ljljwtf ;|f]tx¿sf] Jojl:yt ;+/If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df #$,))#=$@ ju{ lsnf]
ld6/ If]qkmndf -s'n e"efusf] @#=@# k|ltzt_ @) j6f ;+/lIft If]q :yfkgf u/L
Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg !@ j6f dWojtL{ If]qsf] %,&@,@^& x]S6/ If]qkmn
dWo] ^&& j6f dWojlt{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] ¿kdf s'n !,(*,%%) x]S6/ jgIf]q
Joj:yfkg ePsf] 5 . dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogaf6 b'n{e tyf
;+/lIft jGohGt'x¿sf] ;+/If0f, dfgj / jGohGt'aLrsf]] åGå Go"gLs/0f x'g'sf] ;fy}
^,@&,))) :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)@)
;Dddf af3sf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] af3 ;+/If0f ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf
/x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd ( j6f l;d;f/x¿ /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf 5g\ .
/fd;f/ ;"rLdf /x]sf 3f]8f3f]8L tfn -s}nfnL_ / sf]lz6Kk' -;'g;/L_ sf] Joj:yfkg
of]hgf tof/L e} sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ .
e"–;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;~rfng uGf{ %^ lhNNffx¿df @,)@)
j6f pk–hnfwf/ If]qsf] klxrfg u/L #$# j6f pk–hnfwf/ If]qsf] hnfwf/
Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L #!^ j6f pk–hnfwf/ If]qx¿df sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog
ePsf] 5 . a]l;g Pk|f]r dfk{mt\ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] 5 . jg If]qsf]
gof+ /0fgLlt th{'df ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . r'/] If]qsf] e"–ef}uf]lns

107
;Dj]bgzLntf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxTTjnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ pQm If]qsf] ;+/If0f
tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu r'/] ;+/If0f /0fgLlt tof/ ePsf] 5 . /]8 km/]i6«L tyf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g PsfO :yfkgf e} ax';/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;d]t ;+Ungtfdf /]8
k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g /0fgLlts k|ltj]bg (RPP) sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
jg If]qsf] Ps hl6n /fli6«o ;d:ofsf ¿kdf jg cltqmd0f /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd
t/fO{ tyf leqLdw]zsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df sl/a ! nfv x]S6/ jg If]q clts|d0f
ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfi7 tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ca}w ;+sng tyf rf]/L lgsf;L,
jGohGt'sf] cj}w lzsf/ tyf Jofkf/, gbL s6fg, e"–Ifo, jg 89]nf], clgolGqt
rl/r/0f, clgolGqt 9'+uf–lul§–jfn'jf ;+sng tyf lgsf;L, jg If]qsf d'Vo
;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg ljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf jg If]q g}
k|of]u u/L x'g] jg If]qsf] e"pkof]u kl/jt{g sd u/L ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] aLrdf
tfnd]n ug{ g;Sg'', jgdf cfwfl/t n3' pBdsf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf] ;kmntf xfl;n
x'g g;Sg', a9\bf] dfgj jGohGt' åGå / ;dofg's"n ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
x'g g;Sg' jg If]qsf yk ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
jg If]qnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] ¿kdf cfTd;ft u/fpg', o;nfO{ /fli6«o
pTkfbgd"ns If]q agfO{ cfly{s pGgltsf] alnof] cfwf/ agfpg', ;+/lIft If]qsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ P]g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsfdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug'{, /fHosf
;a} lgsfo, /fhgLlts bn tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] tk{maf6 jg cltqmd0f lgoGq0f,
jg ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;femf k|lta4tf k|fKt ug'{, t/fO{ / leqL dw]zsf
;a} vfn] jgx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L pkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug'{, jg If]q ;+/If0f /
Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] kof{Kt Joj:yf
ug'{, g]kfn kIf /fi6« /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf cg'¿k /fli6«o :t/df
cfGtl/sLs/0f / sfof{Gjog ug'{, jgsf] Jofj;flos pkof]u u/L cfo / /f]huf/L
j[l4 ug'{ / jg k}bfjf/sf] dfucg'¿k cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tLsf
¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', / h}ljs ljljwtf nufotsf ;|f]tx¿sf] hg;xeflutfd"ns
tyf ljs]Gb|Lt Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cg';f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. lbuf] Joj:yfkgåf/f jg If]qsf] pTkfbsTj / jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .
2. jghlgt lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|j4{gaf6 cfo cfh{g tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿
;[hgf ug]{ .

108
3. jg, h}ljs laljwtf tyf hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg u/L jftfj/0fLo
;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. s"n e"–efusf] Go"gtd $) k|ltzt jg If]q sfod ug{] .
2. jg If]qsf] ;|f]t ;+/If0f, lbuf] Joj:yfkg Pj+ cTo'Qd ¿kdf ;b'kof]u ug]{ .
3. jg If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g] jghGo pTkfbg tyf kfl/l:yltsLo
;]jfsf] ;b'kof]u / Jofj;foLs/0faf6 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;'ne cfk"lt{, yk /f]huf/L
;[hgf / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug]{] .
4. jg If]qsf] ;d'lrt ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu k|j4{gfTds Pj+ ;xof]uL
jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug]{ .
5. jg If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. s'n e"–efusf] sDtLdf $) k|ltzt jg If]q sfod ug{ cfjZos ;'/IffTds,
;+/If0ffTds tyf k|j4{gfTds sfo{ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;fd'bflos jg nufot ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf; / lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos tyf sj'lnolt jgnfO{ nlIft u/L kl/If0fsf] ¿kdf s]xL
lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] sf/0faf6 Iflt x'g] jg
If]qsf] kl/df0ffTds cg'kftdf yk j[If/f]k0f / Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -!_
4. jg cltqmd0f, cj}w s6fgL, rf]/L lzsf/ tyf jg 89]nf]nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
;xeflutfd"ns / ;dGjofTds ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
5. jg If]q nufot ;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos Pj+ lghL If]qx¿df ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf a[xt\ j[Iff/f]k0f ul/g]5 . -!_
6. dfgj / jGohGt'aLrsf] åGå ;Daf]wg ug{ bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt agfO{
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
7. g]kfn–ef/t, g]kfn–rLg l;dfgfdf kg]{ h}ljs dfu{x¿sf] ;+/If0f u/L b'n{e
jGohGt'sf] :jtGq cfjfudg ;xh agfpg Pj+ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{
cfjZos ;dGjo ul/g]5 . -!_
8. lbuf] / j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg k4ltsf] dfWodaf6 jgsf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
-@_

109
9. a[xt\ hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff cg'¿k hnfwf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
-@_
10. h}ljs ljljwtf, kof{j/0fLo ;]jf tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
;Daf]wg ug{ e"–kl/lw If]q, h}ljs dfu{ cflbsf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / pko'Qm
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -@_
11. jg tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] e"–kl/lw:t/df ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .
-@_
12. :yfgLo cfjZostf / cfly{s ;+efjgfsf cfwf/df jg;|f]t ;Da4 ;"rgf
;ª\sng tyf k|ljlw ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ub{} nlug]5 . -@_
13. /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLlt cg'¿k r'/] If]qsf] PsLs[t kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf]
lbuf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ :yfgLo ;d'bfos} t/fO{ tyf dw]z If]qsf] e"ldsf] ;+/If0f
Pj+ lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L pTkfbsTj j[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
14. g]kfnsf jg:kltx¿sf] klxrfg, Joj:yfkg tyf :j–:yfgLo / k/–:yfgLo
;+/If0f, cWoog cg';Gwfg / clen]vLs/0f sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -@_
15. b'n{e tyf nf]kf]Gd'v jg:klt tyf jGohGt'sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
16. h}ljs ;'/Iff, Jofkfl/s dxTTjsf h8La'6L hGo jg:kltsf] u'0f:t/sf] ljZn]if0f,
kmfO6f]:ofg]6/L k|df0fLs/0fnufot 6«]8;kf]6{ sfo{sf] ;b'kof]usf] nflu
k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
17. jg k}bfjf/ tyf ;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf
nflu ;fj{hlgs–;fd'bflos–lghL–;xsf/L If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Lsf dfWodaf6 nufgL
k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
18. :yfgLo ;d'bfo s} ;xeflutfdf jg pBd k|j4{g;+u ;DalGwt sfg'gL
hl6ntfsf] ;dfwfg ub}{ lghL hUufdf ePsf] jg k}bfjf/ pkof]u, laqmL ljt/0f
/ cf];f/k;f/df ;/nLs/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
19. lbuf] ljsf; / kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ jg tyf ;+/lIft If]qx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg k4ltnfO{ j}1flgs tyf ;xeflutfd"ns agfpb} nlug]5 . -#_
20. jg;|f]tdf cfl>t ul/a, dlxnf, tyf ljkGg ju{sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu
Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;zQmLs/0f / xl/t /f]huf/Ld"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -#_
21. h8La'6L v]tL, Ps ;fd'bflos jg Ps pBd tyf cGo jg pBd ljsf;sf
ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f If]qdf :yfgLo o'jf / dlxnf nlIft yk
/f]huf/L ;[hgf ul/g]5 . -#_

110
22. ;fd'bflos jgaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] sDtLdf #% k|ltzt lx:;f ljkGg ju{sf]
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df nufgL ul/g]5 / ;f] k|fjwfgsf]
plrt cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
23. pRr d"Nosf jg:klt / h8La'6Lx¿sf] klxrfg, lbuf] ;ª\sng, k|ljlw ljsf;,
Jofj;foLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;d'bfo tyf lghLIf]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
-#_
24. hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] kg{;Sg] ;+efljt hf]lvdsf] cfFsng u/L hnfwf/
:t/df cfjZos / pko'Qm cg's"ng Pj+ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
25. kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfx¿jf6 k|fKtx'g] cfo;|f]tnfO{ jgsf] jf:tljs Joj:yfkgdf
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;Dd ljt/0f ug]{ cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -#_
26. lbuf] tyf j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf] /0fgLlts vfsf th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -$_
27. sfj{g ;+Zn]if0f tyf ;l~rltaf6 hnjfo'df x'g] k|lts"n k|efj Go"gLs/0f /
cg's"ng ug{ jgIf]qn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg afkt /]8 cjwf/0ffaf6 yk cfly{s
;|f]t h'6fpg] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|lqmof / ;+oGq
lgdf{0f ug]{ k|s[of cufl8 a9fO{g]5 . -$_
28. jgIf]qdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf / lghL If]qsf] nufgL ;d]t a9fpgsf
nflu jg ljsf; a}+s÷;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -$_
29. ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ubf{ jg, jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f /
jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -$_
30. sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ tl/sfaf6
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
31. jgIf]qsf ;/sf/L ;+/rgfaf6 :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jfnfO{
;fd'bflos tyf lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ tyf ;]jfs/f/sf] dfWodaf6 pknAw
u/fOg]5 . -%_
32. jg k}bfjf/sf] ;xh cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy} jg k}bfjf/ k|flws/0f
:yfkgf ug{ cfjZos P]g th'{df u/L ;+/rgf tof/ ul/g]5 . -%_
33. jgsf] ;j]{If0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -%_
34. jg, jGohGt', jg:klt / hnfwf/;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; ug{ cg';Gwfg u/L To;sf] glthf k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g]5 . -%_

111
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmdM o; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg
Joj:yfkgdfkm{t\ ;fd'bflos jg, jg ;+/If0f, hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ /
;'zf;gd'vL sfo{qmd tyf lbuf] jg Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
 lghL jg ljsf; sfo{qmdM jg If]qdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfslif{t ub}{ lghL
hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ hgtfnfO{ jg k}bfjf/df
cfTdlge{/ agfpg, cfwf/e"t jg k}bfjf/sf nflu jg If]qdf kg]{ rfk sd ug{
/ jg k}bfjf/sf] Jofj;foLs/0faf6 cfo cfh{gsf ;fy} /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6]jf
k'¥ofpg of] sfo{qmd nlIft x'g]5 .
 /fli6«o jg ljsf; tyf lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdM lhNnfsf] ;du| /0fgLlts
of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg, ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] ;+/If0f /
Joj:yfkg, jg 89]nf] Joj:yfkg, jg ;+/If0fsf] nflu sfg'g kl/kfngfsf
ultljlwx¿ / jg ;|f]t ;+/If0fhGo sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;
cGt/ut jg ;|f]tsf] klxrfg, tYofÍ ;+sng tyf jg ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw]; sfo{qmdM jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf ;Dj]bgzLn r'/] If]qsf]
jg ljgf; tyf e"–Ifo /f]syfd ug{ r'/] If]qsf @^ lhNnfx¿df s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno nufotsf
lgsfox¿dfkm{t\ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfngdf /xg] u/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 .
 ax';/f]sf/jfnf jg sfo{qmdM g]kfnsf] jg If]qnfO{ ;Dj[l4sf] cfwf/, lbuf] jg
Joj:yfkg, ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
;fdgf ug]{ sfo{df of]ubfg a9fpg] nIo lnPsf] o; sfo{qmdnfO{ qmdzM
lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .
 sj'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmdM of] sfo{qmd ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf
;d"xsf] hLjLsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x¿ a9fpg tyf ljkGg ju{sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs
/ dfgjLo Ifdtf a9fpg kl/nlIft 5 . o; cGtu{t ul/a w'/L klxrfg, ;d"x
u7g, sa'lnotL jgsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/L / sfof{Gjog, jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g
/ Joj:yfkg, ;d"xsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;zQmLs/0f / :yfgLo jg tyf
kz';|f]tdf cfwfl/t cfo cfh{g sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . sj'lnotL
jgsf /fd|f cEof;x¿nfO{ cGo jg Joj:yfkg k4ltx¿df ;d]t cfj4
ul/g]5 .
 e"–;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdM jg / s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|efjsf/L
;fdGh:oNofO{ vfB pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg], e"–Ifo, af9L, klx/f]],
d?e"dLs/0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/ / cGo jftfj/0fLo

112
 c;Gt'ngaf6 b]zsf] e"–efunfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{, pk—hnfwf/df cfwfl/t sfo{qmd
th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{, PsLs[t sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L u|fdL0f s[lif
k|0ffnLsf c+ux¿aLr ;Gt'ng Pj+ ;dGjo sfod ug]{, hnfwf/sf] dflyNnf] tyf
tNnf] t6Lo If]qaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{] p2]Zon] of]] sfo{qmd
a[xt hnfwf/ pkfuddf cfwfl/t eO{ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 jg ;Dj4{g tyf j[If ;'wf/ sfo{qmdM jg Joj:yfkgdf j}1flgs ;f]r,
sfo{of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu jgsf] j}1flgs,
jftfj/0fLo, Joj:yfksLo, kfl/l:yltsLo tyf cfg'j+flzs kIfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
/ gd'gf k|bz{g h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . gd'gf k|bz{gsf] glthf
;fj{hlgs ub}{ /fd|f glthfx¿sf] cg';/0f ub}{ j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf] If]q
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 jg:klt ;|f]t cg';Gwfg, ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdM jg:klthGo ;|f]tx¿sf]
cWoog, cg';Gwfg, km\nf]/f ckm g]kfnsf] k|sfzg, xa]{l/od ;+/If0f, pBfg
Joj:yfkg, k|of]uzffnf :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg, l6:;'sNr/ tyf h8La'6L k|ljlw
ljsf; / k|;f/0f h:tf ultlalwx¿ o; sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 h8La'6L ljsf; sfo{qmdM jghGo ;|f]t laz]if u/L h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg
k}bfjf/nfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf pBd, /f]huf/L tyf cfosf ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{
;lsg] ;Defjgf / cj;/sf] cfwf/df laz]if sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ u/L ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 jf;:yfg÷kf/l:ytLsLo k|0ffnL / jGohGt' ;+/If0f sfo{qmdM ;+/lIft If]qsf]
;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ubf{ ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / ;d:ofnfO{ klg
;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+/If0fsf k|of;x¿ af6
;kmntf ;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; cGt/ut jf;:yfg, kf/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL /
jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf sfo{x¿ lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} jGohGt' k|hgg\ tyf cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g]5 . dfgj jGohGt' åGå Go"gLs/0f tyf jGohGt' rf]/L
lgsf;L Pj+ cj}w Jofkf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos /0fgLlt agfO{g]5 .
 h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{qmdM h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fnfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kn] cl3
j9fpg th'[{df ul/Psf] h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;fy} h}ljs
ljljwtf;+u ;DjlGwt gLltut kIfsf] ;+of]hg ug]{, h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL
låkIfLo ;xof]u k|j4{g ug]{, ;DjlGwt dxf;lGw tyf cg'jGw, cle;lGwsf]
cg'df]bg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ;xhLs/0f nufotsf k|fawfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 .
 jg cg';Gwfg tyf k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmdM jg ;|f]tsf] ;j]{If0f tyf gS;fÍg, jg
cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw ljsf; tyf x:tfGt/0f, k|bz{gL:yn lgdf{0f cflb
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;fy} sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, ;Grf/ / k|;f/, cfd k|rf/k|;f/sf
ultlalwx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

113
 /]8 km/]li6« tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{qmdM jg ;|f]tsf] ljgf; / IfoLs/0faf6
x'g] xl/t u[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g s6f}tL ug{, jg ljgf; /f]syfd / x}l;ot
lau|]sf] jgsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 u/L jg Joj:yfkgaf6 sfa{g ;l~rltdf j[l4
ug{ / ePsf] jg If]qsf] ;+/If0fdfkm{t\ clwstd sfj{g ;l~rlt u/L cfly{s
nfe k|fKt ug{ /]8 k"j{ tof/L sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .
 ;+/lIft jg ljsf; sfo{qmdM b]zsf clt ;+j]bgzLn Pj+ dxTTjk"0f{ h}ljs
ljljwtfo'Qm If]q tyf h}ljs dfu{x¿sf] bL3{sfnLg ;+/If0fsf nflu, PsLs[t
¿kdf ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg Pj+ ljsf; tyf ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu
hg;xeflutf ;d]t kl/rfng x'g'sf;fy} pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ pQm If]qx¿sf]
Joj:yfkgaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] ljt/0f ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{, :ynut
lalzi6tfsf] cfwf/df Joj:yfksLo k4ltx¿sf] ljsf;tk{m of] sfo{qmd
kl/nlIft 5 .
 e"–kl/lw:t/Lo sfo{qmdM of] sfo{qmd cGt/ut e"kl/lw :t/sf ;+/If0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, t/fO{ e"–kl/lw sfo{qmdsf] /0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjog
of]hgf -@))$—@)!$_ nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fn] dxTTjk"0f{ tyf
k|fyldstf k|fKt e"–kl/wLo If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ul/g]5 . e"–kl/wLo ;xof]u
PsfOsf] :yfkgf u/L ;Ldfkf/ ;dGjo sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng, jg:klt tyf
jGohGt'sf] cj}w Jofkf/ /f]syfd, Jfftfj/0fLo ;]jfjf6 k|fKt cfly{s ;|f]tsf]
Joj:yfkg, e"–kl/wLo :t/sf ;an tyf ;kmn sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf /x]sf
PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df, ljQLo ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f / h}ljsdfu{ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx¿ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dfg's"ngsf nflu gd"gf sfo{qmdM æhnjfo' kl/jt{g nufgL
sf]ifÆ cGt/utsf] æ/0fgLlts hnjfo' kl/jt{g sf]ifÆ dftxt /x]sf] æhnjfo'
kl/jt{g ;dfg's'ngsf nflu gd"gf sfo{qmdÆ cGt/ut :yfgLo, /fli6«o /
cGt//fli6«o kxnx¿sf] cfwf/df kj{tLo If]qsf hnfwf/x¿df hnjfo' kl/jt{g
;dfg's"n lgdf{0f / nf]kf]Gd'v k|hfltx¿sf] ;dfg's'"ng Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd
;~rfng x'g]5g\ . kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ng ljlwx¿ cjnDag
u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfo / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{
cg's"ng IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
b]zsf] s'n e"–efusf] $) k|ltzt jgIf]q sfod ug{ ;sf/fTds gLltut /
;+/rgfTds Joj:yf ePsf] x'g]5 . gofF /fli6«o jg /0fgLlt / lhNnf jg If]qut
of]hgf tof/ eO{ nfu" ePsf x'g]5g\ . jg ;+u7gsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;z:q jg /Ifsx¿
cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk / cTofw'lgs xftxltof/ ;lxt kl/rfng / ef}lts k"jf{wf/df
;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 . gof+ jg If]q cltqmd0f x'g glbg'sf ;fy} ePsf cltqmd0f
lgoGq0f u/L !#,))) x]S6/ jg k'gM:yfkgf ePsf] x'g]5 . $,*)) j6f ;a}

114
lsl;dsf jg Joj:yfkgsf sfo{of]hgfx¿ kl/dfh{g ePsf x'g]5g\ . ;fd'bflos tyf
sa'lnotL jg sfo{qmdaf6 yk !*,))) ul/a tyf lk5l8Psf 3/w'/Lx¿ nfeflGjt
ePsf x'g]5g\ . ;fem]bf/L jg sfo{qmd ;~rfngjf6 yk &%,))) x]S6/ jg If]q lbuf]
Joj:yfkg ePsf] x'g]5 . jg Joj:yfkgdfkm{t\ ljkGg ju{sf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt
tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfosf yk &),))) 3/w'/LnfO{ cfocfh{gsf] cj;/ pknAw
ePsf] x'g]5 . jg If]qsf ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfngaf6 jflif{s yk $@,&^,#))
>dlbg /f]huf/L ;[hgf ePsf] x'g]5 .
jghGo pBf]u÷Joj;fodf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf nufgL j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .
$% nfv &% xhf/ 3glkm6 sf7 / ^,!)) r§f bfp/f pTkfbg eO{ cfk"lt{ ;/n
ePsf] x'g]5 . cj}w s6fgL, cfunfuL tyf rf]/L lzsf/sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf jg h+un
tyf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dxTTjsf e"–kl/wLo If]q, h}ljs dfu{sf] ;+/If0f ePsf]
x'g]5 . ;+/lIft If]qsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgaf6 jg, jGohGt' / h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
lbuf] ;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]5 . r'/] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fHosf] pRrtd k|lta4tf k|fKt
x'g'sf] ;fy} /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw]; ;+/If0f sfo{qmdn] r'/]sf] PsLs[t ;+/If0fdf
pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'/\ofPsf] x'g]5 . #,)^& x]S6/ e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj ;+/If0f ePsf]
x'g]5 . yk $) j6f pRr hf]lvdsf e"Ifo :ynsf] pkrf/ eO{ ;+/lIft ePsf] x'g]5 .
jg ;j]{If0f eO{ gSzfÍg tyf ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/sf] jg;|f]tsf] cfFsng ePsf]
x'g]5 . jgIf]q;Fu ;DjlGwt ljifox¿df cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/L gofF k|ljlw
ljsf; / ;f]sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ePsf] x'g]5 .

$=@ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{ / ko{6g

$=@=! pBf]u
!= k[i7e"ld
s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ub}{ ljBdfg a]/f]huf/L, c4{a]/f]huf/L tyf ul/aL
sd ug{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{{ 5 . cf}Bf]lus nufgLn] pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTj j[l4, /f]huf/L ;[hgf, ;Lk, ;fwg, ;|f]t tyf ;Defjgfsf] pkof]u, cfoft
k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{gdf of]ubfg ub{5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf lghL :jb]zL tyf
j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{ cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ub}{ n}hfg], df}h'bf cf}Bf]lus
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug]{, lgof{t k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg ljz]if cfly{s
If]qsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ug]{ / n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] k|j4{gsf]
dfWodaf6 ;d[l4sf] lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k pBf]u / nufgL k|j4{g;Fu hf]l8Psf
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ n}hfg] p2]Zon] u7g ul/Psf] g]kfn Joj;fo d~rsf]]
;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] sfo{n] ult lnPsf] 5 . ?U0f pBf]u ;DaGwdf ul7t

115
pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf 5 . aGb ePsf
pBf]ux¿sf] k'gM ;~rfng jf j}slNks Joj:yfkgsf nflu kxnx¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ .
cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff an u7g ePsf] 5 .
e}/xjfdf ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
l;d]G6 pBf]u :yfkgf :yn;Dd cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t kx'Fr
;8s lgdf{0f / ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( nfO{ cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& cg's"n x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g ug{ gofF
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g / lgodfjnLsf] th'{df sfo{ cl3 a9L/x]sf] 5 . gofF j}b]lzs
nufgL gLlt tyf P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] 5 . dlxnf pBdzLntf sf]if
;~rfng sfo{ljlw @)^( tyf k|ljlw ljsf; sf]if lgb]{lzsf @)&) :jLs[t x'g'sf
;fy} tL sf]ifx¿df ;/sf/sf tk{maf6 cfjZos /sd hDdf eO;s]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g @)$( nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ gLlt tof/Lsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o af}l4s ;DklQ
;+/If0f sfof{no :yfkgf x'g] qmddf 5 . To:t}, af}l4s ;DklQ ljw]ossf] d:of}bf
tof/ ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . n3' tyf ;fgf pBd ljsf; sf]if lgb]{lzsf @)^(
kl/dfh{g;lxt :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z,
@)^( hf/L ePsf] 5 . n3'pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd qmdzM lj:yflkt u/L o;sf]
cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ kfFrjif]{ /0fgLltkq -@)&)÷&!–@)&$÷&%_ cg'¿k ul/aL
lgjf/0fsf nflu n3'pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;+qmd0fsfndf cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff k|Tofe"t u/L :jb]zL lghL tyf j}b]lzs nufgL
cfslif{t x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ g;Sg', ljB't cfk"lt{ gx'g', k|lti7fg:t/df 6«]8
o'lgogsf] ;+Vof;+u} c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9\b} hfg', ;+rflnt pBf]ux¿nfO{ pTkfbg
tyf pTkfbsTjsf] b[li6n] k|lt:kwL{ agfpg g;lsg', k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu
nufgLsf] sdL] x'g', nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g g;Sg', bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g',
j:t'x¿sf] ljljwLs/0f ug{ g;Sg', gofF k|ljlwsf] canDag ug]{ Ifdtfdf sdL x'g',
>d gLlt pBf]u–d}qL x'g g;Sg', u|fdL0f cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kttf x'g',
pBdLx¿sf] n3' ljQ;Ddsf] kx'Frdf sdL] / ahf/;Fusf] sdhf]/ cu|;DaGw cflb
;d:ofx¿ o; If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
nufgL tyf /f]huf/Ld'vL cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f tof/ u/L gofF pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ug'{, df}h'bf pBf]unfO{ ?U0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg', ?U0f pBf]unfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug'{,
ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] ;[hgf ub}{ NofPsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0fsf] ;fdgf ug'{, pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/ sfod ug'{, pTkfbgx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo
agfpg', ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g tyf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yfdf ePsf] k|j]zn]
;[hgf u/]sf] bfloTj k"/f ug'{, ;"rgf tyf cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu
cfTd;ft\ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .

116
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
afXo -ljZj tyf If]qLo_ cy{tGq;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L /fi6«df
pBf]u If]qsf] e"ldsf j[l4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. pBdzLntf clej[l4dfkm{t\ cy{tGqnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
2. cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgnfO{ pRr u'0f:t/o'Qm Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfO cf}Bf]lus
j:t'sf] lgof{t a9fpg] .
3. cf}Bf]lus If]qdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ub}{ n}hfg] .
4. ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;df pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg] .

^= /0fgLlt
1. pBf]ux¿nfO{ cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tdf kx'Fr, pmhf{ tyf cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
Joj:yf tyf gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg] .
2. :yfgLo ;|f]tPj+ ;Lksf] pkof]u / ahf/;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L ;Gt'lnt
If]qLo ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] u/L n3', 3/]n', ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBf]u
:yfkgf / ;~rfngnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
3. nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ cfjZos gLlt tyf P]gsf] kl/dfh{g / th'{df
u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
4. u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
5. af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] k|0ffnLut Joj:yf ug{] .
6. lk5l8Psf ul/a ;d"xdf pBdzLntf ;[hgf u/L nfed"ns :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf
ug{ hf]8 lbg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljz]if cfly{s If]qnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
2. cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofOg]5 . -!_
3. /fli6«o pTkfbsTj tyf cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
4. Psn laGb' ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;Ld]G6 pBf]u;Ddsf] kx'Fr ;8s tyf ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lj:tf/ sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -!_

117
6. pTkfbg k|lqmofdf cu|–k[i7 ;DaGw dha't agfpg pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿df
s/f/, s/f/ v]tL, s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]usf] >[[Înf lgdf{0f Pj+ cGt;{DalGwt
pBf]usf] sf/f]af/h:tf Joj:yfksLo ljsNkx¿sf] cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_
7. k]6«f]lnodnufot vfgLhGo j:t'x¿sf] cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f / pTvggsf
sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 a9fOg]5g\ . -!_
8. ?U0f pBf]unfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot k|bfg u/L ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
9. ;fd'bflos tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] cu|;/tfdf n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u
u|fd :yfkgf u/L cf}Bf]lus s]Gb|x¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ul/asf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ d'n'se/ lj:tf/ ug{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ lgsfo tyf ;xof]uL lgsfox¿sf] ;dGjo tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5 .
-@_
11. pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr tyf d"No z[ª\vnf ;DaGw ljsf;sf] cfwf/df nlIft
;d"xsf n3'pBdsf] :t/ j[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
12. n3'pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sf]ifsf] ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -@_
13. Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
14. /f]huf/bftf / >ldsaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfpg sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs
;'/Iff;DaGwL ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
15. cfˆg} k|of;df jftfj/0f d}qL k|ljlw Pj+ pmhf{ art ug]{ pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fljlws
cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 . -#_
16. lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf nufgL k|j4{g sf]if, k|ljlw ljsf;
sf]if, n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if, ?U0f pBf]u k'g?Tyfg sf]if, dlxnf pBdL ljsf;
sf]if / u}/ Jofj;flos÷u}/ Jofkfl/s hf]lvdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg cf}Bf]lus nufgL
;+/If0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
17. u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL / g]kfnLd"nsf ljb]zLn] g]kfndf u/]sf] nufgLnfO{ ljb]zL
nufgL ;/xsf] Jojxf/ Pj+ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 . -$_
18. af}l4s ;DklQsf] Jojl:yt n]vfhf]vf u/L clen]va4 ub}{ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g
ug{ cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQ sfof{no :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
19. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . -^_
20. pTkfbgzLn :j/f]huf/L ;[hgfsf nflu lk5l8Psf ul/a nlIft ;d"xsf nflu
k|lzIf0f tyf cfly{s 6]jf lbg ljz]if sf]if v8f ul/g]5 . -^_

118
21. lgsf;LhGo j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fsf nflu u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefusf]
k|of]uzfnfnfO{ :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -^_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd, cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
sfo{qmd -ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; tyf ;~rfng, lgdf{0ffwLg pBf]u;Dd ljB't
k|;f/0f nfO{g lj:tf/, vfgL:yn kx'Fr ;8s_, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;
sfo{qmd / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt @)!) -pBf]u sfo{qmd_ nfO{ klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . To:t} cf}Bf]lus nufgL k|j4{g sfo{qmd,
jftfj/0fLo If]q ;xof]u sfo{qmd -pmhf{ sfo{qmd ;d]t_, vlgh cGj]if0f tyf
ljsf; sfo{qmd, e"–j}1flgs ;j]{If0f tyf cg';Gwfg / k]6«f]lnod cGj]if0f kl/of]hgf
h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/df j[l4 / ahf/ ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g],
cf}Bf]lus If]qdf jflif{s %) xhf/sf b/n] ! nfv %) xhf/ /f]huf/L ;[hgf ePsf]
x'g], cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u;Fu} u'0f:t/Lo j:t'x¿ pTkfbgåf/f lgof{t
a9\g uO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ePsf] x'g] tyf cf}Bf]lus af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f /
;Dj4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=@=@ jfl0fHo
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gdf k|j]z, blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf /
ax'If]qLo k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xfotf ;DaGwL a+ufnsf] vf8Lsf] kxn nufotsf
If]qLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL;Fusf] cfa4tf, låkIfLo Jofkf/ If]qsf] lj:tf/ Pj+ Jofkf/
;xhLs/0fdfkm{t\ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf / t'ngfTds nfesf] vf]hL, cfGtl/s pTkfbg
clej[l4, ahf/ tyf j:t' ljljwLs/0f tyf Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] k|of;
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xLcg'¿k jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% sf ;fy} g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t
/0fgLlt, @)!) tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t
/0fgLlt, @)!) n] klxrfg u/]sf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg j[l4, d"No clej[l4sf ;fy}
lgof{t k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;dGjodf ;~rfngdf
/x]sf 5g\ . j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf sf/0f k|ToIf j}b]lzs
nufgL cfslif{t eO{ o;af6 cfo tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df klg j[l4 x'g] cfwf/
tof/ ePsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|flKt;Fu} Psflt/ d'n'sn] v'nf /
ljzfn cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;xh kx'Frsf] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ ;f]
;+u7gn] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu pknAw u/fpg]
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xfotfaf6 cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ ;'b[9

119
agfpg] dxTTjk"0f{ cj;/af6 klg nfeflGjt x'g] kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . o:tf
k|of; tyf cj;/x¿sf afjh'b klg cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ 3f6f ljs/fn ¿kdf
al9/x]sf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ u/L o;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljz]if Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ u/L
o; of]hgf th'{df ePsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf !( j6f j:t' / ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg
j[l4, d"No clej[l4 ;fy} lgof{t k|j4{gsf If]qdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;dGjodf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] k"/f ug{'kg{] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf]
5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf cEof;sf] cfjlws
¿kdf ;dLIff tyf k'g/jnf]sg u/L ltgaf6 låkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
;~rfngdf k/]sf] k|efjnfO{ cf+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ljZj
Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{ g]kfnn] u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿ k"/f ug]{ qmddf
jfl0fHo If]q;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg gLlt, P]g, lgodfjnL Pj+ ;+/rgfx¿ Jofkf/ d}qL
agfpg] qmd hf/L 5 . g]kfn / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaLr Jofkf/ tyf nufgL
;Demf}tf ;DkGg eO{ sfo{ cufl8 a9L/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn rLg ;Ldf If]qsf] tftf]kfgL
eG;f/ gfsfl:yt ;'Vvf aGb/ufx lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] 5 .
jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu lj:t[t gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . ;f] gLltn] ljz]if s]lGb|t If]q / hf]8 lbOPsf] If]q
cGtu{t u/L em08} 8]9 bh{g hlt j:t'nfO{ lgof{t ;DefJo j:t'sf ¿kdf klxrfg
u/L ltgsf] k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
zflGt ;'/Iffsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, cf}Bf]lus c;'/Iff, aGb x8tfn,c;xh >d ;DaGw
/ pmhf{sf] Go"g pknAwtfsf sf/0f nufgL Pj+ Jofkf/–d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g
g;Sg', lgsf;LhGo pBf]ux¿nfO{ pTkfbgd"ns cGo cfly{s If]qx¿ -s[lif, jg,
ko{6g cflb_ ;Fu PsLs[t ug{ g;Sg', clwsf+z lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿ cfofltt sRrf
kbfy{df cfwfl/t x'g', lgsf;LnfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
ljsf; x'g g;Sg' Pj+ ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿ klg k"0f{ pkof]udf cfpg g;Sg', k|d'v
lgsf;LhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lglZrt dfkb08 cg';f/sf] u'0f:t/ sfod x'g g;Sg',
lgsf;L k|j4{gsf nflu yk ljz]if j:t' / ljz]if ahf/sf] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg',
;Lldt j:t' tyf ahf/df g]kfnL pTkfbg s]lGb|t x'g', ;]jf Jofkf/ / af}l4s ;DklQ
Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf ljleGg gLltut / ;+:yfut sdhf]/L /xg', s[lif tyf jg:klthGo
j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t sd x'g' cflb Jofkf/ If]qsf d"ne"t ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ . s"6gLlts
lgof]ux¿nfO{ lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rfng ug{ g;lsPsf] Pj+
cfGtl/s Jofkf/ k|j4{g sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g gLltut / ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf tyf
;dGjodf sl7gfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

120
If]qLo Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] cfa4tfjf6 l;lh{t Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ cfjZos gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ lgwf{l/t
;dod} k"/f ug]{, lgsf;LhGo pTkfbgdf lglZrt u'0f:t/ sfod ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] ;fv lug{ glbO{ ljZj;gLotf cfh{g ug]{, t'ngfTds /
k|lt:kwL{ nfe ePsf lgsf;Lof]Uo pTkfbgx¿sf] cu| / k[i7 ;DaGw ;[b[9 ub}{ To:tf
j:t'sf] ljsf; / ljljwLs/0f u/L g]kfnL pTkfbgnfO{ ljZj ahf/df :yflkt ug]{,
l5d]sL d'n'sx¿;Fu sf/f]jf/ nfut 36fO{ lgsf;L k|j4{g ug{ ef}lts Pj+
Jofkf/;DaGwL k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/df g]kfnsf]
lxt clwstd sfod x'g] u/L jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / ;du|df lg/Gt/tfsf]
a9\bf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg] ljifox¿ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf
5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 l;lh{t cj;/sf] pkof]u / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg ub{}]
k|lt:kwf{Tds jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. cfGtl/s Aofkf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{] .
2. t'ngfTds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No / u'0f:t/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfO Jofkf/
3f6f sd ug{] .
3. :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{, ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;Lk a9L k|of]u x'g] j:t'sf] lgsf;L
k|j4{gdfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ If]qut gLltx¿sf]
th'{df / sfof{Gjog ubf{ Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L
;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ .
2. jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{
k|j4{g ug]{ .
3. lg/k]If nfe, t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwL{ nfe ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljsf; /
k|j4{g ug]{ .
4. jfl0fHo gLlt / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf lgof{t x'g] j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L d"No clej[l4/ d"No z[ª\vnf
Joj:yfkgdf pRr hf]8 lbFb} lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ .

121
5. cfly{s s"6gLltdfkm{t\ Jofkf/sf nflu ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng u/L Jofkf/
;xhLs/0f, Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf Jofkf/ Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
 ;]jf Jofkf/sf] k|j4{g u/L lgof{t Ifdtf clej[l4af6 clwstd nfe xfl;n ug{
cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
 k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f / ;+:yfut ;'wf/dfkm{t\ Jofkf/sf] sf/f]af/ nfut 36fpg
ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5. -!_
 Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|nfO{ Jofkf/;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg, lgsf;L
k|j4{g, j:t' ljsf; / hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ u/L :jfoQ ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf Jofkf/ k|j4{g k|lti7fgsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ k|fyldstf;fy cufl8
a9fOg]5 . -!_
 cf}Bf]lus Pj+ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xeflutfdf
Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] k|bz{gL:yn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
 cfoft Pj+ lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] 9'jfgL aGb sG6]g/df ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -@_
 Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ub}{ Jofkf/sf
;dsfnLg d'2fx¿df cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
 k/Dk/fut ;Lk / sf}zn ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g
ul/g]5 . -#_
 k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pj+ cg'udg
u/L cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L t'NofOg]5 . -#_
 b]zdf pknAw ax'd"No h8La'6Laf6 clwstd kmfObf lng h8La'6L k|zf]wg tyf
h8La'6Ldf cfwfl/t cf}iflwhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg / lgsf;Ldf ljz]if hf]8
lbOg]5 . -#_
 klxrfg eO;s]sf ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ jfl0fHo
If]qsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
 lgof{t Jofkf/ clej[l4 ug{ lg/k]If, t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe ePsf
lgof{thGo j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg, ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot k|bfg
ul/g]5 . -$_
 t];|f] d'n'sdf lgof{t u/L cfh{g x'g] ljb]zL d'b|fdf lb+Ob} cfPsf] gub k|f]T;fxg
nufot ;/sf/af6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/ u/L lgof{t k|j4{gdf lghL
If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -$_

122
 jfl0fHo gLlt / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf lgof{thGo j:t'
tyf ;]jfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} lgof{t clej[l4 ug{ tL
j:t'sf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 / d"No clej[l4sf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -
$_
 jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% / g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt—@)!) df ;d ;fdlos
;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :yflkt g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ub{}
clwstd nfe xfl;n ug{ yk ahf/ lj:tf/ / k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -$_
 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s gfsfx¿;Ddsf] Jofkfl/s cfjfudgnfO{ ;xh agfO
cfoft lgof{tnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;LdfIf]qdf ef}lts tyf ;+:yfut
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; tyf e}/x]sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
 Jofkf/sf nflu ;xof]usf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng / sfof{Gjogsf nflu Jofkf/
If]qdf If]qut cjwf/0fsf] cWoog u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -$_
 g]kfnsf ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]unfO{ Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{ yk lqmofzLn
agfOg]5 . -%_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 Jofkf/;DaGwL ;"rgf, tYofÍ ;+sng,
k|zf]wg / k|sfzg, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL qm]tf ljqm]tfsf] Jofkfl/s d]nf, uf]i7L /
j:t' ljsf; tyf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{, j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;DaGwdf g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;fy} Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L
k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgof{t k|j4{g tyf jfl0fHo;DaGwL cWoog
cg';Gwfgdf yk lqmofzLn agfOg]5 .
 Jofkf/, ;"rgf tyf lgof{t ;xof]u cfof]hgf cGtu{t lgsf;L j[l4 ug{ a:t'
ljsf;, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cGt/ dGqfno ;dGjo ug]{ .
g]kfnL j:t' / ;]jfx¿sf] ljZjJofkL a|fl08Ë, 6«]8dfs{ / ef}uf]lns kl/rfos
(geographical indications) :yflkt u/L ltgsf] ljz]if k|j4{g ul/g] .
 tftf]kfgL eG;f/ lg/LIf0f :6]zg sfo{qmd cGtu{t cfGtl/s sG6]g/ l8kf]
lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} cfoft÷lgof{t nfut / ;do 36fpg] .
 g]kfn ef/t If]qLo Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg cfof]hgf cGtu{t e}/xjf / jL/u~h
cfGtl/s sG6]g/ l8kf] :t/f]Gglt, Jofkfl/s kf]6{n / Psåf/ k|0ffnL sfo{fGjog,

123
 d'lUng gf/fo0f3f6 ;8s :t/f]Gglt / sf7df08f}df sG6]g/ k|m]6 :6]zg lgdf{0f
ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg;Fu j:t' lgsf;Lsf] cg'kft ^
k|ltzt / j:t' tyf ;]jf lgsf;Lsf] cg'kft !@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], ;fy} Jofkf/
3f6f s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @) k|ltztdf em/]sf] x'g], g]kfn PsLs[t Jofkf/
/0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t sDtLdf Ps cj{ k'u]sf] x'g] .
$=@=# cfk"lt{
!= k[i7e"ld
hgtfnfO{ b}lgs cTofjZosLo j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ plrt, u'0f:t/ / k|lt:kwL{
d"Nodf e/kbf]{ tl/sfn] pknAw u/fpg, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f ug{, ahf/df j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] s[lqd cefj, c:jfefljs d"No j[l4, sf6{]lnË cflb x'g glbg ;/sf/sf]
;dGjostf{, ;xhstf{ cg'udgstf{sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
Joj:yfkg ljefu / lhNnf cg'udg ;ldltdfkm{t\ ;dGjofTds 9ª\uaf6 ahf/
cg'udg sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . oftfoftsf] kx'Fr ePsf ;'ud lhNnfx¿df
ahf/ ;+oGqdfkm{t\ cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ cfk"lt{ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] pRr
lxdfnL, kxf8L tyf b'u{d lhNnfx¿df g]kfn ;/sf/n] 9'jfgL cg'bfg lbP/ vfBfGg,
g"gnufot cTofjZos j:t'x¿ cfk"lt{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
ax'kIfLo, If]qLo / låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf / ahf/ lj:tf/sf qmddf pkef]Qmfsf]
5gf]6sf] cj;/ yk km/flsnf] ag]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L÷;fd'bflos / lghL
If]qsf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ r':t, pQ/bfoL, k|efjsf/L, e/kbf]{
/ ;xh agfpg] /fd|f] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pkef]Qmfdf a9]sf] r]tgf / ;"rgfsf]
;xh kx'Frsf] sf/0faf6 j:t' tyf ;]jf 5gf}6sf] tl/sf, k|flKt / e'QmfgLsf]
dfWoddf ;/ntf cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] hgtfsf]
vfB;Dk|e'tfsf] xs :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf]
cfd"n kl/jt{gn] pkef]Qmfx¿sf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL r]tgfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cfk"lt{
Joj:yfnfO{ ;xh, k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo agfpg gLltut, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut
;'wf/sf] qmdnfO{ tLj|tf lbO{Psf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
hgtfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf vfBfGg nufot cGo cTofjZos j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] ljleGg gLltut, ;+:yfut / k|lqmofut Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . gLltut
;'wf/tk{m pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ / pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{
;+zf]wg ug]{ k|lqmof ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 / Jojl:yt
agfpg] p2]Zon] PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .

124
k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g lgodfjnL, @)^^ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 ;fy} cfk"lt{ gLlt,
@)^( hf/L ePsf] 5 . pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/L ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L ahf/ cg'udg dfkm{t\ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf / d"No Pj+ cfk"lt{
Jojl:yt ug{ ;+o'Qm ahf/ cg'udg lgb]{lzsf, @)^( hf/L ePsf] 5 . jfl0fHo tyf
cfk"lt{ If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf Zj]tkq, @)^* hf/L eO ;f]xL adf]lhd sfo{
cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . ljut s]xL jif{otf d'n'sdf b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] vfBfGgsf] Go"g
cfk"lt{ tyf pRr d"Noj[l4nfO{ ljrf/ u/L b]zdf cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:t'sf] cefj
x'g glbg s]xL vfBj:t'sf] lgsf;Ldf k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 .
;+:yfut ;'wf/tk{m cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg, ahf/ cg'udg Pj+ pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0fnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg jfl0fHo ljefunfO{ k'gM;+/rgf u/L jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
Joj:yfkg ljefu u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ahf/ cg'udg ug{ ahf/
lg/LIf0f clws[t lgo'Qm ug]{ k|lqmof yfngL ePsf] 5 . k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] e08f/0f
Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ljleGg :yfgx¿df gofF l8kf]x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ / df}h'bf
l8kf]x¿sf] dd{t ;+ef/ / :t/f]Gglt ug]{ sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . /S;f}n–
cdn]vuGh k]6«f]lnod kfOk nfOg lgdf{0fsf] ;DefJotf cWoog sfo{ k"/f ePsf]
5 . vfBfGg tyf g'g 9'jfgL ul/Fb} cfPsf lhNnfx¿nfO{ oftfoftsf] kx'Fr nufot
ljleGg ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df qmdzM lj:yflkt ug]{ ;DaGwdf cWoog eO/x]sf] 5 .
ljZj vfB sfo{qmdnufot ax'kIfLo tyf If]qLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] vfB ;'/Iff
rf;f] / ;xof]u a9fPsf 5g\ . pkef]Qmf, clwsf/sdL{, ;+3 ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos If]q
tyf gful/s ;dfh ;d]t j:t'sf] d"No, u'0f:t/ tyf pknAwtf k|lt ;r]t ePsf
5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;/sf/L, lghL / ;fd'bflos If]q;d]tsf] ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] jfjh'b klg pkef]Uo
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL ck]Iffcg'¿k ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf], s[lif
e"lddf cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, Jofj;flos / j}1flgs s[lif k|0ffnL ckgfpg
g;lsPsf], l;+rfO, aLplahg, s[lif ;fdu|L cflbsf] ckof{Kttf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf]
sf/0f s[lif If]qdf >ldssf] sdL /x]sf] nufotsf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] vfBfGg pTkfbg
/ pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfpg' k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s[lqd cefj ;[hgf
u/L c:jfefljs d"Noj[l4 Pj+ sf6]{lnª ug]{ k|j[lQdf ck]Iffg'¿k lgoGq0f Pj+ ;'wf/
x'g g;Sg', j:t' tyf ;]jf cfk"lt{ Joj:yf, u'0f:t/ / d"Nosf] lgoldt / k|efjsf/L
cg'udg x'g g;Sg', s0ff{nLnufot b'u{d lhNnfx¿df 9'jfgL cg'bfgdf vfBfGg
pknAw u/fOFb} cfPsf] eP tfklg o;n] cefju|:t ;a} If]q / hgtfnfO{ ;d]6\g
g;Sg'h:tf ;d:ofx¿ cem} /x]sf 5g\ . ljZj vfB sfo{qmdnufot ax'kIfLo tyf
If]qLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] vfB ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf rf;f] / ;xof]u a9fPsf eP
klg PsLs[t cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f k|0ffnL gx'g', b'u{d If]qdf lbOg] 9'jfgL cg'bfg
k'g/jnf]sg gx'g', k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ ;xh / lgoldt gx'g' o; If]qsf k|d'v
r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

125
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
d'n'se/ u'0f:t/o'Qm j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ ;xh / ;j{;'ne 9Ën] cfk"lt{ x'g] jftfj/0f
ldnfpg] / pkef]Qmfsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf lgoldt / ;xh¿kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] / ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ .
2. s[lqd cefj, sfnf]ahf/L / c:jfefljs d"No j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. s[lqd cefj tyf sfnf] ahf/L / c:jfefljs d"No j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
lgoldt ahf/ cg'udg u/L cfjZostfg';f/ ahf/ x:tIf]k ug{] .
2. b'u{d, lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg ;x'lnotk"0f{ k;nx¿sf] Joj:yfnufot cGo Joj:yf ug{ ljleGg
lgsfox¿aLrdf k|efjsf/L ;~hfn / ;dGjo ;'b[9 ug{] .
3. :yfgLo:t/df vfBfGg cfk"lt{ a9fpg pTkfbg j[l4 tyf Jofj;flos v]tL
;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug{] .
4. vfB ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt a9fpg ;+:yfut ;'wf/, vfB e08f/0f tyf pTkfbg
j[l4;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] .
5. k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] ;xh cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf lgoldt / ;xh¿kdf cfk"lt{ x'g] Joj:yf
;'lglZrt ug{ cfk"lt{ gLlt, @)^( sf] sfo{of]hgf th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf
NofOg]5 . ;fy}, cfGtl/s Jofkf/ gLltsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
-!_
2. ;+o'Qm ahf/ cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f sfo{nfO{ ;3gtf;fy ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. lg/LIf0f clws[tnfO{ cg'udg :yndf g} sfjf{xL ug]{ clwsf/sf nflu sfg'gL
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
4. pkef]Qmfsf] xslxtnfO{ yk ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg pkef]Qmf Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf
ug{] k|lqmof cl3 a9fOg]5 . -!_

126
5. cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:t'sf] d"Nodf x'g] c:jfefljs d"Noj[l4 lgoGq0f ug{
ahf/ l;4fGt k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ljz]if kl/l:yltdf cfwf/d"No tf]Sg]tk{m
cfjZos sbd rflng]5 . -!_
6. k|d'v pkef]Uo j:t'sf] d"No;"rL lgoldt ¿kdf k|sflzt x'g] Joj:yf jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ljefuaf6 ldnfOg]5 . -!_
7. pkef]Qmf hfu/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ b]ze/ cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
8. rfdn, bfn, ux'F, lk7f], t]n, g"gnufot cTofjZos pkef]Uo j:t'sf] ;xh /
lgoldt cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
9. b'u{d If]q nufot b]ze/ u'0f:t/Lo / cfof]l8go'Qm g"gsf] cfk"lt{nfO{ ;'lglZrt
t'Nofpg lgoldt 9'jfgL, e08f/0f / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
10. ljutdf b'u{d If]q egL juL{s[t lhNnf tyf If]qnfO{ ;8s oftfoft, ljB't tyf
;~rf/ ;]jf / cGo k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr Pj+ pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df k'g/jnf]sg
u/L ljs6 If]qdfdfq vfBfGg tyf g"g 9'jfgLdf ;/sf/L cg'bfg s]lGb|t ub{}
nlug]5 . -@_
11. ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf b'u{d tyf vfB Go"gtf ePsf lhNnfsf hgtfnfO{
tf]lsPadf]lhd ;x'lnot b/df vfBfGg pknAw u/fOg]5 . -@_
12. b'u{d If]qdf :yfgLo vfB pTkfbg k|j4{g u/L vfBfGgdflysf] k/lge{/tf
x6fpg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodfkm{t\ ljz]if s[lif pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xof]u ul/g]5 . -#_
13. b'u{d If]qdf :yfgLo pTkfbg g} pkef]u ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ vfB cfxf/
kl/jt{g;DaGwL hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd vfBfGg cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmdnfO{ lghL
Pj+ ;/sf/L If]q;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
14. cfw'lgs uf]bfd 3/ lgdf{0f, dd{t;Def/ u/L vfB e08f/0f Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf
vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . ;fy}, l5§} lau|g] j:t'sf
;DaGwdf pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, lghL If]q;Fu ;dGjo
u/L zLt e08f/x¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -$_
15. g]kfn cfon lgudsf] k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L o;sf] sfo{nfO{
;do;fk]If, hjfkmb]xL / k|efjsf/L agfO{g]5 . -%_
16. k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No lgwf{/0fdf cGt/f{li6«o k/n÷vl/b d"No;Fu :jtM
;dfof]hg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -%_
17. g]kfndf ljBdfg pmhf{ ;+s6n] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] vktdf ePsf] j[l4nfO{
Jojl:yt tyf cfk"lt{df ;xhtf clej[l4 ug{ klxnf] r/0fdf /S;f}n–cDn]vu~h
v08df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] kfOknfOg lgdf{0f cl3 a9fOg]5 . -%_

127
18. cGt/{fli6«o :t/df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ / Pn=lk= UofF;sf] d"Nodf 36a9 ePsf]
cj:yfdf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"NonfO{ l:y/ /fvL cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ;xh agfO
/fVg pko'Qm Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -%_
19. g]kfnsf lrgL pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg x'g] Oyfgf]n k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df ld;fj6 u/L
ljqmL ljt/0fdf Nofpg] ;DaGwdf ;+efJotf cWoog ul/g]5 . -%_
20. g]kfn cfon lgudsf] xfnsf] df}Hbft Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ lgud cGtu{tsf]
yfgsf]6, kf]v/f / e}/xjfdf k]6«f]nsf] df}Hbft Ifdtf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -%_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
of]hgf cjlwdf g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg cGtu{t vfBfGg 9'jfgL cg'bfg, ;fN6 6«]l8Ë
cGtu{t s07/f]u lgoGq0f sfo{qmd / jfl0fHo ljefu cGtu{t pkef]Qmf xLt
;+/If0fsf nflu ahf/ cg'udg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5g\ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
b'u{d If]qdf slDtdf $% xhf/ d]=6g -k|To]s jif{ Go"gtd !% xhf/ d]=6g_ vfBfGg
/ ! nfv %) xhf/ lSjG6n -k|lt jif{ Go"gtd %) xhf/ lSjG6n_ cfof]l8go'Qm
g"g 9'jfgL ePsf] x'g], vfBfGg 9'jfgL cg'bfg lbg] lhNnfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof k'gj/fnf]sg
eO{ sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'g], /fli6«o vfB ;'/Iff e08f/df @%,))) d]=6g tyf ;fs{
vfB ;'/Iff a}+ssf] k|lta4tfadf]lhd *,))) d]=6g vfBfGg ;'/lIft ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=@=$ ko{6g
!= k[i7e"ld
e"–agf]6sf sf/0fn] l;lh{t ljZjs} clåtLo k|fs[lts tyf h}ljs ;Dkbfx¿ /
P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / k|j{4gaf6 ko{6g
If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L k|fKt k|ltkmNfnfO{ Gofof]lrt tl/sfn] u|fdL0f tx;Dd
k'¥ofpgsf] nflu ko{6g If]qsf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu gofF
ko{6sLo :yn / pkhx¿sf] klxrfg tyf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L ko{6g
pBf]unfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] alnof] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ cfdgful/ssf]
hLljsf]kfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{'
ckl/xfo{ 5 .

128
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ko{6g k"jf{wf/, ko{6g k|j4{g / ko{6sLo ultljlwx¿sf] ljljlws/0f tyf lj:tf/
ug]{ gLlt lnOP cg';f/ d'n'ssf ljleGg If]qx¿df ko{6g k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿
e}/x]sf 5g\ . ko{6sLo d]nf, pT;j, dxf]T;j dfkm{t\ cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j{4g
ul/g'sf ;fy} ko{6gnfO{ u|fdL0f :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg xf]d:6] sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ hgr]tgf,
Ifdtf clej[l4 / tflndx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ljZj ko{6g If]qsf] k'gM:yfkgf /
d'n'sleq}sf] a9\bf] ko{6g d}qL jftfj/0fn] ut cfjlws of]hgf cjlwdf @@=!
k|ltztn] ko{6s cfudgdf j[l4 e} s"n jflif{s ko{6s cfudg ;+Vof sl/a * nfv
k'Ug uPsf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] ko{6sLo ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ phfu/ ug{ / ;+t'lnt ¿kdf ko{6sLo
;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ljsf; / k|j4{g ug{ &% j6} lhNnfx¿ ;d]6\g] u/L !* j6f
ko{6sLo If]qx¿ 3f]if0ff u/L k'jf{wf/ ljsf; / k|j{4gfTds sfo{x¿ cl3 a9fOPsf]
5 . ko{6snfO{ :j:y dgf]/Ghg pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;~rfngdf /x]sf
Sofl;gf]nfO{ Jojl:yt tyf dof{lbt ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{ lgodfjnL sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] 5 . ko{6sLo pkhsf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ ug{ z}lIfs ko{6g, :jf:Yo
ko{6g tyf s[lif ko{6g k|j{4g;DaGwL cWoog cjnf]sg nufot ljljw sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t gof+ uGtJo :ynx¿
;Ddsf] kbofqf dfu{ lgdf{0f ;'wf/, ofq' lgjf; lgdf{0f, ko{6s ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf
nufotsf sfo{x¿ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . hgzlQm pTkfbgtk{m g]kfn ko{6g tyf
xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fgaf6 cfltYotf Joj:yfkgdf :gfgsf]Q/sf] sIff ;~rfng
k|f/De ul/g'sf ;fy} ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljleGg :t/sf !&))
hgfeGbf a9L hgzlQm pTkfbg ul/Psf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f / e"ldsf] pRr d"No j[l4sf sf/0f k|frLg ;Dkbfx¿sf] cltqmd0f
tyf lghL :jfldTj / lghL k|of]udf Nofpg] lqmofsnfk j[l4 x'g', kof{Kt ko{6s
;"rgfsf] cefj, e/kbf]{ xjfO{;]jfsf] sdL, ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt
ljt/0f x'g g;Sg', gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynx¿sf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds ¿kdf
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / k|j{4g ug{ g;lsg' k|d'v ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L ko{6sLo
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ljljwLs/0f dfkm{t\ k|fKt nfenfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf k'¥ofpg',
ko{6sLo ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{', ljutdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f,
aGb x8\tfn cflbaf6 d'n'ssf] ko{6sLo If]qdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds ;Gb]znfO{ x6fpFb}
ljZj ko{6g ahf/df g]kfnnfO{ pTs[i6 uGtJo d"n'ssf] ¿kdf ptfg'{, ko{6g If]qn]
d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgaf/] osLg ug{' o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿
/x]sf 5g\ .

129
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
g]kfnnfO{ ljZjs} cfsif{s ko{6g :ynx¿dWo]sf] agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. g]kfnnfO{ ljZj ko{6g dfglrqdf cfsif{s, /d0fLo / ;'/lIft uGtJo :ynsf]
¿kdf ljsf; u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
2. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ko{6g k|j{4gdfkm{t\ ;ª\VofTds tyf u'0ffTds
¿kdf ko{6s cfudgdf j[l4 u/L k|fKt nfesf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ko{6g k|j4{g / ko{6g ljsf; ug{ lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{] .
2. gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynx¿sf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds ¿kdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
ug]{ .
3. ko{6sLo :ynsf] / pkhsf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ u/L u|fdL0f ko{6gdfkm{t\
yk /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] ;[hgf ug]{ .
4. d'n'sdf ;a} df};ddf ko{6sLo lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfngsf lglDt cfGtl/s
ko{6gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
5. ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ l5d]sL tyf gofF ko{6g pb\ud d'n'sx¿nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L
Jofks¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ / k|j4{g ug]{ .
6. ko{6sx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] kof{Kttf / u'0f:t/Lotfsf]
;'lglZrttf ub}{ lbuf] ko{6g ljsf; ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ko{6sLo ;]jf ;'ljwf ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfslif{t
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf]
vf]hL nufot gofF ljdfgx¿ yk / lnhdf lng] Joj:yf ldnfO{ /fli6«o Wjhf
afxsnfO{ cGt/{fli6«o ko{6g pb\ud ljGb';Dd l;wf xjfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;Ifd
agfOg]5 . -!_
3. k|d'v ko{6sLo :ynx¿;Dd kx+F'r ;xh agfpg s]a'n sf/nufot PsLs[t
ko{6sLo / dgf]/~hg:yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_

130
4. ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo / lghL If]qsf] g]t[TjbfoL
e"ldsf / ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt cfosf] #) k|ltzt
/sd tt\ tt\ If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df nufgL ug]{ gLlt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu"
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. kj{tf/f]x0fnfO{ Jojl:yt / jftfj/0f d}qL agfO{ kj{tLo If]qnfO{ pTs[i6 ko{6g
uGtJo:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ko{6g pBf]unfO{ xl/t j[l4sf] k|d'v If]qsf] ¿kdf u|fdL0f tx;Dd ljsf; /
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;fxl;s Pj+ dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfk, k/Dk/fut, k|fs[lts pkrf/ tyf :kf,
kof{–ko{6g, Sofl;gf]÷u]ldª Sna, PsLs[t dgf]/~hg :ynnufot ko{6sLo
pkh÷lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt ¿kdf ;~rfng / k|j4{gsf nflu
cfjZos sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ko{6sLo ¿kdf ;+efJo u|fdL0f If]qdf ;fd'bflos xf]d:6] ;~rfng ug{ u|fdL0f
;d'bfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ejg, kbofqfdfu{ lgdf{0fnufot k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df
6]jf÷;xof]u ul/g]5 . -#_
9. vf; vf; ko{6sLo pkhdf s]lGb|t eO{ ko{6g If]qx¿sf] ljljwLs/0f ul/g]5 .
-#_
10. d'n'sleq ofqf ug]{ g]kfnLnfO{ cfGtl/s ko{6ssf] dfGotf lbg ko{6g, oftfoft
Joj:yfnufot ;Da4 ljleGg P]g, lgod tyf lgodfjnLx¿df cfjZos
;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . -$_
11. rLg / ef/t s]lGb|t u/L lghL If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ko{6g k|j4{gsf] sfo{of]hgf
tof/ u/L cleofgsf ¿kdf k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
12. cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿ cflb tyf cfly{s ¿kdf gjpbLodfg /fi6«af6
ko{6s cfslif{t ug{ k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
13. g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s uGtJosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ cfly{s s"6gLlt tyf g]kfnL
8fo;kf]/fnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -%_
14. dgf]/~hg:yn, xf]6nnufot ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/df cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs nufgL
k|j4{g x'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g]5 . -^_
15. k|lt ko{6s vr{ j[l4sf nflu ko{6ssf] a;fO{ calw nDAofpg] / o;sf nflu
gofF uGtJox¿sf] klxrfg tyf ;]jf, ;'ljwfdf nufgLnufot ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt
lbg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -^_
16. ko{6g Joj;fon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfdf u'0f:t/Lotf ;'lglZrt ug{ ko{6g
pBf]usf] cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -^_

131
17. d'n'se/ :yfkgf ePsf xf]6n, 6«fen, 6«]lsª / xf]d:6]nufot ko{6g
pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -^_
18. b'u{d If]qdf p8fg ug]{ jfo';]jfx¿n] To; If]qdf u/]sf] p8fg ;ª\Vofsf]
cfwf/df ljz]if ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot pknAw u/fOg]5 . -^_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 3f]lift ko{6sLo If]qx¿df u'?of]hgf adf]lhd PsLs[t ko{6g ;]jf s]Gb| tyf
ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
 lghL If]qsf] ;xsfo{df g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ dfkm{t\ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf
ko{6sLo k|j4{g sfo{ ug]{ .
 cGt/fli6«o ¿kdf ko{6sLo k|j{4g ug{ s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿dfkm{t\ sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ .
 ko{6g b"/b[li6, @)@) sf] nIo k|fKtLsf nflu /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'df ug]{ .
 ko{6sLo If]qx¿df ;g\ @)@) ;Dd e|d0f jif{ cleofgsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ .
 ;fxl;s ko{6gnfO{ ko{6sLo pkhsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ :sL, cfO;SnfOldª,
Kof/fUnfOl8ª, alGh hlDkª h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
 g]kfn ko{6g tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkg k|lti7fgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
 kj{tLo ko{6g, ko{6g pBf]u Joj:yfkg, kj{tLo k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{ .
 ko{6g If]qsf] ;'wf/ / cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu ;DalGwt P]g,
lgodx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ tyf cfjZos gofF lgodfjnLsf] th'{df ug]{ .
 kz'klt, n'lDjgL nufotsf /fli6«o uf}/asf cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;doa4 ¿kdf
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
 a'xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; nufot dxTTjk"0f{ wfld{s ;f+:s[lts :ynx¿sf]
If]qut u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
;Gt'lnt ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ e} ko{6sLo If]qdf kxF'r /
ko{6sLo ;]jf ;'ljwfdf lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g], ko{6g If]qsf] ljljlws/0f ePsf] x'g],
;a} ko{6sLo If]qx¿df PsLs[t ko{6sLo ;]jf s]Gb|sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ePsf]
x'g], of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{ s'n ko{6s cfudg ;+Vof !! nfv k'u]sf] x'g], k|lt

132
ko{6s k|ltlbg vr{ slDtdf %) cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] x'g] tyf cf};t ko{6s a;fO{
cjlw !$ lbg k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

$=# ;fdflhs ljsf;

$=#=! hg;ª\Vof
!= k[i7e"ld
lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$ k'u]sf] 5 eg]
cf};t jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/ !=#% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . oxL j[l4 b/ sfod /x]df
cfufdL %@ jif{df g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g]5 . ljBdfg hg;ª\Vofsf] pd]/ut
;+/rgf cg'¿ksf] hg;fª\lVos nfef+z -!%–%( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf_nfO{ b[li6ut u/L
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf sfo{qmddfkm{t\ b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf
ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cf=a= @)^(÷&) sf] cGTo;Dddf hg;+Vof gLlt d:of}bf clGtd r/0fdf /x]sf],
g]kfn hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f -;g\ @)!!_ sf] glthf k|sfzg ePsf],
g]kfn lszf]/ lszf]/L tyf o'jf ;j]{If0f ;DkGg e} k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ePsf], tLgj6f
s]Gb|Lo :t/sf ;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿df Ho]i7 gful/s sIf :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf
cfPsf] / ;f] dfkm{t\ Ho]i7 gful/s P]gn] Joj:yf u/] cg'¿ksf] :jf:Yo ;'ljwf
pknJw u/fOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L !% j6f ;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿df n}lËs lx+;f
kLl8tx¿sf nflu c:ktfndf cfwfl/t Psåf/ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg s]Gb| ;~rfng e}
;]jf k|jfx e}/x]sf], * j6f c:ktfnx¿df ;fdflhs ;]jf O{sfO{ :yfkgf u/L
;fdflhs jlGrtLs/0fdf /x]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf lgz'Ns
:jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] s"n hGd b/df x|f; / cg'kl:yt hg;+Vofdf pNn]Vo
j[l4 e} hg;+Vof j[l4 b/ !=#% k|ltzt sfod x'g cfPsf], ;j} lhNnfx¿sf] lhNnf
kfZj{lrq tof/ e} k|sfzg ePsf], lhNnf:t/df hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgsf ljlzi6
;d:of klxrfg e} ;Djf]wgsf sfo{qmd tof/Lsf] qmddf /x]sf], hg;+Vof;DaGwL
ljljw hfgsf/L ;lxtsf] lhNnf tx;Ddsf] ljj/0f cgnfO{g pknJw x'g] u/L O{ kk
OGkmf] (E-pop info) ;~rfngdf /x]sf], hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL
:yfkgfsf] sfo{ ;'? ePsf] / :jf:Yo If]qsf] jftfj/0f kl/jt{gsf] /0fgLlt tof/
e}/x]sf] l:ylt 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
zx/Ls/0f / a;fOF;/fOsf] k|j[lQ tLj|¿kdf a9\b} hfg', hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] b[li6n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ cem} klg PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds
¿kdf x'g g;Sg', hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4 b/sf] cg'kftdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] j[l4

133
x'g g;Sg' tyf cfl>t hg;ª\Vofsf] a9\bf] k|j[lt, sd ;fIf/tf b/ h:tf
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ dfgjLo k"FhL lgdf{0fdf ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdfkm{t\ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 pTkfbgzLn / :t/Lo hLjg ofkgsf]] jftfj/0f tof/
ug]{] .
^= /0fgLlt
!= hgr]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ k|hgg :jf:YonfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ug]{ .
@= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg nlIft ;d'bfox¿sf nflu sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
#= ljsf; sfo{qmd / hg;ª\Vof aLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]u, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / r]tgfsf] clej[l4af6
hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/nfO{ Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. nlIft ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;fgf] / u'0f:t/Lo kl/jf/ k|j4{g ug{
;3g¿kdf ;r]tgf, k|hgg, dft[lzz' Pj+ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jfx¿ pknAw
u/fOg]5 . -!_
3. hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
4. hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
5. hg;fª\lVos nfef+znfO{ pkof]u ub}{ o'jf zlQmnfO{ b]z ljsf;df kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -#_
6. ljb]zL gful/sx¿sf] cfk|jf;, ltgsf] ;ª\Vof / ljz]iftf ;d]tsf cfwf/df
cfk|jf; k|j[lQnfO{ lgodg ul/g]5 . -#_
7. u|fdL0f tyf lk5l8Psf If]qx¿df ljz]iftM nf]kf]Gd'v s';'08f, /fp6] h:tf
;d'bfosf lgldQ PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ub}{ hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf
;Gt'ng NofOg]5 . -#_

134
8. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fO{sf] k|j[lQ, ;3gtf / sf/0f;d]t kQf nufpg
/fli6«o ¿kdf a;fOF;/fO ;j]{If0f ul/g]5 . -#_
9. s]Gb|Lo c:ktfnb]lv c~rn c:ktfn;Dd h]/Lofl6«s jf8{x¿nfO{ lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 :yfgLo:t/df hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 d'n'ssf ;a} c:ktfnx¿df qmdzM %) k|ltzt lgMz'Ns ;]jf;lxtsf] Ho]i7
gful/s sIf :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ug]{ .
 hg;+Vof;DaGwL cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
 n}lËs lx+;f kLl8tx¿sfnflu c:ktfndf cfwfl/t Psåf/ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg
s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ .
 c:ktfnx¿df :yflkt ;fdflhs ;]jf O{sfO{ dfkm{t\ jlGrtLs/0fdf /x]sf
hg;+VofnfO{ lgMz'Ns :Jff:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ .
 hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] .
 cfjlws ¿kdf hg;+Vof k|If]k0fsf] tof/L tyf k|sfzg ug]{ .
 hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ .
 JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwg k|of]ustf{ ^& k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], s'n
k|hgg b/ -!%–$( jif{sf] dlxnf_ @=$ df em/]sf] x'g] / ck]lIft cfo' &! jif{ k'u]sf]
x'g]5 .
$=#=@ lzIff
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/nfO{
dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfGotf lb+b} dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns ug{]
k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . b]zaf6 lg/If/tf pGd"ng ub}{ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffdf kx'Fr
clej[l4 ug]{, ;a}sf nflu lzIff eGg] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ / ;g\
@)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{ cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿af6 :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r

135
xfl;n ug{]tk{m lzIff If]qsf k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t 5g\ . ;/sf/sf ;fy} lghLIf]q,
u}/;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL / pQ/bfoL agfO{
;du| z}lIfs k|0ffnL, k|ls|of / ls|ofsnfknfO{ ;'zf;gsf l;4fGt cg'¿k ;~rfng
ub}{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; e}/x]sf] 5 .
xfn;Ddsf k|of;x¿af6 tof/ ePsf k"jf{wf/ Pj+ cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ PSsfO;f}F
ztfAbLsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos / u'0f:t/o'Qm z}lIfs
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;Ifd, st{Jolgi7 tyf pTkfbgzLn hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{
;f]r lnP/ lzIff If]qsf] of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* b]lv )^(÷&) ;Dd ;~rflnt ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdaf6 @)
nfv ## xhf/ %&! hgf ;fIf/ ePsf 5g\ . % jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/
^%=( k|ltzt -dlxnf %#=! / k'?if &$=&_ /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L] !%–@$ pd]/ ;d"xsf]
;fIf/tf b/ *&=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . xfn;Dddf k"j{k|fylds ljBfno tyf afn
ljsf; s]G›sf] ;+Vof #$,!&$ k'u]sf] 5 . b]ze/df #$,@(* k|fylds, !$,$$&
lgDg dfWolds, *,$!^ dfWolds / #,%(^ pRr dfWolds ljBfnox¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
ljBfyL{ egf{tk{m k|fylds txsf] v"b eg{f b/ (%=# k|ltzt, cfwf/e"t txdf *&
k|ltzt, dfWolds tx sIff (—!) df %$=# / sIff (—!@ df #! k|ltzt k'u]sf]
5 . k|fylds, cfwf/e"t / dfWolds txdf n}+lus cg'kft ;db/df k'u]sf] 5 .
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds txdf dlxnf lzIfssf]
k|ltzt qmdz #&=% k|ltzt, @)=! k|ltzt / !#=! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos
ljBfnodf :jLs[t b/aGbLsf cfwf/df lzIfs÷ljBfy{L{ cg'kft k|fylds, lgDg
dfWolds / dfWolds ljBfnodf qmdzM $)M ! , ^)M ! / #^M ! /x]sf] 5 .
ljBfy{L{ l6sfp b/ *$=! k|ltzt ljBfy{L{ sIff % ;Dd / ^(=$ k|ltzt sIff *
;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . sIff % k"/f ug]{ b/ &% k|ltzt / sIff * k"/f ug{] b/ ^)=*
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos tflnddf nlIft ;d"xsf]
kx'Fr a9]sf] 5 . s/Lj @# nfv ljBfyL{n] jflif{s ¿kdf 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf
5g\ . ljleGg @@ dft[efiffdf sIff kfFr;Ddsf kf7\o;fdu|L ljsf; ePsf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;a} txsf lzIffdf egf{ eO{ 5f8\g] / bf]xf]¥ofpg]sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo 5 eg] lg/Gt/tf
kfPsfx¿sf] klg pknlAw ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . ljkGg tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf
afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;fIf/tf cleofgnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f / ;Lk
ljsf;;+u cfj4 ug{], lzIfsx¿sf] b/aGbL tyf ljt/0fnfO{ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg] /
k'gMldnfg ug]{, u'0f:t/sf b[li6n] ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿ aLrsf] cGt/
sd ug]{, ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf] lgodgsf nflu gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut
cfwf/x¿ tof/ ug]{, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/x¿df
;dfj]zL Pj+ ;dGoflos kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{], pRr lzIffdf gLltut, Joj:yfksLo
;'wf/sf ;fy} kf7\os|d / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ / z}lIfs tYof+s / ;"rgfnfO{

136
cBfjlws, Jojl:yt, ljZj;gLo agfpg] sfo{df ck]Iffs[t k|ult x'g g;Sg' h:tf
r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;a} g]kfnLnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt u/L ;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn / k|lt:kwL{
hgzlQm tof/ ug{] .
%= p2]Zo
!= ;a} tx / ljifosf] lzIffdf ;dfg kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{] .
@= ;a} txsf] lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, hLjgf]kof]uL, ;Lkd"ns, /f]huf/d'vL Pj+
;d;fdlos agfpg] .
#= z}lIfs k4ltnfO{ ;[hgfTds, Jojxfl/s, ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns agfpFb}
n}hfg] .
$= ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf clej[l¢ ug{] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. k|f/lDes afnljsf;nfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{] .
2. lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIff / dfWolds tx -(–!@_ sf] PsLs[t lzIff
k4ltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{] .
3. k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffsf If]qdf nufgL tyf cj;/df lj:tf/ ug{] .
4. pRr lzIffnfO{ cg';Gwfgd"ns agfpFb} lgodgsf k"j{fwf/ ljsf; /
cj;/x¿sf] ljljwLs/0f ug{] .
5. ;fIf/tfnfO{ pTkfbsTj;Fu cfa4 u/L cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{] .
6. ljkGg, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug{ nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] .
7. ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
8. nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt ub{} hjfkmb]lxtf k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. afnljsf; s]G›x¿sf] gSzfÍg u/L lj:tf/ ug{'sf ;fy} k"jf{wf/x¿sf ;DaGwdf
tof/ ul/Psf] Go"gtd dfkb08 sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
2. k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]G›x¿sf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / lgoldt cg'udgsf] nflu
:yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -!_
3. lgMz'Ns clgjfo{ cfwf/e't lzIffdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ j}slNks lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;dGjofTds 9Ën] sfo{fGjog ul/g]5 . -@_

137
4. k|d'v glthfx¿df ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ub{} ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -sIff !–
!@_ sf] sfo{fGjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
5. dfWolds lzIff -(–!@_ df ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ gSzfÍgsf]
cfwf/df ljBfno lj:tf/ u/L qmdzM lgMz'Ns ul/g]5 / lj1fg lzIffdf ;a}
ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf ljBfy{L{x¿sf] kx'Fr j[l¢ ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf
PsLs[t ub{} l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ sd ub{} nlug]5 . -@_
7. lzIfs k'gld{nfgsf ;fy} ljBfy{L{ / lzIfs ;ª\Vofdf ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 . -@_
8. dft[efiffsf kf7\o;fdu|L tyf lzIfsx¿sf] ljsf; u/L dfuadf]lhd ax'efifLo
lzIffsf cj;/x¿df lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
9. z}lIfs ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;a} k|sf/sf ljkb\sf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ;fy}, kf7Øqmddf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\ hf]lvd
Joa:yfkg;DaGwL ;fdu|L ;dfj]z u/L sd{rf/L, lzIfs / ljBfy{L{x¿sf] hf]lvd
Joa:yfkg;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l¢ ul/g]5 . -@_
10. lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿;Fusf]
;xsfo{af6 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/x¿ lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -#_
11. sIff ( b]lv cf/De ePsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff;lxtsf] b'O{wf/sf]
dfWolds lzIffnfO{ k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
12. cgf}krfl/s If]qdf ljBdfg ;Lkx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f, ;Lk k/LIf0f /
k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof / ;+oGqx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . ;fy}
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x¿sf] ;Lk k/LIf0f / k|dfl0ft ug{] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -#_
13. /fli6«o Joj;flos of]Uotfsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ u/L ljleGg ljwf / txsf
ljBfy{{L{x¿nfO{ pRr lzIff;Dd cWoog ug{] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 . -#_
14. k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd;DaGwL gLlt, sfo{qmd / nufgLnfO{
;dGjo ug{ ;+:yfut tyf ljQLo cf}hf/sf] ljsf; / k|of]u ul/g]5 . -#_
15. pRr tyf k|fljlws lzIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{ /
;]jf k|jfx k4ltsf] cg'ej lbnfpg :jo+;]js ¿kdf cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt
sfo{If]qdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cjlwsf nflu v6fOg]5 . -#_
16. PsLs[t pRr lzIff gLlt / pRrlzIff P]g hf/L u/L pRrlzIffdf ljljwLs/0f,
u'0f:t/df ;'lglZrttf / k|efjsf/L lgodg ul/g]5 . -$_

138
17. ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿;Fu cfj4 eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿nfO{
lgodg ul/g]5 . -$_
18. dflgt ljZjljBfno / v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'sf
;fy} sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
19. cg';GwfgnfO{ pRrlzIffsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub{} nlug]5 . -$_
20. lzIfs lgo'lQmdf of]Uotd JolQmx¿nfO{ cfslif{t u/L cem} k|ltikwL{ agfpg
xfnsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ k'g/fanf]sg ul/g]5 . -$_
21. u'0f:t/Lo ;+:yfut ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] ¿kdf ;fd'bflos
ljBfnox¿nfO{ k7g kf7g / Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{
;Ifd agfpg ;xsfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -$_
22. lzIff If]qdf ;+nUg ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf lgodg ug]{ sd{rf/L, kbflwsf/L,
lzIfs tyf ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df sfo{/t lzIfsx¿nfO{ glthf
k|lt lhDd]jf/ u/fpg cfjZos sfo{ljlw cjnDag ul/g]5 . -$_
23. ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -%_
24. ;fIf/tf / ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ sDtLdf ^) jif{d'lgsf ;a}nfO{ ;fIf/
agfOg]5 . -%_
25. k':tsfno ;~rfng, Ifdtf clej[l¢ tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu PsLs[t gLltut
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -%_
26. ;a} txsf] lzIffdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ljz]if cfjZostf
ePsf JolQm nufot nlIft ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cf/If0f, 5fqj[lQ
nufot ljsNkx¿sf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -^_
27. lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df lrlsT;fzf:q, Ol~hlgol/ª, s[lif, lj1fg / k|ljlw
cflb ljifodf pRr lzIff cWoogsfnflu ;x'lnot C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 . -^_
28. u'?s"n, uf]Dkf / db/;faf6 ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ /fli6«o
k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt ug{ dfkb08 / k"j{fwf/sf] ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -^_
29. ljBfno hfg g;Sg] ;LdfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v hfthfltsf nflu 3'DtL lzIff
k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ ub{} ljBfno lzIff k"/f ug{] b/df j[l¢ ul/g]5 . -^_
30. ljBfnodf hfthflt, efiff, lnË, wd{, Pr=cfO=eL= ;ª\qmldt nufot s'g} klg
cfwf/df ul/g] lje]bnfO{ k"0f{tM lgif]w ul/g]5 . -^_
31. ljBfnodf afn d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L egf{ b/, ljBfy{L{ pQL0f{ b/df j[l¢
tyf sIff bf]xf]/\ofpg] b/ / :s"n 5f8\g] b/nfO{ sd ul/g]5 . -&_

139
32. ljBfy{L{ s]lG›t l;sfO ljlwdf hf]8 lbFb} ;a} txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/
Nofpg Go"gtd z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf dfkb08x¿ sfo{fGjogdf NofOg]5 . -&_
33. l;sfO pknlAwdf ;d]t ;dtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfnox¿aLr ;fem]bf/LnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ub{} ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -&_
34. ;a} txsf lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l¢ ug{ k];fut ljsf; tflndsf cj;/x¿
k|bfg ul/g]5 . -&_
35. lzIffdf pTs[i6 glthf xfl;n u/]sf k|ltefx¿nfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf cfsif{0f
ul/g]5 . -&_
36. z}lIfs Joa:yfkgdf ;+nUg sd{rf/L, lzIfssf k];fut ;+3 ;Ë7gx¿ /
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ul/g]5 .
-*_
37. Ifdtf clej[l¢sf sfo{qmdnfO{ glthf;Fu cfa4 u/L lzIff k|0ffnLsf] bIftf /
k|efjsfl/tf clej[l¢df k'Ug] of]ubfgsf cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -*_
38. s]G›b]lv ;d'bfo / ljb\ofno tx;Ddsf] cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ifd / lhDd]jf/
agfOg]5 / sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08;Fu cfj4 ul/g]5 . -*_
39. lghL If]qsf ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno, cg';Gwfg s]G›, dflgt tyf v'nf
ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf Pj+ ;DaGwgsf nflu sfo{ljlw agfO{ sfo{fGjog
ul/g]5 . -*_
40. ;DklQ Joj:yfkg / k"j{fwf/ dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfo{fGjogdf NofOg]5 .
;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg tyf ;]jf k|jfx ;j{]If0f / cGo ;xeflutfd"ns
cf}hf/x¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ul/g]5 . -*_
41. ljBdfg z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ k'g/jnf]sg u/L cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;dfof]hg / ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ NofOg]5 . -*_
42. z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9, k|efjsf/L / sfo{d"ns agfOg]5 .
-*_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 afnljsf; sfo{qmdM ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k"j{ k|fylds lzIff /
afnljsf; s]G›x¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, kx'Frdf lj:tf/, ;xhstf{ / Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] Ifdtf ljsf; / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/,cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ¿kdf clt
ljkGg ju{sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo;+u
;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

140
 cfwf/e"t lzIffM cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ ;j{;'ne u/fpgsf nflu clgjfo{
cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] cj;/ lj:tf/, u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/,
Go"gtd l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] lgd{f0f tyf ;'wf/, k|f]T;fxgd"ns sfo{qmdx¿,
ax'eflifs / ax'sIff lzIff sfo{qmd lj:tf/, lzIfs / ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] Ifdtf clej[l¢, kf7Øqmd, kf7Ø;fdu|L / lgb{]lzsfx¿sf] ;'wf/,
:yfgLo kf7Øqmdsf] lgd{f0f / sfo{fGjog, lg/Gt/ ljBfy{L{ d"NofÍg k4lt
;'b[9Ls/0f, ljBfy{L{ pknlAw k/LIf0f, lgMz'Ns kf7Øk':ts ljt/0f, ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 sIff lzIf0fsf] cj;/ lj:tf/, n}lËs ;dljsf; tyf
;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{qmd, lzIfs Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{df
z}lIfs sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs / lghL
ljBfnox¿aLr ;xsfo{ nufotsf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
 dfWolds lzIff M dfWolds txsf] lzIffdf kx'Fr lj:tf/, u'0f:t/ tyf
;fGble{stfdf ;'wf/, lzIfs tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/,
ljb\ofno Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
kl/rfng, ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] lgodg, PsLs[t dfWolds lzIffsf
k"j{fwf/x¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] lgd{f0f, Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/,
lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]zL kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu nlIft ;d"xsf
ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ, 5fqfjf;, cfjf;Lo lzIff, cg'bfg / lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts
ljt/0fh:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L, ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 lzIf0f, k':tsfno tyf lj1fg k|of]uzfnf nufot
ef}lts k"j{fwf/ ljsf; / k/LIff k|0ffnL ;'wf/ h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff M ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofg sfo{qmd, v'nf lzIff tyf b"/ l;sfO,
u[lx0fL lzIff, ls;fg, dhb"/ tyf ljkGg ;d'bfo nlIft z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿
h:tf j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng Pj+ lj:tf/ ug{], lg/Gt/ lzIff,
k|fKt 1fgsf] ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ug{], a}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd
/ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdaLr ;x;DaGw :yfkgf ug{], j}slNks lzIff tyf
v'nf lzIff k|bfos ljBfnox¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{], z}lIfs pknlAw sdhf]/
/x]sf ;d'bfo, blnt, nf]kf]Gd'v hghflt, dlxnfju{ nlIft ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu
;fIf/tf sfo{qmd / gj;fIf/x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ lzIff nufot cfocfh{g
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd M k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos
tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l¢, ahf/d'vL tyf ef}r/df cfwfl/t
5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd tflndsf nflu ;xof]u tyf k"j{ l;sfOnfO{ dfGotf lbg],
k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L= / ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] txdf kx'Fr j[l4sf ;fy} nlIft ju{nfO{
s]lGb|t u/L ;Lkd"ns /f]huf/f]Gd'v lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .

141
 pRr lzIff M pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu 5fqj[lQ, sfg'gL, gLltut /
;+:yfut 9fFrfsf] ljsf;, ljBfy{L{ ;x'lnot C0f, ef}lts k"j{fwf/ ljsf;, pRr
lzIff / ;fd'bflos ljsf;aLr ;DaGw lj:tf/, dflgt tyf v'nfljZjljBfno
:yfkgf, k|f}Bf]lus ljZjljBfno, ;+:s[t lzIff nufot pRr lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd
/ k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ;+oGq ljsf;, cg'udg tyf
d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / cg';Gwfgd"ns sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 z}lIfs Joj:yfkg M z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t, ;do;fk]If, glthfd"ns /
k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, z}lIfs
ljs]G›Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfo{fGjog / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg
k|0ffnL / ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, gLltut / k|lqmofut 9fFrfdf ;'wf/,
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf;, ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf] lgodg ;+oGq ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] sfo{of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . lzIffsf gofF aGg]
ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ ckf+u / lszf]/L d}qL agfOg] / k"/fgf ;+/rgfnfO{ qmlds
¿kdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] cGTodf !% jif{dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/ &% k|ltzt, !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf b/ (% k|ltzt, sIff Psdf afnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g
cfpg] afnaflnsf ^$ k|ltzt / cfwf/e"t txdf -sIff !–%_ v'b egf{ b/ !))
k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_ df v'b egf{ b/ () k|ltzt x'g]5 .
dfWolds tx -sIff (–!@_ df v'b egf{ b/ $) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 . pRr
lzIffsf] :ki6 gLlt / 5ftf P]g cfO;s]sf] x'g]5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnoaf6 dfWolds
lzIff k/LIff -P;Pn;L_ pQL0f{ x'g]sf] k|ltzt a9]sf] x'g]5 .
$=#=# :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] :jf:YonfO{ hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf]
¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;dGofosf] cfwf/df ;a}
ef}uf]lns If]q, ju{, lnË, hfthfltsf hgtfsf] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fO
hg:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . o;nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] :jf:Yo If]qsf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/, jfx\o ljsf; ;fem]bf/, u}/ ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos tyf lghL If]qaf6
:jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf eO/x]sf] k|of;af6 cfd hgtfsf] kx'Fr / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/df j[l4 eO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;"rsx¿df pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 .

142
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;du| :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu :jf:Yo P]g th'{dfsf] qmddf
/x]sf] 5 . vf]k ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt / lbuf] agfpgsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o hg:jf:Yo k|of]uzfnf gLlt @)^(, /fli6«o :jf:Yo ;~rf/ gLlt
@)^(, :jf:Yo If]qsf] $ jif]{ dfgj ;+zfwg /0fgLlt of]hgf / ljkGg gful/s
cf}iflw pkrf/ sf]if lgb]{lzsf @)^( sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo ;+:yf
:yfkgf / ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)&) sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . /fli6«o :jf:Yo
jLdf gLlt tof/ e} :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;"rsx¿df ;'wf/ cfP
cg'¿k ck]lIft cfo' ^*=* k'u]sf] 5 eg] % jif{ d'lgsf] jfn d[To' b/ %$ -k|lt
xhf/_, lzz' d[To' b/ $^ -k|lt xhf/_ df em/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!) b]lv d'n'saf6
s'i7/f]u pGd'ng ePsf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;x>fJbL ljsf; nIo % sf] dft[
d[To' b/df pNn]Vo sdL Nofpg ;kmn ePsf]df cGt/f{li6«o:t/af6 "MDG
Achievement Award" / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo $ sf] afnd[To' b/df pNn]vgLo
sdL Nofpg ;kmn ePsf]df "Motivational Award" k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf]
h'gdf h]g]efdf ePsf] "Global Leaders Council for Reproductive Health" sf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn] k|hgg\ :jf:Yo If]qdf pNn]v k|ult xfl;n u/]sf]df "Resolve
Award" af6 ;d]t g]kfnnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 .

#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿

;du|df gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{qmdut, ;]jf k|jfx, hgzlQm, cf}iflw pks/0f
cflbsf] Joj:yfaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ub}{ klg :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df u'0f:t/Lo
;]jf k|bfgsf nflu cfjZos dfgjLo, ef}lts ;|f]t;fwg / cf}iflw pks/0fsf]
Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf cg'udg, cfjZos cf}iflwsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{
k|efjsf/L gx'g' k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . o; sf/0fn] b'u{d :yfgx¿,
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf / lk5l8Psf ju{sf] :jf:Yodf ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf ;'wf/
Nofpg ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . ;fy} ;f+:s[lts, n+}lus Pj+ ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns
Jofjwfgn] ubf{ :jf:Yo ;]jf ;dtfd"ns 9+uaf6 k|bfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lgod
sfg'gdf ;fGble{s ;'wf/ Nofpg', cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{',
lghL If]qnfO lgodg ug{', ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf cfwf/df cfjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf
k|bfg ug{'{ h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L hgtfsf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/
ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf gful/sx¿sf] cfwf/e"t tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf
;dtfd"ns kx'Fr / pkof]u a9fpg] .

143
^= /0fgLlt
1. lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ / u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug]{ . o;sf
nflu sfg'g tyf gLltdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ .
2. k|lt/f]wfTds, pkrf/fTds, k|j4{gfTds / k'gM:yfkgfd"ns ;]jfx¿nfO{ k|fylds
:jf:Yo ;]jf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ dfgj ;+zfwg, ef}lts ;+/rgf /
cf}iflw–pks/0fnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] :t/cg';f/ Joj:yfkg u/L k|efjsf/L ;]jf
k|bfg ug{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
3. :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/sf/L, lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿;+u
;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug{]{ .
4. :jf:Yo ;]jfaf/] hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;d'bfo, gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;d]t
kl/rfng ug]{ .
5. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;'/lIft dft[Tj Pj+ k|;"lt ;]jfnfO{ cleofgsf
¿kdf b]zsf ;a} If]q / txdf k'¥ofOg]5 . -!_
2. x]Nykf]i6df lgMz'Ns kfOg] cf}iflwsf] ;+Vof qmdzM j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} ljt/0f
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljz]if ;]jf;lxtsf] df]afOn SofDk, cfp6l/r lSnlgs, 6]lnd]l8l;g h:tf
;]jfx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
4. cf}iflwsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
5. hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]qdf :jf:YosdL{x¿sf]
lgoldt ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
6. :jf:Yo If]qsf hgzlQm / dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]jssf] Ifdtf ljsf; / :jf:Yo
;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] :t/ clej[l4 u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
-!_
7. :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo aLdf, u|fdL0f tyf zx/L :jf:Yosf] k|j4{g
tyf lj:tf/ u/L :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos agfOg]5 . -!_
8. ;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf gful/sx¿sf] cfwf/e"t tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo
;]jfdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr a9fpg at{dfg lgod sfg'g / gLltdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
-!_

144
9. :jf:Yosf gofF aGg] ;+/rgf ckf+u / lszf]/L d}qL agfOg] / e}/x]sf ;+/rgfx¿
qmlds ¿kdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
10. :jf:Yo If]q Joj:yfkg, u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf, ljs]lGb|t Joj:yfkg, ;'zf;g Pj+
hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
11. hg;+Vof, lj/fdLsf] rfk tyf ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] cfwf/df cfjZos
;|f]t;fwg ;lxt :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -@_
12. dfgj ;+zfwg, ef}lts ;+/rgf, :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; Pj+ cf}iflw /
pks/0f :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] :t/ cg';f/ k'g/jnf]sg u/L cfjZostfg';f/ yk
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -@_
13. u'0f:t/Lo, k|efjsf/L / ;]jfu|fxL d}qL :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;a}
lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;+nUg :jf:YosdL{nfO{ qmda4 ¿kdf sfo{d"ns
tflnd k|bfg u/L Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
14. k|lt/f]wfTds, pkrf/fTds, k|j4{gfTds / k'g:yfkgfd"ns ;]jfx¿nfO{ k|fylds
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
15. j}slNks lrlsT;fsf] ljsf; Pj+ cf}iflwsf] cg';Gwfg, pTkfbg, u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f,
d"No lgoGq0f tyf laqmL ljt/0f / cf}iflw jf cf}iflw pTkfbgdf nfu"kbfy{x¿sf]
cg'lrt k|of]u jf b'¿kof]u x'g glbO{ c;'/lIft tyf Go"g u'0f:t/sf cf}iflwsf]
pTkfbg, laqmL ljt/0f, lgsf;L, k}7f/L, ;~ro / ;]jg k|ls|of Jojl:yt
ul/g]5 . -@_
16. cfo'j]{b, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, of]u tyf Wofg, xf]ldof]KofyL, o'gfgL, cs'k~r/ /
cfDrL ;]jfsf] PsLs[t ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ u/L ;j{;'ne agfOg]5 . -@_
17. ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ul/g]5 . -@_
18. b'3{6gfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ d'Vo nf]sdfu{ glhs /x]sf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿sf]
cfkt\sfnLg ;]jfsf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
19. :jf:Yo;DaGwL k|j4{gfTds / k|lt/f]wfTds sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ljBfnox¿df ;d]t
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
20. h8La'6L v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L o;sf] k|of]u, cf}iflw pTkfbg / Joj:yfkgnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
21. b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf If]qdf :jf:YosdL{x¿sf] lgoldt ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug{
ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
22. lghL tyf ;fd'bflos c:ktfn ;~rfng;DaGwL lglZrt dfkb08 nfu"
ul/g]5 . -#_

145
23. :jf:Yo;DaGwL k|j4{gfTds / k|lt/f]wfTds sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;d'bfo tyf
ljBfnox¿;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ Pj+ :jf:Yo ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf
k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;fj{hlgs, lghL, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos If]q, o'jf,
wfdL÷emfqmL, kl08t tyf gful/s ;dfh;+usf] ;xsfo{ k|efjsf/L ul/g]5 . -#_
24. jfx\o ljsf; ;fem]bf/;+u ;dGjo u/L j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4
ul/g]5 . -#_
25. ljz]if1 ;]jf gk'u]sf :yfgdf d]l8sn sn]h;Fu ;dGjo u/L o:tf ;]jf kx'Frdf
j[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
26. :jf:Yo / kf]if0f;DaGwL pknAw ;]jfx¿af/] ;d'bfo;Dd :ki6 ;"rgf k|jfx
ul/g]5 . -$_
27. of}lgs Pj+ k|hgg\\ :jf:Yo, Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;, w'dkfg, vfg]kfgL, dBkfg /
nfu" cf}ifw Pj+ SofG;/, x[bo /f]u, d[uf}nf, dfgl;s :jf:Yo, ckf+utf, ;':t
>j0f, d'v Pj+ cfFvf :jf:Yo h:tf ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]u;DaGwL Jofks ;r]tgf /
k/fdz{ sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 . -$_
28. ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ Pj+ hgrf;f] a9fpg ;xeflutfd"ns
of]hgf th'{df, ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-$_
29. cg'udg;+u ;DalGwt hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -%_
30. :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg -lgoldt / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf_, cf}iflw pks/0fsf]
Joj:yfkg nufot ;du| cg'udg tyf ;dLIff ug]{ / cg'udgaf6 k|fKt
;'emfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -%_
31. :yfgLob]lv s]Gb|Lo tx;Dd glthfd"ns cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug]{ Aoa:yf
k|efjsf/L ul/g]5 . -%_
32. :jf:Yo If]qsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] yk ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
-%_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;]jf k|afx;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t kl/jf/ lgof]hg, ;'/lIft dft[Tj tyf
gjhft lzz' :jf:Yo, afn :jf:Yo, Ifo/f]u lgoGq0f, of}g/f]u /
Pr=cfO=eL÷P8\; lgoGq0f, s'i7/f]u lgoGq0f, cf}nf], sfnfhf/ Pj+ k|fs[lts
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, d'v :jf:Yo ;]jf, dfgl;s :jf:Yo, cf+vf ;]jf, jftfj/0fLo
:jf:Yo, cfo'j]{b tyf k"/s lrlsT;f h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 ;+:yf tyf k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;'zf;g;DaGwL sfo{qmdM o; cGtu{t :jf:Yo
;+:yf Joj:yfkg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f,:jf:Yo ;]jfdf ef}lts ;DklQ ;/If0f, PsLs[t

146
 :jf:Yo ;"rgf k|0ffnL, cf}iflw Joj:yfkg, cTofjZos dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;,
;]jfsfnLg tflnd tyf a[lQ ljsf;, :jf:Yo lzIff / hg:jf:Yo k|j4{g
sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg, k|of]uzfnf, PS;/]÷Od]lhª / /Qm ;~rf/ ;]jf,
:jf:Yo k|j4{g sfo{qmd, vl/b Joa:yfkg ;'wf/, laQLo Joa:yfkg ;'wf/,
;fdflhs n]vfkl/If0f / kf/blz{tf clej[l4h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5g\ .
 ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L tyf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdM o; cGtu{t
;fj{hlgs, ;fd'bflos, lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf
lgMz'Ns kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt / ;'b[9 ub}{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
;fy} s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf:t/;Dd ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/L ;dGjofTds ¿kdf
:jf:Yo;DaGwL ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 :jf:Yo If]qsf] laQLo ;|f]t nufgL;DaGwL sfo{qmdM o; cGtu{t /fli6«o :jf:Yo
n]vf / :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljQLo If]q /0fgLlt th'{df u/L nfu" ul/g]5g\ . ;fy}
:jf:Yo jLdf h:tf nufgLsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg u/L bIftfk"j{s ;~rfng
ul/g]5 .
 ljz]if :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t ul/a, c;xfo, ckf+utf ePsf
JolQm, åGå tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kn] kLl8t JolQm
Pjd\ n}+lus lx+;fjf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljljw
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
(= ck]lIft cknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf dft[ d[To' b/ -k|lt nfv hLljt hGddf_ 36]/ !#$ k'u]sf] x'g], kfFr
jif{ d'lgsf] afn d[To' b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ 36]/ #* k'u]sf] x'g], lzz' d[To'
b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ 36]/ #@ k'u]sf] x'g], gjhft lzz' d[To' b/ -k|lt
xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ 36]/ !^ k'u]sf] x'g], Pr=cfO=eL= ;+qmd0f÷/f]syfd b/ -!%
b]lv $( jif{_ jt{dfgs} cj:yfdf /f]s]/ k5fl8 kmls{Psf] x'g], *% k|ltzt Ifo/f]u
la/fdLx¿ kQf nfu]sf] x'g] / Ifo/f]u la/fdL pkrf/ ePsfx¿sf] ;+Vof () k|ltzt
k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
$=#=$ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
!= k[i7e"ld
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jfnfO{ Go"gtd dfgjLo cfjZostfsf ¿kdf lnO{ o;nfO{
k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM ;/sf/L tyf cGo lgsfosf] k|of;sf sf/0f
o; If]qdf pT;fxk|b pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg';f/ ;g\
@)!% ;Dd &# k|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ vfg]kfgL ;]jf / %# k|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{
;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o hn of]hgf, @))% cg';f/

147
;g\ @)!& ;Dd ztk|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t :t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf /
;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L If]qsf] k|of;af6 dfq
pQm nIo xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] ;/sf/, :yfgLo lgsfo, lghL If}q, ;d'bfo,
pkef]Qmf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿n] PsLs[t tyf ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfo{ ug'{
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO
sfo{qmdnfO{ Pscfk;df cfj4 u/L sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] If]qdf w]/} lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn 5g\ . lgwf{l/t ;doleq
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo tyf /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug]{ lbzfdf o;af6 6]jf k'Ug uPsf]
5 . vfg]kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;]jf:t/j[l4 ug{ zx/L tyf c4{ zx/L If]qdf
pkef]Qmfx¿;d]tsf] ;xnufgLdf cfof]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . ;Da4
lgsfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;Fusf] ;xsfo{df k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L
v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg Psn ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .
vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO PsLs[t ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{ lgdf{0ffwLg / gofF vfg]kfgL
cfof]hgfx¿df k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd cfa¢ ul/Psf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlw;Dddf sl/a *%=* k|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t txsf]
vfg]kfgL ;]jf / !!=)^ k|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
;/;kmfOtk{m ^@ k|ltzt hgtfdf cfwf/e"t txsf] ;/;kmfO{ ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . o;
cjlwdf ;/;kmfOnfO{ :jf:Yo / k|lti7fsf] ljifo agfpg ;fdflhs cleofgsf nflu
hg:t/df Jofks r]tgf lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfgsf] pkTosf
leqsf] ;DklQ / bfloTj sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/Psf] / ;]jf ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8nfO{
lbOPsf] 5 . d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfsf] afFsL sfd ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd ;Sg] u/L
7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!& ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL Pj+ ;/;kmfO ;]jfdf kx'+r k'¥ofpg]
/fli6«o nIo k"/f ug{ cem} 3gLe"t k|of; ug'{kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf pknAw
ePsf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzttk{m klg u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qaLrdf / vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO aLrdf ce}m 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg afFsL /x]sf
:yfgx¿ k|fozM Go"g hg3gTj ePsf / t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L b'u{d ePsfn] ;]jf
lj:tf/ dxFuf] x'g] x'Fbf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{åf/f pko'Qm / ;:tf] nfutsf] k|ljlw
ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg h?/L b]lvG5 .

148
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf cfof]hgfx¿df w]/} lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUngtf /xL cf–
cfkm\g} sfo{9fFrfdf sfd ubf{ ;dGjosf] sdL /xg', w]/} cfof]hgfx¿df ;|f]t 5l/g
k'Ug', kof{Kt ah]6sf] cefjdf k"/fgf cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgoldt dd{t ;+ef/ /
;dof]lrt ;'wf/ tyf lj:tf/sf sfo{ ug{ g;lsg', agh+un ljgfz / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf sf/0f eO/x]sf ;|f]tx¿ ;'Sb} hfg' o; If]qsf k|d'v ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ .
dfucg';f/ lbuf] / kof{Kt dfqfdf lgoldt / u'0f:t/Lo vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg',
;/;kmfO ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg', sf7df8f} nufotsf 7"nf zx/x¿ tyf
u|fdL0f / b'u{d :yfgdf 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tLx¿df dfu cg';f/sf] vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg', ;DkGg k|0ffnLx¿sf] plrt dd{t ;Def/, ;'wf/ lj:tf/ tyf
k'glg{df{0f u/L ;]jf k'gM:yfkg ug'{, pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] ;xL pkof]u u/L ;dtfd"ns
Pj+ Jofj;flos tj/n] ljt/0f ug{' / vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;+nUg
lgsfox¿aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo sfod u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf Ps¿ktf NofO{
bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg' o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;'/lIft tyf lgoldt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ hg:jf:Yodf
;'wf/ ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
;a} hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t:t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /fli6«o vfg]kfgL dfkb08 @)^@ / ;f]sf] sfo{ of]hgfcg'¿k vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO ;]jfdf kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / ;]jf:t/ qmlds¿kdf j[l4 ug{] .
2. vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t pknAw gePsf ;'Svfu|:t :yfgx¿df j}slNks ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf
jiff{tsf] kfgL ;ª\sng / pkof]u, ;f]nf/ jf ljB'tLo klDkª, xfO8«f]lns ¥ofd
h:tf k|ljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
3. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmddf qmdzM If]qut cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug]{ .
4. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u
k|j4{g ub}{ jftfj/0f d}qL Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;DkGg cfof]hgfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt ug{ dd{t;+ef/ sfo{nfO{
k|fyldstf lbO{g]5 . -!_

149
2. vfg]kfgLsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ tyf ;]jf:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfO{g]5 . -!_
3. zx/L tyf c4{zx/L vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL] lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ubf{ nfut p7\tL
k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g]5 . -!_
4. u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rfng vr{ a]xf]g{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df vfg]kfgL ;]jf
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
5. 3/]n' zf}rfno lgdf{0fnfO{ ;d]t vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf;Fu cfa4 u/L k"0f{ ;/;kmfO
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
6. v'nf lb;fd'Qm cleofgnfO{ cem} lj:tf/ u/L v'nf lb;fd'Qm 3f]if0ffkZrft\sf
k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;3gLs/0f ul/g]5 -!_
7. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jfnfO{ cleofgsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg txdf
/x]sf vfg]kfgL ;/;kmfO tyf :jR5tf ;ldltnfO{ yk ;lqmo agfOg]5 . -!_
8. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf lgwf{l/t /fli6«o nIo k"/f ug{ vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo b'|t vfsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
9. vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ d'Vo ljt/0f nfOg / 3/]n' ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf
5'§f5'§} Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
10. k/Dk/fut vfg]kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . -@_
11. zx/L÷c4{zx/L 3gfa:tL ePsf :yfgx¿df k|zf]wg k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] :oflg6/L
9n lgdf{0f u/L k|zf]wg kZrft\sf] kfgL dfq gbLdf k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-@_
12. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qdf lqmofzLn ;a} ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfon]
lhNnfsf] u'¿of]hgfleqsf cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . -#_
13. a[xt\ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg pkef]Qmf ;+:yfaf6 x'g
sl7gfO ePsf] cj:yfdf Joj:yfkg s/f/df lbg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
14. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf Ps ah]6 Ps
sfo{qmd / Ps k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLsf] yfngL ul/g]5 . -#_
15. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / pkof]udf ;x–nufgLnufot
:yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
16. vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO lgdf{0f / pkof]udf jftfj/0f d}qL Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -$_

150
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t qmdfut
¿kdf ;~rfng e}/x]sf vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{, ;'Vvf
If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{, jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng /
pkof]u h:tf j}slNks ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{, pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xnufgLdf
;~rfng ul/g] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf lj:tf/ ug]{ / u|fdL0f vfg]kfgLh:tf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 vfg]kfgL ;]jf:t/ tyf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t d]nDrL
vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf, ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL sfo{qmd, vfg]kfgL ;xnufgL sfo{qmd,
vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, cf;]{lgs Go'gLs/0f tyf lg/fs/0f sfo{qmd /
k|b"if0fsf] hf]lvd sd ug]{ kfgL ;'/Iff of]hgf h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5g\ .
 dd{t ;'wf/, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkg ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t ;DkGg
cfof]hgf dd{t ;'wf/, k"glg{df{0f tyf ;]jf k'g:yf{kgf, 8Lk 6o'aj]n tyf
On]S6«f–] d]sflgsn pks/0f k'g:yf{kgf / hnfwf/ tyf ;|f]t ;+/If0f, e"ldut
hn e08f/ k"ge{/0f h:tf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj sd ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf / ;]jf:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t b]zJofkL
cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g] Psn (stand alone) k"0f{ ;/;kmfO, vfg]kfgL
cfof]hgfdf cfa¢ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd, sf7df08f} pkTosf 9n ;'wf/ cfof]hgf,
afudtL ;'wf/ cfof]hgf, :oflg6/L 9n lgdf{0f sfo{qmd / hgr]tgf clej[l¢
h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿M o; cGtu{t vfg]kfgL tyf
9n lgsf; ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/, ;"rgf Joj:yfkg,
vfg]kfgL ;]jf lgodg tyf cg'udg / :yfgLo lgsfo, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt,
;fd'bflos÷u}=;=;+= / ;Da¢ lgsfo tyf cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;Lk, 1fg
tyf Ifdtf clej[l¢ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
cfwf/e't vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;+Vof (% k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], pRr÷dWod:t/sf]
vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;+Vof !% k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], ;/;kmfO ;]jf (@ k|ltzt
hg;+Vofdf k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

151
$=#=% ;+:s[lt
!= k[i7e"ld
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s tyf k"/ftflTjs :ynx¿sf] cWoog,
cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f, ;j]{If0f, pTvgg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gsf ;fy} ;f+:s[lts k|rng,
efiff, snf, e]ife"iff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ hu]gf{ ug]{ sfo{ e}cfPsf] 5 . :jLs[t
u'?of]hgfadf]lhd kz'klt, n'lDagL, a[xQ/ hgsk'/ ljsf; If]qnufotsf cGo
dxTTjk"0f{{ wfld{s, k"/ftflTjs tyf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f u/L wfld{s
ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . ljZj ;Dkbf
;"rLdf k/]sf :ynx¿sf] plrt ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg u/L To:tf If]qx¿sf] ljsf;
/ lj:tf/ ug{ d2t k'Ug] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f,
k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] lgodg h:tf sfo{nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf;fy ;~rfng ug]{
k|of; e}/x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ut lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwe/df ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg, klxrfg,
;+/If0f / k|j{4g u/L oL ;Dkbfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ko{6g If]qnfO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy /fli6«o ;+:s[lt gLlt, @)^& nfu" ePsf] 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf / &@ lhNnfsf]
k"/ftflTjs ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f eO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Dj4{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\ . gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ ;+u|xfno If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu u'?of]hgf
tof/Lsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf hftLo
;+u|xfnox¿ :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu sfo{of]hgfsf;fy sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljZj lgsfo (WIPO) ;Fu ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{nfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg k|of; ul/Psf 5g\ . ljleGg d'n'sx¿;+u ;f+:s[lts cfbfgk|bfg
/ ;f] dfk{mt ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ låkIfLo ;dembf/L ug]{ sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
b]z leqsf ljleGg hflt, ;d'bfo, ju{x¿df /x]sf cd"t{ ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf]
a[xt Pj+ j}1flgs ;"rLs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf !) lhNnfsf] ;"rLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ut
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf k"/ftflTjs :yn ;+/If0f, ljZj ;Dkbf :yn ;+/If0f /
Joj:yfkg ug]{ nufotsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
n'lDjgL ljsf; sf]if, kz'ktL If]q ljsf; sf]if / j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf;
kl/ifb\sf] :jLs[t u'?of]hgf cg';f/sf sfo{x¿ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ kof{Kt ah]6
gx'g', k"/ftflTjs :ynx¿sf] ;f]xL tj/af6 ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ g;Sg', /fli6«o
clen]vfno / /fli6«o ;+u|xfnosf] :t/j[l4 x'g g;sL cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg';f/
s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] sfd ;Dkfbg x'g g;Sg', ljZj ;Dkbf ;"'rLdf ;"rLs[t :ynx¿df
dfkb08 cg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg', ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo

152
lgsfo, JolQm, ;+3, ;+:yfx¿aLr ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;xeflutf ck]lIft ¿kdf
a9\g g;Sg', jf}l4s ;Dklt rf]/Lsf 36gfx¿df j[l4 x'g' / bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g'
o; If]qsf k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf w/f]x/x¿sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f ug{', k"/ftflTjs :ynx¿dflysf]
cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug'{, ljleGg ljwfdf u7g x'g] /f]oN6L ;+sng ;+:yfsf] lbuf]kgf
/ :yfloTj sfod /fVg', sfo{/t lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjo a9fpg', ;+3, ;:yfx¿nfO{
;xeflutfd"ns ;+/If0f sfo{df pT;flxt ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfn cd"t{ ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf
;+/If0f ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, @))# sf] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ bfloTjx¿
k"/f ug' k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fli6«o ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/nufot ljleGg hflt / ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut ;Dkbfx¿sf]
;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ ;fF:s[lts Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. efiff, ;flxTo, ;ª\uLt tyf gf6\osnf / nlntsnf h:tf If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3. ;dfhdf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;b\efj Pj+ Pstf sfod ug]{] .
4. ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
5. ;flxTo, snf, ;ª\uLt, rnlrq, ;"rgf k|ljlw Pj+ 1fg–lj1fgsf] If]qsf
jf:tljs ;|i6f Pj+ tT;DaGwL clwsf/sf wgLsf] cfly{s tyf g}lts clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. P]ltxfl;s, k"/ftflTjs, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f,
ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, /fli6«o Pstf clej[l4 x'g] u/L ;a}
;Dk|bfosf] wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotfx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf
ug{] .
3. ;a} ;Dk|bfox¿n] Pscsf{sf wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿k|lt ;Ddfg bzf{pg]
/ cfˆgf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] cfkm} ;+/If0f / k|j4{g u/fpg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ .
4. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

153
5. ;+:s[lt If]qdf /fi6«n] u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf, ;lGw, ;Demf}tf tyf
cg'df]bgnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ oyf]lrt¿kdf nufgL clej[l4 ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{'sf ;fy} cGo
;Defljt :ynnfO{ ;d]t ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/fpg k|of; ul/g]5 .
-!_
2. ;f+:s[lts tyf k"/ftflTjs If]qdf ePsf hgzlQmsf] oyf]lrt pkof]u tyf
cfjZos yk hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
3. b]zleq} k|fylds:t/sf] k"/ftflTjs k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. d"t{–cd"t{ wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf / pTkfbgx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f, juL{s/0f
tyf k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ;Da4 lgsfo Pj+ ;d'bfonfO{ g} Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf
lbg] u/L :YffgLo :t/df x:tfGt/0f ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
5. wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts pTyfgsf nflu :yfgLo :t/df cfkm} ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g
ug{] x]t'n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. d"t{ tyf cd"t{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fy} o;
If]qaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLnfO{ Jojl:yt / lj:tf/ ub}{ cfodf cfwfl/t nufgLnfO{
ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . -#_
7. nf]kf]Gd'v efiff tyf nf]s ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . -#_
8. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o zflGt k'/:sf/, cGo k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg sfo{qmdnfO{
;+:yfut tyf Jojl:yt ub}{ hfg] gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -$_
9. kz'kltgfy, n'lDagL / a[xQ/ hgsk'/ h:tf wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo If]q Pj+
ljifox¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf k|j4{g sfo{nfO{ ljz]if hf]8
lbOg]5 . -%_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 /fi6«el/sf cd"t{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f ug]{ .
 /fli6«o dxTTjsf d"t{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, pTvgg, ;+/If0f /
ljsf; ug]{ .
 ljleGg ;+u|xfno, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, k|of]uzfnf tyf clen]vfnox¿sf]
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 Pj+ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ .

154
 ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, efifLsf] df}lns Pj+ k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt Pj+
/Lltl/jfhsf] hu]gf{ Pj+ ;+/If0f ug]{ .
 gjk|ltef nlIft k|]/0ffd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng Pj+ ;Ddfg ug]{ .
 nf]kf]Gd'v Pj+ lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] efiff, ;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug]{ .
 /fli6«o efiffx¿sf] zAbsf]if lgdf{0f tyf nAw k|ltli7t n]vs tyf
;flxTosf/x¿sf] n]v /rgfsf] k|a4{g ug]{ .
 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4
sfo{qmd ug]{ .
 k"/ftflTjs :ynx¿sf] pTvgg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ .
 ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf hL0ff{]åf/ ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
b]zleqsf ;Dk"0f{ hflt, ;d'bfox¿sf] ;+:s[ltsf] j}1flgs tl/sfaf6 ;"rLs/0f
/ nf]kf]Gd'v ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] hu]{gf ePsf] x'g], k"/ftflTjs, wfld{s /
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] :jfldTj j[l4 x'g], ;f+:s[lts
;dfj]zLs/0f tyf k"/ftflTjs Pj+ P]ltxfl;s dxTTjsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f,
k'glg{df{0f Pj+ lh0ff]{4f/ x'g], ljleGg efiff, wd{, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿,
k/Dk/fx¿ tyf ;flxTo, snf, /Lltl/jfhx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g], ;fy}
k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=#=^ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f
$=#=^=! ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
!= k[i7e"ld
xfnsf jif{x¿df ;fdflhs ;'/If0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df ;/sf/sf] nufgL
pNn]vgLo ¿kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . oL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lgodg ug]{, PsLs/0f ug]{ /
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{tk{m cem} Jojl:yt ¿kdf sfo{ cl3 a9fpg afFsL /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}
bL3{sfnLg ;f]r / :ki6 gLltut, ;+:yfut / ljQLo /0fgLlt ;d]t tof/ u/L
sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg'kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg If]qut
dGqfnox¿sf k[ys ;+oGq dfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf oL 5l/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf]
pkfb]otf, k|efjsfl/tf / kof{Kttfsf] af/]df :ki6 n]vfhf]vf;lxt sfo{qmdnfO{ yk
kl/dfh{g u/L lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .

155
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, czQm, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, s0ff{nL
c~rnsf ;a} hfthflt / cGo c~rnsf blnt ;d'bfosf kfFr jif{ d'lgsf
afnaflnsf cflbnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf :yfgLo lgsfodfkm{t\ ljt/0f ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . k|rlnt gLltut Joj:yf cg'¿k Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckf+utf
ePsf JolQm nufot ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfpg of]Uo nfeu|fxL JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof
cf=j )^&÷^* df !! nfv %% xhf/ /x]sf]df cfly{s jif{ )^(÷&) df sl/a @!
nfv k'u]sf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, h:tf cGo If]qut dGqfnox¿af6 ;d]t nlIft
;d"x, ju{ / If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ul/a 3/ kl/jf/ klxrfg ug{ s~rgk'/ /
88]nw'/fsf] k|To]s 3/ kl/jf/sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljj/0f ;+sng / 3/kl/jf/
txdf ul/aLsf] klxrfg u/L dGqfnosf] PsLs[t k~hLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
:yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw gx'g', ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf w]/} ;+Vofdf
;lrjsf] b/aGbL l/Qm /xg', nfeu|fxL JolQm;DaGwL] tYofÍ cBfjlws gx'g',
;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf] ljt/0fdf kf/blz{tf gx'bf ljleGg k|Zgx¿ p7g', eQf
ljt/0f k|lqmofsf] ;'ko{j]If0f tyf cg'udg k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg' o; If]qsf
;d:ofx¿ x'g\ .
ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L
PsLs[t Pad\ ;dlGjt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{, tL sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udgnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg', nfeu|fxL ju{sf] e/kbf]{ tYof+s tof/ tyf cBfjlws ug'{ /
;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf a}+sdfkm{t\ e'QmfgL ug{ yflnPsf]df nfeu|fxL JolQmsf]
a}+s;Ddsf] lgs6 kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;a} gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt eO{ ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkgsf]
;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
!= ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofodf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
@= ;a} gful/sx¿sf nflu Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ k"jf{wf/ tof/
ug]{ .

156
^= /0fgLlt
1. a9L hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ klxn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ .
2. ljBdfg sfo{qmdx¿sf] PsLs/0f, ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ / ;/sf/sf
k|of;x¿ Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf] w/ftn tof/ ug{df s]lGb|t /xg] .
3. :j}lR5s Pj+ of]ubfgd"ns k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. cToGt hf]lvddf /x]sf nf]kf]Gd'v Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox¿, Pr=cfO=eL=
P8\;af6 k|efljt afnaflnsf / cfdfafa' b'j} u'dfPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ qmdzM
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~hfnleq NofOg]5 . -!_
2. ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f, ;fdflhs
Gofosf] k|j4{g / dfgj ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿;Fu cfa4 u/L ;xlqmofTds
agfpg]tk{m hf]8 lbOg]5 . -!_
3. 5l/P/ /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] clen]vLs/0f u/L
Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] nflu cfjZos cWoog ul/g]5 . -@_
4. ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o k|f¿knfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs
;+/If0f w/ftnnfO{ kl/eflift u/L k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
5. g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lghfdtL sd{rf/L, g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q
k|x/LnufotnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] lgj[lQe/0f k|0ffnLsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/L ;'wf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ljBdfg kf]if0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfn] kl/nlIft u/]sf]
p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{u/L ;dfof]hg / ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
7. a9\bf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff vr{nfO{ wfGgsf nflu ljQLo ;+efjgf / ;|f]tx¿sf]
/0fgLlt tof/ u/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0f;DaGwL /fli6«o k|f¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .
-@_
8. ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljifodf ;+:yfut ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] dfGotf cg'¿k
lghL If]qnfO{ klg kof{Kt of]ubfg ug{ k|f]G;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{
nlIft u/L of]ubfgd"ns ;fdflhs aLdfsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
-#_
10. ;fdflhs :jf:Yo aLdfsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-#_

157
11. s[lif / kz'kfngsf] If]qdf gjk|jt{gzLn aLdfsf sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
12. cfjZos pTk|]/s k|0ffnL / ;]jfx¿sf] ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs aLdfsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ lghL If]q / ;xsf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Ps}7fpFdf clen]vLs/0f
ug]{ .
 k~hLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 JolQmut 36gf btf{;DaGwL hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf yk gu/kflnsf tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿df ;d]t
a}+sdfkm{t\ ljt/0f ug]{ .
 ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] PsLs[t k~hLs/0f /
;fdflhs ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu
;~hfnLs/0f ug]{ .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] s]Gb|Ls[t cg'udg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg tyf kl/rokq ljt/0f u/L :jf:Yo aLdf nufot
cGo ;]jf k|jfx;Fu cfa4 u/fpg] .
 3/kl/jf/sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljj/0f btf{ ug]{ .
 ljkGg ;LdfGts[t tyf hf]lvddf /x]sf JolQm, ;d'bfo / If]qsf nflu Go"gtd
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .
 ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] lj:tf/, cg'udg,
clen]vLs/0f / k|sfzg ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
k~hLs/0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ePsf]
x'g], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t 9fFrf th'{df ePsf] x'g], ul/a 3/w'/Lsf]
tYofÍ ;a} :yfgLo lgsfodf cBfjlws ePsf] x'g], ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g], ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf
a}+Í jf zfvfljxLg a}+Íaf6 ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g], ;d'bfodf

158
cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLx¿sf] klxrfg / lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g], ;fdflhs
:jf:Yo aLdf cleofg ;DkGg ePsf] x'g], ;fdflhs If]qdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL j[l4
ePsf] x'g] .
$=#=^=@ Ho]i7 gful/s
!= k[i7e"ld
Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s
hLjgofkg ug{, pgLx¿sf] pGglt / ;+/If0fsf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt
lbnfpgsf nflu Ho]i7 gful/s;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^% hf/L ePsf]]
5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjosf nflu pRr:t/Lo s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s
sNof0f ;ldltsf] :yfkgf tyf ;a} lhNnfdf x]/rfxsf nflu lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s
sNof0f ;ldlt u7g eO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] e/kbf]{ tYof+s gePsf] x'Fbf xfn tYof+s ;+sng sfo{ e}/x]sf]
5 . Ho]i7 gful/ssf efjgf ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf
k|fjwfgx¿sf] k'g/jnf]sg tyf lj:tf/sf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u /
;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfnox¿sf] ;xof]udf kxn eO{/x]sf] 5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Ho]i7
gful/sx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg cfjZos sbd rflnPsf 5g\ . ;fy} Ho]i7
gful/s cfjf; u[xx¿nfO{ dof{lbt, :t/Lo, ;dofg's"n tyf Ho]i7 gful/s d}qL
agfpg Ho]i7 gful/s cfjf; u[x ;~rfng tyf k"jf{wf/;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf @)&)
tof/Lsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo Ho]i7 gful/s
sNof0f ;ldlt / lhNnf txdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf
lhNnf Ho]i7 gful/s sNof0f ;ldlt u7g eO{ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] xslxt
;+/If0fsf nflu lqmofzLn 5g\ . To;}u/L Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] :ofxf/ tyf x]/rfxsf
nflu k|lzIf0f tyf lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 . ;a} If]qsf c;xfo Ho]i7
gful/snfO{ cf>o k|bfg ug{ kfFr ljsf; If]qdf !÷! j6f gd"gf Ho]i7 gful/s
cf>d :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf 5g\ eg] ljutdf dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf
;dfhsNof0f dGqfno dfkm{t\ ;~rfng ul/Psf] Ho]i7 gful/s :jf:Yof]krf/ ;]jf
sfo{qmdnfO{ :jf:Yo dGqfno cGt/ut lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L Ho]i7
gful/s k|lt gofF k':tfdf ;sf/fTds efjgf hufpg cGt/k':tf ;f}xfb{tf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 eg] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿df /x]sf] 1fg, ;LknfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L
pkof]u ug{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fy} u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;+rflnt
Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd tyf Ho]i7 gful/s cf>dnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
lgoldt¿kdf ;xof]u pknAw x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lghLIf]qaf6 ;~rflnt cf>dx¿sf]
;d]t ;+:yfut ;'wf/ Pj+ cg'udg sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .

159
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
Ho]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL ljBdfg gLlt, of]hgf, cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ If]qLo 3f]if0ff,
k|ltj4tf tyf Ho]i7 gful/ssf cfjZostf cg'¿k sfo{qmd cfzfltt¿kdf
;~rfng ug{ g;lsg', Ho]i7 gful/ssf kIfdf ljleGg txdf ePsf lg0f{o tyf
sfg'gn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf ljifonfO{ ;d]t k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug{
g;lsg', ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] cefj /xg', Ho]i7 gful/ssf] :jf:Yo, /]vb]v, ;'/Iff /
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu pkof]uL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ g;Sbf pgLx¿ c;Gt'i6 /xg',
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmd lgodg / ;dGjo kof{Kt x'g
g;Sg' ,;d'bfodf ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ck]lIft ljsf; x'g g;Sg', Ho]i7
gful/sx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Jofkstf lbg
g;Sg', / j[4f>d, Ho]i7 gful/s lbjf;]jf s]Gb| tyf Snax¿sf] ;~rfng Jojl:yt
x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ pgLx¿sf nflu
;Ddfghgs / ;Gt'li6k"0f{ hLjgofkgsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkgsf nflu cg''s"n ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/
ug{] .
2. ljz]if hf]lvddf /x]sf Ho]i7 gful/ssf nflu nlIft u/L /fxt, af;:yfg,
:jf:Yo ;]jfh:tf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
3. Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{ clwstd ;b'kof]u ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fOg] eQf /sd a}+lsª k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ e'QmfgL ub}{
hfg]] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
2. Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] nflu /fHoaf6 k|bfg ug]{ oftfoft, :jf:Yoh:tf ;]jf
;'ljwfdf cu|flwsf/ lbg] / o:tf] cu|flwsf/sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg lghL
If]qnfO{ klg k|f]T;flxt / lgb]{lzt ul/g]5 . -!_

160
3. c:ktfnx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf]] ;'ljwfdf kxF'r j[l4 ug{sf nflu pkrf/
z'Nsdf 5'6 / lglZrt ;ª\Vofdf z}o\of 5'§ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
4. kl/ToQm, lx+;fkLl8t, zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s¿kn] czQm ePsf tyf ljz]if
hf]lvddf /x]sf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sfnflu nlIft u/L ljz]if /fxt / k'g:yf{kgf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
5. a[4f>d ;~rfng;DaGwL dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . -@_
6. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] If]qdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;fj{hlgs k|of]usf ;fwg / ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ qmdzM Ho]i7 gful/s d}qL
agfOg]5 . -@_
8. j[4f>d agfpg] / ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{df lghLIf]qsf] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5
/ lghL If]q ;~rflnt j[4f>ddf c;xfo j[4j[4fx¿sf] nflu ;x'lnot b/df
cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
9. 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejsf] pkof]usf nflu cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ul/g]5 . -#_
10. :yfgLo :t/df th'{df ul/g] cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿;Fu
;Nnfx, ;'emfj lng] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
11. Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{ clwstd ;b'kof]u u/L j[4j[4fsf]
cfjZstf / dxTTjaf/] hfu/0f km}nfpg] ljifonfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] kf7\oqmddf
;dfj]z ug]{ . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljz]ifu/L oftfoft, ;~rf/ / :jf:Yodf Ho]i7
gful/sx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg] .
 kfFr ljsf; If]qdf /x]sf !÷! j6f gd"gf Ho]i7 gful/s cf>d tyf
j[4f>dx¿sf] cg'udg u/L ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;~rfng ug]{ .
 u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;~rflnt Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd tyf
Ho]i7 gful/s cf>dnfO{ dfkb08 cg's"n agfpg] .
 cGt/k':tf ;f}xfb{|tf sfod ug{sf nflu ljBfno :t/Lo kf7\oqmddf
;dfj]z ug]{ / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 gd"gfsf] ¿kdf # j6f Ho]i7 gful/s u|fd lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] tYof+s ;+sng tyf k|f]kmfOn cBfjlws ug]{ .

161
 kz'klt j[4f>dsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 j[4f>d lgdf{0f / ;~rfng sfo{df lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ug]{ .

(= ck]lIft pknlAw
Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] /fxt:j¿k ljz]if ;'ljwf k|fKt u/L ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjg ofkg
u/]sf] x'g], Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] tYof+s cBfjlws ePsf] x'g] / ;/sf/åf/f pknJw
u/fOPsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿df Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] kx'Fr ;xh x'g], j[4f>dx¿sf] ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g] .
$=#=^=# ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿
!= k[i7e"ld
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw / o;sf] OR5fwLg cfn]v
@))^ nufot cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{sf nflu ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t k'gM:yf{kgf sfo{qmd, ljz]if lzIff, ;dflxt lzIff, lgMz'Ns ;xfos ;fdu|L,
ckfËtf;DaGwL r]tgfd"ns >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ckfËtf ePsf
JolQmx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; cg'bfg, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f nufot ljleGg
nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] xs clwsf/ k|j4{g tyf pkef]udf ;xh t'Nofpg
ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, lgodfjnL, /fli6«o gLlt / sfo{of]hgf ;d]t tof/
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . ckfËtfsf] kl/efiff / juL{s/0f u/L
&% lhNnfdf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{noaf6 ckfËtf kl/ro kq k|bfg ug{]
Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} ckfËtf ePsf JolQmåf/f ;~rflnt ;+:yfdfkm{t\ ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t k'g:{yfkgf sfo{qmd cGtu{t :jf:Yo, lzIff, hLljsf]kfh{g tyf
;fdflhsLs/0f ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ckfËtf ;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'g, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd Pj+ ;f]cg'¿k pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf / To;sf]
pkef]u ug{] k|lqmof ;lxtsf] ;/n k'l:tsf æckfËtf ;|f]t k'l:tsfÆ tof/ kf/L
d'n'ssf ;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfx¿ Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿df
ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] nflu sf7df8f}+df cfjf;Lo
5fqfjf; tyf k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmd ;'?cft ul/Psf] 5 . dWodf~rndf ckfËtf
k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] lghL If]qsf pBf]u, k|lti7fg tyf snsf/vfgfx¿df
/f]huf/Lsf nflu % k|ltzt sf]6f 5'6\ofpg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf ;fy} cfos/sf] 5'6df
;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf nflu c:ktfndf
lglZrt z}of ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{ / ofqf ubf{ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ef8f b/df %)
k|ltzt 5'6 tyf l;6 cf/If0fsf] ;d]t sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ckfËtf ePsf

162
JolQmx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ;xfos ;fdu|Lx¿df eG;f/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf tyf 3/ hUuf
/lhi6«]zg b:t'/ 5'6h:tf ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ pknAw ;'ljwf Go"g /xg', pknlAwx¿sf] ljt/0fdf
;d:of /xg' / c;fWo /f]u h:t} x]df]km]nLof, s'i7/f]u, dfgl;s ¿kdf ckfËtf
ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng gx'g', /f]huf/ :j/f]huf/sf
kof{Kt k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng gx'g' o;sf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ . /fHoåf/f
k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ ;a} ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ ;dIf k'¥ofpg g;lsg',
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] lxtsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ g;lsg' /
sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] ;d]t k|efjsf/L cg'udg x'g g;Sg' h:tf cGo ;d:of /x]sf
5g\ . ckfËtf;DaGwL ;r]tgfdf sdL x'g', ;fj{hlgs :yn, ;jf/L ;fwg tyf
;]jfx¿nfO{ ckfË d}qL agfpg], ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ :j/f]huf/d"ns ;Lk
k|bfg u/L cfTdlge{/ agfpg], ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf
;'ljwf / s[lqd ;fwgx¿sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f k|efjsf/L agfpg] h:tf sfo{x¿
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfly{s¿kdf ;d]t :jfjnDaL agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
;a} k|sf/sf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"0f{ / cj/f]wd'Qm jftfj/0fdf
:jfledfg / cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf nflu ;dfg cj;/ tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿df kx'Fr
a9fpb} ;zQmLs/0f ug{] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ hf]8
lbg] .
2. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfly{s¿kn] ;zQm agfO{ /f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr /
:j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|fKt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'gM:yfkg sfo{qmdnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
2. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfgx¿ :jb]zd} pTkfbg ug]{ / ltgdf
;a}sf]] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_

163
3. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{x¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. gofF lgdf{0f tyf k'glgdf{0f x'g] ;/sf/L ejg,;fj{hlgs :ynsf ;]jf, ;8s
oftfoft, lzIffnufot k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf tyf ;'ljwfnfO{ ckfËtf d}qL agfpFb}
nlug]5 . -!_
5. ckfËtf ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ub}{ jfl/; gePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;:yf÷lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf /
lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
6. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu v]ns"b tyf
dgf]/~hgsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
7. ;fª\s]lts efiffsf] k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
8. ckfËtfsf] k|s[lt x]/L pko'Qm ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfgu/L /f]huf/L cj;/x¿df
kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xh ;]jf;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ckfË d}qL ef}lts
;+/rgf agfpg] / e}/x]sf ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw @))^ / OGrf]g
/0fgLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf sdhf]/ / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf]] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu lzIff, /f]huf/, :jf:Yo h:tf If]qdf
ckfËtfsf] ;+a]bgzLntf / k|sf/ x]/L ;x'lnotdf jf lgMz'Ns ;]jf k'¥ofpg] /
;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{ .
 ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ /]km/n ;le{; nufot cfjZos ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lx¿ pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;zQmLs/0f tyf ;"rgf s]Gb| -x]Nk8]:s_
;~rfng ug]{.
 ;a} ljsf; If]qdf ;fem]bf/Ldf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ pkof]uL x'g]
;xfotf ;fdu|L ljt/0f sfo{ ;'rf? ug]{ .
 ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lghL / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf
nflu k|fyldstf lbg k|]l/t ug]{ tyf o:tf sfo{x¿sf] cg'udg u/L clen]v
Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

164
 lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf nflu lbjf
;]jf tyf cfjf;Lo k'gM:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng x'g] .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
sfg'gL, ;+:yfut, ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lj:tf/ eO{ ckfËtf d}qL / cj/f]wd'Qm
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g], a]jfl/;] ckfËtf ePsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf nflu lghL
tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;d]tsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k'gM:yf{kgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] x'g],
ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf
pknAwtfdf j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .
$=#=^=$ afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L
!= k[i7e"ld
Affnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfjZos sfg'g / gLlt th'{df u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;dGjo,
;xof]u, ;xhLs/0f / ;xsfo{df ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fy}
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0f, e]befj / b'Jo{jxf/
lgoGq0f u/L zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] afnaflnsf
tyf lszf]/lszf]/L;DaGwL /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ePsf ljleGg 3f]if0ff tyf
k|lta4tfcg';f/sf] k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{tk{m
pGd'v x'g]u/L of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t afn;+/If0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf ;fy}
afn>d Go"gLs/0f, ;8s afnaflnsfsf] Joj:yfkg, afn ljjfxsf] /f]syfd nufot
ljleGg k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, lx+;f / ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / afnclwsf/ pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu of] of]hgf
s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ b]zsf] s"n hg;+VofdWo] !* jif{d'lgsf
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L $$=$ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] !)–!( jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] hg;+Vof @$=!( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / lgod @)%! sf] sfof{Gjogjf6 ;d]t
afnaflnsfsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;sf/fTds glthf k|fKt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
afnaflnsfsf] xslxt / clwsf/nfO{ k|fyldstfsf;fy sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg
afnclwsf/sf d'Vo ljifox¿ afn arfj6, ;+/If0f, ljsf; / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf
nflu afnaflnsfsf nflu !) jif]{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@)^!÷^@–@)&!÷&@_
sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L ljsf;
k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ Wo]on] lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] ;du| ljsf;sf
nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog x'g] cj:Yffdf /x]sf] 5 .

165
afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^( / cfjf;Lo afnu[x ;~rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^( nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . b]ze/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf
cfjf;Lo afnu[xdf cfl>t afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf dfkb08 sfof{Gjogsf nflu
s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt / lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltaf6 k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf
k[i7kf]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ul/a / blnt afnaflnsfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg]
ckfËtf x'g]x¿sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, tflnd, ;Lk ljsf;, ;r]tgf, tyf
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn k|x/Ldf
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf lgb]{zgfno / k|To]s lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf dlxnf
tyf afnaflnsf ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ u7g u/L ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
/fHon] afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"lt u/fpg] k|of;sf]
afjh'b klg s]xL afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L cfwf/e"t clwsf/ pkef]uaf6
al~rt x'g', afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L;DaGwL sfo{x¿df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf x'g g;Sg', afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs
;'/Iff / of}g zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL ljBdfg\ sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf]
/xg', afnGofo k|0ffnL / afn d}qL :yfgLo lgsfosf] klg ck]Iffs[t ;'b[9Ls/0f /
lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg' k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
;fy}, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd, ckfËtf ePsf, u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d
If]q / ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf] lzIff,
:jf:Yo nufotsf kf]if0f ;]jfdf kx'Fr / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf cfzfltt
¿kdf ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg', afn>lds, åGå k|efljt, Pr=cfO{=eL=P8\; k|efljt tyf
;+qmldt, a]rlavgaf6 kLl8t, ;8s afnaflnsf, ;':t dgl:ylt ePsf /
nfu"cf}ifwsf b'Jo{;gL tyf hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff,
;+/If0f / k'gM:yfkgf ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;a} ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g /
k|j4{g u/L ;du| JolQmTjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] afn d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. afnaflnsfsf] ;du| clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L pk/ x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/x¿nfO{
pGd"ng ug]{ .
3. ;a} lsl;dsf] afn>dsf] pGd"ng ug]{ .

166
^= /0fgLlt
1. afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ /
e]befj / alxis/0fsf] lgoGq0f u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf]
k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .
2. uef{j:yfb]lv hGd kl5;Dd cfjZos :ofxf/ tyf kf]if0f Joj:yfsf]
;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
3. afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. cfk\mgf] wf/0ff agfpg ;Ifd afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ lgh;Fu
;Da4 ;a} ljifox¿df cfk\mgf] aLrf/ cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] cj;/ lbO{ ljsf; /
;fd'bflos txsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf afn ;xeflutf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;a} lsl;dsf afn clwsf/x¿ / cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf] k"0f{ pkef]usf]
k|Tofe"ltsf nflu sfg'gL Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
3. a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf nflu /fxt, k'gM:yf{kgf,
kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ng / sfg'gL tyf dgf]j}1flgs k/fdz{ ;]jfsf sfo{qmdx¿
nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
4. afnaflnsfx¿sf] hGd btf{nfO{ clgjfo{ u/L k|f/lDes afnljsf; k|lqmofnfO{
Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -!_
5. cGtb{]zLo tyf cfGtl/s wd{k'q wd{k'qL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ yk
Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 . -!_
6. afnu[xx¿nfO{ cfjf;Lo afn u[xx¿sf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg dfkb08, @)^(
cg's"n agfO{g]5 . -!_
7. uef{j:yfdf lzz' / cfdfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu kf]if0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfg u/L ltgnfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfO{
/fVg :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfo;Fu k|efjsf/L ;xsfo{ u/L sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
9. afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿df z}lIfs
;+:yfx¿df k/fdz{ lbg] k|0ffnLsf] yfngL ul/g]5 . -#_
10. afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt / afn Sna ;~rfng / kl/rfngsf nflu afn
Snax¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 . -#_

167
11. lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu hLjg pkof]uL ;Lk k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L
tyf lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
sfg'g tyf gLltut ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf sfg'g tyf gLltut
b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;dofg';f/ k'g/jnf]sg ug]{ tyf ;8s afnaflnsf p4f/ tyf
k'g:yf{kgf ;DaGwL /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ .
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / afnclwsf/ ;Da4{g;DaGwL sfo{qmd
 x/fPsf afnaflnsfsf] vf]hL tyf k'gM:yf{kgf, hf]lvddf /x]sf
afnaflnsfsf] cfkTsfnLg ;]jf, p4f/ Pj+ k'g{:yfkgf, afnclwsf/
pNn+3gsf 36gfaf6 k|efljt afnaflnsfsf] tTsfn p4f/ tyf ;+/If0fsf
nflu afnx]Nk nfOg lgMz'Ns kmf]g !)(* ;lxtsf] PsLs[t ;]jfsf]
k|efjsf/L ;~rfng tyf lj:tf/, cfjf;Lo afnu[x ;~rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL dfkb08sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cled'vLs/0f
tyf cg'udg, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg afnaflnsf;DaGwL
hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgfx¿sf] k|jfx / hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 afnsNof0f ;ldlt sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L hf]lvddf k/]sf / ;LdfGts[t
afnaflnsfsf] p4f/, ;+/If0f / afnclwsf/ ;Da4{g h:tf sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ . dfgl;s ;d:of ePsf / ;':t dgl:ylt eO{ kl/jf/af6
TofluPsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;':t dgl:ylt s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
tyf ;~rfng, ;a} lhNnfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;lxtsf] afnOhnf;sf] qmdzM
:yfkgf, ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf]
cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ;Lk / /f]huf/d"ns tflnd sfo{qmd, afnaflnsf
dfly x'g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s ;hfo tyf b'Jo{jxf/af/] tTsfn ph'/L Pj+
;Daf]wg ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ .
 OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 x'g] afnb'Jo{jxf/ tyf afnzf]if0f Pj+ afn clZnn
;fdu|Lx¿af6 afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{
tyf o; ;DaGwL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;r]t ug]{ .
cGo sfo{qmdx¿M
 afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdfafa'sf] x]/rfxdf x's{g kfpg] clwsf/ k|j{4g ug{
r]tgfd"ns kfl/jfl/s ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 cfGtl/s wd{k'q wd{k'qL;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg

168
 gLlt÷sfo{ljlwsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L]sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf k|a4{gsf]
If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
 afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo / afn sfo{qmdx¿sf]
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{qmd, afnaflnsf;DaGwL ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf lj:tf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
Affnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Ldf x'g] zf/Ll/s lx+;f / >ddf cfa4 afnaflnsf -%–
!& jif{_ sf] ;+Vofdf sdL cfPsf] x'g], ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf afnaflnsf la?4
x'g] lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ / zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ;hfFodf sdL cfPsf] x'g], afnaflnsf;Fu
;DalGwt ;a} lgsfo tyf ;+3;+:yf aLr ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, tYof+ssf] cfbfgk|bfg
u/L PsLs[t ¿kdf ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt x'g], /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fli6«o / :yfgLo ;+oGqx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ePsf] x'g], afn
clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw / cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfx¿ cg'¿k afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{td
lxt ;'lglZrt eO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / e]befjdf sdL cfPsf] x'g], lzIff, afn ljsf;,
:jf:Yo kf]if0f / cGo ;DalGwt If]qdf afn d}qL jftfj/0fsf] k|j4{g x'g], afn
x]NknfO{g ;'b[9 x'g'sf ;fy} yk % lhNnfdf ;d]t o:tf] ;]jf ;~rfng x'g] Pj+
;|f]ts]Gb|sf] :yfkgf x'g] .

$=$ o'jf ljsf;

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] $)=#% k|ltzt o'jfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o o'jf gLlt
@)^^ sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf] 5 . o''jf;Fu ;DalGwt s[lif, ko{6g, u}/–sfi7
jghGo pTkfbg If]qdf n3' pBd cyjf n3' Joj;fo ljsf;, /f]huf/L /
:j/f]huf/, Pr=cfO=eL P8\;, n}lËu lx+;f, nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;g tyf cGo ;fdflhs
s'/Lltx¿ lj?4 ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ut lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf @,))) o'jfnfO{ o'jf ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd dfkm{t\
k|lzlIft ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf]df @%,%%$ hgfnfO{ k|lzlIft ul/Psf], o;}u/L $,)))
o'jfnfO{ dfgj t:s/L tyf a]rlavg lgoGq0f sfo{df ;r]tgf clej[l4 u/fpg]
sfo{qmd /x]sf]df @,&%# nfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] / ljz]if k|fyldstf ;d"xsf
$,))) o'jfnfO{ :j/f]huf/ tyf /f]huf/;DaGwL ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ug]{ nIo
/x]sf]df #,(() o'jfnfO{ tflnd lbOPsf] 5 . oL sfo{qmdaf6 o'jfx¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4, g]t[Tj ljsf; / /f]huf/L l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

169
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
:jb]zdf dWod / pRr lzIff k|fKt o'jf ljb]z knfog x'g] k|j[lQ tLj| /xg',
cfjZos ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;]jfx¿sf] pknAwtf / kx'Fr Go"g x'g', ;sf/fTds ;f]r,
Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos lzIff k|bfg ug{ g;Sg', b'Jo{;g, ck/fw / cGo
c;fdflhs sfo{af6 o'jfx¿nfO{ d'Qm ug{ g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .
o;}u/L k|To]s jif{ >d ahf/df cfpg] o'jf hgzlQmsf] cg'kftdf jhf/df /f]huf/L
;[hgf u/L :jb]zd} o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfkdf cfj4 u/fpg' g}
k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
o'jfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ pgLx¿df pBdzLntf, l;h{gzLntf Pj+
;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy} ;Lk / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
o'jfx¿nfO{ ;[hgfTds tyf pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg u/fO{ d'n'ssf]
;jf{lË0f ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ;fdflhs, cfly{s pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;sfnflu o'jfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ug]{ .
2. :j/f]huf/, :jb]zL >d ahf/df l;lh{t cfo cfh{gsf cj;/ Pj+ /fli6«o
ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿df ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] .
3. /fli6«o ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj lng;Sg] u/L o'jfx¿nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. !^–@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfx¿nfO{ lzIff, Ifdtf clej[l4dfkm{t\ pBdzLntf
k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
2. @^–$) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L, :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf tyf
pBdzLntf j[l4 ug]{ nlIft tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. :jb]zL /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L j]/f]huf/ o'jfsf ;d:ofnfO{ qmlds¿kdf ;dfwfg
ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
4. b'Jo{;g Pj+ s'nt h:tf c;fdflhs lqmofsnfkaf6 o'jfx¿nfO{ d'Qm ug{
;DalGwt If]qut lgsfox¿ / u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ tyf
;dGjodf ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_

170
5. ;dfhdf ljBdfg ul/aL, clzIff, 5'jf5"t, hftLo lje]b, n}+lus lx+;f tyf
cdfgjLo sfo{x¿sf] cGTosf nflu o'jf kl/rfng ug{ ;DalGwt If]qut
lgsfox¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjodf ljz]if
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf o'jf zlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 .
7. /fli6«o o'jf kl/ifb\sf] u7g ul/g]5 . -#_
8. /fli6«o ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf o'jfnfO{ k'¥ofpg ltgnfO{
g]tT[ j / gLlt lgdf{0f;DaGwL ljifox¿df Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
9. cfGtl/s / cGt/f{li6«o o'jf cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmd
of]hgf cjlwdf o'jf ljsf;sf If]qdf b]xfo cg';f/sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]]5g\ M
 /fli6«o o'jf gLlt, @)^^ cg'¿k PsLs[t o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 PsLs[t o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu /fli6«o o'jf kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf
ug]{ .
 !^–@% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfx¿nfO{ lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns hLjgf]kof]uL tflnd
lbg] .
 @^–$) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L, :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf tyf
pBdzLntf j[l4 ug{ cfw'lgs tyf Jofj;flos s[lif -a]df};dL tyf cuf{lgs
t/sf/L v]tL, Rofp v]tL cflb_, kz'kfng -s'v'/f kfng, afv|f kfng, b'Uw
Joj;fo cflb_, sDKo'6/, df]jfOn, 6]lnlehg h:tf pks/0f dd{t, xfp;
jfOl/ª, Ao'l6l;og, KnlDaª, nufotsf cGo ljifox¿df PsLs[t tflnd lbg] .
 u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;+u ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{df b'Jo{;g, n}lËs lx+;f,
Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;, ;fdflhs s'/Llt lj?4sf] ;r]tgf, jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts
k|sf]k cflb;Fu ;DalGwt lzIffd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 o'jf ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿df ;"rgf k|lalw;DaGwL 1fg ePsf :yfgLo o'jfx¿nfO{
:jo+;]jssf] ¿kdf v6fO{ yk hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 ckfËtf ePsf o'jfx¿sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ;xof]u ;fdu|Lx¿ ljt/0f
ug]{ .

171
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
o; of]hgf cjlwe/df $% lhNnfsf o'jf ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ePsf] x'g],
!),(%) o'jfn] ljleGg tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] x'g], ^),)%) o'jfnfO{ ljleGg sfo{qmd
dfkm{t\ r]tgzLn u/fOPsf] x'g], @,(&% o'jfx¿n] g]]t[Tj ljsf; tflnd kfPsf] x'g],
ckf+utf ePsf ^)) o'jfn] ;xof]u ;fdu|Lx¿ k|fKt u/]sf] x'g] / s'n @# o'jf tyf
;+:yfx¿ ;Ddflgt ePsf x'g]5g\ .

$=% v]ns"b ljsf;

!= k[i7e"ld
v]ns"bnfO{ :j:y tyf cg'zfl;t JolQm tyf ;dfh ;[hgf ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ of]hgfj4 ¿kdf s]Gb|b]lv ufpF:t/;Dd ljsf; / lj:tf/
ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . o; tYonfO{ dgg u/L v]ns"b;DaGwL ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
ljsf; tyf cGo gLltut tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{tk{m o; of]hgf s]lGb|t x'g]5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
/fli6«o v]ns"b gLlt @)^& sfof{Gjogaf6 v]ns"b If]qsf] ljsf;df pNn]vgLo
pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd %# lhNnfdf se8{xn lgdf{0f, !@^ j6f
ljleGg /fli6«o v]n ;ª\3 ;~rfngdf /xg'sf ;fy} v]ns"b Ps]8]dLsf] :yfkgf ug]{
sfo{ ;'? ePsf] 5 . w/fg, kf]v/f, Wfgu9L / g]kfnu+hdf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf tof/
ePsf] / v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf;d]t pT;fxk|b /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
æ:jf:Yosf nflu v]ns"b, /fi6«sf nflu v]ns"bÆ sf] d"n dd{ adf]lhd /0fgLlts
9ª\uaf6 v]ns"bsf] ljsf; ug]{ k|0ffnLut kl/kf6Ldf sdL x'g', v]ns"b ;Da4
lgsfox¿aLr cfk;L ;xof]u ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] cefj /xg'', /fli6«o:t/df /
cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf v]ns"b ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
ljsf; x'g g;Sg' / v]ns"b ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]qnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;d]6\g
g;lsg' h:tf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
v]ns"bsf] dfWodaf6 /fi6«sf] k|lti7f a9fpFb} d'n'sdf :j:y, cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt
gful/s tof/ ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
!= v]ns"bnfO{ hLjgsf] cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ u/L :j:y /
cg'zfl;t gful/s tof/ ug]{ .

172
@= cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfx¿df ;+nUgtf / ;kmntf xfl;n u/L /fi6«sf] klxrfg
Pj+ uf}/j a9fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v]ns"bsf sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿
;~rfngsf ;fy} ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
2. v]ns"bsf] ljsf;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ .
3. :sfpl6ª sfo{qmdnfO{ lj:tf/ tyf Jojl:yt ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;a}sf nflu v]ns"bsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. v]ns"bsf x/]s If]q / :t/df dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg ljljw v]ns"b ultljlw
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljBfno, ljZjljBfno / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng ug{
k|]l/t ul/g]5 . -!_
4. cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v]ns"bsf sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿df ;xeflutfnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ko{6sLo, kj{tLo, k/Dk/fut tyf ;fxl;s v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
6. ljBdfg ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf ljsf; ub}{ yk ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]
lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ljleGg bft[lgsfo / ldq/fi6«x¿;d]tsf] ;xof]u h'6fO{ cGt/f{li6«o
dfkb08cg'¿ksf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ljZjljBfno:t/df v]ns"b;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u/L v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
9. :sfpl6ª sfo{qmdnfO{ Jofks¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{ clwsflws ;xeflutfdf j[l4
u/L :jo+;]jf / :sfpl6ªnfO{ lj:tf/ tyf Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -#_

173
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx?
 ljBdfg v]ns"b;DaGwL gLlt kl/dfh{g tyf v]ns"b ;+lxtf tof/ ug]{ .
 ljBfno Pj+ SofDk;x¿df ljleGg v]nx¿sf] k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
;fy} ljBfno:t/df ljz]if -ckf+utf ePsf JolQm_ v]ns"b k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng
ul/g] .
 ljBfnosf v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ ljz]if v]ns"b ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{ .
 k/Dk/fut, ko{6sLo, ;fxl;s tyf kj{tLo v]ns"b k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ug]{ .
 v]ns"bdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fpg ljz]if k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ljBfno, ljZjljBfno / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ v]ns"b k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{ .
 v]nf8L / k|lzIfsx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfx¿df kbs k|fKt ug]{ v]nf8LnfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf k|f]T;fxg
Pad\ hLjgofkgsf cj;/x¿sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg /+uzfnf tyf ax'p2]ZoLo se8{xnsf] lgdf{0f
ug]{ .
 Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] lqms]6 d}bfg ;lxt & j6f lqms]6 d}bfgsf] lgdf{0f
ug]{ .
 If]qLo /+uzfnfx¿df yk ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
 xfO{ clN6Ro'8 6«]lgË ;]G6/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
 :sfp6;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
 ljBfno tx;Dd :sfp6sf sfo{qmdx¿ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] Ps /+uzfnf lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ug{], /fli6«o /
If]qLo:t/sf % /+uzfnfsf] :t/f]Gglt ePsf] x'g], & j6f lqms]6 d}bfgx¿sf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] x'g], #) j6f lhNnf:t/Lo ;]dL se8{xn lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g], ljleGg v]nsf
cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfx¿sf] cfof]hgf ePsf] x'g], ;qmLo :sfp6x¿sf] ;+Vof sl/a
())) k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

174
 kl/R5]bM %
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
%=! pmhf{
%=!=! hnljB't
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] lgldQ hnljB't g} pmhf{sf] dxTTjk"0f{ Pj+ e/kbf]{ ;+efJo ;|f]t xf] . pmhf{
/fli6«o ljsf;sf] d]?b08 / cfw'lgs hLjg z}nLsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf ePsfn]
g]kfnn] kl5Nnf cfjlws of]hgfx¿df hnljB't ljsf;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbb}
cfPsf] 5 . hnljB't ljsf;df k"+hL;3g k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g] x'gfn] o; If]qdf
;/sf/L, lghL / ;fd'bflos nufgL cfsif{0f ug{] k|of; e}/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} j}b]lzs
nufgL leq\ofpg klg k|oTg e}/x]sf 5g\ . vf; u/]/ ljB't P]g, @)$( tyf
hnljB't;DaGwL cGo gLltx¿ / cfjlws of]hgf ;d]taf6 hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg
tyf ljt/0fdf lghL If]q / ;d'bfo ;d]tnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg ljleGg k|j4{gfTds
tyf k|f]T;fxgfTds Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . o;/L /fli6«o Pj+ j}b]lzs nufgLsf]
jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{ hfFbf klg d'n'sn] k|fljlws lx;fjn] h8fg ug{ ;lsg] Ifdtfsf]
sl/a @ k|ltzt;Dd klg ljB't h8fg ug{ g;s]sf]n] yk gLltut ;'wf/, ;+:yfut
;'b[9Ls/0f, k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog / ;doj4 glthfd'vL cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg
k4ltsf] cjnDjg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ljBdfg pmhf{ ;ª\s6 ;dfwfg ug{
Psflt/ k|efjsf/L cNksfnLg sfo{qmd to u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ cfjZos 5 eg]
csf{lt/ pmhf{ dfu / cfk"lt{aLr lg/Gt/ ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;doj4 ¿kdf Go"g
nfutsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;DkGg ug'{ klg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ sf] cGTo;Dddf /fli6«o ljB't k|0ffnLdf
cfj4 hnljB''t pTkfbg s]Gb|x¿sf] hl8t Ifdtf &)% d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 . h;df
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] tk{maf6 pTkflbt $&# d]ufjf6 / lghL If]qaf6 pTkflbt
@#@ d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . tfkLo ljB't %# d]ufjf6 ;lxt /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf
cfa4 ljB'tsf] hl8t s'n Ifdtf &%* d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 . b]zsf %( lhNnfx¿
/fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf cfa4 ePsf 5g\ . ut of]hgf cjlwdf yk !*$ d]ufjf6
ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ^$ d]ufjf6 dfq pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] 5 eg] sl/a
()) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ljB't lj:tf/ eO{ yk & nfv kl/jf/ ljB't ;]jfsf]
kx'Frdf k'u]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 sl/a %* k|ltztn] / cGo ;|f]taf6
( k|ltztn] ul/ s"n hg;+Vofsf] ^& k|ltzt;Dd ljB't ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
kx'Fr a9\b} u/] tfklg ;]jfdf lgoldttf gx'Fbf k|ltJolQm lah'nL pkef]u Go"g /x]sf]
5.

175
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cfof]hgfx¿ lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;DkGg gx'g' / nfut a9\b} hfg', cfof]hgf
;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo x'g g;Sg', lgofds
tyf ljt/0f lgsfo g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ /xg' o;
If]qn] ef]lu/x]sf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ eg] /fi6«JofkL k|;f/0f nfOg Ifdtfsf] cefj,
sdhf]/ ljt/0f Joj:yfkg, gbLsf] axfjdf cfwfl/t hnljB't pTkfbg k4ltsf]
sf/0f ;'Svf ofddf hl8t Ifdtf cg';f/sf] ljB't pTkfbg gx'g', lghL If]qaf6
;d]t k|lta4tfcg';f/ ;dodf ljB't pTkfbg x'g g;Sg', ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;d]t
nlIft ;doleq cfof]hgf ;DkGg x'g g;Sg' tyf cTolws ljB't r'xfj6 ePsf
sf/0f dfucg';f/ ljB't pmhf{ cfk"lt{ x'g g;Sg' o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
;fy}, lghLIf]qaf6 tTsfn ljB't pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] If]qdf cfGtl/s k|;f/0f nfOgsf]
lgdf{0f gx'g', hUuf k|flKt / d'cfAhfsf d'2fx¿ ;dodf ;dfwfg ug{ g;lsg',
sltko ljifodf gLltut lg/Gt/tf gx'g' h:tf sf/0fx¿n] hnljB't pTkfbgdf
lghL If]qsf] of]ubfg ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
b]zsf] ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt hnljB't ljsf; u/L ;g\ @)@& ;Dddf
hnljB'tdf cfTdlge{/ x'g'sf] ;fy} hnljB'tnfO{ lgof{t ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
hnljB't pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L e/kbf]{ Pj+ :t/Lo ljB't ;]jfdf cfd hgtfsf]
kx'Fr a9fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L nufgL
j[l4 u/L ljBdfg ljB't Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ .
2. ljB'tsf] k|;f/0f, ljt/0f Joj:yf lj:tf/ tyf yk ;'b[9 ug]{ .
3. a[xt\ tyf ax'p2]ZoLo hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs nufgL
tyf ;xof]u k|j4{g u/L cfGtl/s cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ lgof{t ;d]t ug]{ .
4. pmhf{sf] dfu Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ tyf pmhf{ bIftf k|j4{g Pj+ clej[l4 ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. hnljB'tsf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu cfGtl/s k|;f/0f nfO{gsf]
lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbOg]5 . -!_

176
2. cfGtl/s vktsf] lglDt ljB't\ pTkfbg tyf k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/L
If]qsf] nufgL j[l4 ul/g]5 . cfGtl/s k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0f sfo{df b]lvPsf
;d:ofx¿ of]hgf cjlwleq ;dfwfg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. demf}nf tyf 7"nf hnljB't kl/of]hgfx¿df :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;d]t ;]o/
nufgL ug]{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;fgf tyf demf}nf cfof]hgfdf ;/sf/L tyf :jb]zL lghL If]qsf] kF"hL kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. hgtfsf] hnljB'tsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljutsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df yk kl/dfh{g
u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
6. :jb]zL lghL nufgL a9fpg ljB't\ vl/b b/ k'g/jnf]sg ul/g'sf ;fy} o;
of]hgf cjlwdf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ laB't vl/b d"Nosf
cfwf/df ljz]if k|f]T;fxg Pj+ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Ldf s/ ;x'lnot lbOg]5 . -!_
7. g]kfnsf] hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf Plsg ug{ cWoog ;DkGg ul/g]5 . -!_
8. lghL If]qnfO{ ljB't ljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt ;/sf/L ;]jf l56f] 5l/tf] ¿kdf
pknJw u/fpg ;dGjo Pj+ ;xhLs/0f ug{ Ps ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
9. ljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkof]u k|0ffnLdf bIftf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fe]mbf/L gLltsf dfWodaf6 k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0fdf lghL
If]qnfO{cfslif{t ug{ cfjZos sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
11. ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k pmhf{df ;j{;'ne kx'Fr, pmhf{
k|j4{g / bIftf clej[l4 ug{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
12. k|;f/0f nfO{g tyf ljt/0f sDkgLsf] u7g u/L k|;f/0f nfO{gsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df
Jofkstf NofOg]5 . -@_
13. ljB't r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf tyf k|fljlws Pj+
k|zf;lgs pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g]5 . -@_
14. g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / o;sf ;xfos sDkgLx¿åf/f lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf uPsf
cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{df tLj|tf lbOg]5 . -@_
15. ljB't r'xfj6 tyf ljB'taf6 x'g] b'3{6gfnfO{ sd ug{ zx/L If]qdf e"ldut
ljt/0f nfOgsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
16. hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ k"0f{ k|fyldstfsf;fy cufl8 a9fO{g]5
/ o;sfnflu 5'§} ljB't vl/b b/ to ul/g]5 . gofF cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf}6 Pj+
lgdf{0f ubf{ sDtLdf klg #) k|ltzt hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -#_

177
17. ljB't ;]jfnfO{ u|fdL0f If]q;Dd k'¥ofOg] gLlt cg'¿k u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fnfO{
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
18. k~r]Zj/ tyf ;Ktsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg
tof/ ul/g]5 . -#_
19. hn ljB't cfof]hgf ljsf; ubf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{
Wofg lbOg]5 . -#_
20. 7"nf gbLx¿sf] hnfwf/ If]q ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -#_
21. ljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkof]udf bIftf k|j4{g Pj+ clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
22. pmhf{ bIftf k|j4{gsf] nflu cfjZos gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf
u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
23. ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k pko'St pmhf{ ld>0f tyf pmhf{
bIftf k|j4{gsf nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
24. lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgfx¿ tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/ / nfutdf lgwf{l/t ;dofjlw leq}
;DkGg ul/g]5 . -$_
25. u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f lj:tf/sf] nflu u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
-$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfM bf]nvf lhNnfdf lgdf{0fwLg $%^
d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] /fli6«o uf}/jsf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
 a'9L u08sL hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgfM ^)) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] /fli6«o
uf}/jsf] a'9L u08sL hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cufl8
a9fpg cfof]hgf cWoog sfo{;DkGg u/L lgdf{0f cjwf/0ff tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy}
;|f]t Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;d]t ul/g]5 .
 gnl;+xuf8 hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgfM $!) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] gnl;ªuf8
hnfzoo'St cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf nflu cfof]hgf cWoog sfo{
;DkGg u/L lgdf{0f cjwf/0ff tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy} ;|ft] Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ ;d]t
ul/g]5 .
 klZrd ;]tL hnljB't cfof]hgfM &%) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] klZrd ;]tL hnljB't
cfof]hgfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 cufl8 a9fOg]5 . o;
qmddf k|;f/0f nfOg ljsf; / hUuf k|flKtsf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 .

178
 tgxF' hnljB't cfof]hgfM tgx"F lhNnfdf lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] !$) d]ufjf6sf]
tgx'F hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f k"j{sf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg u/L
d'Vo ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 .
 hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] cWoogM hnfzoo'St cfof]hgfx¿sf] u'? of]hgf tof/
kfl/g]5 . 7"nf hnfzoo'St cfof]hgfx¿ ;'gsf]zL @ -!!)) d]=jf=_, ;'gsf]zL
# -%#) d]=jf=_,cf“wL vf]nf -!*) d]=jf=_, pQ/ u+uf -#)) d]=jf=_, b'wsf]zL -
#)) d]=jf=_, sflnu08sL – @ -^^) d]= jf=_, gf}d'/] -@$) d]=jf=_ sf] lj:t[t
;DefJotf tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{sf] ;fy} lgdf{0fsf]
df]8fln6L tof/u/L qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . dflyNnf] c?0f -##% d]=jf=_,
s0ff{nL lr;fkfgL -!),*)) d] jf_ c?0f $ -#)) d]=jf=_, l;Da'jf vf]nf-%#
d]=jf=_, b"wsf]zL $ -$( d]=jf_, a]gL—sfnL u08sL -%) d]=jf=_, ;+v'jfvf]nf ! -
#) d]=jf=_, Ov'jf / sfj]nL hnlaB't\ cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf tyf
jftfj/0fLo cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
 lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgfx¿ M s'n]vfgL t];|f] -!$ d]=jf=_ / rd]lnof -#) d]=jf=_ sf]
lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . ^) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] lqz'nL t];|f] æPÆ hnljB't
cfof]hgf / /fx'3f6 -#@ d]=jf=_ hnljB't cfof]hgfnfO{ lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g]
r/0fdf k'¥ofOg]5 . dflyNnf] lqz'nL–# aL -$) d]=jf=_ / dflyNnf] df]bL -$@ d]=
jf=_ hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;f´]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg'¿k cl3
a9fOg]5 . c5fdsf] a'9Lu+uf hn laB't cfof]hgf -@) d]= jf=_ / *& d]= jf=
sf] tfdfsf]zL–% hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 .\
 hgtfsf] ljB't hgtfs} nufgL cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdx¿ M …hgtfsf] ljB't hgtfs}
nufgLÚ cjwf/0ffdf /f]Nkfsf] df8L hnlaB't cfof]hgf -!@ d]= jf=_ / tfKn]h'Ë
lhNnfsf] d}jfvf]nf -!#=%d]=jf=_ hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ;'? ul/g]5 .
;fy} r]k] -!% d]=jf=_, ;+v'jfvf]nf -@% d]=jf=_, 8f]6Luf8nufot s"n #)) d]=jf=
If]dtfsf] hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgdf{0f
sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 .
 k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgfx¿ M ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgsf] /fi6«JofkL ;~hfn
lgdf{0fsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 . g]kfn / ef/taLr laB't Jofkf/ k|of]hgsf]
nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / lghL If]qsf] ;+o'St nufgLdf g]kfn ef/taLr
9Ns]j/–jygfxf–d'hkm/k'/ $)) s]=eL= Ifdtfsf] qm;af]8{/ k|;f/0f nfOg
cfly{s jif{@)&)÷&! df ;'? u/L cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷&@ df ;DkGg ul/g]5 eg]
a'6jn–;'gf}nL– uf]/vk'/, b'xjL – hf]uagL–k"l0f{of qm;af]8{/ nfO{gx¿ lgdf{0f
;DaGwL cWoog nufotsf cfjZos k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg]5 . pRr Ifdtfsf]
k"j{klZrd $)) s]=eL= ;fy} @@) s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ b'|t
ultdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 . lghL If]qaf6 ljsf; ul/g] hn ljB't cfof]hgfaf6
pTkflbt ljB't zlQm k|;f/0f ug{ sfnLu08sL k|;f/0f sf]l/8f]/, d:of{ª\bL

179
 sf]l/8f]/, sf]zL sf]l/8f]/, ;f]n' sf]l/8f]/, sfj]nL sf]l/8f]/ nufotsf k|;f/0f
nfO{gx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df tLj|tf lbOg]5 .
 cGo sfo{qmdx¿ M -s_ hn tyf pmhf{sf] clwstd bf]xgsf] nflu hn tyf
pmhf{ ljsf; b'/b[li6 tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo :j¿kdf
hn;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cWoog ;'? ul/g]5 . g]kfnsf] s'n ;DefJo
hnljB't Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/g]5 . hnljB't pTkfbg
sfo{nfO{ ljB't vkt x'g] :yfg, ko{6sLo :yn / cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿sf]
cjl:yltsf cfwf/df ljsf; ul/g]5 . -v_ jt{dfg pmhf{ ;Í6 Go"gLs/0f ug{
;a}vfn] pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -u_ hnljB't
cfof]hgfx¿sf] cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ agfOg]5 .
hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] cg'dltkq lnO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult gug]{ k|j4{sx¿sf]
cg'dltkq /4 u/L To:tf cfof]hgfx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6
jf pko'St k|j4{sdfkm{t\ ljsf; ul/Og]5 . -3_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cWoog u/L
k|lt:kwf{ dfkm{t\ lghL If]qnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ^ j6f hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿ -
s'n hl8t Ifdtf @!)=% d]ufjf6_ cfly{s jif{)^*÷^( df k|a4{sx¿;+u
;DkGg ;D´f}tfsf ;t{cg';f/ cfjZos k|;f/0f nfOgsf] Joj:yf nufot cGo
cfjZos Joj:yf u/L lgdf{0f u/fOg] 5g\ . yk cfof]hgfx¿ k|lt:kwf{af6 lghL
If]qnfO{ k|bfg ug{ cfof]hgfx¿sf] cWoog sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . -ª_ nufgL
jf]8{dfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog x'g] dflyNnf] s0ff{nL hnljB't cfof]hgf -()) d] jf_,
c?0f t];|f] -()) d] jf_, dflyNnf] d:of{ª\bL @ -^)) d] jf_ / tfdfsf]zL # -
^%) d] jf_ sf] cfof]hgf ljsf; ;Demf}tf Pj+ ljQLo Joj:yf u/L lgdf{0f sfo{
cf/De ul/g]5 . -r_ ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k pmhf{df
;j{;'ne kx'Fr, gljs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g / bIftf clej[l4sf] sfo{of]hgf tof/
ul/g]5, h;cGtu{t ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nIox¿, nIo k|flKtsf nflu sfof{Gjog
ug{'kg]{ k|fyldstfsf sfo{x¿, ;+of]hg tyf cg'udgsf k|lqmofx¿ tyf
nufgLsf cfjZostfx¿ to ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
yk ^^* d]ufaf6 Ifdtfsf hn ljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{,
%*$ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ug]{, $)) ls=ld= gofF k|;f/0f nfOg
lgdf{0f ug]{, ljB't r'xfj6 @! k|ltztdf ;Lldt ug]{, k|ltJolQm ljB't pkef]u !$)
ls=jf=306fdf k'¥ofpg], /fli6«o ljB'tk|0ffnLaf6 ljB't ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ hg;+Vof
cg'kft ( k|ltzt c+sn] j[l4 u/L ^& k|ltzt k'¥ofpg], #,))) ufpF ljsf;
;ldltdf ljB't ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k''¥ofpg], !,%)) ls=ld= ## s]=le= k|;f/0f nfOg /
$,%)) ls=ld= !! s]=le= k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/ ul/g], /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgaf6
laB't ;]jf k'Ug] yk 3/w'/L ;+Vof & nfv %) xhf/ k'¥ofpg], k|ltJolQm ljB't vkt
!$) ls=jf= 306f k'¥ofpg] / pmhf{ bIftf k|a4{gsf] nflu gLltut tyf ;+:yfut
;+/rgfsf] Joa:yf ul/Psf] x'g]5 .

180
%=!=@ gjLs/0fLo tyf cGo pmhf{
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo, lbuf] ljsf;, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0f,
n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;a}sf nflu lbuf] pmhf{s{f] cjwf/0ff nufot cGt/f{li6«o:t/df
k|lta4tfx¿ hgfPsf] 5 . xl/t cyt{GqnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
ljsf;dfkm{t\ :yfgLo cfjZostf / jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng :yflkt ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv j}slNks tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{nfO{ ljz]if dxTTj
lbb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e"efu u|fdL0f ePsf]n] Toxf ljB't ;]jfdf cfj4
ug{ sl7gfO{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf clwsf+z u|fdL0f a:tL 5l/P/ /x]sf]n] /fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg k'¥ofpg
sl7g ePsf If]qx¿df j}slNks tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ljsf; / k|j4{g u/L ;]jf
k'¥ofpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . u|fdL0f hgtf k/Dk/fut pmhf{ ;|f]tdf lge{/
/xg'kl//x]sf] / k|fou/L dlxnf / aflnsfx¿n] aghGo tyf cGo OGwgx¿ ;+sng
tyf Joj:yfkgsf] af]em p7fpg' kl//x]sf] x'Fbf klg hg:jf:Yo / jftfj/0fdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 3/fo;L pmhf{ ;lDd>0fdf bfp/fg} d'Vo ;|f]t
/x]sf] 5 . vfgf ksfpg / cGo 3/fo;L sfddf ^$ k|ltzt eGbf a9L bfp/f
aflnG5 eg] of] c+z u|fdL0f e]udf em08} &$ k|ltzt / zx/df sl/a #) k|ltzt
dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] pRr k|fyldstfdf /x]sf] o; If]qnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{
ljleGg gLlt tyf /0fgLltx¿ klg th'{df ePsf] / ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf / ljsf;
;fe]mbf/x¿ klg o; If]qdf pT;fxhgs¿kdf ;xfeflutf hgfO /x]sf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
xfn;Dd n3' hnljB'taf6 @^=@& d]ufjf6, ;f}o{af6 !) d]ufjf6, jfo'af6 !*
lsnf]jf6 / h}ljs pmhf{af6 $# lsnf]jf6 u/L hDdf #^ d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg
ePsf] 5 eg] (( j6f ;f}o{ vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;~rfng, @ nfv *$ xhf/
3/fo;L, ;+:yfut tyf ;fd'bflos afof]Uof; KnfG6 h8fg, @@&@ j6f ;f}o{
8«fo/÷s's/ h8fg, (*!( j6f ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL 3§, & nfv %# xhf/ j6f
;'wfl/Psf r'nf]x¿ h8fg tyf !,))) 6g k|ltjif{sf b/n] afof]la|s]6x¿ k|j4{g
ePsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd ( lhNnfx¿df jfo' pmhf{ tYofÍ ;+sng tyf pmhf{ gSzfÍg,
/ # lhNnfdf tYofÍ ;+sng hf/L 5 . 3'DtL sf]ifsf dfWodaf6 s'n &@ n3'
hnljB'tdf !$$ j6f pBdx¿sf] Joj;foLs of]hgf lgdf{0f eO{ () k|ltzt
cg'bfg k|bfg eO;s]sf] ;fy} ^% j6f pBd ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
;a} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{ Pj+ zfvf :yfkgf eO{
;~rfngdf 5g\ . ;a}sf] nflu lbuf] pmhf{ cjwf/0ff cg'¿k gjLs/0fLo pmhf{nfO{
ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqcGtu{t afof]Uof; sfo{qmdaf6
cfDbfgL k|fKt ug{ ;'? ePsf] 5 eg] n3' hnljB't :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq cfof]hgfsf]

181
¿kdf btf{ eO{;s]sf] / ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] tyf ;'wfl/Psf] kfgL3§ sfo{qmdx¿ :jR5
ljsf; ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf btf{ x'g] k|lqmofdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf
n}+lus d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]6L tLg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿nfO{ lhNnf hnjfo' tyf
pmhf{ of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqnfO{
PsLs[t tyf bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf n}+lus
d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]6g] u/L gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|cGtu{t hnjfo' tyf sfa{g OsfO{ klg :yfkgf ePsf]
5 . oL sfo{x¿af6 u|fdL0f, ljkÌ ju{ / dlxnfx¿sf] pmhf{df kxF'r j[l4 u/L
pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf j[l4 ug]{ tyf n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{tk{m sfo{x¿ cl3 a9fOPsf]5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf]
dfWodaf6 xfn;Dd sl/a !# k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ ljB't ;]jf pknAw ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
hgtfsf] Go"g cfly{s l:yltsf sf/0f cTolws cg'bfg dfu, sfo{qmdsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udg x'g g;Sg', ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/, dfu /
cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng gx'g', nlIft ;d"x klxrfg x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:of 5g\ .
sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgf, k|ljlw x:tf+t/0f, /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOg k'u]kl5 gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{sf sfo{qmd cf]em]ndf kg]{, pkef]QmfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf ljQsf] Joj:yf x'g
g;Sg'h:tf k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cfufdL @) jif{leq s"n pmhf{ vktdWo] !) k|ltzt / ljB'tsf] kx'Fr k'Ug]
hg;+VofdWo] #) k|ltztnfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6 ljB't pknAw u/fpg] .
%= p2]Zo
k/Dk/fut / cfofltt pmhf{ dflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ug]{ / /fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f
nfOg k'Ug g;Sg] If]qdf j}slNks tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g tyf ljsf;df hf]8
lbg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; Pj+ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / pks/0f
:jb]zd} pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] .
2. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]tsf] ;fy}
sfa{g Jofkf/af6 k|fKt ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ .
3. pmhf{ lskmfot÷bIftf clej[l4sf nflu gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf;
tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

182
&= sfo{gLlt
1. u|fdL0f If]qdf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\, ;f}o{ pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{ tyf jfo'
pmhf{ h:tf j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|j4{g, ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog,
k|j4{g, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿df cfjZos Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. 3/fo;L pmhf{sf] ¿kdf bfp/fsf] k|of]unfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg afof]Uof; tyf
;'wfl/Psf] r'nf], Uof;Lkmfo/, afof]la|s]6 h:tf lskmfotL h}ljs pmhf{
k|ljlwx¿sf] k|j4{g Pj+ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
4. ;DefJo 7fFpdf jfo' pmhf{af6 ljB't\ pTkfbg tyf t/fO{df l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL
tfGg ;f}o{kDk / jfo' kDksf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut afof]Uof;, kmf]xf]/af6 pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ /
Uofl;kmfo/ k|0ffnLx¿sf] k|j4{g tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ljleGg If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g] kmf]xf]/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkgaf6 pmhf{ pTkfbg
ug{sf nflu cfjZos k|ljlw / k|0ffnLx¿sf] k|j4{g / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;f}o{ pmhf{ pTkfbgdf k|of]u ul/Psf Aof6«Lsf] ;ª\sng u/L k'gM k|of]u tyf
plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -@_
8. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] lbuf] tyf ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu xfnsf] u|fdL0f pmhf{
sf]ifnfO{ s]Gb|Lo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sf]ifsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ljQLo
;+:yfx¿nfO{ nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g]5 . -@_
9. k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cf+lzs ljsNksf ¿kdf b]zleq} h}ljs OGwgsf] pTkfbg ug{
cfjZos gLlt th'{df ul/g]5 . -#_
10. pmhf{ ;ª\s6sf] ljBdfg cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ zx/L If]qsf dxTTjk"0f{{
;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 ljB't cfk"lt{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} zx/L
If]qdf lgdf{0f x'g] 3/x¿df Go"gtd ¿kdf cTofjZos pmhf{sf] Joj:yf
gjLs/0fLo ;|f]taf6} h'6fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
11. zx/L If]qdf 3/af6 pTkfbg x'g] h}ljs kmf]xf]/af6 pmhf{ pTkfbg u/L pkof]u
ug{] sfo{qmd k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ;f}o{ Kofgn tyf cGo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf pks/0f cfoft ubf{ u'0f:t/ dfkg
ug]{ k4ltnfO{ yk ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -#_

183
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx?
 h}ljs pmhf{ sfo{qmd M ;g\ @)!& ;Dddf b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ 3/x¿df :jR5
pmhf{sf k|ljlwx¿ k'¥ofO{ 3/leqsf] w'jfFd'Qm ug]{ nIo cg'¿k afof]Uof;,
;'wfl/Psf] r'Nff] tyf afof]la|s]6sf] Jofks k|j4{g tyf lj:tf/, Go"g cfo ePsf
tyf lk5l8Psf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ kxF'r j[l4, *)
xhf/ 3/of;L afof]Uof; KnfG6 / ()) j6f ;fd'bflos Pjd\ ;+:yfut
afof]Uof; KnfG6 lgdf{0f, !@ nfv ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg ul/g]5g\ . ;fy}
@#,))) j6f kmnfd] ;'wfl/Psf r'Nff]x¿sf] k|j4{g ul/g], k|ltjif{ @,))) d]l6«s
6gsf b/n] afof]la|s]6x¿ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ug]{, h}ljs OGwg pTkfbg ug{
o;;DaGwL gLlt th'{df u/L o;sf] k|a4{g, ;lhjg g;{/L :yfkgf, j[If/f]k0f,
cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg, kxf8 tyf t/fO{df h}ljs pmhf{af6 !)) ls=jf=
a/fa/sf] ljB't pTkfbg, zx/L If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] kmf]xf]/, s[lif tyf jghGo
v]/ uPsf kbfy{x¿ k|of]u u/L ljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu gd"gf cfof]hgfx¿sf]
;~rfng u/L qmdzM k|j4{g tyf lj:tf/ / oftfoft If]qdf afof] Oyfgf]n /
afof] l8h]nsf] k|of]u a9fOg]5 .
 ;f}o{ pmhf{ sfo{qmd M /fli6«o ljB't k|0ffnL gk'u]sf tyf n3' hnljB'tsf]
;Defjgf sd ePsf 7fFpx¿df ;f}o{ k|0ffnL pkof]uL ePsf]n] $ nfv j6f 3/]n'
;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg u/L ljB't cfk"lt{ ul/g]5 . zx/L If]qdf j9bf] ljB't
;+s6nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ! nfv 3/kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnLdf h8fg
vr{ pknJw u/fOg], b'u{d kxf8L If]qdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;—;fgf l;+rfOsf] nflu
@)) j6f ;f}o{ ljB't kDk h8fg ul/g], ljB't gk'u]sf] If]qsf ;fd'bflos
:s"ndf sDKo"6/ ;~rfng, :jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿df /]lk|mh]/]6/ ;~rfng tyf aQL]
afNg, :yfgLo :t/df kmf]6f]skL tyf ˆØfS; d]l;g cflb ;~rfng ug{ !,#))
j6f ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg, @,#%) j6f ;f}o{ 8«fo/ / @,@)) s's/
h8fg, ljB't gk'u]sf If]qdf * j6f ;f}o{ ldlgu|L8 dfkm{t\ ljB't ;]jf pknJw
u/fOg]5 . ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ul/Psf Aof6«Lsf] ;ª\sng u/L k'gM k|of]u
ug{ lghL–;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cg';f/ !@ j6f ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't sfo{qmd M ;—;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u Joj;fosf
nflu ljB't k'¥ofpg kxf8L ;DefJo lhNnfx¿df n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't
cfof]hgfx¿ :yfkgf u/L !% xhf/ ls=jf= ljB't pTkfbg ul/g]5 . kxf8L
If]qdf vfB kbfy{ s'6fgL tyf lk;fgLsf] nflu @,(%) j6f k/Dk/fut kfgL3§
;'wf/ tyf goFf kfgL3§ h8fg ul/g]5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf lgdf{0f ePsf n3'
hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8L % j6f :yfgLo u|L8sf] ¿kdf /
! If]qLo u|L8sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf hf]l8g]5 . xfn n3'
tyf ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgf dfkm{t\ ljB'tLs/0f ePsf gu/f]Gd'v If]q / kxf8L
lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ljB't cfk"lt{sf] ;Df:of ;dfwfg ug{ yk !) j6f n3' tyf

184
 ;fgf hnljB't lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;~rfngdf /x]sf n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't
cfof]hgf /x]sf 7fFpdf /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOg k'u]df ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df pQm
cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o k|;f/0f u|L8df ;d]t hf]8\g ( j6f ;DefJotf
cWoogx¿ ul/g]5 . Ps} k|sf/sf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] ;+efjgf gePsf @
:yfgdf ljleGg gjLs/0fLo k|ljlwsf] ;ld>0f u/L pmhf{ cfk"lt{ ul/g]5 .
 jfo' pmhf{ sfo{qmd M g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fFpx¿df jfo' pmhf{ ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] x'Fbf of]hgf cjlwdf !,))) ls=jf=ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ / b]zel/ jfo'
pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] DoflkË / tYofÍ ;+sng u/L jfo' ;|f]t gS;f -P6n;_ tof/
ul/g]5 . ;fy} jfo' tYofÍ pknAw ePsf / jfo' DoflkË tof/ ul/Psf
lhNnfx¿df n3' tyf ;fgf jfo' 6af{Og h8fg u/L ljB't pTkfbg ul/g]5 .
;fy} k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df ;f}o{ / jfo' ldl>t k|ljlwsf] #) j6f :yfgdf
lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]5 . lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog k|ltj]bgsf
cfwf/df @) pRr ;DefJo :yfgx¿df jfo' / ;f}o{ pmhf{ ldl>t k|ljlwaf6
ljB't\ pTkfbg ul/ lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f ug]{
tyf t/fO{sf ;DefJo lhNnfx¿df l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL tfGg @% j6f jfo'
kDksf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] pTkfbgd"ns k|of]u sfo{qmd M gjLs/0fLo pmhf{nfO{
pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'wf/ h:t} n3', ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBdx¿;+u
ufF;]/ ljkÌ tyf Go"g cfo ePsf hgtfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ul/g]5 . To;}u/L
;DefJo :yfx¿df k|fKo gjLs/0fLo pmhf{nfO{ kfgL tfÌ] l;+rfO{ k|ljlwåf/f s[lif
If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ klg pkof]u ul/g]5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿af6
/f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g uO{ hgtfx¿sf] cfodf ;'wf/ cfpg]5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
tyf k|ljlw;+u ufFl;Psf Joj;fox¿åf/f !,#)) gofF pBd ;[hgf tyf @,*))
xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBdsf] :t/f]Ìlt x'g uO{ yk !(,))) dlxnf tyf
k'?ifx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g]5 . ;fy} !%,#)) 3/w'/Ldf ljleÌ cfo–cfh{g
lqmofsnfkx¿ klg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmd M lh=lj=;=x¿df :yfkgf ul/Psf lhNnf jftfj/0f,
pmhf{ tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g OsfO{ jf zfvfx¿nfO{ plrt Ifdtf ljsf;,
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{;DaGwL @) jif]{ of]hgf, /fli6«o gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ gLlt tyf
P]g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ / o;df lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L
tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf ;'b[9 ug{ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf]
;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/sf] nflu s]Gb|sf] /0fgLlts tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;
of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog, pQm s]Gb|nfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g af]8{sf]
¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos P]g lgodx¿ th'{df ul/g'sf] ;fy} hgzlQm
ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg]5 . To;}u/L n+}lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd ;+:yfut ub}{ nUg cfjZos sbd

185
 rflng]5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfn :jR5 r'nf] ;~hfnnfO{
;lqmo u/fOg]5 . pmhf{ ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{df ljleGg lgsfo ;+nUg
ePsfn] oL ;j} lgsfosf] lqmofsnfkdf ;dGjo u/L k|efjsf/L kfg{ hn tyf
pmhf{ cfof]u / /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un] ljz]if e"ldsf v]Ng]5 .
 ljljw sfo{qmd M gjLs/0fLo pmhf{;DaGwL ;j]{If0f, ;DefJotf cWoog,
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;, k|a4{g, k|bz{g tyf hgr]tgf sfo{qmd, pks/0f tyf
;fdfgx¿sf] /fli6«o:t/ u'0f:t/ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f tyf cg'udg, gLlt tyf
of]hgf th'{df, tflnd cflb sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwdf k|of]u x'g]
pks/0f Pj+ ;fdfgx¿sf] /fli6«o u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;]jf tyf
u'0f:t/Lotf;DaGwL ljZj;gLotf lbnfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . gjLs/0fLo
pmhf{sf] PsLs[t ljsf;sf] nflu o;nfO{ If]qut cjwf/0ffdf nlug]5 .
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwx¿nfO{ :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq Pj+ cGo sfa{g kl/of]hgf
tyf sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;+efJotf cWoog u/L ;+efAo ePsf
k|ljlwx¿nfO{ qmdzM sfa{g kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{
nlug]5 . k|To]s @ jif{df x/]s pmhf{ sfo{qmdsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
gjLs/0fLo Pj+ j}slNks pmhf{af6 yk * k|ltzt u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ ljB't ;]jf
k'u]sf] x'g], ;g\ @)!& ;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ 3/x¿df :jR5 pmhf{sf k|ljlwx¿ k'¥ofO{
3/nfO{ w'Fjfd'Qm agfO{Psf] x'g], *) xhf/ 3/fo;L, ()) j6f ;fd'bflos tyf
;+:yfut afof]Uof; KnfG6 lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]{, %) j6f Jofj;flos afof]Uof; KnfG6
/ !) j6f gu/kflnsfx¿df kmf]xf]/af6 pmhf{ pTkfbg, !@ nfvj6f ;'wfl/Psf
r'nf]x¿ tyf cGo h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlwx¿ h8fg ePsf] x'g], @#,))) j6f kmnfd]
;'wfl/Psf r'nf]x¿ k|j4{g / k|ltjif{ @,))) d]l6«s 6gsf b/n] afof]la|s]6x¿
pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ePsf] x'g]5 . kxf8 tyf t/fO{df h}ljs pmhf{af6 !)) ls=jf=
j/fj/sf] ljB't pTkfbg ug]{, $ nfvj6f ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg, * j6f ;fgf
u|L8 k|0ffnL tyf !@ j6f Aof6«L ;+sng s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, @)) j6f ;f}o{ vfg]kfgL
tyf n3' l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf ;~rfng, b'u{d lhNnfsf ljBfno tyf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df
!,#)) j6f ;+:yfut ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg, @,#%) j6f ;f}o{ 8«fo/ / @,@))
j6f ;f}o{ s's/ h8fg tyf zx/L If]qdf ! nfv zx/L ;f}o{ ljB't k|0ffnL h8fg
ePsf] x'g]5 .
n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB'taf6 !% d]ufaf6 ljB't pTkfbg, @,(%) j6f kfgL3§ ;'wf/
tyf h8fg, jfo' pmhf{af6 !,))) ls=jf= a/fa/sf] ljB't pTkfbg, jfo' ;|f]t gS;f
(wind energy atlas) tof/, @) pRr ;DefJo :yfgx¿df jfo' / ;f}o{ pmhf{ ldl>t
k|ljlwaf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg tyf t/fO{sf ;DefJo lhNnfx¿df l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL
tfGg @% j6f jfo'kDksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .

186
%=@ oftfoft
%=@=! ;8s
!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'ssf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ultzLn kfg{, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k'¥ofOg] ;]jfsf]
;/nLs/0f ug{ / cfly{s ;fdflhs PsLs/0f Pj+ If]qLo c;Gt'ng sd u/L
;jf{lª\u0f ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;8s oftfoftsf] dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 .
To;}n] ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfb]lv g} ;8s oftfoftnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf
/flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] /0fgLlts
dxTTj ePsf -s_ pQ/–blIf0f ;8s sf]l/8f]/x¿ -v_ Pl;ofnL /fhdfu{sf] :t/df
k"j{–klZrd nf]sdfu{sf] ljsf; -u_ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, b'u{d If]qx¿ Hff]8\g] ;8sx¿
-3_ k"j{–klZrd Pj+ dWo–kxf8L nf]sdfu{ / -ª_ x'nfsL dfu{ tyf pQ/–blIf0f t/fO{
;8sx¿nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOb} cfPsf] 5 . o; of]hgfn] ;8s If]qdf ePsf
ljutsf k|of;x¿nfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ut lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;'? jif{df s"n /0fgLlts ;8s !(,(^* ls dL /x]sf]df
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) ;Dddf hDdf @%,!## ls=ld=sf] /0fgLlts ;8sx¿ lgdf{0f
ePsf] 5 . o;dWo] &,&(( ls=ld= sfnf]kq], ^,*#) ls=ld= v08f:dLt / !),%)$
ls=ld= df6] ;8s lgdf{0f e} nIo eGbf a9L k|ult ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L !,^)( j6f
k'nx¿ lgdf{0f e} lgjf{w /mkdf oftfoft ;~rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf &# j6f
lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿ ;8s ;~hfn;+u hf]l8O{ ;s]sf 5g\ . ;8ssf] ljsf;nfO{
Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng ug{ /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfn / :yfgLo ;8s ;~hfndf
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfnleq /fli6«o nf]sdfu{x¿, ;xfos
nf]sdfu{x¿ -lkm8/ /f]8_ tyf /0fgLlts ¿kdf dxTTjk"0f{ zx/ hf]8\g] ;8sx/m
kb{5g\, h;sf] lhDd]jf/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfnosf] /x]sf] 5 eg]
:yfgLo ;8s ;~hfnleq lhNnf, zx/L tyf u|fdL0f ;8sx¿ Kfb{5g\ / o;sf]
lhDd]jf/L ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodfkm{t\ :yfgLo lgsfon]
lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;8s ;+/rgfsf] Jojl:yt ljsf;sf nflu !) jif]{ k|fylds
nufgL of]hgf -;g\ @))&–@)!^_ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .

187
 tflnsf g+= %=! lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] nIo tyf k|ult
lqjifL{o @)^(÷&) ;Ddsf]
ljj/0f of]hgfsf] O{sfO{ k|ult
nIo
gofF ;8s lgdf{0f !$(# ls=ld= #,)@$
;8s dd{t ;Def/ ($)) ls=ld= %,*))
:t/f]Gglt, k'gMlgdf{0f / k'gM:yfkgf #&%@ ls=ld= @,))^
cfjlws dd{t #^)) ls=ld= !,^&&
k'n lgdf{0f @)) ;+Vof !%^
lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] -dgfË, 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf / d'u'_ $ ;+Vof @ -s"n &# k'u]sf]_

#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿

;8s /]vf+sg tyf lgdf{0f:yndf ljjfb, hUuf k|flKtdf sl7gfO{, hUufsf] pRr d"No
dfusf sf/0f d'cfAhf ljt/0fdf sl7gfO{, ;+/lIft tyf jg If]qsf] pkof]udf
sl7gfO{, lj:t[t cWoog / OlGhlgol/+u l8hfOglagf g} ;8s lgdf{0f x'g], ;+:yfut
;+/rgfaf6 eGbf klg k/fdz{bftfaf6 cfof]hgfsf] cWoog, l8hfOg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f
ul/+bf sfo{qmdk|lt ckgTjefj cfpg g;Sg', nufgL k|fyldstf of]hgfeGbf
aflx/sf ;8s tyf k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ;8s oftfoft;+u ;+nUg lgsfox¿aLr
kof{Kt ;dGjo x'g g;Sg', cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf ljefuLo Ifdtf sdhf]/ /xg',
;8ssf] u'0f:t/Lotf sfod x'g g;Sg' o; If]qsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ .
lgld{t ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/ / ;DklQ ;'/Iff ug{ g;lsg', cTolws dfusf
sf/0f ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ g;lsg', 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tLx¿df ;8s
lj:tf/ ug'{, afx|} dlxgf e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft ;8s ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{, k|fs[lts k|sf]k
Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL ;8s lgdf{0f ug'{, ljleGg
lgsfoaLr ;dGjo sfod ug'{, lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf, ;Defjgf tyf nufgL cfsif{0f
ug'{ k|d'v r''gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fli6«o cy{tGq Pj+ ;fdflhs Pstfsf nflu :t/Lo, ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ ;8s
oftfoft ;~hfn ljsf; ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
/fli6«o PsLs/0f, cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ngdf of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L
:t/Lo, e/kbf]{, ;'ne / ;'/lIft ;8s oftfoft ;~hfn lj:tf/ ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. cGt/lHfNnf tyf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] u/L oftfoft kx'Fr a9fpg oftfoft
lj:tf/ ug]{ .

188
2. s[lif, pBf]u, hnljB't, ko{6g, lzIff tyf :jf:Yo cflb ;]jfdf kxF'r a9fO{
oftfoft lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. ;8s ;~hfnsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;'/lIft tyf k|efjsf/L cfjfudg k|Tofe"t ug]{
u/L dd{t;+ef/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;8s ;~hfn;Fu hf]l8g afFsL lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ;8s ;~hfn k'¥ofOg]5 .
-!_
2. lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] tyf cGo /fli6«o dxTTjsf ;8s ;~hfnnfO{
qmdfut¿kdf jif}{el/ rNg ;Sg] u/L :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -!_
3. x'nfsL ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g'sf ;fy} ljleGg ;LdfjtL{ Jofkf/ s]Gb| / k|d'v
gfsfx¿nfO{ nf]sdfu{;Fu hf]8\g] u/L pQ/ blIf0f ;8sx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf
:t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -!_
4. dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ / sf7df08f}–t/fO{÷dw]z b|'tdfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy} ;xfos dfu{ tyf lhNnf ;8sx¿sf] lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ tyf
:t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -!_
5. Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] dxTTjk"0f{ ;8sx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;fj{hlgs lghL
;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff dfkm{t\ nufgL cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -!_
6. dxTTjk"0f{ hnljB't, l;FrfO, ko{6g tyf pBf]unfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / s[lif,
lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{] ;8sx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;jf/L ;fwgsf] rfkcg'¿k ;8ssf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
8. zx/Ls/0fsf] rfknfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ;'/lIft, jftfj/0f d}qL, cj/f]w/lxt cfd
oftfoft (mass transportation) Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ;8s
;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
9. sf7df8f}+nufot k|d'v zx/x¿df ;'? ul/Psf] rqmky lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ;8s ;DklQ ;+/If0f, dd{t ;Def/ Pj+ Joj:yfkgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -#_
11. zx/L If]qdf ;8s ;+r/gf lgdf{0f tyf lj:tf/ ubf{ k}bnofqL tyf ckfª\u d}qL
agfOg]5 . ;fy}, ;fOsn n]gsf] Joj:yf klg ul/g]5 . -#_
12. ;8s dd{t sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ s'n oftfoft ;~rfng nfut 36fOg]5 .
-#_

189
13. :yfgLo ;8sx¿sf] ;~rfng tyf dd{t;Def/sf] lhDdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{
lbOg]5 . ;fy} ;8s 3gTjsf] cfwf/df df}h'bf hgzlQm, d]lzg cf}hf/,
sfof{no, cfjf; ejg h:tf k"jf{wf/ ;d]t ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/g]5 . -#_
14. u|fdL0f ;8s lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/ ubf{ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u /
>dd"ns k|ljlw cjnDag ul/g]5 . -#_
15. ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ lbuf] tyf :t/Lo agfpg lglZrt cjlw;Dddd{t ;+ef/
lgdf{0fstf{n] g} ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ M /fli6«o uf}/jsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]] lrof]eGHofËb]lv
e'mnf3f6;Ddsf] dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{sf] cg'dflgt nDjfO{ sl/a !,&&^ ls= dL=
6«ofs v'ln;s]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf /]vfª\sgdf kg]{ ;a} k'nx¿ lgdf{0f
;DkGg x'g] tyf :t/f]Gglt x'g afFsL dWo] yk sl/j #%) lsdL ;8s :t/f]Gglt
x'g]5 .
 pQ/ blIf0f nf]sdfu{ M pQ/ blIf0f nf]sdfu{dWo] s0ff{nL, sfnLu08sL / sf]zL
sf]l/8f]/ /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . pQm tLg /
dxfsfnL / e]/L sf]l/8f]/ u/L % j6f cfof]hgfsf] 6«ofs vf]Ng] / :t/f]Gglt ub}{
nlug]5 . o;}u/L pt/ blIf0f hf]8\g] cGo ljleGg !) j6f ;8sx¿sf]
;+efJotfsf cfwf/df 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfd ul/b} nlug]5 . yk sl/a ### ls=ld=
;8ssf] 6«\ofs vf]lng]5 .
 x'nfsL nf]sdfu{ -k'nx¿ ;d]t_ M x'nfsL nf]sdfu{ tyf pt/ blIf0f t/fO{
;8sx¿ k|yd r/0f cGt{ut ljleGg @) j6f ;8sx¿sf] s'n ^)^ ls=ld=dWo]
sl/a %)& ls=ld= ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 . ;fy} x'nfsL
nf]sdfu{df kg]{ k'nx¿ Pj+ ;8s ;Ldf ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ qmlds ¿kdf ub}{
nlug]5 .
 ;8s If]q ljsf; cfof]hgf M cf j @)^$÷^% b]lv ;'? ePsf] o; cfof]hgfsf]
k|yd r/0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . bf];|f] r/0f cGtu{t ;8s :t/f]Gglt, cfjlws
dd{t ;+ef/ / ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f h:tf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ul/g]5g\ .
h;cGtu{t $@^ ls=dL ;8s cf]6fl;n :t/df :t/f]Gglt x'g] tyf @,!))
ls=ld= ;fdl/s dxTTjsf ;8ssf] cfjlws dd{t ;+ef/ ul/g]5 .
 lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿ Hff]8\g] ;8s M ;8s ;~hfnaf6 hf]l8g afFsL b'O{
lhNnfdWo] 8f]Nkfsf] ;b/d'sfd b'g} ahf/ /fli6«o ;8s ;+hfndf hf]l8g]5 eg]
x'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd l;dLsf]6df ltAat If]qaf6 ;8s oftfoft
k'¥ofOg]5 . g]kfn tk{maf6 l;dLsf]6;Dd ;8s k'¥ofpg ;+efJotf cWoog
nufotsf k|f/lDes sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 .

190
 rqmky ;8s lj:tf/ cfof]hgf M o; cfof]hgf cGt{ut sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
leqsf] leqL rqmkysf] sn+sL–sf]6]Zj/ v08sf] !) ls=ld= ;8s * n]gdf
lj:tf/ eO{ afFsL v08sf] lj:tf/ sfo{ qmdzM ;'? ul/Fb} nlug]5 .
 k'n lgdf{0f -:yfgLo ;8s / /0fgLlts ;8s k'n lgdf{0f_ M k|d'v nf]sdfu{x¿,
;xfos dfu{x¿ Pj+ :yfgLo ;8sdf lgdf{0ffwLg #%% j6f k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f
ul/g]5 . ;fdl/s dxTTjsf ;8sx¿ tyf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] ;8s lgdf{0f
eO;s]sf] t/ k'n gePsf] sf/0faf6 oftfoft ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf]
;8sx¿df kg]{ gbLx¿df tTsfn oftfoft ;'rf? ug{ a]nL la|h h8fg ul/g]5
. ;fy} /f]8 sg]lS6le6L k|f]h]S6 cGtu{t ;'gsf]zL k'n tyf af9LhGo Iflt k'gM
lgdf{0f cfof]hgf cGt{ut sf]zL k'n -rt/f_ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
k'nx¿sf] l8hfOg, lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ljz]if cg'udg
ul/g]5 .
 g]kfn–ef/t If]qLo Jofkf/ tyf oftfoft cfof]hgf -d'lUnª gf/fo0fu9 v08
;8s_ M o; cfof]hgf cGt{ut d'lUnª gf/fo0fu9 v08 ;8s b'O{ n]gdf
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 ;8s tyf k'n dd{t ;Def/ M o; sfo{qmdcGt{ut d'n'se/sf ljleGg nf]sdfu{,
;xfos dfu{ tyf k'nx¿sf] lgoldt, k6s], cfjlws dd{t ;Def/ tyf
k'g:yfkgf u/L ;8s ;+/rgfnfO{ ;'b[9 / Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . o;}u/L nf]sdfu{
tyf ;xfos nf]sdfu{nfO{ ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ agfpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . dd{t ;Def/nfO{ of]hgfa4 / lgoldt agfOg]5 .
 ;8s ;'wf/ cfof]hgf M o; cfof]hgfcGtu{t klxnf] r/0fdf ljleGg ljsf;
If]qsf !@ j6f ;8sx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 eg] of]hgf cjlwdf
bf];|f] r/0fsf sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljleGg !@ j6f ;8sx¿ -%%! ls=ld_ sf]
lj:t[t ;e{]If0f l8hfOg eO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 .
 cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f M ljleGg ;8s tyf k'nx¿sf]
;DefJotf cWoog, lj:t[t ;e]{If0f tyf l8hfOg, e"–jftfj/0fLo cWoog Pj+
;8s laefusf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f cGtu{t k'n
lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;8s ljefudf k'n dxfzfvf :yfkgf ul/g]5
eg] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg, u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / 7]Ssfk§fnfO{
kf/bzL{ agfpg tyf ;8s ;DklQsf] ;'/If0f, Joj:yfkg Pj+ bL3{sfnLg
pkof]u ug{ ;8s ljefusf dxfzfvf tyf zfvfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{
cfjZos sfo{ ul/g]5 . ;fy} k|fljlws Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf;
zfvf :yfkgf u/L gofF pkof]uL k|fljlwsf] klxrfg / k|of]u ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs
lghL ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg cg';Gwfg / ljsf; zfvfcGt{ut
lghL ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L OsfO :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

191
 ljljwM ;8s ;'/Iff, ;8s ;DklQ ;'/Iff, cltqmd0f lgoGq0f tyf ;Ldf ;'/Iff,
d'cfAhf ljt/0f, 6«flkms tyf ;8s ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿, oflGqs pks/0f vl/b
tyf dd{t ;+ef/ nufotsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
of]hgf cjlwdf yk #,))) ls=ld= gofF ;8s -;a} lsl;dsf u/L_ lgdf{0f ePsf]
x'g], !,*#! ls=ld= ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt -sfnf]kq] tyf u|fe]n_ ePsf] x'g], @,!^&
ls=ld= ;8ssf] cfjlws dd{t ePsf] x'g], yk #%% j6f k'n lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g],
lgoldt, k6s], / ljz]if dd{t ;'wf/ ePsf] ;8s (,@)) ls=ld= k'u]sf] x'g] / ;Dk"0f{
lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿df ;8s k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
%=@=@ xjfO{{ oftfoft
!= k[i7e"ld
xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft, lgoldt, ;j{;'ne / ljZj;gLo agfpg cfjZos
k"jf{wf/x¿, ljz]ift cfw'lgs ;'ljwf;DkGg ljdfg:ynx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf]
;fy} e/kbf]{ xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ;~rfng / k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{' cfjZos 5 .
To;}u/L lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ ko{6g ljsf;;Fu cfa4 u/L
;j{;'ne / e/kbf]{ agfpg] tyf gful/s p•og ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd / ;'b[9 agfpg
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft, ;j{;'ne, :t/Lo Pj+ e/kbf]{ agfpg xjfO{ gLlt,
@)^# df ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f, ;~rfngsf ;fy}
cGt/f{li6«o p8fg ;~rfngsf nflu lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpFb} hfg] /0fgLlt
cg'¿k lghL sDkgLx¿nfO{ klg cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ Ohfhtkq
lbO;lsPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s p8fgtk{m lghL sDkgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf j[l4 eO/x]sf]
5 . ljdfg:ynx¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t u/L
;d'bfo ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f u/fpg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
xfn b]zdf ! cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, $ j6f If]qLo ljdfg:yn, $$ j6f cfGtl/s
ljdfg:yn / * j6f lgdf{0fflwg cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn ;d]t u/L %& j6f
ljdfg:ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] tL dWo] #$ j6f dfq ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn]
#^ j6f d'n'sx¿;+u låkIfLo xjfO{ ;]jf ;Demf}tf ;DkGg u/L ;dofg's"n
k'g/jnf]sg ub}{ clwstd 6«flkms clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . yk
cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jf sDkgLnfO{ p8fgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug{ lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:ynnfO{ @$ ;} 306f ;~rfng ug{ ;'ljwf lj:tf/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnnfO{ cGt/fli6«o xjfO{ 6«flGh6sf] ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{ ef/t, rLg, kfls:tfg
nufotsf b]z / cGt/fli6«o gful/s p8\8og ;+u7g;+u ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf]

192
5 . ljdfg:ynx¿df e"–pku|xdf cfwfl/t ;~rf/, kyk|bz{g, lgu/fgL tyf xjfO{
oftfoft Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ nfu" ug{ !) jif]{ of]hgf -;g\ @))%–!%_]
sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;du| xjfO{ If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu
lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn gful/s p8\8og
k|flws/0fn] k|bfg ul/cfPsf] lgodgsf/L sfo{ / Po/ g]lju]zg ;]jf k|bfossf] sfo{
5'§\ofOP/ cnu cnu ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
af/fsf] lghu9df bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf] nflu lj:t[t ;+efJotf
cWoog ;DkGg e} ;|f]t h'6fpg] k|of; e}/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{sf] ;fy} uf}tda'4 ljdfg:yn, e}/xjfnfO{
If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ¿kdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . xjfO{
oftfoft ;'/Iff clej[l4sf nflu ljdfg:yn lg/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^* sfof{Gjogdf
NofOPsf]] 5 . g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ cfGtl/s p8fgsf nflu
ljdfg vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
a9\bf] xjfO{ 6«flkmssf] cfjZostf cg'¿k lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf
a9fpg g;Sg', åGbsf] qmddf Ifltu|:t ljdfg:ynx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f÷k'gM:yfkgf ug{
g;Sg', ljdfg:ynx¿ :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;|f]tsf] sdL, k|d'v ko{6g ;|f]t d'n'sx¿af6
l;wf / e/kbf]{ xjfO{ ;]jf gx'g', gofF tyf k'g:yf{lkt ljdfg:yn ;~rfngsf]
Jofj;flos of]hgf th'{df gx'g', gful/s p8\og If]qdf cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf]
sdL, ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] nufgL
k|f¿k cjnDag ug{ g;lsPsf] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .
;DefJotf cWoog e}/x]sf] bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn tyf kf]v/f If]qLo
ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos ;|f]t / pko'Qm nufgL k|f¿k tof/ ug{',
k|:tfljt ljdfg:ynsf] hUufdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{ k'gjf{; u/fpg',
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf sf/0f df};d tyf cfw'lgs pks/0fsf] h8fg /
pkof]u u/L k|efjsf/L lgodg dfkm{t\ gful/s p8\8ogsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug'{ o;
If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
d"n'sdf ;'/lIft, lgoldt / ljZj;gLo xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ko{6g
k|j{4g, /f]huf/L ;[hgf / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
%= p2]Zo
xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ;'b[9Ls/0faf6 /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cfjfudg / kx'Fr
a9fO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ub}{ gful/s p•og pBf]unfO{ d'n'ssf] ljsf;df
dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] cfly{s If]qsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .

193
^= /0fgLlt
1. xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{, ;'/lIft, ;j{;'ne tyf lgoldt oftfoftsf] dfWodsf]
¿kdf ljsf; u/L] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kx'Fr :yflkt ug]{ .
2. ;/sf/L, lghL, :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfosf] ;xsfo{df p•og If]qsf] ljsf;sf
lglDt cfjZos k"jf{Wff/x¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. k|efjsf/L cg'udg, lgodg / cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u dfkm{t\ gful/s
p8\8og If]qsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu xjfO{ ;Demf}tf ubf{ ko{6sLo k|j4{gnfO{ ljz]if Wofg
lbOg]5 . ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf d'n's;Fusf] xjfO{ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If
k'g/jnf]sg ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
2. g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t, b'?:t / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg
;'b[9Ls/0f u/L cfjZos ljdfgx¿sf] vl/b tyf ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
3. xjfO{ ;]jf;DaGwL ultljlw tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt tyf k|efjsf/L kfg{
xjfO{ oftfoft u'?of]hgfsf] th'{df ul/g]5 . -!_
4. hgsk'/, /fd]5fk, e}/xjf / wgu9L ljdfg:ynnfO{ p8fg pb\ud:yn agfO{
ToxFaf6 x'g] kxf8L :yndf p8fg z'Nsdf 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -!_
5. /fli6«o cy{tGqdf gful/s p•og If]qsf] of]ubfg u0fgf ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ug{ p•og If]qsf] 5'§} n]vf ;DaGwL cWoog ul/g]5 . -!_
6. lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ oftfoft
;]jfsf] a9\bf] 6«flkms rfknfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/ sfo{ k|fyldstf ;fy cufl8 a9fO{ ljdfg:ynnfO{ @$ ;} 306f
;~rfngof]Uo agfOg]5 . -@_
7. cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ ;]jfsf] a9\bf] 6«flkms tyf xjfO{ofq'sf] a9\bf] rfk ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut u/L lghu9df bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ljdfg:yn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / :t/f]Gglt, k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, jfo';]jf ;~rfngdf
lghL If]qsf nufgLstf{nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . -@_
9. ko{6sLo ¿kn] dxTTjk"0f{ ljdfg:ynx¿ afx|} dlxgf ;~rfngof]Uo x'g] u/L
:t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . -@_

194
10. s0ff{nL c~rn nufotsf b'u{d If]qx¿df xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ lgoldt /
kx'Frof]Uo agfpg tL If]qsf ljdfg:ynx¿df cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L
:t/f]Gglt / p8fgdf j[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -@_
11. uf}tda'4 ljdfg:yn / kf]v/f ljdfg:ynnfO{ cfjZos ljQLo ;|f]t h'6fO{
If]qLo :t/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
12. lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h, ;"v]{t / wgu9L ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{ xa
ljdfg:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ;fgf÷demf}nf Ifdtfsf ljdfgnfO{ lqe'jg
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] ;§f oL ljdfg:ynx¿af6 p8fg ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/L
lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf ;fgf ljdfgsf] rfknfO{ sd ul/g]5 . -@_
13. xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ljdfg:ynx¿df cfw'lgs p8\8og ;xfo
pks/0fsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} ljdfgx¿sf] p8fg ;'/Iff cg'udg / hfFr
k|0ffnLnfO{ cGt/f{l6«o dfkb08 cg's"n agfpg] sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . -#_
14. gful/s p8\og If]qnfO{ ;'/lIft tyf e/kbf]{ agfpg sfg'gL / ;+:yfut Joj:yf
ldnfO{ o; If]qsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg / lgodg ul/g]5 . -#_
15. p•og ;'/Iff / :t/Lo ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu g]kfn gful/s p•og
k|flws/0fsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ cGt/fli6«o gful/s p•og ;ª\u7gsf] dfu{bz{g
cg'¿k k|flws/0fsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
16. k|of]udf gcfPsf ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{ :t/f]Gglt u/L ;fxl;s Pj+ dgf]/~hgfTds
jfo";]jf ;~rfng x'g] u/L ko{6g k|j{4gdf pkof]u ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 xjfO{ oftfoftnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ / ;j{;'ne agfpg tyf g]kfnnfO{
cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ 6«flGh6sf] ¿kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ xjfO{ gLltdf
;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
 xjfO{ oftfoftsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
 ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng gLlt th{'df u/L sfofGjogdf NofOg] .
 af/f lhNnfsf] lghu9df k|:tfljt bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f tyf
;~rfngsf nflu nufgLstf{ vf]hL u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] .
 lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf / ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg ljdfg:yn
lj:tf/ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] .
 kf]v/fdf gofF If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg] .
 e}/xjfl:yt uf}tdj'4 ljdfg:ynnfO{ If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g] .

195
 lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh / ;'v]{t ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{ If]qLo xafO
ljdfg:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{] .
 b'u{d If]qsf ljdfg:ynx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g] .
 ljdfg:ynx¿df cTofw'lgs ;'/Iff ;xfos pks/0fx¿sf] h8fg ug]{ sfo{nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
 p8\og ;'/IffnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k agfpg cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{
p8\8og ;+u7gnufotsf ;'/Iff l;kmfl/zx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ gLltut
kl/dfh{g, ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f / p8\og ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
af/fdf bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf ;fy} e}/xjf tyf kf]v/fdf !÷! j6f If]qLo
cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] x'g], lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:ynsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} @@ j6f cfGtl/s ljdfg:ynsf] wfjgdfu{
sfnf]kq] ePsf] x'g], ;a} df};ddf ;~rfng x'g] ljdfg:ynx¿sf] ;+Vof !& af6 @)
k'u]sf] x'g], cfGtl/s p8fg ug]{ jfo';]jfx¿sf] ;+Vof !* af6 @) k'¥ofpg], g]kfn
cfpg] ljb]zL ljdfg sDkgLsf] ;ª\Vof #! / b'O{tkmL{ xjfO{ ;L6sf] ;ª\Vof jflif{s
&% nfv k'u]sf] x'g] Pj+ låkIfLo xjfO{ ;]jf ;Demf}Tff ePsf b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof #^ af6
$) k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
%=@=# /]n tyf cGo oftfoft
!= k[i7e"ld
cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;dfof]hg / ;]jfsf] kxF'r lj:tf/sf ;fy} b]zsf] ;du|
;d'Ggltsf nflu cleGg c+usf ¿kdf /]Nj] ;]jf nufot hn oftfoft / /Hh' dfu{
h:tf cGo oftfoftsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ljutdf sd k|fyldstfdf /x]sf]
ePtf klg /]n ;]jf / cGo oftfoft ;]jfsf] dxTTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL /]Nj] ;]jf tk{m
k"j{–klZrd -d]rL–dxfsfnL_, sf7df08f+}–kf]v/f–t/fO{, sf7df8f}+ d]6«f], ef/t ;Ldfaf6
g]kfnsf dxTTjk"0f{ cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s If]qx¿ hf]8\g], rLg -ltAat If]q_ af6
sf7df8f}F hf]8\g] /]Nj] ;]jf lgdf{0f lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} v:sFbf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
hgsk'/–hogu/ /]n ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cfly{s ;+efJotf x]/L cufl8
a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} cGo oftfoft ;]jftk{m /Hh' dfu{ /
hnoftfoft ;]jf ;+efJotfsf] cfwf/df ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ klg cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 .

196
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
xfn;Dd d'n'sdf @^ lsnf]ld6/ dfq /]Nj] ;]jf ;~rfngdf 5 . ljut jif{x¿df
/]Nj] ;]jfsf] yk lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ x'g ;s]g . lqaifL{o of]hgfdf /]ndfu{ lgdf{0fsf]
af/]df k|i6¿kdf p2]Zo g/fv] klg oftfoftsf] j}slNks dfWodsf] ljsf;tk{m
;+efJotf cWoog ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] kfO{G5 . o; cjlwdf d]rL
dxfsfnL ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ -($% ls=dL_ / sf7df08f} pkTosf d]6«f] -&&=@^ ls=dL_
/]n ;~hfnsf] ;+efJotf cWoog k"/f ePsf] 5 . cf=a )^(÷&) ;Dd !#^ ls=dL
d]rL dxfsfnL ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ l;d/f–alb{af; v08sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg
tof/ ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L cf=a )&)÷&! leq l;d/f tD;l/of– a'6jn– n'lDagL
@@# ls=dL /]ndfu{sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ x'g]5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf]
cg'ej / 1fg ;d]tjf6 g]kfnn] o; If]qdf kof{Kt kxn ug{ g;ls/fv]sf] oyfy{
cj:yfdf /]n oftfoftsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf ;fy} lj:tf/ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu /]n
ljefudfkm{t\ sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . hn oftfoft, /Hh' dfu{ h:tf cGo
oftfoftsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|f/lDes sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;sf] ljsf;sf nflu
lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
/]n ;]jf / /Hh'dfu{sf] ;+/rgf lj:tf/sf nflu hUuf k|flKt tyf d'cfAhf ljt/0fdf
;d:of, lgoldt ljB't cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglZrtf gx'g', cfjZos k|fljlws hgzlQm tyf
;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] cefj, ePsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] klg ;dodf dd{t ;Def/ x'g
g;Sg' o; If]qsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ . /]n ;]jf :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu
k|f/lDes nfut cTolws x'g', k|:tfljt k"j{ klZrd /]ndfu{sf] ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf k"j{
klZrd ;8s / x'nfsL dfu{sf] lgdf{0fn] nfut k|efjsfl/tf sd x'g] ;Defjgf /xg',
/]n tyf cGo oftfoft ;]jfdf lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug'{, /]n ;]jfsf]
k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, kof{j/0f d}qL / cfly{s ¿kn] ;an /fli6«o /]n ;+hfn tyf cGo
oftfoft ;]jf ljsl;t ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
/fli6«o cfly{s–;fdflhs PsLs/0f, k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L
e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft /]n tyf cGo oftfoft ;~hfn lj:tf/ ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /]ndfu{ tyf cGo oftfoftsf dfWodx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .

197
2. sf7df08f}, lj/f6gu/, kf]v/f, g]kfnu+hnufotsf zx/ Pj+ zx/pGd'v
If]qx¿sf nfO6 /]n 6«flGh6, df]gf]/]nh:tf /]n oftfoft ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3. /]n, /Hh' dfu{, hndfu{h:tf oftfoftsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;~rfngdf
lghL–;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L k|j4{g ug]{ .
4. lbuf], ;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ /]n ;~hfn / cGo oftfoftsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. k"j{–klZrd ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ ljsf;sf] ;DefJotfsf cWoog u/L lj:t[t
cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -!_
2. sf7df8f+} pkTosfdf d]6«f] /]n ;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L
cjwf/0ffdfkm{t\ nufgL cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -@_
3. /Hh'dfu{÷s]ansf/h:tf j}slNks oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;DefJotf
cWoogsf sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fOg]5 / ;DefJo cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f k|f/De
ul/g]5 . -#_
4. ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0f ;d]tn] dxTTjk"0f{ :yfgdf /Hh'dfu{÷s]ansf/, hndfu{
h:tf oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffdfkm{t\
nufgL cfslif{t ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -#_
5. lgdf{0ffwLg lj/f6gu/–s6x/L /]ndfu{ / lj:tf/ x'Fb} u/]sf] hogu/ hgsk'/
alb{af; /]ndfu{sf] ;~rfng :jfoQ lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldfkm{t\
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -$_
6. ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df hndfu{sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 Df]rL dxfsfnL ljB'tLo /]ndfu{M /fli6«o uf}/jsf] d]rL–dxfsfnL ljB'tLo /]ndfu{
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0faf6 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{b]lv klZrd t/fO{nfO{ /]nsf]
;~hfnaf6 hf]8\g] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . o; /]ndfu{sf] s'n nDafO{ ($% ls=dL
x'g]5 . o; of]hgf cjlwleq o; /]ndfu{sf] ;Dk"0f{ v08sf] lj:t[t cfof]hgf
k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/g]5 . ;fy} lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg k"/f ePsf / ;+efJotf
af]s]sf v08x¿ lgdf{0fdf nlug]5 . h;cGtu{t alb{jf; – l;d/f v08 -!)*
ls=ld=_ sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 .
 g]kfn ef/t cGt/l;df /]ndfu{M g]kfn ef/t ;Ldfdf klxrfg ul/Psf ljleGg
kfFr :yfgsf] /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ cGt/ut hogu/–hgsk'/ alb{af; -^(

198
 ls=dL_ / s6x/L–lj/f6gu/ -!#=$ ls=dL_ o; of]hgf cjlwleq} ef/tLo
;xof]udf lgdf{0f k"/f ul/g]5 . afFsL :yfgx¿df lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ul/g]5 .
 sf7df08f} pkTosf d]6«f] /]nM sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] a9\bf] oftfoft ;d:ofnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;+efJotf cWoogdf cfwfl/t eP/ d]6«f]
/]nsf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f tyf lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ o; of]hgf cjlwdf cl3
a9fOg]5 . sf7df08f} pkTosfdf r/0fa4 ¿kn] sl/a &* ls=dL d]6«f] /]nsf]
lgdf{0fnfO{ lghL ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/Lsf] 9fFrfdf ;'?jft ug{ lj:t[t cfof]hgf
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fOg]5 .
 /Hh'dfu{ tyf hn oftfoftM ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df lghL If]q;+usf] ;+nUgtfdf
/Hh' tyf hn oftfoftsf] ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofOg] 5g\ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
sf7df08f} pkTosf d]6«f] /]n / Df]rL dxfsfnL /]ndfu{sf] ($% ls=dL sf] ;Dk"0f{
v08sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg k"/f ePsf] x'g], l;d/f–alb{af; v08sf] lgdf{0f
;'? ePsf] x'g], Hfogu/–alb{af; /]ndfu{ -^( ls=dL_ / s6x/L–lj/f6gu/–aygfxf
/]ndfu{ -!#=$ ls=dL_ lgdf{0f eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf] x'g]5 .

%=# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/

!= k[i7e"ld
;"rgf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljZjdf ePsf] b|"tt/ k|ultn] g]kfndf klg tbg'¿k goFf
k|ljlw u|x0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaf6 ;d]t o; If]qdf
ePsf] pNn]Vo nufgL / To;af6 k/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjn] d'n'ssf ljs6 If]qdf
;d]t ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] kx'Fr a9]sf] 5 . o; k[i7e"lddf d'n'ssf] ;jf{ªuL0f
ljsf; / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu cfly{s ljsf;sf ;du|
kIfx¿df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] clwstd pkof]usf] ;Defjgf a9fpFb} n}hfg'
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;+ljwfg k|bQ ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfof{Gjogdf /fHosf] pRr k|lta4tf /x]sf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf ;~rf/ If]qdf pNn]Vo pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . o;
cjlwdf ^ j6f 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLn] k|lt:kwf{Tds ¿kdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . b]zsf ;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/
ePsf] 5 . o;af6 s'n @=!& s/f]8 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f eO 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj *!=&@
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 eg] OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lng]x¿sf] ;ªVof &!,#&,&#) k'u]sf] 5 . #!
6]lnlehg Rofgnn] k|;f/0f Ohfht lnPsf, &&@ s]jn 6]lnlehg ;]jf k|bfos /
$*( /]l8of]x¿ -PkmPd ;d]t_ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf ^,^()

199
kqklqsf btf{ ePsf / $,&** kqsf/n] k|]; kf; lnPsf 5g\ . kqsf/sf] aLdf
Joj:yf tyf åGåkLl8t kqsf/sf] ;xof]u;DaGwL lgodfjnL tof/ ePsf] 5 .
rnlrq tyf lj1fkg Joj;fon] ljlzi6tf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ eg] 5fkf tyf ljB'tLo
dfWodsf cfd;~rf/sf] lj:tf/n] u'0ffTds km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . t/ ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf
cf+lzs ;+nUgtf /x]sf ;~rf/ dfWod -x'nfs, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, ;dfrf/ ;+:yf
tyf kqklqsf_ x¿sf] If]qdf ;fdlos ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;"rgf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;+u} ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ klg
b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;]jfsf] u'0ffTds ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg', ;]jf k|bfosx¿aLr tLj| k|lt:kwf{
/xg', Jofj;flos dof{bfdf x|f; cfpg', ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;~rf/ u[x,
x'nfs / k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿ Jofj;flostf k|j4{g x'g g;Sg', kof{Kt tyf lgoldt
ljB'tsf] cefj /xg', ;~rf/ ;+:yfx¿aLr cGt/ cfa4tfsf] sdL /xg', b"/;+rf/
gLltdf ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g x'g g;Sgfn] k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/;+u} cfPsf ;d:of
;Daf]wg ug{ g;lsg' / ;'/If0f d'b|0fsf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsg'h:tf ;d:ofx¿ o;
If]qn] ef]lu/x]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o k|;f/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{
Pgfnuaf6 l8lh6n k|ljlwdf nfg', ;"rgf ;~rf/ If]qsf k"jf{wf/sf] ;fem]bf/Lk"0f{
pkof]u ug'{, Jofj;flos dof{bfdf ;'wf/ ug'{, ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;~rf/
lgsfox¿sf] Jofj;flos Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L :jlge{/ agfpg', ;a} k|sf/sf ;~rf/
;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf j[l4 ug'{, x'nfs ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f u/L cfw'lgs k|ljlwd}qL
agfpg', ;"rgf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ u|x0f ug'{h:tf r'gf}tL o;
If]qdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf ljsf; ePsf gjLg k|ljlwx¿ cjnDag ub}{ o;
If]qnfO{ d'n'ssf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;]jf / k|ljlwnfO{ ;d;fdlos, k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo / ;j{;'ne
agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. cfkm\g} e"–pku|x :yfkgf / a|f]8Jof08, clK6sn kmfOa/h:tf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf
cfPsf gjLgtd k|ljlwx¿sf] ;~hfnnfO{ b]zJofkL agfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
If]qnfO{ ;dofg's"n, k|efjsf/L / u'0f:tl/o agfpg] .

200
2. b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k"jf{wf/sf] ;xk|of]u (infrastructure sharing) sf] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ .
3. ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/, Jofj;flos, cfw'lgs / :jfoQ agfpg] .
4. ;'/If0f d'b|0f;DaGwL ;a} k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/L d'b|0f ljefunfO{ ;'/If0f d'b|0f
d'b|0ffnosf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
5. v'nf :6'l8of]sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] rnlrq 5fofª\sg :yn
lgdf{0f u/L ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts d"No, dfGotf k|j4{g x'g] vfnsf df}lns
Pj+ cfw'lgs rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{ hf]8 lbg] .
6. x'nfsaf6 cfw'lgs, Jofj;flos ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ub}{ x'nfs ;]jfnfO{ yk
ljZj;gLo, Jofj;flos tyf k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] .
7. ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu plrt jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .
8. cfd;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ dof{lbt, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;ª3n] pknAw u/fPsf] cGtl/Ifdf e"–pku|x
:yfkgf ug]{ :yfg cla{6n :n6 k|of]usf] tof/L u/L cfÎg} e"–pku|x :yfkgf
ug]t{ k{m tof/L ul/g]5 . -!_
2. a|f]8Aof08 tyf clK6sn kmfOa/sf] ;~hfnnfO{ b]zJofkL agfOg]5 . a|f]8Aof08
tyf clK6sn kmfOa/sf] kx'r sl7g x'g] :yfgx¿df tf//lxt k|ljlw dfkm{t\
;]jf k'¥ofOg]5 . -!_
3. u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] k|of]u u/L ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dd
clK6sn kmfOa/sf] lj:tf/, ;fd'bflos ljBfofnox¿df a|f]8Aof08 ;]jfsf]
kx'Frsf ;fy} ckfªtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw /
;]jfdf kxF'r k'¥ofpg cfjZos sfo{ ul/g]5 . -!_
4. b"/;~rf/, k|;f/0f, cgnfOg ldl8of ;d]tnfO{ lgodg ug]{ u/L Convergence
Framework sf] gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
5. b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;DaGwdf gofF u'0f:t/ lgodg nfu" ul/g]5 . -@_
6. b"/;~rf/sf] gofF ;]jfsf] ¿kdf k"jf{wf/sf] ;xk|of]u ;DaGwL cnUu} cg'dlt
k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf gofF k|ljlw / ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ gofF ldl8of gLlt
agfOg]5 . -#_

201
8. /]l8of] g]kfn tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ l8hL6fOH8 u/L ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f
;+:yfdf kl/0ft ul/g]5 / If]qLo k|;f/0f s]Gb|x¿ yk ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
9. g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|jfx x'g] ;"rgfx¿ ;"rgf ljefudfkm{t\ k|jfx x'g] u/L ;"rgf
ljefunfO{ ;"rgf a}ªssf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
10. kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg tyf cgnfOg k|;f/sx¿sf] juL{s/0f u/L To;sf
cfwf/df ;/sf/L ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g]5 . -#_
11. /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{
k|lt:kwL{, Jofj;flos agfpFb} cfTdlge{/ ;~rf/dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{
gLltut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
12. /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;f´]bf/L cGtu{t ;~rfng ug]{
cfwf/ tof/ ul/g]5 . -#_
13. :jb]zd} ;~rf/ pks/0f pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_
14. ;'/If0f d'b|0fsf nflu cfw'lgs ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 . ;'/If0f
d'b|0fsf ;DaGwL cfjZos d]lzg pks/0f vl/b ul/g]5 . -$_
15. d'b|0f ljefusf] k'g;+/rgf u/L o;sf] sfo{nfO{ l8lh6fOH8 ul/g]5 . -$_
16. v'nf :6'l8of]df cfwfl/t cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'St rnlrq gu/L lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
-%_
17. ;a} lhNnf x'nfsx¿df sfp06/ c6f]d]zgåf/f x'nfssf] jt{dfg ;+u7gnfO{
k'g;+/rgf ul/g] / ToxfFsf hgzlStnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw d}qL agfpg k"jf{wf/ tyf
cfjZos tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -^_
18. 6]nL;]G6/nfO{ PsLs[t ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -^_
19. x'nfs art a}ssf] bfo/fnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -^_
20. ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L /
;Ifd agfOg]5 . -&_
21. k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -*_
22. cgnfO{g ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ 5'6\6} P]gsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf cltl/Qm k|;f/0f
tyf cgnfO{g ;]jfsf] cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -*_

202
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
b"/;~rf/ If]q
 cla{6n :n6sf] pkof]u u/L e"–pku|x :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{sf nflu cfjZos
;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug]{af/] k/fdz{ ;]jf lnOg] / cfjZos sfg'g th'{df ug]{ .
 a|f]8Aof08 ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu yk ;"rgf dxfdfu{x¿sf] :yfkgf tyf
lj:tf/ u/L o;sf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ Application / Contents sf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
 b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, cfw'lgsLs/0f / ljljwLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos
gLltut tyf sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .
 b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu cg'udg ;+oGqsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
u/L u'0f:t/ dfkg :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
 u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] k|of]u u/L ":s"nx¿ / ;d'bfox¿ ;fy
;fy (connect schools and connect communities) sfo{qmd tyf
ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw / ;]jfdf
kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / ;xk|of]usf nflu gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
 b"/;~rf/ gLlt, P]g, lgod tyf k|flws/0faf6 hf/L ul/Psf lgb]{lzsf tyf
ljlgodx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ .
5fkfdfWod
 uf]/vfkqsf] If]qLo k|sfzgx¿ qmdzM ;'? ug]{ .
 kqsf/;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflndx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ Jofj;flos tyf ljljwLs/0f u/L ;dfrf/ tyf
;"rgfs]Gb|x¿sf] ¿kdf ;'b[9 ug]{ .
ljB'tLo k|;f/0f
 cgnfOgnufot ;a} ldl8ofx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg lgb]{lzsfx¿ tof/
ug]{ .
 g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;g\ @)!& ;Dd l8hL6n k|ljlwdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ u/L
k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ .

203
  g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] t];|f] Rofgn tyf If]qLo k|;f/0f s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yfdf ¿kffGt/0f
ug]{ .
 /]l8of] g]kfnsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg ;6{j]e,
ldl8od j]e tyf Pkm=Pd= l/n]s]Gb|x¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf ;fy} kl/jlt{t
k|ljlwdf ¿kfGt/0f tyf yk l/n]s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
x'nfs ;]jf
 x'nfs art a}+snfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ ^& :yfgdf ;km\6j]o/ :yfkgf
ul/g] tyf ABBS nfu" ug]{ .
 x'nfsdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ xfn ;~rfngdf NofPsf
$)! 6]ln;]G6/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ub}{ ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df
yk :yfgdf ;d]t lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] / PsLs[t ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿sf] ¿kdf
;~rfng ug]{ . x'nfsdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg yk #% :yfgdf
sfp06/ c6f]d]zg tyf yk !)) :yfgdf 6]ln;]06/ :yfkgf ug]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o ljQ k|0ffnLsf] ;b:otf lnO{ wgfb]z ;]jfnfO{ bz b]zdf lj:tf/
ug]{ .
 EMS nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg EMS ;xsf/Lsf] ;b:otf lng] .
 x'nfs ;]jfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu :jfoQ ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ .
;'/If0f d'b|0f
 d'b|0f ljefunfO{ ;'/If0f d'b|0ffnosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/
tof/ u/L cfjZos d]lzg/L pks/0fx¿ h8fg ug]{ .
 ;'/If0f d'b|0f ;DaGwL sfg'g th'{df ug]{ .
 lj=;+= @))* b]lv 5kfO ePsf /fhkqx¿nfO{ ljB'tLo clen]vLs/0f ub}{
n}hfg] .
rnlrq
 gofF /fli6«o rnlrq gLlt lgdf{0f u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df ljBdfg rnlrq
;DaGwL P]g, lgodnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ .

204
  bf]nvf lhNnfsf] nfs'/L 8fF8f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltl:yt 8fª8'ª]
8fF8fnufotsf If]qdf ;'ljwfo'St rnlrq gu/Lsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
ug]{ .
 :jb]zL snf ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfgdf hf]8 lbO{ df}lns, ;fdflhs, u'0f:t/Lo,
cfw'lgs rnlrq lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
ljljw
 ;~rf/ k|lti7fgx¿df >dhLjL kqsf/;DaGwL P]g / lgodfjnLsf]
sfof{GjognfO{ ;/sf/af6 ;~rf/ k|lti7fgx¿df k|bfg x'g] ;]jf;'ljwf;+u
cfa4 ug]{ .
 ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ .
 ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodsf] cg'udgsf nflu k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ lhDd]jf/
agfOg] .
 k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn;DaGwL P]g sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
of]hgf cjlwdf 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj !)@=* k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], PSTN -cfwf/e"t_
k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;+Vof *,&%,@&% k'u]sf] x'g], df]afOn kmf]g k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;+Vof
@,$&,!$,)** k'u]sf] x'g], cGo 6]lnkmf]g k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;+Vof !^,%@,#!@ k'u]sf]
x'g], OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;+Vof !,#@,)),&)% k'u]sf] x'g] tyf OG6/g]6 3gTj
$(=*@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .

%=$ ejg, cfjf; tyf zx/L ljsf;

%=$=! ejg tyf cfjf;
!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'se/ ;fj{hlgs ejgsf] lgdf{0f, lghL If]qsf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0fsf] dfkb08
lgwf{/0f / ljkGg ju{nfO{ cfjf;sf] Joj:yfsf] nflu ;/sf/n] ljutdf ljleGg
k|of;x¿ ul/cfPsf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf ;fj{{hlgs ejgx¿sf] ;+Vof sl/a ! nfv
krf; xhf/ /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . d'n'sdf s'n $& nfv ^& xhf/ cfjf;Lo ;+/rgf
/x]sf 5g\, h;df %$ nfv @& xhf/ kl/jf/ a;f]af; ub{5g\ . tLdWo] *%=@^
k|ltzt 3/ kl/jf/ cfkm\g} :jfldTjsf] 3/df tyf !@=*! k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ ef8fdf
a:b5g\ . h;df lah'nL k'u]sf] kl/jf/ ^& k|ltzt, kfgLsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf] kl/jf/
$& k|ltzt, zf}rfno ;'ljwf ePsf] kl/jf/ ^@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .

205
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ejg tyf cfjf; ljsf;sf] If]qdf lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf pNn]Vo sfo{qmdx¿sf]
;'?cft ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf l;+xb/af/leq tLgj6f dGqfnox¿sf] ejg
lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf #) j6f gofF ;/sf/L sfof{no ejg
lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df #& j6f ejgsf] lgdf{0f k|f/De eO{ !# j6fsf] lgdf{0f
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . !%)) ;/sf/L ejgsf] dd{t ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ()) ejg dd{t
ePsf]] 5 . ejg ;+lxtf cg'¿k & j6f ejgx¿sf] k|anLs/0f ePsf] 5 eg] @,%))
hgf sflnu9, ;fgf lgdf{0f Joj;foL tyf k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ ejg ;+lxtf tyf e"sDk
k|lt/f]wL ejg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd
cGtu{t lk5l8Psf tyf ;LdfGts[t ju{sf nflu Go"g nfutdf &,))) cfjf;
lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df $,*%) OsfO cfjf; lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
åGåsfndf Iflt ePsf ejgx¿sf] k'gMlgdf{0f / cGo s]xL ;/sf/L sfof{no
ejgx¿sf] lgdf{0f, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnufot cGo s]xL gu/kflnsfx¿df hUuf
ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, ejg ;+lxtf cg'¿k s]xL ejgsf] k|anLs/0f, s]xL
:yfgdf hUuf PsLs/0f 38]/L ljsf; tyf lgld{t ejg, b/af/ tyf :df/sx¿sf]
dd{t ;+ef/ ePsf 5g\ . 3/ hUuf tyf cfjf;df nufgL pNn]vgLo ¿kn] j[l4
ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cfjf; lgdf{0fdf dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog gx'g', s[lifof]Uo hldgdf cfjf; lgdf{0f x'g',
cfjf;sf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfsf] cefj x'g', e"sDk k|lt/f]wL ejg
;+lxtfsf] kfngf gul/g', sd u'0f:t/sf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k|of]u x'g', k"/fgf zx/L
If]qx¿df cJojl:yt a;f]jf; x'Fbf hg:jf:Yo / ;'/Iffdf hf]lvd a9\g', ;fj{hlgs
If]qdf hyfefjL cltqmd0f u/L a;f]jf; ug'{, ;fj{hlgs sfof{no ejgx¿ PsLs[t
¿kdf Sn:6l/ª ug{ g;lsg', tyf Ps¿ktf sfod gx'g', sltko ;/sf/L
sfof{nox¿sf] cfkm\g} ejg gx'Fbf nfut j[l4 / ;]jfk|jfxdf sl7gfO{ x'g', sltko
;fj{hlgs ejgx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/ gx'g', k"/ftflTjs dxTTjsf ejgx¿sf]
cfjZos ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg', ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0fsf] dfu cTolws x'g',
åGåsfndf elTsPsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] oyf]lrt k'gM:yfkgf ug{ g;Sg'h:tf ;d:of o;
If]qdf ljBdfg 5g\ .
Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/ tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] a:tLnfO{ PsLs[t u/L
;'ljwfof]Uo :yfgdf lskmfotL, ;'/lIft / kx'Frof]Uo cfjf; Joj:yf ug'{, ;/sf/L
;]jfx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Jojl:yt ug'{, 5l/P/ /x]sf] / cJojl:yt a;f]jf;nfO{
Sn:6/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{, ejg cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf u/fpg', u'0f:t/Lo
lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug'{, lgdf{0f
Joj;foLx¿df k];fut dof{bf sfod x'g g;Sg'h:tf r'gf}tL b]lvPsf 5g\ .

206
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;lqmotfdf ;a}sf nflu Ifdtf cg';f/sf] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf ug{] .
%= p2]Zo
1. ;'/lIft, lskmfotL, jftfj/0f d}qL Pj+ e"sDkLo hf]lvdd'Qm ;fj{hlgs tyf
lghL ejgx¿ lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; ug]{ .
2. ;a} cfoju{sf] nflu pko'Qm, ;'/lIft / lskmfotL a;f]af;sf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ejgx¿ ejg ;+lxtf cg'¿k lgdf{0f, gd"gf ejgx¿sf]
k|anLs/0f, ejg ;+lxtfsf] kfngf tyf o;;DaGwL hgr]tgf a9fpg] .
2. ;'/lIft, lskmfotL, jftfj/0f d}qL tyf e"sDkLo hf]lvdd'Qm cfjf;x¿sf]
ljsf; u/L ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;/sf/L ejgx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ;'/lIft tyf Ps¿ktf sfod
ug{ ljleGg lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\ ejg lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;+ef/ ug{] kl/kf6LnfO{
;'wf/ ub}{ ejg lgdf{0f tyf dd{tdf Psn lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ u/fOg]5 . -!_
2. cUnf ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ ;d;fdlos tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg lgodg
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf ;'ljwfx¿sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf u/L gofF cfjf; 3/x¿
lgdf{0f tyf eO/x]sf 3/x¿sf] plrt dd{t ;Def/ ug{ ;xh jftfj/0fsf]
;[hgf ul/g]5 . -@_
4. ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng u/L cfjf;sf] ljsf; / k|j4{gdf ljQLo
cfTdlge{/tfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cª\lusf/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
-@_
5. cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] lglDt cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ¿kdf
38]/L tyf cfjf; lgdf{0fdf cfjZos ;|f]t kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fOg] ;]jf Jojl:yt ug{ a:tL ljsf;nfO{ ;3gLs/0f
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. lskmfotL tyf ;'/lIft gd"gf 3/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L ;j{;fwf/0fx¿sf nflu
k|bz{g ul/g]5 . -@_

207
8. pAhfpof]Uo hdLgdf cfjf; If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
9. ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ a:tL ljsf;nfO{ ;3gLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_

*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 blnt, ;LdfGts[t / ljkGg ju{sf nflu hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t cfjf;
;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 clt ljlzi6 JolQm / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿nfO{ cfjf; ;+/rgf
Joj:yf ug]{ .
 u0ftGq :df/s / :tDe lgdf{0f ul/g] .
 g]kfn ef/t l;dfsf d'Vo rf/ gfsfx¿ -lj/f6gu/, jL/u+h, e}/xjf /
g]kfnu+h_ df PsLs[t hfFr rf}sL lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf / ;/sf/L ejg lgdf{0f cfof]hgfcGtu{t ;efxn lgdf{0f,
ejg ;+lxtf sfof{Gjog -ejg ;+lxtf kl/dfh{g, ejg ;+lxtf tyf e"sDk
k|lt/f]wL ejg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL tflnd tyf sfo{qmdx¿_ ug]{ .
 ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k k'gM:yfkg sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljkb
Joj:yfkg tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lj:yflkt kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf ug{
cfjf;x¿sf] dd{t÷lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;f]sf nflu cfjZos hUuf tyf k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
#) j6f ;/sf/L sfof{no ejgx¿sf] lgdf{0f, % j6f cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo tyf
:yfgLo :t/sf] ;efxn lgdf{0f, u0ftGq :df/s / :tDe lgdf{0f, k|sf]ksf sf/0f
lj:yflkt !,%)) kl/jf/nfO{ cfjf;sf] Joj:yf, &,))) OsfO{ hgtf cfjf; lgdf{0f,
( lhNnfdf !#% OsfO sd{rf/L cfjf; lgdf{0f, clt ljlzi6 JolQm / ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf GofowLzx¿nfO{ @% cfjf; OsfOsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fy} of]hgf
cjlwdf lgdf{0f x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L ejgx¿ ejg;+lxtf adf]lhd lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g],
;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f, ;~rfng / cg'udgsf] sfo{ljlw / dfkb08
tyf sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ u/L nfu" ePsf] x'g] tyf cJojl:yt a;f]af; / k|sf]ksf
sf/0f lj:yflkt kl/jf/nfO{ c:yfoL cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g]5 .
%=$=@ zx/L ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
zx/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofn] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ lj:tf/ ug]{ ePsfn] dflg;x¿sf]
:jefljs cfsif{0f zx/tk{m x'g] ub{5 . kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndf sl/j !&

208
k|ltzt hg;+Vof gu/kflnsf If]qdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf] ePtf klg hgu0fgfdf
;dfj]z gx'g] c:yfoL hg;+Vof / gu/kflnsf gePsf zx/L If]q ;d]t ubf{ zx/L
If]qdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf] hg;+Vof @$ k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ;]jf, ;'ljwf /
cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL tyf zx/L If]qdf pknAw lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/sf] sf/0f
zx/L If]qsf] hg;+Vof tLa| j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k zx/df pknAw
;Lldt ;fdflhs / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;]jfx¿df cltl/Qm rfk kg{ uPsf] 5 .
sf7df8f}nufot cGo 7"nf zx/x¿ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qx¿df a9\b} uPsf]
hg;+Vofsf] rfknfO{ zx/L If]qsf] wf/0f Ifdtf leq sfod /fvL k|fs[lts tyf
;fF:s[lts jftfj/0fdf ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{, of]hgfa4 zx/L ljsf; dfkm{t\ :jR5,
;'/lIft / ;d[4 zx/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L dfu cg';f/sf] zx/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fO zx/L afl;Gbfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' cfjZos 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
zx/L ljsf;sf If]qdf ut lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf pNn]Vo sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;'?cft
ul/Psf] lyof] . d"ntM ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k k|d'v ljsf;
sf]l/8/x¿ jl/kl/sf If]qLo, dWod / ;fgf zx/x¿sf] ljsf;, gu/kflnsf x'g
g;s]sf lhNnf ;b/d'sfdsf] k"jf{wf/df nufgL tyf 3gfa:tL ljsf; ug]{
;f]rcg'¿ksf sfo{qmdx¿ o; cjlwdf ;~rfngdf NofOPsf lyP . of]hgf cjlwdf
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf aflx/L rqmkysf] $) ls=ld= l8=lk= cf/ tof/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df
%) ls=ld=sf] l8=lk=cf/= tof/ ePsf], !@ gu/kflnsfdf :j:Yo zx/ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ elgPsf]df !# j6fdf ;~rfng ePsf], #) gu/kflnsfsf] l8lh6n
gS;f tof/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df #$ j6f gu/kflnsfsf] tof/ ePsf] tyf
pkTosfleq gu/f]Gd'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt If]qsf] lj:t[t l8lh6n e"pkof]u cfwf/
gS;f tof/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ;f] cfwf/ gS;f tof/ ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L * j6f
zx/x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df ( j6f
zx/x¿df ;f] sfo{ ul/Psf], !@ gu/kflnsfdf cfjlws of]hgf th{'df / #) gu/sf]
ef}lts ljsf; of]hgf th{'df ug]{ nIo k"/f ePsf], @% lhNnfsf] !÷! uf lj=;=df
gd'gf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df @) j6fdf ;~rfng
ePsf] tyf @* gu/f]Gd'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] 9n tyf ;8s ;~hfn of]hgf
th{'dfug]{ nIo /x]sf]df @! j6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] tof/ ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cJojl:yt / a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fsf sf/0f zx/L If]qdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf k'¥ofpg
sl7gfO{ x'g', gu/f]Gd'v a:tLx¿df zx/L ;]jf;'ljwfx¿ k'¥ofpg g;lsg', zx/L
oftfoft Joj:yfkg gx'g', zx/L hUufsf] d"Noj[l4, zx/L Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg
lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] cefj x'g', :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwx¿
gx'Fbf zx/L If]qsf] ljsf;df kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug g;Sg', zx/L If]qdf vfg]kfgL,
kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf 9nlgsf;sf] Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ x'g', a9\bf] k|b"if0fsf sf/0f
jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ng x'g', zx/L If]qsf gbL lsgf/f / ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] cltqmd0f

209
x'g', zx/L If]qdf dgf]/~hg :yn, zf}rfno / v'nf:ynsf] sdLh:tf ;d:ofx¿ o;
If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
PsLs[t zx/L Joj:yfkg, zx/L ;f}Gbo{sf nflu xl/ofnL / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug'{,
lbuf] ¿kdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg', zx/L Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug'{ / zx/nfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf]
s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L u|fdL0f If]q;Fusf] cGt;{DaGw ;'b[9 ub}{ /fli6«o
cy{tGqsf] ljsf;df ;3fpg] .
%= p2]Zo
kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ ;lxt ;'/lIft, :jR5, Jojl:yt / cfly{s ¿kdf ;d[4 zx/x¿sf]
ljsf; ug{] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. d'VotM 7"nf tyf demf}nf zx/x¿sf cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs, ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿df
lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfs[i6 ug]{ .
2. gofF gu/kflnsf tyf zx/f]Gd'v ufpFx¿sf] Jojl:yt zx/L ljsf;sf] nflu
zx/L k"jf{wf/sf] pko'Qm sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ .
3. zx/L If]qsf] Jojl:yt ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ ub}{ hfg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. 7"nf / 5flgPsf ;fgf zx/x¿sf] PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
2. zx/L cfwf/e"t ;]jf ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df lghL ;fj{hlgs ;fe]mbf/Lsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. k|d'v zx/L If]qx¿df cal:yt dxTTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf
ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] dd{t;+ef/ tyf ;+/If0f sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. k|d'v nf]sdfu{, dWokxf8L dfu{ tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] dxTTjk"0f{
cGo dfu{x¿sf] lgs6df Jojl:yt zx/ tyf a:tLx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
5. zx/f]Gd'v a:tLx¿df kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg nufotsf cfwf/e"t zx/L k"jf{wf/
;]jfx¿sf] ljsf; ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
6. s'g} Ps zx/nfO{ Jojl:yt tyf k"jf{wf/ ;DkGg gd"gf zx/sf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -#_

210
7. lbuf] tyf Jojl:yt zx/L ljsf; of]hgf tyf a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu"
ul/g]5 . -#_
8. sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf gbLx¿nfO{ x/fe/f / :jR5 agfpg gd"gf kl/of]hgfsf]
th'{df / sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 PsLs[t sfo{d"ns of]hgfcGtu{t zx/L gSzfÍg, cfjlws of]hgf th'{df,
ljleGg ahf/ If]q, ;fgf zx/, a:tLx¿sf] ef}lts ljsf; of]hgf th'{df,
klxrfg ePsf] of]hgfx¿sf] lj:t[t OlGhlgol/Ë l8hfOg, ljleGg
cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;+efJotf cWoog / ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg
ug]{ .
 ;fgf zx/ ljsf;af6 u|fdL0f ljsf;cGtu{t ;fgf zx/x¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ul/g]5 . ;3g zx/L ljsf; sfo{qmdcGtu{t gu/kflnsfx¿sf] cfjlws
tyf ef}lts ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog, sf]/L8f]/x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / gofF
zx/ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
 demf}nf zx/ PsLs[t zx/L jftfj/0fLo ;"wf/ cfof]hgfcGtu{t # j6f
gu/kflnsfx¿ -lj/f6gu/, jL/u+h / a'6jn_ df PsLs[t k"jf{wf/ -af6f] 9n
tyf 9n k|zf]wgzfnf, c6f] len]h cflb_ lgdf{0f tyf ;d'bfo ljsf;;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx¿ / sfe|] pkTosfsf # j6f gu/kflnsfx¿df PsLs[t vfg]kfgL
ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 gd"gf PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; sfo{qmd -t/fO{–dw]z–kxf8–lxdfn_ cGtu{t
gu/kflnsf gePsf lhNnf ;b/d"sfdx¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, PsLs[t 3gfa:tL
ljsf; / a:tLx¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
 lj/f6gu/ rqmky cfof]hgfcGtu{t hUuf ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 $@ ls=ld=
lj/f6gu/ rqmkysf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . zx/L zf;sLo Ifdtf tyf ljsf;
sfo{qmdcGtu{t ^ j6f gu/kflnsfx¿ -d]rLgu/, O6x/L, wgs'6f, n]vgfy,
afUn'Ë / tfg;]g_ df ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / gu/kflnsfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;
ug]{ .
 PsLs[t zx/L ljsf; cfof]hgfcGtu{t $ j6f gu/kflnsfx¿ -w/fg, hgsk'/,
l;4fy{gu/ / g]kfnu+h_ df PsLs[t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;d'bfo
ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
!^ j6f gu/kflnsfx¿sf] PsLs[t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{, slDtdf % nfv
hg;+Vof j:g of]Uo !) j6f gofF zx/x¿sf] lgdf{0f k|f/De ug]{, * j6f d'Vo zx/L
sf]/L8f]/ / ;f] cf;kf;sf If]qx¿df cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf]

211
x'g], (% :yfgdf ;fgf zx/, gu/kflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf gePsf lhNnf
;b/d'sfdx¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/Psf] x'g] / kfFrj6f gu/kflnsfx¿df
7"nf a;kfs{, dgf]/~hg kfs{, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kfs{, t/sf/L tyf kmnk"mn ahf/
h:tf cfly{s¿kn] :j;~rfng x'g ;Sg] zx/L k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .

%=% :yfgLo k"jf{wf/

!= k[i7e"ld
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] u/L :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]gn] Joj:yf u/]cg'¿k lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltsf] e"ldsf g]t[TobfoL /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;Def/df ;xhLs/0f ug{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gLlt
@)^! sfof{Gojgdf 5 . o;n] :yfgLo oftfoft, vfg]kfgL, ;fgf l;rfO{ tyf gbL
lgoGq0f, n3'hnljB't tyf j}slNks pmhf{, cfjf; tyf zx/L ljsf;, kmf]x/d}nf
Joj:yfkg tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/nfO{ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf]
5 . k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{ ;ª\3Lo
dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif
;8s ljefu / lhNnf:t/df lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ cGtu{t :yfgLo oftfofttk{m xfn;Dd %# xhf/ ls=ld= s[lif ;8s
tof/ ePsf], :yfgLo ;8s ;~hfndWo] sfnf]kq] ;8ssf] nDafO{ !,^%) ls=ld
k'u]sf], $( j6f ;8sk'nsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf], xfn sl/a !^,@)) ls=ld=
;8sdf oftfoft ;~rfng e}/x]sf], ;8s oftfoftsf] ;'ljwfn] hf]8\g g;s]sf ufpF
a:tLnfO{ kx'Fr ;xh agfpg xfn;Dd d"nse/ %,$)) eGbf a9L emf]n'Ë] k'nsf]
lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf], !,%)) l;+rfO{ of]hgf ;DkGg eO{ yk @@,))) x]S6/
hdLgdf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf], :yfgLo:t/sf @,!)) vfg]kfgL of]hgf
;DkGg eO{ !% nfv %) xhf/ u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] ;]jf pknAw ePsf]
5 . lhNnf, gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ v'nf lb;fd'Qm agfpg :yfgLo
lgsfox¿n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ .
nB' hnljB't / j}slNks pmhf{tk{m !) j6f cfof]hgfx¿ k|f/De ul/Psf 5g\ .
cfjf;, ejg / a:tL ljsf;tk{m u|fdL0f a:tL ljsf;sf] ;DefJotf cWoog /
of]hgf th'{df ug]{ qmddf !# j6f ;DefJotf cWoog ;DkGg u/L lgdf{0f sfo{
k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd * lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdsf] nflu kmf]x/d}nf lj;h{g
:ynsf] cWoog ;DkGg eO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/tk{m
;fd'bflos ejg, :jf:Yo rf}sL ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fdf nufgL ul/Psf] 5 .
xfn;Dd ^( j6f ejgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

212
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
lgld{t ;+/rgfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ / lbuf]kgf sfod x'g g;Sg', ;xeflutfd"ns
:yfgLo:t/sf] of]hgf k|lqmofaf6 cfof]hgfsf] 5gf]6, lgdf{0f / pkof]u Jojl:yt x'g
g;Sg', ah]6sf] cfsf/ / sfo{qmdsf] ;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
hgzlQm Go"g x'g'sf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf cfzftLt ¿kdf ;'b[9 x'g
g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
;DefJotf cWoog tyf OlGhlgol/+u l8hfOg u/]/ dfq cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{,
cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf] kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbg', :yfgLo
qmdfut cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ ;DkGg ug'{ / ltgsf] lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ug'{, k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fdf cGt/ :yfgLo lgsfo / cGt/ ;/sf/L lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug'{, :yfgLo
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/df :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{h:tf ljifo
k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 If]qLo ;Gt'ng / ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] k|j4{g
ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;åf/f hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfdf ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L
/f]huf/L / cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] clej[l4 ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ If]qnfO{ If]qut cjwf/0ff cg'¿k u'0f:t/Lo, lbuf] / jftfj/0f
d}qL ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
2. k|fljlws :k]l;lkms];g, :6\of088{ / gD;{sf] k|of]uaf6 :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
3. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/nfO{ ljsf; ;xof]uL k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. s]Gb|:t/ / :yfgLo:t/sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] :ki6 juL{s/0f u/L
:yfgLo:t/sf k"jf{wf/;DaGwL sfo{x¿ :yfgLo lgsfox¿af6 dfq ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ cfjlws tyf If]qut of]hgf tyf
k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df dfq 5gf}6, lgdf{0f / ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_

213
3. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hg;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg /
;Lk kl/rfng k|0ffnLnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
4. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;ft If]qx¿sf] sfo{qmd ah]6 tyf vr{
Joj:yfkgnfO{ If]qut cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -!_
5. l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/df ;xsf/L tyf l;+rfO ljsf; sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
k|j4{g ul/g]5 . ;DefJo :yndf æPs ufpF Ps kf]v/L lgdf{0fÆ nfO{ cleofgsf]
¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
6. gu/f]Gd'v ufpFdf gbL–gfnf tyf hldg h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tnfO{ k|b"if0faf6
arfpg] u/L kmf]x/hGo kbfy{sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -!_
7. gu/kflnsfx¿df kx'Fro'Qm oftfoft u'¿of]hgf r/0fa4 ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ub}{
nlug]5 . -!_
8. ufpF:t/Lo hn;Dkbf u'¿of]hgfx¿ tof/ u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO,
;fgf hnljB't\ tyf cGo hn;Dkbfdf cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
-!_
9. k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;a} sfo{x¿ k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] a9Ldf b'O{ jif{leq
;DkGg e} ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -@_
10. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] sf] kfngf
ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
11. lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfu|L, lgdf{0f ul/g] ;do / To;df ;+nUg x'g]
hgzlQmsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt u/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ;du| u'0f:t/ kIfdf ;'wf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
12. cfof]hgfx¿sf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu lgoldt / cfsl:ds dd{t;+ef/ ug{
cfjZos sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
13. k|of]u e}/x]sf] lgdf{0f k|ljlwsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/L gofF, >dd"ns Pj+ oflGqs
pks/0fdf cfwfl/t :k]l;lkms]zg / cfwf/ tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 . -@_
14. ;DefJotf cWoog, lj:t[t l8hfOg / nfut cg'dfg u/]/ dfq jftfj/0f d}qL
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
15. u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu cfjZostfg';f/ u'0f:t/ k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] :yfkgf
tyf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k|fljlws b:tfj]hx¿ tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
16. :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ nlug]5 .
-@_

214
17. ;8s lgdf{0fubf{ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, :t/f]Gglt / 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfddf ;Gt'ng
ldnfOg]5 . -#_
18. pQ/–blIf0f Pj+ k"j{–klZrd nf]sdfu{x¿ tyf ahf/ s]Gb|x¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
afx|} dlxgf rNg ;Sg] u/L :yfgLo ;8sx¿ lgdf{0f tyf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 .
-#_
19. ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf:t/Lo ;8s u'¿of]hgfx¿ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLcg';f/
cBfjlws ub}{ gu/kflnsf / ufpF:t/Lo ;8s u'¿of]hgfx¿ ;d]t qmdzM
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
oftfoft
 :yfgLo oftfoft k"jf{wf/ If]qut sfo{qmdM :yfgLo oftfoft k"jf{wf/ cGtu{t &%
j6} lhNnfx¿sf] lhNnf oftfoft u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L pQm u'?of]hgfdf
klxrfg ePsf k|d'v ;8s ;~hfnnfO{ af¥x} dlxgf ;~rfngdf Nofpg;Sg]
u/L dd{t ;+ef/ / :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . gofF lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ cfjZostf x]/L
;Lldt dfqfdf dfq cl3 a9fOg]5 .
 u|fdL0f k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf If]qut ljsf; cfof]hgfM of]
sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ljleGg @) lhNnfx¿ -Onfd, kfFry/, emfkf, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L,
wgs'6f, lrtjg, dgfË, d':tfË, kj{t, ¿s'd, /f]Nkf, 88]nw'/f, sf7df8f}+,
eQmk'/, nlntk'/, sfe|], l;Gw'kfNrf]s, l;Gw'nL / bf]nvf_ df d'Vo sfo{qmd /
yk !* lhNnfx¿df ;xfos k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] ¿kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf]df
j}b]lzs ;xof]utk{msf sfo{x¿ cf=a= @)^(.&) df ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ .
tyflk j}b]lzs nufgLdf csf]{ cfof]hgf k|f/De geP;Dd Ps lhNnf Ps /fli6«o
sfo{qmdsf] gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg k|:t't cfof]hgfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;|f]taf6 ;~rfng lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . o; cGtu{t oftfoftdf kFx'r j[l4 ug{]
u/L ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ahf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf]
cj;/df u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] kFx'r :yflkt ug{] / cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/df j[l4 ug{] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 /fli6«o u|fdL0f oftfoft ;'b[9Ls/0f sfo{qmdM o; sfo{qmdaf6 ljleGg ##
lhNnfx¿ -;+v'jf;ef, ef]hk'/, t]x|y'd, pbok'/, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L,
;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, dsjfgk'/, /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbË, tgx'F, sf:sL,
:ofª\hf, kfNkf u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, ¿kGb]xL, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t', Ko'7fg,
;Nofg, bfË, afFs], alb{of, ;'v{]t, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/_ df lbuf] tyf ;'wfl/Psf]
u|fdL0f oftfoft k"jf{wf/ ;]jf;+u ;DalGwt ;8s tyf ;8s k'n lgdf{0f
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .

215
 ljs]lGb|t u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ tyf hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmdM k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf
dfWodaf6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ !* lhNnfx¿ -tfKn]h'Ë, ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'Ëf,
/fd]5fk uf]/vf, ndh'Ë, afUn'Ë, DofUbL, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf, sflnsf]6,
hfh/sf]6, a´fË, afh'/f, a}t8L / bfr{'nf_ df of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 5 .
o; cGtu{t oftfoft tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f If]qsf lakGg
hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kxF'rdf j[l4 ug]{ u/LjL Go"gLs/0fsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ .
 u|fdL0f kx'Fr sfo{qmd -t];|f] r/0f_M u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] cfjfudg, cfly{s /
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df clej[l4 / u|fdL0f ul/a tyf pk]lIftsf] ahf/ / ;fdflhs
;]jfsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 ug{] p2]Zon] x'Dnf, h'Dnf, d'u', sflnsf]6, b}n]v, afh'/f,
c5fd / 8f]6L u/L * clt b'u{d tyf kxf8L lhNnfx¿df ;~rflnt o;
sfo{qmd cGtu{t of]hgf cjlwdf @)) ls=ld= ;8s :t/f]Gglt ug{] sfo{qmd
/x]sf] 5 .
 :yfgLo ;8s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd M cf]vn9'Ëf, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL / vf]6fË u/L $
lhNnfx¿df ;~rflnt sfo{qmd cGtu{t of]hgf cjlwdf !)) ls=ld= gofF
;8ssf] lgdf{0f %) ls=ld= ;8s :t/f]Gglt tyf k'gM:yfkgf / ^) ls=ld=
;8s lgoldt dd{t ;Def/ ul/g]5 .
 ;8s af]8{ g]kfn dfkm{t\ ;~rfng ul/g] dd{t ;Def/ sfo{qmdM o; sfo{qmd
cGtu{t xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfo tyf pkef]Qmfsf] nfut
;f´]bf/Ldf :yfgLo ;8sx¿sf] lgoldt dd{t ;Def/ ul/g]5 .
 ´f]n'Ë] k'n, If]qut sfo{qmdM d'Vo dfu{ tyf :yfgLo dfu{df dfusf] cfwf/df
´f]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/ ul/g] o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t of]hgf
cjlwdf yk !,%)) ´f]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf sl/a %,))) ´f]n'Ë]
k'nx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/ ul/g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . gbL–gfnf kf/ ug{ k|of]u
eO/x]sf t'O{gx¿sf] nut tof/ u/L ;DefJo :yfgdf ´f]n'Ë] k'nn] k|lt:yfkg
ul/g]5 .
 ;8sk'n tyf ;fd'bflos kFx'r ;'wf/ cfof]hgfM ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t kSsL k'nsf]
lgdf{0f ug{ !^ lhNnf 5gf}6 eO{ ;8sk'nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 .
o; sfo{qmdjf6 of]hgf cjlwdf 5'§} sfo{qmdx¿sf] yk ;|f]t ;lxt s"n !%)
k'nsf] lgdf{0f ug{] nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos kxF'r ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf cGtu{t
k|yd r/0fdf lakL /fhdfu{sf] cf;kf;sf % lhNnfsf !# j6f u|fdL0f
;8sx¿df #@ j6f df]6/]jn k'n lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

216
;fgf l;+rfO tyf gbL lgoGq0f
 hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ sfo{qmdM bf]nvf, /fd]5fk, cf]n9'Ëf,
vf]6fË, c5fd, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6 / sflnsf]6 u/L hDdf * j6f lhNnfdf
;~rflnt o; sfo{qmdn] u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{,
cfo;|f]t j[l4 ug]{, vfBfGg kof{Kttf tyf jflx/L ahf/ / ;]jf;Dd hgtfsf]
kx'Fr a9fO{ hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo lnPsf]5 . o; sfo{qmdaf6 # jif{df yk
!,%)) x]S6/df l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw x'g]5 .
 ;fgf l;+rfO sfo{qmdM &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 of] sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;d'bfoaf6 dfu e} cfPsf ;fgf
l;+rfO dfkm{t\ cfo;|f]t a9fO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f u/L vfBfGg cfTdlge{/tfdf 6]jf
lbg] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng x'g]5g\ . ;fy} ;fgf k|s[ltsf gbL lgoGq0f
sfo{qmd ;d]t ;~rfng x'g]5 .
 Ps ufpF Ps kf]v/L lgdf{0f cleofg M Ps ufpF Ps kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf]
cleofgnfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . k|To]s lhNnf,
Onfsf, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, j8f x'Fb} k|To]s ufpFdf Ps kf]v/L x'g] u/L o;
cleofgsf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
 ;fd'bflos l;+rfO kl/of]hgfM o; cfof]hgfaf6 kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf lhNnfsf
u|fdL0f e]usf lk5l8Psf Pj+ ul/a ;d'bfo / )=% x]= / ! x]= eGbf sd s[lif
hldg ePsf ;d'bfosf] cfo;|f]t j[l4 ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf
!@ lhNnfx¿ sGrgk'/, s}nfnL, bfË, slknj:t', 8f]6L, ;Nofg, ¿s'd, /f]Nkf,
Ko"7fg, aemfË, h'Dnf / d'u'df of]hgf cjlwdf %,))) x]= If]qkmndf yk l;+rfO
;'ljwf k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf; tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf
 u|fdL0f hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgf bf];|f] r/0fM ;'b"/ tyf dWo klZrdsf !)
lhNnfdf ;~rflnt o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf sfo{qmd
dfkm{t\ yk ! nfv @) xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] / PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 kl/of]hgf nfu"
ePsf If]qx¿df l;+rfO tyf ;fgf hnljB't ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]
nIo /x]sf] 5 .
 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/–;kmfO cfof]hgfM &% j6} lhNnfx¿df ;~rflnt o; sfo{qmd
cGtu{t xfn rfn" cj:yfdf /x]sf %&$ dWo] #^) vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf of]hgf
cjlwleq ;DkGg u/L yk ! nfv %) xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/–
;kmfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 / ;DkGg cfof]hgfsf] dd{t ;Def/ ul/g]5 .

217
 klZrd g]kfn vfg]kfgL tyf ;/–;kmfO sfo{qmdM o; kl/of]hgfaf6 of]hgf
cjlwdf klZrdf~rnsf !) lhNnfx¿ DofUbL, kj{t, jfUn'Ë, :ofËhf, tgx'F,
gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t', u'NdL / Ko"7fg &) xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{
vfg]kfgL tyf @ nfv %) xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ ;/–;kmfO ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fOg]5 .
n3' hnljB't tyf j}slNks pmhf{
 o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t pmhf{ / n3' hnljBt\ ;DaGwL cfof]hgf ;~rfng u/L
u|fdL0f If]qdf ljB't ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
cfjf; ejg, zx/L ljsf;
 o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t pknAw x'g] ;|f]tsf cfwf/df u|fdL0f a:tLsf] ;DefJotf
cWoog / cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .
kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg
 of]hgf cjlwdf gu/f]Gd'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx¿sf] kmf]xf]/d]}nf
;+sng, cf];f/ k;f/, sDkf]i6 Knf06 / ;]lg6/L Nof08lkmn ;fO{6 ljsf; tyf
;~rfng ;DaGwL cWoog ug{sf ;fy} cfjZos gLlt, lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw
tof/ ul/g]5 . ;fy} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf j}1flgs ljlw
ckgfOg]5 .
;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd
 o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/x¿ ;fd'bflos ejg, ljBfno
ejg tyf :jf:Yo rf}sL nufotsf ejg lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
#@%) ls=ld= gofF u|fdL0f ;8s lgdf{0f eO{ oftfoft ;]jfaf6 yk @% nfv
hg;+VofnfO{ t/fO{df ! 306f / kxf8df @ 306f leq oftfoft ;]jf pknAw x'g]5,
$,))) ls= ld= ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt tyf k'gM:yfkgf, ^,))) ls= ld= ;8ssf]
lgoldt tyf cfjlws dd{t ;Def/, $%) ls= ld= ;8ssf] sfnf]kq], #)) j6f gofF
;8s k'n lgdf{0f, !,%)) gofF emf]n'Ë] k'n lgdf{0f, $)) t6jGw gbL lgoGq0f tyf
e";+/If0f ;DaGwL of]hgf ;DkGg, #)) j6f ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ -ejg lgdf{0f_ &%
j6f lhNnfsf] u'?of]hgf th{'df, *)) j6f gofF vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
of]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f, yk % nfv hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL tyf ;/–;kmfO
;]jf lj:tf/, yk #%,))) x]S6/ l;+rfOof]Uo If]qdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf ;'ljwf k'uL %
nfv %) xhf/ hg;+Vof nfeflGjt x'g]5g\, %)) ls=jf=n3' hnljB'tsf] dfWodaf6
@% xhf/ hg;+VofnfO{ ljB't ;]jf pknAw, #) j6f :oflg6/L Nof08lkmn ;fO{6sf]
ljsf;, %) j6f a:tL ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng / d'n'se/sf k|To]s ufpF
ufpFdf Ps kf]v/L lgdf{0f x'g]5 .

218
 kl/R5]b M ^
cGt/ ;DalGwt ljsf; gLltx¿
^=! ul/aL lgjf/0f
!= k[i7e"ld
sl/a 8]9 bzsb]lv ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ ljsf; k|of;sf] s]Gb|df /fvL sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/Psfn] ul/aL / dfgj ljsf; ;"rsx¿df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] cGTodf @) jif{ cl3 $@ k|ltzt /x]sf] ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lgsf] hgtfsf] k|ltzt @#=* df em/]sf] 5 . ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] /fli6«o nIo
k|flKtdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg ;fdflhs If]qdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf nufgL j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
/f]huf/ tyf cfod"ns sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf p2]Zo
tyf gLltx¿ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljutsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff / cg'ej
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L nlIft ;d"x / If]qnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/Psf] ePtf klg tL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cem a9L glthfd"ns / k|efjsf/L agfpg
afFsL g} /x]sf] 5 . dlxnf, blnt, cNk;ª\Vos hfthflt, dw];L, s0ff{nLjf;L
nufot b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf afl;Gbf, zf/Ll/s ¿kn] czQm ePsf JolQm /
zx/L If]qdf hf]lvddf a;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;df ul/aLsf] uxgtf x6fpg]tk{m yk
k|of; x'g cfjZos 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ut lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+VofnfO{ @!
k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lyof] . ;f]xL cg'¿k /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;sf
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf lyP . of]hgf ;dflKtsf] cjlw;Dddf ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lgsf] hg;+Vof @%=$ k|ltztaf6 em/]/ @#=* k|ltzt dfq x'g;Sof] . oBlk
pRr tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 k|fKt geO;s]sf]n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ul/aLsf] /]vfdfly
pSn]sf ax';+Vos ;d'bfo tyf JolQmx¿sf] hLjg:t/ cem} klg hf]lvdo'Qm /x]sf]
5.
of]hgf cjlwdf ul/aL 36\g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿dWo] tLj| zx/Ls/0f, j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f, s[lif Hofnfdf ePsf] j[l4, u}/ s[lif If]qsf] /f]huf/L tyf
Hofnfdf ePsf] j[l4 / cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo pd]/sf hg;+Vofsf] lx:;fdf ePsf]
j[l4 d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltJolQm ul/aLsf] b/df sdL cfpg' ;'vb kIf /x]sf] 5 .
b]zdf ljBdfg c;dfgtfnfO{ bzf{pg] lhgL ;"rsf+s1 (Gini coefficient) 36]sf] 5 .
zx/L If]qdf )=#%#, u|fdL0f If]qdf )=#!! / ;du|¿kdf g]kfndf )=#@* k'u]sf] 5 .
oBlk ef}uf]lns If]q tyf ljleGg hfthfltaLrsf] dfjg ul/aL / c;dfgtfsf cGo
1
pkef]usf cfwf/df .

219
;"rsf+sx¿ cem} pRr /x]sf 5g\ . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sfdWo] @$=$ k|ltztsf]
dfq k|fylds lzIffdf kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, @)=* k|ltztsf] dfWolds :t/sf]
lzIffdf / !&=( k|ltztsf] pRr lzIffdf kx'+r /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lgsf !%=^ k|ltzt hgtfn] dfq ;/sf/L c:ktfnsf] ;]jfdf kx'Fr /fVb5g\
eg] !%=# k|ltztsf] s[lif s]Gb|x¿df kx'Fr /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ljut !& jif{sf] cjlwdf lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof 36] tfklg zx/L
tyf u|fdL0f Pj+ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q / ;d"xx¿aLrsf] leGgtf cem klg lgs}
7"nf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& df zx/L ul/aL !%=% k|ltzt /
u|fdL0f ul/aL @&=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df lxdfnL If]qsf]
ul/aL $@=# k|ltzt, t/fO{ If]qsf] ul/aL @#=$ k|ltzt / kxf8L If]qsf] ul/aL
@$=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L t/fO{df ePsf] cj;/x¿sf] j[l4, t/fO{df e}/x]sf]
zx/Ls/0f h:tf sf/0fn] o; If]qsf] ul/aL 36fpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 eg] lxdfnL
If]qjf6 qmlds ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf] cfGtl/s cfk|jf;, lxdfnL If]qdf ko{6g, h8La'6L
;+sngh:tf cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ePsf] j[l4n] o; If]qsf] ul/aL 36fpg k|d'v
e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . kxf8L If]qsf] ul/aL sd dfq 36\g'sf] sf/0fdf cfGtl/s a;fO+{
;/fO{+sf] rfk a9\g'sf cltl/Qm ljutsf] åGåsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] c;/nfO{ lng
;lsG5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;du|df, ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof 36]sf] eP tfklg ul/aLsf] /]vf ev{/}
dfq kf/ u/]sfx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 . o; ju{sf] hLjg:t/ c;fWo}
hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 cyf{t\ lgoGq0faflx/sf] s'g} kl/l:ylt cfPdf h'g;'s} ;do of] ju{
k'gM ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg emg{ ;S5 . ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b}
ul/a / wgL aLr ljBdfg c;dfgtf 36fpg'' k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . clzIff,
ul/aL / s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] s[lif If]qdf cb[Zo a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 . ;Lk, k"FhL /
k|ljlwdf ax';+Vos hgtfsf] cfjZos kx'Fr gePsf]n] :j/f]huf/ k|j4{gsf] ;+efjgf
;Lldt 5 . åGåsf] cGTo eP klg k"0f{ zflGtsf] k|Tofe"lt gePsf]n] nufgL–d}qL
jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf gx'Fbf j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lk|ltsf] cfsif{0f a9]sf] b]lvG5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qdf cTolws ¿kdf s]lGb|t
ljBdfg a9\bf] cb[Zo a]/f]huf/L 36fpg', s[lifdf cfl>t cfjZostfeGbf a9L
hg;+VofnfO{ qmlds ¿kn] u}/ s[lif If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg', gofF /f]huf/Lsf]
;[hgf ug'{, :yfgLo ;Lk, k"FhL / k|ljlwdf kx'Fr ePsf :jb]zL pBdLx¿sf] lgldQ
:j/f]huf/ k|j4{g ug'{, ;xsfl/tfnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmddf cfa4 ug'{
cf}krfl/s jf ;+ul7t If]qdf ;+o'Qm nufgLdf cfwfl/t pBf]usf] dfWodaf6 bIf
hgzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg' tyf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df
;'/lIft j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g ug'{ k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .

220
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cj;/x¿sf] ;[hgf, Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf NflIft sfo{qmdx¿sf] dfWodaf6
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
%= p2]Zo
of]hgf cjlwdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L tyf cj;/x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
2. Ifdtf ljsf;, pTkfbsTj j[l4, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / ;dtfd"ns ljsf;df hf]8
lbg] .
3. ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx¿af6 ;+rflnt ul/aL Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdaLr
;dGjo sfod ug]{ .
4. dfudf cfwfl/t nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/LnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL /fli6«o ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt th'{df
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ >dd"ns k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
-!_
3. Go"gtd /f]huf/L k|Tofe"t of]hgf / sfg'g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ul/aL 36fpg k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt Joj:yfkg tyf pkof]udf hf]8
lbO{g]5 . -@_
5. a]/f]huf/ tyf c4{a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L Ifdtf ljsf;, cfocfh{g
tyf /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaLr k|efjsf/L
;dGjo ul/g]5 . -#_
7. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] PsLs[t d"NofÍg ul/g]5 . -#_
8. u|fdL0f tyf zx/L ul/aLnfO{ nlIft u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . -$_
9. ul/a klxrfg tyf juL{s/0f u/L kl/rokq pknAw u/fOg]5 . -$_

221
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cWoogaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df
kl/dfh{g Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
 zx/L ul/aL 36fpg cfo cfh{g / Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ul/aLsf] kl/ro kq k|fKt ug]{ ul/j 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ;zQmLs/0f,
Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cfo cfh{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ljleGg ljifo If]qut sfo{qmd
leq} ;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 ljk|]if0fjf6 k|fKt x'g] /sdnfO{ u|fld0f If]qdf pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L tyf
:j/f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ cfw'lgs s[lif tyf kz'kfng Jojzfo ;~rfng ug{
clek|]l/t ug]{ u/L sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfnodfkm{t\ ul/aL lgjf/0f gLlt tyf sfo{
of]hgf tof/ u/L ;d'bfo tyf If]q nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 ul/jsf nflu cfwf/e"t sfg'gL ;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿jf6 ;+rflnt ul/aL lgjf/0f;+u
;DjlGwt sfo{qmdx¿sf] cWofjlws ljj/0f tof/ ug]{, bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg] /
;dGjo sfod ug]{ .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg / cBfjlws ljj/0f
tof/ ug]{, tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ / ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
 Kf|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf df};d kl/jt{gsf sf/0f l;lh{t ul/aLsf] hf]lvddf k/]sf
/ clt ljkGg JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
tyf tfTsflns /fxtsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 vfB ;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{g clej[l4df k|ToIf ;xof]u k'Ug] sfo{qmdx¿
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg / kl/rokq Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0f sfo{qmdnfO{
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltztdf em/]sf] x'g]5 .

222
^=@ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf k|f}9 ;fIf/tf ^%=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] / sfd ug{ ;lqmo hgzlQm -!%–%(
jif{_ %& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t/ ljut s]xL jif{b]lv sltko k|fljlws Pj+
Joj:yfksLo ;Lk / Ifdtf ePsf hgzlQm j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]z knfog
x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . o;/L Psftk{m 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf c4{bIf Pj+ cbIf o'jf hgzlQm
ljb]lzg' k/]sf] sf/0fn] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cefj b]lvPsf]
5 eg] csf]{tk{m b]zdf pTkflbt hgzlQm / b]zdf dfu ePsf] hgzlQmaLrdf
tfnd]nsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;sf nflu lzIff,
:jf:Yo, /f]huf/L h:tf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|of; u/] tfklg pQm k|of;
kof{Kt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f If]q, dlxnf, blnt tyf cGo lk5l8Psf
If]q, ju{, ;d'bfodf ljsf;sf] k|of; k'Ug g;Sbf d'n'ssf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;n]
ck]lIft ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . o;y{, ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] / b]zsf]
kl/jlt{t cfjZostfadf]lhd kl/l:ylt ;'xfpFbf] hgzlQmsf] ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds
Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ If]qdf dfgjLo ljsf; s]lGb|t x'g' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/
%)$ /x]sf] 5 . h;df dlxnf %!=%) k|ltzt / k'?if $*=%) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .
cf};t hg;+Vof j[l4 b/ !=#% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . !% b]lv #) jif{ pd]/sf] hg;++Vof
@& k|ltzt, ^) jif{ dflysf] hg;+Vof * k|ltzt / !$ jif{ d'lgsf] hg;+Vof #%
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . b]zleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x¿ gePsf]n] b}lgs sl/a !,%))
JolQm /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]lzg' k/]sf], cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;d]t u/L sl/a #)
nfv hgzlQm b]zaflx/ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L ljb]lzg]df &$ k|ltzt cbIf, @%
k|ltzt c4{bIf / ! k|ltzt dfq bIf hgzlQm /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s $ nfv %)
xhf/eGbf a9L JolQm >dahf/df k|j]z ug]{ eP tfklg /f]huf/L j[l4 b/ eg] @=(
k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
dfgj ;+;fwg gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] b]ze/L 5l/P/ /x]sf
pTkfbgzLn hgzlQmsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf nufpg
g;Sg' ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . b]zdf ljBdfg ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] k|r'/tfaf6
hg;f+VoLo nfe lng', /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfuadf]lhdsf] bIf hgzlQm tof/
ug'{, :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldflysf] lge{/tf sd
ug'{, b]zdf pTkflbt hgzlQm / dfuaLr plrt tfnd]n ldnfpg', b]zdf ;~rflnt
ljBdfg tflnd s]Gb|x¿aLr plrt ;dGjo sfod /fVg', u|fdL0f If]q, dlxnf, blnt,
lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{, ;d'bfodf k'Ug] u/L ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ h:tf

223
r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf] o; If]qdf Ps bL3{sfnLg sfo{of]hgf;lxtsf] dfgj ;+;fwg
of]hgfsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] ;Ifd / bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf;
ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd / bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;
u/L dfu / cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ vfnsf] k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos
tflnddf hf]8 lbg] .
2. bIf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t¿kdf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. k|fljlws tyf ;Lkd"ns lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ /f]huf/L;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5 .
-!_
2. dfgj ;+;fwg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL PsLs[t gLlt tyf /0fgLlt tof/ u/L
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
4. o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ g]t[Tj ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . -!_
5. dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL nufgLnfO{ glthfd"ns agfOg]5 . -!_
6. z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿af6 pTkflbt hgzlQm / ahf/df pknAw /f]huf/LaLr
;fd~h:otf sfod ul/g]5 . -@_
7. 5fqj[lQ tyf cGo ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ nlIft ;d"xsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 .
-@_
8. ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿ ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf :jb]zL hgzlQmdf ;Lk tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f u/L dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
9. /fi6« lgdf{0fdf cjsfz k|fKt /fi6«;]jssf] 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejsf] ;b'kof]u
ul/g]5 . -@_

224
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 PsLs[t dfgj ;+;fwg;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt tof/ ug]{ .
 ;fdfGo k|zf;g d+qfnonfO{ dfgj ;+;fwg d+qfnosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
 dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjofTds
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /fli6«o If]qLo tyf :yfgLo:t/df dfgj ;+;fwg;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 dfgj ;+;fwgsf] If]qdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿
Ifdtf ljsf; kZrft\ ;f]sf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] gePsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lglZrt ug]{
;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ / cGo b]zsf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;;DaGwL cg'ej cfbfg
k|bfg ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fi6« lgdf{0fsf] ljljw If]qdf cfjZos bIf hgzlQm pknAw, kl/rfng / pkof]u
ePsf] x'g]5 .

^=# >d tyf /f]huf/

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt c4{a]/f]huf/ hgzlQm /x]sf] cg'dfg
5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf jflif{s $ nfv %) xhf/eGbf a9L JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z
ub{5g\ . b]zleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ gePsf]n] b}lgs ;of}+ JolQm
/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]lzg' kl//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . xfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ ljefusf] k'gu{7g / ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, a]/f]huf/x¿sf] nut
;ª\sng, Go"gtd Hofnf b/ lgwf{/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] qmddf ;d:ofdf k/]sf
g]kfnLx¿sf] p4f/ tyf cfly{s /fxtsf] Joj:yf, cfk|jf;g ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf,
>d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf, ljleGg d'n's;Fu>d ;Demf}tf, afn>d u'?of]hgfsf] th'{df,
lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf >ddf ;+nUg afn>ldssf] p4f/, lbjf lzz' :ofxf/ tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfng x'g' cflb o; If]qsf s]xL pknlAw x'g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
xfn;Dd cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ lgoldt¿kdf afn>d lg/LIf0f u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf] p4f/
tyf k'g/:yfkgf ug]{ ul/Psf], ;/sf/L kIf / ;/f]sf/jfnf /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;+3
;+:yfx¿sf] ;xsfo{df !@,))) sdn/Lx¿sf] p4f/ tyf k'g/:yfkgf ul/;lsPsf]],
ljBdfg afn>d;DaGwL P]g lgod / hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL kl/dfh{g / afn>d

225
;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf], afn>d lgjf/0f;DaGwL
;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ul/Psf], j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu xfn;Dd !)( d'n's
v'Nnf ul/Psf], cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) ;Dd g]kfnaf6 >d :jLs[lt lnP/ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf -ef/t afx]s_ hfg]x¿sf] ;+Vof sl/a #) nfv k'u]sf], d'Vo d'Vo uGtJo
d'n'sx¿df >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf], s]xL uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft u[x
:yfkgf ul/Psf], j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uO{ kmlsP{sf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ pBdzLntf
tflnd k|bfg u/L :j/f]huf/sf nflu k|]l/t ul/Psf], cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gjf6 kfl/t
ePsf cle;lGwx¿dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 cg'df]bg ePsf ljleGg !! j6f
cle;lGwx¿sf] lgoldt k|ltj]bgx¿ k7fOPsf], g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 cg'df]bg gePsf
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf cle;lGwx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;do ;dodf dfu eP
adf]lhdsf k|ltj]bgx¿ k7fpg] ul/Psf], >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno cGtu{tsf]
Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|x¿ dfkm{t\ jflif{s sl/a @) xhf/
o'jfx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljifosf >d k|wfg tflndx¿ k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
>dzlQmsf] dfu / cfk"lt{aLrsf] cGt/, a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L, Go"g Hofnf b/, ;Lk tyf
pBdzLntf ljsf;sf ;Lldt k|of;x¿, Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL
:ki6 dfkb08 gx'g', z}lIfs ;+:yfaf6 pknAw hgzlQm / ahf/df pknAw
/f]huf/aLr tfnd]n gx'g', lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf afn>d pGd"ng x'g g;Sg', j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf ljleGg k|sf/sf 7uL, ;fdflhs ;+jfb tyf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLdf
/fhgLlts k|efj, /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f gx'g' cflb d'Vo ;d:ofsf
¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnojf6 ;~rfng x'g] sltko sfo{qmdx¿ -;"rgf s]Gb|, tflnd
/ /f]huf/sf] ;[hgf_ dWo] cGo lgsfox¿jf6 klg ;~rfng u/]sf]n] sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf bf]xf]/f]kgf b]lvPsf], PsLs[t ¿kdf /fi6«sf] dfu / cfjZostf cg';f/
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ g;lsPsf], b]zsf nfvf} o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ /fli6«o :t/df
/f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf ug{ g;ls j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg dfq Wofg lbO{Psf], j}b]lzs
/f]huf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt, e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfpg g;lsPsf], j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf
;Dk"0f{ hgzlQmsf] cBfjlws l:yltsf] tYof+s cefj /x]sf], j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6
kmls{Psfx¿nfO{ pBdzLntfdf cfslif{t ug{ g;lsPsf], ljk]|if0faf6 k|fKt clwsf+z
/sd pkef]u vr{ ePsf] cflb r'gf}tLx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL >d ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] bIf ;Lko'St / pTkfbgd"ns
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;[hgf ug]{ / :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ug]{ .

226
 %= p2]Zo
!= :jb]zdf dof{lbt /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ub}{ a]/f]huf/L tyf c4{a]/f]huf/L
Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ug]{
^= /0fgLlt
!= lglZrt ;dosf] clgjfo{ /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] u/L /fli6«o /f]huf/ gLltsf]
th{'df ug]{ .
@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt, e/kbf]{ / k|ltkmno'Qm agfpg] .
#= >ldssf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L
;'dw'/ >d ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ .
%= ;Lk tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 ub}{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
If]qdf k|lt:kwL{ >dzlQm ljsf; ug]{ .
^= ;a} lsl;dsf] afn>d pGd"ng ug]{ .
&= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug]{ .
*= dlxnfsf] /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt agfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. lglZrt If]qdf Go"gtd ;do ;Ddsf] /f]huf/L ;'lglZrt ug{ /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt
sfg'g nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
2. s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qsf] nufgLdf /f]huf/d"ns k|ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /f]huf/;DaGwL dfu / cfk"lt{aLr ;Gt'ng Nofpg cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5g\ . -!_
4. k|efjsf/L /f]huf/ ljlgdo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;Lk / of]Uotf cg';f/sf]
/f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
5. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ ;'b[9 Pj+ lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
6. j}b]lzs uGtJo d'n'sx¿df >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf / u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf]
;+:yfnfO{ ;d]t kl/rfng u/L >dahf/sf] lj:tf/, k|j4{g / sfdbf/x¿sf]
;+/If0f ul/g]5 . -@_
7. uGtJo d'n'sx¿df sfdbf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff / ;xof]u k|0ffnL ljsf;sf nflu
SAARC If]qsf / cGo d'n'sx¿;Fu ;xsfo{sf] vf]hL ul/g]5 . -@_

227
8. j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt agfpg yk d'n'sx¿;Fu >d ;Demf}tf
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. cf}krfl/s ;+oGqdfk{mt ljk|]if0fnfO{ leq\ofpg / pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgL u/L
/f]huf/Ldf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
10. dlxnf, ljkGg, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, b'u{d tyf pk]lIft ju{ tyf
If]q;d]tsf] kx'Fr x'g] u/L /f]huf/f]Gd'v tflnd k|bfg u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{
;dfj]zL / ljkGgd'vL agfOg]5 . -@_
11. ;Lk / ;xL ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] dlxnfx¿nfO{
ljz]if Kofs]hsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
12. :jb]z jf ljb]zdf /f]huf/L ug{ rfxg]nfO{ C0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
13. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsfx¿sf] clen]v k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
14. >d tyf /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
15. j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/x¿nfO{ ljb]z hfg'k"j{ cfjZos hfgsf/L tyf
ljb]zdf p;sf] Jojxf/, ;'/Iff / :jf:Yo;DaGwL k|f/lDes tflndsf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -@_
16. ljleGg lsl;dsf >d tyf Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff;DaGwL dfkb08 nfu" ul/g]5 . -#_
17. ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf, dhb'/aLrsf] lqkIfLo ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
cfjZos ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
18. 3/fo;L >ldsx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . -#_
19. ;Lk k/LIf0f k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf sfdbf/x¿nfO{dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -$_
20. Jofj;flos tyf ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'lg
NofO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm tflnd k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -%_
21. lgs[i6 afn>d lgjf/0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L afn>ldsx¿sf]
p4f/ / k'gM:yfkgf ul/g]5 . -^_
22. afn>d;DaGwL gLlt, sfg'g / sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -^_
23. of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if of]hgf k|efjsf/L ;~rfng u/L
;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -^_
24. /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt x'g] k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -*_

228
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;/f]sf/jfnf ljleGg kIfx¿;Fu 5nkmn / ;dGjo u/L /fli6«o /f]huf/ gLlt tyf
/f]huf/ k|Tofe"t sfg'g th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ .
 ;Lk ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] ef}lts cj:yf, tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng /
k|of]uzfnf ;'wf/ tyf lj:tf/ u/L /f]huf/ ;DaGwL tflndsf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt, @)^* sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf th'{df
ug]{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf]
;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
 dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfox¿ tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j{4{g jf]8{sf] ;+/rgfut
;'wf/ ug]{ .
 j}b]lzs uGtJo d'n'sx¿df cfjZostf cg';f/ >d ;xrf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof j[l4
ug]{ .
 sfdbf/x¿sf] lxt clej[l4 ug{ ;"rgfd"ns / k|j4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{ .
 sf]nDaf] k|lqmof -sfdbf/x¿ k7fpg] /fi6«x¿sf] ;+u7g_ / cfj'wfjL jftf{df -
sfdbf/x¿ k7fpg] / lng] /fi6«x¿sf] ;+u7g_ ;xefuL eO{ sfdbf/x¿sf] ;f´f
xslxt ;DaGwL ljifodf ;xsfo{sf] vf]hL ug]{ .
 yk d'n'sx¿;Fu >d ;D´f}tf ub}{ hfg], uGtJo d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft u[xx¿sf]
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
 ljk|]if0fnfO{ cf}krfl/s ;+oGq dfkm{t\ Nofpg] gLlt tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿ th'{df u/L
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kmls{Psf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf] pkof]usf] nflu
k'gP{sLs/0f tyf :j/f]huf/L ;DaGwL ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnd nufot ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ljkGgd'vL agfpg sfg'gsf] th'{df u/L ;f]xL
cg';f/ tflnd cfjZostfsf] klxrfg / ;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ k|bfg ug]{ .
 ;Lk / ;xL ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] dlxnfx¿nfO{
ljz]if Kofs]hsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

229
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg] o'jf tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbO{ ljleGg
!* lhNnfsf ;fdflhs lzIffsf lzIfsx¿sf] nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/L;DaGwL
;"rgfd"ns tyf r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg rfxg]x¿nfO{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfaf6 C0f pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yfsf] nflu cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{ .
 :jb]zdf /f]huf/ ;[hgf ug{sf nflu o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd / o:t} cGo
sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ pBdzLntf tflnd / ;'ne ahf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pTkflbt
j:t'sf] ahf/ ;Ddsf] kx'Fr a9fpg] sfd ug]{ .
 ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/ nfu" ug]{ .
 Joj;fohGo ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ . ljleGg lsl;dsf
dfkb08 :jLs[t u/L nfu" ug]{ . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{, >d ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg], >d cWoog k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfsf]
nflu cWoog ug]{ .
 ;'dw'/ cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / 6«]8 o'lgogsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfoL ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f, >d;Fu ;DalGwt P]g lgodnfO{ ;dofg's'n agfpg
lqkIfLo e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
 3/]n' >ldssf] k];fnfO{ dof{lbt / ;'/lIft u/fpg cg'udg k|lqmof cufl8
a9fpg] .
 ;Lk k/LIf0f ug]{ ;+oGqdfkm{t\ kl/If0f k|df0f kq k|fKt u/]sfx¿nfO{ dfq j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf k7fpg] .
 /f]huf/ ahf/sf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df Joj;fo tyf ;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|bfg
ug]{ lgsfox¿ aLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/L dfu / cfk"lt{sf]
cfwf/df tflndx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 afn>d lgjf/0f;DaGwL cWooog cg';Gwfg ug]{, r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{, >Jo b[Zo
;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ ug]{, :yfgLo lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\ afn>d lgl/If0f ug{ ;fdflhs
kl/rfng ug]{, lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf] afn>dsf gofF If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{,
afn>ldsx¿sf] p4f/ Pj+ k'gM:yfkgfsf] nflu s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf / cg'bfgsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
 afn>d lgjf/0fsf] nflu gofF u'?of]hgf :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if P]g th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog, cgf}krfl/s If]qdf ;fdflhs
aLdf tyf n3'ljQ sfo{qmdx¿, of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if of]hgf

230
 sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL hgr]tgf tyf k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd, ;"rgf
tyf ;Gb]zd"ns ;fdu|L d'b|0f tyf k|sfzg, of]ubfgstf{sf] kl/ro kq ljt/0f
h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /f]huf/ ;"rgf s]Gb|nfO{ /f]huf/ ljlgdo s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
>d ahf/sf] dfucg'¿k bIf Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ >dzlQm tof/ eO{ a]/f]huf/L 36]sf] x'g],
>d ljjfb Go"g ePsf] x'g], lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf] afn>dsf] pGd"ng ePsf] x'g] / jflif{s
! nfv o'jfnfO{ sDtLdf # dlxgfsf] /f]huf/d"ns ;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf]
x'g]5 . ;fy} sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ljb]zdf /x]sf / hf]lvddf k/]sf sfdbf/ vf;u/L
dlxnfx¿sf] ;'/Iff x'g]5 .

^=$ ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;

^=$=! ;ª\3Lotf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
!= k[i7e"ld
Nff]stGqnfO{ hg:t/;Dd ;+:yfut ug{ ljutdf ljleGg k|of;x¿ eP . o;}qmddf
d'n'ssf ;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx¿df ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf
dfWodaf6 j8f gful/s d~rsf] u7g ul/Psf] / ;f]jf6 em08} !) nfv gful/s
k|ToIf ¿kn] cfa4 eO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf
;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lgMzt{ k"FhLut cg'bfgsf] !% k|ltzt s[lifdf
nufpg] gLltut Joj:yfsf] k|f/De ePsf] 5 . Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofª\sg ljlwsf dfWodjf6 :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt x'g]
glthfsf cfwf/df cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
of]hgf k|qm[ofdf gful/s ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ d'n'ssf ;a} ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx¿df ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 j8f gful/s d~rsf]
u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L u7g ul/Psf j8f gful/s d~rdf em08} !) nfv
gful/sx¿ k|ToIf ¿kn] cfa4 eO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / of]hgf k|lqmofdf
;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . o;af6 ljsf; kfpg] hgtfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ hgtf s} ;xeflutfdf of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L
ljsf; cj;/x¿sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ k|of; hf/L 5 . afnaflnsf, dlxnf,
cflbjf;L, hghflt tyf blntnfO{ nlIft u/L :yfgLo:t/df hfg] cg'bfgsf]
lglZrt c+z ;f] nlIft ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf 5gf]6 x'g] of]hgfdf pkof]u ug]{
gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 nlIft ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0fdf ;3fp k'u]sf]
5 . ufpF 3/df cfo cfh{gsf] d'Vo If]q s[lif ePsf]n] lgMzt{ k"FhLut cg'bfgsf] !%

231
k|ltzt ah]6 s[lifdf nufpg] gLltut Joj:yfn] cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfk a9fpg
s[ifsnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ sfo{sf] k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
:yfgLo zf;gsf] glthf / k|efjsfl/tfdf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ Go"gtd zt{ tyf
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ljlw k|of]udf NofO{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 / k|fKt x'g] glthfsf cfwf/df cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] zf;g Ifdtf ;'b[9 x'Fb} uPsf] dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf
cfjlws of]hgf, gu/kflnsf cfjlws of]hgf / ufpF ljsf; cfjlws of]hgf agfO{
jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6nfO{ cfjlws of]hgf;Fu cfal4t ug]{ sfo{ hf/L /x]sf]
5 . o; qmddf rfn" lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf ( j6f lhNnfsf] cfjlws lhNnf
ljsf; of]hgf, %* j6} gu/kflnsfsf] cfjlws of]hgf th'{df / !) j6f
lhNnf:t/Lo ;8s u'?of]hgf cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 . ;a} :yfgLo lgsfox¿df
;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u
u/L ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 ul/Psf] 5 .
JolQmut 36gf btf{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ qmddf cfufdL % jif{df hGd btf{ *)
k|ltzt / cGo btf{ -d[To", ljjfx, a;fO{ ;/fO{ / ;DaGw ljR5]b_ %% k|ltzt
k'¥ofpg] nIosf ;fy k|of;x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ . cf=a= @)^(.&) df dfq 36gf btf{
hGd btf{ &,@&,%(!, d'To' btf{ (*,^!(, ljjfx btf{ !,*%,$$(, a;fO{;/fO{
*^,!)$ / ;DaGw aLr5]b ##* u/L s'n hDdf !),(*,!)! 36gf btf{ ePsf 5g\ .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|To]s jif{ ;dfhsf sdhf]/, ljkGg tyf
;LdfGts[t gful/snfO{ Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon]
;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . cf=a= @)^(.&) df o;
sfo{qmdaf6 Ho]i7 gful/s -cGo_ ^,*#,*&$ hgf, Ho]i7 gful/s -blnt_
!,&%,)#* hgf, Psn dlxnf ##,^!,)%% hgf ljwjf @,!^,^%# hgf, k"0f{ ckfË
@!,(*& hgf cf+lzs czQm ckfË ^,&%^ hgf, nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L hghflt
!*,()^ hgfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf / kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
nlIft u/L ;f] afn ;+/If0f cg'bfg %,$(,^*! hgfnfO{ u/L hDdf @),##,(%) hgf
JolQmx¿nfO{ eQf /sd ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/fTds k|of;x¿ hf/L
/x] tfklg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ :YffgLo lgsfodf /fhgLlts
kbflwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg', ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k4ltsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf of]hgfut cg'zf;g vl:+sb} hfg', :yfgLo ;]jfsf] u7g x'g g;Sbf
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg hl6n aGb} hfg', :yfgLo lgsfosf]
a9\bf] ;|f]t / lhDd]jf/L cg'¿ksf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; x'g g;Sg', cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf k|fljlws Pj+ bIf hgzlQmsf] sdLn] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ ;Gtf]ifhgs
gx'g', :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfGtl/s /fh:j tyf ljQLo ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg sdhf]/
x'g', ljifout lgIf]k0fsf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg' / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g,

232
@)%% ;Fu aflemPsf P]gx¿ ;+zf]wg gx'Fbf P]gsf] sfof{Gjog lkmtnf] x'g' d'Vo
;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . gu/kflnsf tyf gu/pGd'v ufpF ljsf;
;ldltx¿df Nof08lkmn;fO6 gx'Fbf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg hl6n aGb} uPsf] 5 .
ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g', ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
sfo{qmddf k|efjsfl/tf / e'QmfgLsf] ;/n tl/sf ckgfpg g;Sg', pkef]Qmf
;ldltnfO{ dfkb08sf] kfngf / u'0f:t/ sfod u/fpg] sfo{df pQ/bfoL agfpg
g;Sbf lgld{t k"Jff{wf/ of]hgfx¿ lbuf], u'0f:t/Lo / jftj/0f d}qL aGg g;Sg' /
;8s lgdf{0fdf ePsf] nufgLsf] cg'kftdf pkof]lutf Go"g /xg' cflb ;d:ofx¿
klg b]lvPsf 5g\ .
;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf /xg] ljleGg txsf ;/sf/af6 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, lgIf]k0f / :jfoQ
zf;gsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf
¿kfGt/0f u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns, k|zf;lgs ;dGjo, ;]jf k|jfx /
ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6n] ;Ifd OsfO{sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk'0f{ x'g]
b]lvG5 . o; aLrdf :yfgLo lgsfosf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ :yfgLo hgtfk|lt
pQ/bfoL agfpg], :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, :yfgLo txdf b]lvPsf]
ljQLo hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, ljQLo cfTdlge{/tf /
k|zf;lgs :jfoQtf k|j4{g ug]{, ;dfj]zL / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{,
:yfgLo nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ r'gf}tLx¿ klg ylkb} uPsf 5g\ .
nf]stGqsf] hu :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg k|of;x¿ eP
. :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lb+b} sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg
nfdf] ;dob]lv lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ ;[hgf x'g cfPsf
5g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] tf]s]adf]lhd :yfgLo :t/df ;]jfsf]
;'lglZrttf / u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ lhDd]jf/L nfdf] ;dob]lv k|zf;lgs
kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . hgtfsf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ u/fpg :yfgLo lgsfosf]
;+hfn, sd{rf/L, ljifout lgsfox¿sf] hgzlQm / hg;xeflutfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . o; ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfosf cfjlws
of]hgfsf k|fjwfg, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k4lt / hjfkmb]xL lgjf{x ug]{ Joj:yf
;'b[9 ub}{ s]Gb|Lo gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmddf ;dGjo u/L of]hgfj4 :yfgLo ljsf;
k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] 9fFrf cg'¿k tf]lsg]
lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] u/L :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;Ifd agfpg'kg]{
l:ylt 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t clwsf/ Pj+ ;|f]t ;fwgo'Qm ;dfj]zL
;xeflutfd"ns, Gofok"0f{ / pQ/bfoL :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yflkt ug]{ .

233
%= p2]Zo
lhDd]jf/ Pj+ pQ/bfoL :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fåf/f
;fwg ;|f]t tyf cj;/x¿df hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr Pj+ hgtfsf cfwf/e"t ;]jf
;'ljwfx¿ ;'ne ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf, ;dfj]zL nf]stGq / lgIf]k0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;/sf/sf
ljleGg txaLr cGt/;DaGw Pj+ /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, Goflos tyf ljQLo
clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt u/L :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
2. :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg, k'g;{+/rgf, ;ª\u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f / Ifdtf
ljsf; u/L hgtfsf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ Gofof]lrt k|fyldsLs/0fsf
cfwf/df ;Daf]wg ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
3. lbuf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;, jftfj/0f d}qL / :t/Lo :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf
k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxåf/f cfocfh{gsf cj;/nfO{ ;3g agfpFb} ul/aL
Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
4. ;dtfd'vL / ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ljkGg ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, eflifs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / cj;/ tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
5. ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t Pjd ;dGjofTds of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{sf ;fy}
:yfgLo ;'zf;g / ;]jf k|jfxdf :yfgLo ;d'bfo, gful/s ;dfh, ljsf;
;fem]bf/, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lghL If]qnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .
6. hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{x¿df hgtfsf]
;xeflutf a9fO{ ;dGJfofTds ¿kdf jftfj/0f d}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] k|j4{g
ug]{ .
7. afn d}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf /fhgLlts, ljQLo, k|zf;lgs / Goflos clwsf/ ;DkGg,
;Ifd tyf pQ/bfoL :yfgLo lgsfo :yfkgfsf] nflu cfjZos tof/L sfo{
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;Ifd tyf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ s]Gb| ljGb'df /fVb} k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo
b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g] u/L ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_

234
3. :yfgLo lgsfodfcfjZos bIf Pj+ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf, sfo{/t
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L
agfO{g]5 . -!_
4. :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/L Ifdtf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljQLo ;|f]tnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] If]qut cjwf/0ff cg'¿k
Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -@_
6. vr{sf] ljlgof]hg / Joj:yfkg sfo{df :yfgLo k|fyldstf, ljQLo cg'zf;g,
kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbO{ :yfgLo ;'zf;g k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -@_
7. ljsf; Joj:yfkg / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L
ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L
jgfOg]5 . -@_
8. ljQLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
-@_
9. :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug'{sf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfo ;]jf u7g u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
10. :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] dfWodjf6 pBdlzntf ljsf;
u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
-#_
11. :yfgLo k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf cfjZos k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf / k|fljlws
dfkb08 Pj+ lgodsf] kfngf u/L u'0f:t/ sfod ul/g]5 . -#_
12. >dd"ns, cfw'lgs / jftfj/0f cg's"n k|ljlwsf] pko'Qm ;+of]hg ub}{ :yfgLo
k"jf{wf/ tyf ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
13. :yfgLo lgsfodf e"–pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_
14. ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf / kf/LPsf ljkGg–ju{,
If]q, hft, hflt, lnË / ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf
dfWodaf6 ;zQmLs/0f u/L pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg, / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf]
kx'Fr clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
15. cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 /x]sf, lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf, ckfËtfePsf
gful/s / nf]kf]Gd'v tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfonfO{ Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . -$_

235
16. :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf
Nofpg nlIft ju{sf] clen]v tof/ u/L a+}lsª k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
eQf ljt/0f ul/g]5 . -$_
17. cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf If]qdf /x]sf ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfdf /fli6«otfsf]
;Dj4{gsf nflu ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
18. ljleGg lgsfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdx¿ nufot xfnsf]
;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/L PsLs[t lbuf] / Jojl:yt ;fdflhs
;'/Iff k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
19. :yfgLo lgsfo, ;]jf k|bfos, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 u/L ljsf; Joj:yfkg, of]hgf k|lqmof / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfO{g]5 . -%_
20. :yfgLo :t/df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos ;+:yf
tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf :ki6 ub}{
ltgLx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/k|lt pQ/bfoL agfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfo{
;Dkfbg ul/g]5 . -%_
21. pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;xsf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] sfd
sf/afxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ul/g]5 . -%_
22. :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;"rgfsf] k|f/lDes Pj+ k|fdfl0fs ;|f]tsf ¿kdf ;+:yfut
ljsf; ug{ JolQmut 36gf Pj+ clen]v btf{ / k|df0fLs/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfO{g]5 . -%_
23. ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ :yfgLo lgsfosf]
;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf k4ltdf ;a} ljsf; k|bfos lgsfox¿ ;xefuL x'g]
Joj:yf sfod ul/g]5 . -%_
24. :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 If]qut / ;dli6ut ;"rgf PsLs/0f / ljZn]if0f u/L ;"rgf
;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -%_
25. ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿n] lhNnf:t/df sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;a} ufpF ljsf;
;ldltnfO{ 5gf}6 u/L nlIft ;d'bfodf sfo{qmd k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .
-%_
26. jftfj/0f d}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] vfsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'sf ;fy}
:yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ubf{ jftfj/0f d}qL pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g]5 . -^_
27. u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qsf] ;/;kmfO{ / kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf k|To]s 3/,
kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ub}{ lghL tyf ;fd'bflos If]qsf] ;xeflutf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -^_

236
28. :yfgLo lgsfodf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg"s'ng / ljkb Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/L sfo{qmd th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -^_
29. gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qdf gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ejgx¿df ejg lgdf{0f ;lx+tf
nfu" ul/g]5 . -^_
30. :yfgLo txdf afn d}qL zf;g /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -&_

*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 :yfgLo lgsfo cg'bfg sfo{qmd M o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t :yfgLo lgsfox¿df
;"qsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg ljt/0f Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udgsf] sfo{ ul/g]5 .
o;sf] lgldQ sfo{ljlw, lgb]{lzsf / ;"rsx¿ cBfjlBs ul/g]5g\ . :yfgLo
lgsfosf] cg'bfgnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t agfpg Go"gtd zt{ tyf
sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ glthfd"ns agfOg]5 .
 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] dd{ / efjgf cg'¿k
;dfhsf Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, blnt ju{, nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L÷hghflt
Pj+ czQm, ckfËtf ePsf gful/sx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dha"t ug{ ;fdflhs
;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f sfo{qmddf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg a}lsË ;fdflhs eQf
ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] k|efj, lbuf]kgf /
cGo kIfsf] jf/]df k'g/jnf]sg u/L PsLs[t, lbuf] / Jojl:yt k|0ffnL :yflkt
ul/g]5 .
 ;dfj]zL ljsf; tyf nlIft ;d"x ljsf; sfo{qmd M o; cGtu{t ljutdf
;~rfng ul/Psf ;fdflhs tyf ljz]if nlIft sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb}
cfjZostf cg';f/sf yk gofF sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . Ho]i7 gful/s,
czQm, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt tyf Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff Joj:yf,
/fli6«o blnt cfof]u, af}4 bz{g k|j4{g tyf u'Daf ljsf; ;ldlt, cflbjf;L
hghflt pTyfg / r]kfË ljsf; sfo{qmd, pk]lIft, pTkLl8t tyf blnt ju{
pTyfg tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd, dw]zL, lk58f ju{ / d'l:nd pTyfg sfo{qmd,
jfbL pTyfg ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]5g\ .
 :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd M lgMzt{, ;zt{ / ljz]if nlIft sfo{qmd
cGtu{t k|jfx x'g] ah]6af6 ;8s, u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL, emf]n'Ë] k'n, ;8s k'n,
;fgf l;+rfO / gbL lgoGq0f, j}slNks pmhf{, ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ kmf]x/d}nf
Joj:yfkg, a:tL ljsf; tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng x'g]5g\ .
 ;'zf;g k|j4{g tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfng sfo{qmd M o; cGtu{t ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 gful/sx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ tyf ;"rgf, lzIff tyf
;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf

237
 :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu,
:yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]u, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;
sfo{qmd, :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / k~hLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5g\ .
 jftfj/0f d}qL :yfgLo zf;g M :yfgLo :t/df :yfgLo lgsfosf] cu'jfOdf ;a}
3/kl/jf/sf] ;+nUgtfdf cleofgs} ¿kdf jftfj/0f d}qL :yfgLo zf;g
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;cGtu{t jftfj/0fd}qL 3/kl/jf/, 6f]na:tL,
j8f, ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf Pj+ lhNnfsf nflu 5'§f5'§} Go"gtd
cfwf/e"t / qmdzM pRr:t/sf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f, jftfj/0f d}qL ljsf; /
:jR5 jftfj/0f k|j4{g ug{ kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, vfg]kfgL tyf
;/;kmfO, s[lif, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng sfo{qmd, :jR5 pmhf{ / ljkb\
Joj:yfkg h:tf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ ;a} lgsfo Pj+ ljsf; ;fem]bf/nfO{ Pp6}
ynf]df NofO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 ;fdflhs kl/rfng M :yfgLo lgsfon] ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ cfd gful/ssf]
;zQmLs/0fsf nflu xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ¿kfGt/0fLo ;fdflhs
kl/rfngnfO{ j8f gful/s d~r tyf gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
dfkm{t\ yk 3gLe"t agfO{ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] ultljlwnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ nlug]5 .
;fdflhs kl/rfng ul/Psf gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|h:tf ;d"xsf] cfly{s ;+j[l4
xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofOg]5 .
 afn d}qL :yfgLo zf;g M afn d}qL :yfgLo ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ :yfgLo
of]hgf k|lqmofdf cfa4 ub}{ afnaflnsfsf] arfp, ;+/If0f, lgsf; / ;xeflutf
nufotsf cfjZostfx¿af/] afn d}qL /0fgLlt / sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v ePsf
;"rs k|flKt ug{ ;|f]t kl/rfng ul/g]5 . afn d}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] nflu
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo gLltaLr ;fdGh:otf sfod ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ljz]if
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
 ;"rgf Joj:yfkg M ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo of]hgf k4lt :yflkt ug{ :yfgLo
txdf ;[hgf x'g] ;"rgfnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;+sng, k|zf]wg / kl/rfng
ug{ ;"rgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|To]s cfof]hgf sfo{qmdsf cleGg cË agfOg]5 .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿df lhNnf of]hgf cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f k4ltnfO{
;'b[9 ul/g]5 .
 ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{qmd M :yfgLo:t/sf ljjfbaf6 ljsf;df gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ ;fdflhs ;b\efj k|j4{g ug{ ;fd'bflos txdf g} ;d'bfon]
5gf}6 u/]sf d]nldnfkstf{sf] ;dGjodf ljjfb ;dfwfg u/L ;d'bfodf
;f}xfb|{tf sfod u/L ljsf;d}qL jftfj/0f :yflkt ul/g]5 .

238
 :yfgLo cfly{s ;d[l4 sfo{qmd M o; cGtu{t :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk /
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L / Ifdtf ljsf;;Fu
;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{
:yfgLo:t/sf jl~rtLdf k/]sf ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf
u/fOg]5 . o; cGtu{t b'u{d Pj+ ljz]if If]q ljsf; sfo{qmd, s0ff{nL /f]huf/
sfo{qmd, g]kfn vfB ;+s6 ;Daf]wg sfo{qmd, ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbg, nB' pBd
sfo{qmd, au/ v]tL sfo{qmd h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'g]5g\ . gu/kflnsf
tyf gu/f]Gd'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf :yfgLo
pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3;+u ;d]t ;+jfb / ;xsfo{ u/L :yfgLo cfly{s j[l4sf
sfo{qmdx¿ / u|fdL0f If]qdf cToGt ljkGg ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L cfocfh{g /
cfly{s ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 :yfgLo ljQLo ;'zf;g k|j4{g M ;fj{hlgs ljQLo sfo{ ;Dkfbg, k|efjsfl/tf /
sfo{bIftfsf] lgldQ ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L :yfgLo txdf
glthf tyf k|lqmofdf b]lvg] ljQLo ;'zf;g hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ :yfgLo
lgsfosf] ljQLo ;'zf;g sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogdfkm{t\ ljQLo
;'zf;g sfod ul/g]5 .
 :yfgLo lgsfo k'gM;+/rgf M gofF ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf /
zf;sLo :j¿knfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;fdflhs, k|zf;sLo tyf ljQLo ¿kdf
pko'Qm OsfOsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf]
k'gM;+/rgf u/L Joj:yfkg of]Uo agfpg cfjZos tof/Lsf sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 .
 ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;'b[9Ls/0f M :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L, /fh:j
clwsf/ / cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L
;'wf/ ug{] sfo{ ul/g]5 . ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo ;DaGw
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] u/L :yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ul/g]5 .
 cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg M :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ pknJw u/fOg] cg'bfg nufot ;a}
;|f]taf6 ;+rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf] glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ul/g],
lhNnf of]hgf cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ :YffgLo lgsfodf /fhgLlts kbflwsf/Lsf]
Joj:yf ePsf] x'g]5, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% ;Fu aflemPsf P]g x?
;+zf]wg eO{ :yfgLo lgsfo ;DaGwL gLlt, P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/
ePsf] x'g]5, gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ / dfkb08 k'/f ePsf
gu/ pGd'v uflj;x? ;dfj]z u/L gofF gu/kflnsfx? :yfkgf ePsf x'g]5g\, &%
j6} lhNnfsf] cfjlws lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f, &% j6f lhNnfsf] ;8s u'?

239
of]hgf;+u ;dGjo u/L gu/:t/Lo ;8s u'? of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g]5, #^@% uf=lj=;
df ;fdflhs kl/rfng dfkm{t gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb| lj:tf/ / ;'b[l9s/0f x'g]5,
&% j6} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ;j} gu/kflnsfx? tyf *) k|ltzt uf=lj=;
;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u
u/L ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjdf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5, ;j} gu/kflnsfdf /fli6«o ejg
lgdf{0f cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog, ^) g=kf df PsLs[t ;+klQs/ sfof{Gjog, &)
gu/kflnsfdf PsLs[t hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]5, JolQmut 36gf btf{
() k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5, lgld{t :yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] pkof]uaf6 :yfgLo hgtfn]
kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr ;xh x'g]5 . cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? j[l4
eO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ x'g]5, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf k|efjsfl/tf / e'QmfgLsf]
;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ !)) g=kf tyf !%)) uf=lj=;=df j}ÍlsË k|0ffnL dfkm{t
;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt ePsf] x'g]5, ljQLo :jfoQtf /
ljlgof]hg bIftf clej[l4sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ljQLo ;|f]tnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
If]qut cjwf/0ff cg'?k Jojl:yt ul/Psf] x'g]5, :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 vr{ x'g]
;du| ljQLo ;|f]tdf ljQLo hjfkmb]xL ;'lglZrt e} ljQLo hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ePsf]
x'g]5, ljsf; Joj:yfkg / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg :yfgLo lgsfodf
ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljlQo k|zf;g ljB'tLo
dfWodjf6 ;+rfng ePsf] x'g]5, pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ /
hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] cfrf/;+lxtf :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjog ePsf]
x'g]5, b]ze/L afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;gsf] cEof; k|f/De eO{ :yfgLo lgsfosf
cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf k|lqmofdf afnaflnsfsf] ;afnx? ;+af]lwt ePsf]
x'g]5, jftfj/0fd}qL :yfgLo zf;g k|f?k @)&) sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] x'g]5 . ;j}
g=kf / uf=lj=; df lhNnf of]hgf cg'udg tyf ljZn]if0f k4lt ;3g k|of]u x'g]5 .
^=$=@ k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng
!= k[i7e"ld
k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ / If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{ ljsf;sf k|ltkmnx¿
;dfg ¿kdf pknJw u/fpg' cToGt vfFrf] 5 . b]zsf] ;af{lË0f ljsf; ug{ If]qLo
;Gt'ngsf] gLlt lnO{ ljutdf ljljw sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng e} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] ljifo cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df pknAw
;|f]t ;fwg / cj;/df ;dfg kx'Fr, klxrfg / k|ltlglwTjsf] ;dGoflos
;'lglZrttf x'g h?/L x'G5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o
cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f Pj+ If]qLo ljsf;sf] ljifo cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
rf}yf] cfjlws of]hgfb]lv If]qLo ;Gt'ngsf] gLlt lnO{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
eO{ cfPsf x'g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df k5fl8 k/]sf] ju{ / If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n wf/df
;dflxt ug]{ nIo k|flKtsf] nflu s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]u, ;'b"/klZrd ljsf;

240
cfof]usf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} cfly{s jif{ @)^#÷^$ b]lv s0ff{nL If]qsf] ljsf;
/ /f]huf/Lsf nflu s0ff{nL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
:yfgLo lgsfo cg'bfg sfo{qmd, sfdsf] nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmd :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿, klZrd pRr kxf8L ul/aL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf, s0ff{nL If]q
s]lGb|t ljleGg ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd nufotaf6 To; If]qsf] ;fdflhs ljsf;
/ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt
ug{ s0ff{nL c~rnsf ^) jif{ gf3]sf Ho]i7 gful/s / % jif{ d'lgsf
jfnjflnsfnfO{ kf]if0fsf dfl;s eQf /sd pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg
;d'bfo jf If]qnfO{ nlIft u/L tyf z;QmLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t ;~rfngdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfo]un] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{ dfgj ljsf;, ul/aL, ef}lts Pj+
;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] ;"rsf+ssf] cfwf/df k5fl8 k/]sf ljsf; If]qx¿nfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fvL gLlt lgdf{0fsf ;fy} ;fwg ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, cfly{s ljkGgtf tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf] ju{nfO{
;Djf]wg ug]{ k|of;sf jfjh'b klg jflG5t ¿kdf pknlAw xfln; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g
. gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut k|of; ePklg k5fl8 k/]sf If]qx¿ k5fl8 g}
5g\ . ;du|¿kdf ul/aL 36] tfklg If]qut lx;fjdf ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf
$%=^ k|ltzt, ef}uf]lns lx;fjdf lxdfndf $@=# k|ltzt, hfltut cfwf/df
blntdf $#=^ k|ltzt ul/aL /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df g]kfnsf] ;du| dfgj
ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf j[l4 ePsf] eP tfklg dWoklZrd tyf ;'b"/klZrd ljsf;If]q g}
dfgj ljsf;sf] b[li6n] sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . oL b'O{ ljsf; If]qsf] klg lxdfnL / kxfl8
* j6f lhNnf / k"jL{ t/fO{sf @ u/L !) j6f lhNnfsf] ;"rsf+s Go"g 5 . n}lu+s
ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf kxf8L If]q -)=%!%_ cufl8 /x]klg lxdfnL If]q -)=$#)_ lgs}
k5fl8 /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;d'bfo Pj+ :yfg ljz]ifsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog x'g
g;Sg', u}/ ;/sf/L / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿sf] k|of; d"ntM ;xh kx'Fr ePsf
;'ljwfo'Qm :yfgdf s]lGb|t x'g', pgLx¿sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ;dlGjt 9+udf
;~rfng Pj+ cg'udg ug{ g;Sg', ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / hl6ntfsf sf/0f dfgj
jl:tx¿ 5l/P/ /x]sfn] ljsf; vlr{nf] x'g', ljsf;sf ;|f]t ;fwgdf :yfgLo
hgtfsf] ;xeflutf sd x'g', :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg
k|efjsf/L gx'g', nfdf] ;do :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglwTj gx'Fbf pQ/bfloTj /
hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ /xg', ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|ltkmn ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg
g;Sg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{, ljleGg
If]qdf /x]sf t'ngfTds nfesf j:t'sf] pTkfbg, ;d'bfo kl/rfng, ljsf;df
gful/s ;+nUgtf, ljleGg If]q, ;d'bfo tyf ju{ nlIft sfo{qmd, :yfgLo ;+3 ;:yf

241
kl/rfng, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ljleGg lgsfo aLrsf] ;dGjofTds ;+oGqsf] ljsf;dfkm{t\
If]qLo ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
ljleGg If]qsf gful/sx¿aLrsf] hLjg:t/df /x]sf] c;dfgtf 36fpg] .
%= p2]Zo
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf dfgjLo b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf If]qx¿sf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8
lbO{ If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L tL If]qsf] k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cfwf/df
nufgL j[l4 ug]{ .
2. PsLs[t k|fb]lzs ljsf; of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg ubf{ cfly{s ;fdflhs, dfgjLo tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf
b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf ;'b"/klZrd tyf s0f{nL nufotsf If]qx¿nfO{ ljz]if
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
2. If]qut t'ngfTds nfe Pj+ :yfgLo k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df :yfgLo
;fwg, ;|f]t / ;Lk pkof]u x'g] vfnsf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ hf]8
lbOg]5 . -!_
3. k"jf{wf/ tyf dfgjLo ;fwgsf] ljsf;df k5L k/]sf If]qdf ef}lts, ;fdflhs /
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug{ k|fyldstfsf;fy nufgL
j[l4 u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. t'ngfTds nfe pRr ePsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u ug]{ lsl;dsf
sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df u/L sfo{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;+efJo pTkfbgzLn If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L pRr d"Nosf s[lif pkh, kmnk"mn
tyf h8La'6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ug{ lghL If]q, ;xsf/L tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
6. ;'b"/klZrd ljsf; cfof]u tyf s0ff{nL ljsf; cfof]usf] sfo{If]qdf ;~rfng
ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf ;DalGwt cfof]ux¿nfO{
k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ agfO{g]5 . -@_

242
7. ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]q, ;xsf/L, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L If]q tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf If]qLo ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
-@_
8. lhNnfut ¿kdf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg lgsfnL ;fwg ;|f]tsf]
;dfg'kflts afF8kmfF6af6 ;Gt'lnt ljsf; xfl;n ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;dfj]zL ljsf;M nlIft If]q tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt
ub}{ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmndf clwstd nfe k|fKt ug]{ u/L o; sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t
/ ;dGjofTds 9+un] ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 Ifdtf ljsf; M ljz]if If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yf ;'wf/df
kx'Fr j[l4 ug{sf nflu pko'Qm Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5g\ .
 nlIft sfo{qmdM nlIft If]q tyf ;d'bfosf gful/snfO{ ;+af]wg ug]{ u/L
pgLx¿sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s tyf hftLo klxrfgsf nflu
ljz]if cj;/ / k|ltkmndf kx'Fr k'Ug] u/L sfo{x¿ ul/g]5g\ .
 ;fdflhs ;'/IffM ljkGg nf]kf]Gd'v Pj+ ;fdflhs cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts ¿kdf
kl5 k/]sf / kfl/Psf nlIft If]q tyf ;d'bfosf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu
cfly{s tyf u}/ cfly{s sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
d'n'ssf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf dfgjLo,
ljsf;sf] cj:yfsf] aLrdf /x]sf] b"/L sd ePsf] x'g]5 . nlIft If]q tyf ;d'bfosf]
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 / pgLx¿sf] ;fF:s[lts Pj+ eflifs ;Dkbfx¿sf]
;+/If0f ePsf] x'g]5 .

^=% jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g

!=k[i7e"ld
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj cg's"ng ub}{ ;dli6ut ljsf;sf
nIox¿ xfl;n ug]{ dxTTjk"0f{ ;jfnnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfnn] o; If]qdf ePsf
cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf ;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg tyf ;lDdng ub}{ tbg'¿k /fli6«o
gLlt, sfg'g tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kIfdf kg]{
k|efj tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ xl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L tyf /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yf ;d]tsf]

243
;lqmotfdf /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo cg's"ngsf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{qmdx¿, sfa{g
Jofkf/sf] yfngL, jftfj/0fLo ;+j]bgzLntfsf d'2fx¿sf] cfGtl/sLs/0f /
;Daf]wgsf h:tf k|of;x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf If]qdf ePsf
;fj{hlgs vr{ Plsg ug{ klxnf]k6s g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ah]6 ;+s]tsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
:yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{qmdnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf jftfj/0fLo lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf / dfkb08sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng tyf k|efj Go"gLs/0f, k|ljlw ljsf; tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f;DaGWfL
sfo{qmd, jftfj/0f ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf k|j4{g sfo{qmd, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo'
kl/j{tg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw÷dxf;lGwx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] cWoog
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} bL3f{o' ljiffbLsf] ;'/lIft Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ ;DkGGf
ePsf] 5 . jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;lGw÷dxf;lGwx¿sf] cg'df]bg u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f /
lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ g]kfndf sfo{¿k lbg sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ .
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf; sfo{;+u cfa4 ug]{ qmddf jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/;DaGwL dfkb08 Pj+
g]kfn ;jf/L k|b"if0f;DaGwL dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmof klg ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . lgoldt
¿kdf jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+/rgf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{x¿ e} cfPsf
5g\ . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f k|j4{g, hgr]tgf clej[l4 Pj+ jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;g sfod
ug]{ sfo{sf nflu jftfj/0f ljefusf] u7g ePsf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo cg'udg,
lg/LIf0f / k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljefusf] :yfkgfkl5 cem Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg{;Sg] k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ /fli6«o cg's"ng
sfo{of]hgf tof/ e} sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmdsf] :yfgLo
txdf sfof{Gjogdf n}]hfg] qmddf dWoklZrd / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf !$ lhNnfsf
^( ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / Ps gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfx¿
th'{df e}/x]sf] 5 . :jR5 pmhf{sf] ljsf;af6 Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn cGtu{t sfa{g
Jofkf/af6 g]kfnn] cfDbfgL k|fKt ug{ ;'? ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;fy} xl/t cy{tGqsf]
cjwf/0ff cjnDag / Go"g sfa{g pT;h{g ljsf; /0fgLlt th'{df sfo{ ;d]t
e}/x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df gLltut kIfdf u/]sf] pknlAwnfO{
d"Nof+sg u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLaf6 g]kfnnfO{ Unf]an ln8/zLk cjf8{ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 .

244
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ePsf] tfkdfg a9f]Q/Laf6 lxdfnsf] lxpF klUng],
lxdtfnx¿ ljikmf]6g x'g] vt/f a9\g', df};dL k|j[lQdf kl/jt{gaf6 s[lif If]qdf
gsf/fTds c;/ kg'{, h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfpg', hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg'{,
vfB;'/Iffdf ;+s6 cfpg', k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf a9\g', ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/
;+/rgfx¿df c;/ kg'{ t/ cg's"ngsf] Ifdtf a9fpg g;Sg'h:tf ;d:of o;
If]qdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/af6 cg's"lnt x'g', jftfj/0fLo cg's"ntf sfod ug'{,
cf}Bf]lus tyf cGo dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿af6 x'g] pT;h{gnfO{ Go"g ug'{, ul/aL /
cGo sf/0fx¿af6 x'g] jg ljgf;nfO{ /f]Sg', hnjfo' ljQdf kx'Fr a9fO{ glthfd"ns
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{, hnjfo' ljQnfO{ /fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdf ;d]6\g', jftfj/0f
;+/If0f;DaGwdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
hg:t/df g} cfGtl/sLs/0f ug'{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o
d~rx¿df g]kfnh:tf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 hf]lvddf k/]sf b]zx¿sf] ;femf cfjfh
:yflkt ug'{ o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Pj+ ;fwgsf] ljj]szLn k|of]uåf/f :jR5 Pj+ :j:y jftfj/0f ;[hgf
u/L lbuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug]{ .
%=p2]Zo
xl/t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k dfgjLo lqmofsnfk / ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ jftfj/0f
d}qL agfpFb} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n c;/;+u cg's"lnt x'g] .
^=/0fgLlt
1. ljsf; sfo{qmddf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ .
2. k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f tyf jftfj/0fLo pTk|]/0ffnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lb+b} hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ cg's"lnt agfpg] / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;Dkbfsf]
lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
3. hn tyf df};d lj1fg;DaGwL ;]jfnfO{ ljZj;gLo, e/kbf]{, lgoldt, u'0ffTds
agfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfg]{ c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df kl/rflnt ug]{ .

245
&= sfo{gLlt
1. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gx¿sf] th'{df / ljBdfg
sfg'gx¿,jftfj/0fLo gLlt lgod cBfjlws ;+oGqsf] ;anLs/0f / ;+:yfut
Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
2. :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfdfkm{t\ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo
txdf sfof{Gjog u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofOg]5 . -!_
3. hg:t/df jftfj/0fLo r]tgf / ;fjwfgL hufpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-!_
4. jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sfo{sf] lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf
jftfj/0f dGqfnoaf6 /fli6«o s]Gb| ljGb'sf] ¿kdf ;dGjo ul/g]5 . -!_
5. g]kfn kIf ePsf jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;lGw tyf dxf;lGwx¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/L
ljz]iftM Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn cGtu{tsf] :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqaf6 a9LeGbf a9L nfe
lng ;DjlGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
6. jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofsnfkdf bft[ lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,
:yfgLo lgsfo, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf Pj+ cGo lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L
ul/g]5 . -@_
7. jftfj/0f d}qL tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng x'g] vfnsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df
hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
8. jftfj/0f d}qL of]hgf vfsf cg'¿k of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf
cGtlg{sfo ;dGjonfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -@_
9. xl/t cy{tGqsf] vfsf tof/ u/L xl/t ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd ljsf; u/L
cfly{s lqmofsnfksf ;a} If]qdf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ . -@_
10. /fhwfgL nufotsf 7"nf zx/df /x]sf gbLx¿sf] k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf
hn, hldg, Wjlg tyf jfo' k|b"if0f /f]syfd ug]{ . -@_
11. hf]lvdo'Qm kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfo{
cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -@_
12. jfo' k|b"if0f, hn k|b"if0f, e"–k|b"if0f, Wjlg–k|b"if0f h:tf jftfj/0fLo kIfsf yk
dfkb08 th'{df Pj+ kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
13. zx/L If]qsf] k|b"if0fnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq Nofpg] / u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{
arfO{ /fVg] ljleGg vfnsf k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0fsf ljz]if sfo{qmd tof/ u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_

246
14. æk|b"ifsn] ltg'{k5{Æ / æk|b"if0f x6fpFbf klg kmfObf x'G5Æ eGg] l;4fGt nfu" ug{
cfjZos ;+oGqsf] ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ub}{ jftfj/0f d}qL OGwg k|of]u tyf
sd k|b"if0f ug]{ oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u a9fpg k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
15. a9\b} uPsf] k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0f ug{ pRrk|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_
16. jftfj/0f tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ul/aL tyf jftfj/0fLo
pTk|]/0ff sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
17. xfnsf] df};d k"jf{g'dfg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ NofO{ a9L e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo
agfOg]5 . -#_
18. pko'Qm k|ljlw 5gf}6 u/L af9L eljiojf0fL k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft ul/g]5 . -#_
19. xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf hn tyf df};dL s]Gb|x¿af6 tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{sf]
nflu 6]lnd]6«L k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
20. k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cfosf] lglZrt k|ltzt /sd k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
;+/If0f tyf jftfj/0fLo cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g sfo{qmd M o; cGtu{t jftfj/0f lzIff,
jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Gb]zd"ns ;fdu|L pTkfbg / k|rf/k|;f/, jftfj/0fLo
;/;kmfO{, jftfj/0f d}qL k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg, jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt
n}lËs d}qL sfo{qmd, jftfj/0f ;|f]t k':tsfno :yfkgf, xl/t zx/ lgdf{0fdf
;r]tgf / ;fO{sn k|of]unfO{ k|j4{g / k|f]T;fxg sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f cg's"ng tyf ;dfg's"ng tyf :jR5 ljsf; ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx¿ M o; cGtu{t /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{qmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿,
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k/]sf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf cg's"ng lqmofsnfk
;~rfng, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj hf]lvd;DaGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{
lqmofsnfk ;~rfng, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+3;+:yf Pj+ pQm
If]qsf ljz]if1x¿sf] of]Uotf;lxtsf] ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{qmd,
:jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd / b]zsf ljleGg
ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df h}ljs ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t jfof] len]hx¿ :yfkgf
ul/g]5 .
 jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f lgoGq0f / cg'udg M o; cGtu{t jftfj/0f;DaGwL P]g,
lgod, lgb]{lzsf, gLlt, dfkb08 sfof{Gjog Pj+ k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf Pj+ pkTosf aflx/sf k|d'v
zx/x¿sf] jfo' u'0f:t/ dfkg Pj+ Joj:yfkg, ;jf/L ;fwg, ljleGg pBf]u Pj+

247
 k|lti7fgx¿af6 lgisfzg x'g] w'nf] w'Fjfsf] Wjlg k|b"if0f, kmf]xf]/ kfgL;DaGwL
cWoog Pj+ dfkg / Knfli6ssf emf]nfsf] lgoGq0f Pj+ lgodg ul/g]5 .
 nfdf] ;do;Dd c;/ /xg] ljiffbL tyf xflgsf/s kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg M o;
cGtu{t ljB'tLo nufotsf cGo xflgsf/s kmf]x/d}nfsf] ljj/0f tof/L Pj+
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{ / nfdf] ;do;Dd c;/ /xg] ljiffbLsf]
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg nufot /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f sfo{qmd M o; cGtu{t
k|fs[lts ;Dkbf jf ;f}Gbo{k/s, b'n{e jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf, jg:klt,
P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f:s[lts dxTTjsf :ynx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 .
 jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍg tyf k/LIf0f sfo{qmd M jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍg
k/LIf0f ;DaGwdf If]qut lgb]{lzsf lbUbz{g tof/L, jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍg
ePsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k/LIf0f, k|f/lDes jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍgsf] cg'udg /
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg tyf o;;DaGwL k|ltj]bgsf] k|fljlws kIfdf cWoog
Pj+ /fo ;'emfjsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 jftfj/0fLo k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf sfo{qmd M s]Gb|Lo jftfj/0f k|of]uzfnf
:yfkgfsf nflu ;DefJotf cWoog, jftfj/0fLo k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ug]{,
k|of]uzfnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ / If]qLo :t/df
jftfj/0fLo k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
 ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f M o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t Xl/t cy{tGqsf] vfsf th'{df,
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ug'{kg]{ ;+zf]wgsf sfo{x¿, Jfftfj/0f
ljefusf] Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ / sd{rf/Lsf] ljleGg
lsl;dsf ;Lk tyf Ifdtf clej[l4h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 hn tyf df};d;DaGwL sfo{qmd M o; cGtu{t df};d k"jf{g'dfg k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/,
af9L eljiojf0fL k|0ffnL ;'?jft / 6]lnd]6«L k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf sfo{
ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
;a} lsl;dsf k|b"if0f /f]syfd / Go"gLs/0f ug{ dfkb08 kl/kfng ug]{ cj:yfsf]
;[hgf ePsf] x'g], hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, cg's"ng / ;dofg's"ng
sfod ePsf] x'g], s]Gb| / If]qdf u/L ^ j6f k|of]uzfnfsf] :yfkgf x'g], @) j6f
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg ePsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k/LIf0f ePsf] x'g], /fli6«o
;fIff/tf b/;Fu ;dfg x'g] u/L jftfj/0fLo lzIff / ;r]tgf clej[l4 eO{ /fli6«o
;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f x'g] .

248
^=^ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
!= k[i7e"ld
b]zsf] ljlzi6 ef}uf]lns agf]6, ef}ule{s ultzLntf, k|fs[lts tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
Pj+ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkjf6 l;lh{t ljkb\sf b[li6n] g]kfn pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf]
d'n's xf] . ljutsf ljsf; k|lqmofdf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;f/e"t 9ª\un]
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ g;Sbf 7"nf] wghgsf] gf]S;fg / dxTTjk"0f{ ef}lts ;+/rgfdf
Iflt k'Ug uPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, v8]/L, lxdtfn ljikmf]6g,
e"sDk, dxfdf/L, zLtnx/, r6\ofË cflb k|d'v k|sf]ksf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;sf
cltl/Qm a8{ km\n', :jfOg km\n' h:tf gofF k|s[ltsf dxfdf/L, cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf,
lj:kmf]6g, laiffn' kbfy{;Fu ;DalGwt ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ ;d]t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
hyfefjL lgdf{0f ul/g] 3/ tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿af6 ljkb\ hf]lvd cem a9\b}
uPsf] tyf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds k|efjx¿n]
jftfj/0fLo k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpFb} uPsf] 5 . o:tf hf]lvdnfO{ :jLsfo{ /
;+efJo txdf 36fpg ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ gLltut, If]qut tyf sfo{qmlds ;j}
txdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg' h?/L ePsf] 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/sf]
PSnf] k|of; dfq} kof{Kt x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL If]q,
gful/s ;dfh nufot ;j} If]qsf] PsLs[t k|of; h?/L x'G5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v sfg'gL b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf b}jL k|sf]k
p4f/ P]g, @)#(, ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfosf]
sfo{ tyf e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
lgdf{0f ul/g] ejgnfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]wL agfpg ejg P]g, @)%% tyf ejg lgdf{0f
;+lxtf, @)^# sf] th'{df u/L gu/kflnsf If]qdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ljkb\
Joj:yfkgnfO{ PsLs[t 9Ëaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ gofF ;+/rgfTds tyf ;+:yfut k|jGw
ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf nflu gofF ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]gsf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOPsf]
5 . e"sDk, af9L klx/f], lxdkft, ljikmf]6, cfunfuL, ;'Vvf, cfFlwa]x/L, zLtnx/
h:tf ;DefJo ;a} k|sf/sf ljkb\hGo cj:yfx¿sf] k"j{;"rgf ;+s6f;Gg cj:yfdf
tyf If]qx¿df /x]sf ;d'bfo / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿nfO{ pknAw u/fO{ ;Defljt
ljkb\af6 hf]lug / k"j{tof/Lsf] nflu cfjZos k|aGw ug{ ;3fpg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon]
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf] r/0fdf /x]sf]
5 . af9L k|efljt s]xL If]qx¿df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
u/L ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] / h;af6 s]xL ck]lIft glthf ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf]
5.
hnjfo' tyf df};dsf] eljiojf0fL ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfpFb} nluPsf] 5 .
hnjfo' tyf df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ j}1flgsLs/0f ub}{ If]qut cfwf/df

249
;d]t df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ub}{ nluPsf] 5 . e"sDkLo t/Ësf]
;"rgf b]ze/sf e"sDkLo ;~hfn dfkm{t\ /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|af6 k|fKt u/L
tTsfn} /fli6«o cfkt\sfnLg sfo{;~rfng s]Gb| dfkm{t\ k|jfx ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . ljkb\hGo 36gfx¿sf] ;"rgf k|efljt If]qx¿af6 t'?Gt k|fKt u/L Joj:yfkg
ug],{ ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|jfx Pj+ p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{sf] ;dGjosf nflu u[x
dGqfno ljkb\ Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf cGtu{t /fli6«o cfkt\sfnLg sfo{;~rfng
s]Gb|nfO{ rf}la;} 306f ;~rfngdf NofO{Psf] 5 . lhNnfx¿af6 ;"rgfsf] ;+sng,
ljZn]if0f, k|jfx / p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{df ;dGjo ug{ ;a} If]q tyf lhNnfx¿df
cfkt\sfnLg sfo{;~rfng s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/b}+ nluPsf] 5 . ljkb\;Fu ;DalGwt
;a} k|sf/sf ;"rgf tyf ljj/0fx¿nfO{ Pp6} :yfgaf6 k|fKt u/L ljkb\
Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{nfO{ yk ult lbg / ljkb\;DaGwL ;"rgfdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{
ljB'tLo ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t kf]6{n tyf ;km\6j]o/sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . sf7df8f}+
pkTosfdf e"sDkLo hf]lvdnfO{ dWogh/ u/L cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf ;~rfng ug{
;lsg] u/L ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu *# :yfgx¿nfO{ v'nfIf]qx¿ klxrfg u/L tL
:yfgx¿df ljkb\sf ;dodf cf>o:ynsf nflu vfg]kfgL nufot cfjZos
Joj:Yffsf] tof/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ g;Sg', ljkb\ Joj:yfkg÷hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf sd /xg', ;d'bfodf ;r]tgfsf] sdL
/xg', ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ r':t e/kbf]{ agfpg g;lsg', ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f÷ljkb\
Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmofdf sdhf]/ ;dGjo /xg', p4f/ tyf vf]h sfo{df k/Dk/fut
1fg tyf ;Lksf] pkof]u ug{ g;lsg', ejg ;+lxtf k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf
gcfpg', ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf gx'g', ljsf;
cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ljkb\ hf]lvdsf] cj:yfnfO{ cWoog / ljZn]if0f gul/g',
ljsf; of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf g} ljkb\ hf]lvd d"NofÍg ug]{
k4ltsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ g;lsg' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / jftfj/0fLo tyf hnjfo'hGo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kaf6 cufl8 a9fpg g;lsg', ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;Dk"0f{
r/0fx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;Daf]wg gul/g', ljkb\sf] 36gf kZrft\ dfq p4f/ tyf
/fxt ljj/0f sfo{df s]lGb|t /xg', ljkb\ k|ltsfo{sf nflu PsLs[t p4f/ tyf vf]h
6f]nLsf] lgdf{0f u/L Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug{ g;Sg', p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{
kZrft\ k'gM:yfkgf / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t–;fwgsf] cefj x'g' h:tf
r'gf}tL 5g\ .

250
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
g]kfnnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdaf6 ljkb\ ;xgzLn
(disaster resilient) agfpg] .

%= p2]Zo
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd tyf o;sf c;/x¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{
ljsf; k|lqmofdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;j} rqmx¿sf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljkb\
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|efjsf/L sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{ .
2. ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{df u}/;/sf/L, lghL If]q tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfo ;d]tsf]
;fem]bf/L clej[l4 ub}{ ;"rgf k|jfx / ;dGjo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
3. ljkb\af6 pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ k"j{ tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug{ 5'§} cfjZos sfg'g tyf lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ nfO{ ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g u/L
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_
3. ljkb\ Joj:yfkg /fli6«o sfo{ d~rnfO{ lqmofzLn agfOg]5 . -@_
4. PsLs[t ;"rgf s]Gb|, cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|, vf]h tyf p4f/, ljkb\
hf]lvd cNkLs/0f nufotsf sfo{x¿nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg /fli6«o ljkb\
Joj:yfkg lgsfo dfkm{t\ k|efjsf/L Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 .
-@_
5. ljkb\ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg /fli6«o tyf
cGt{/fli6«o ;ª\3 ;:yf tyf bft[ lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf nflu ljkb\
Joj:yfkg /fli6«o sfo{d~r dfkm{t\ ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
6. ljkb\;DaGwL tYo, tYofÍx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt\ ug{ PsLs[t ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ljsf;
ub}{ of]hgf, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg;Ddsf ;a} rqmx¿df ljkb\sf sf/0f x'g
;Sg] Ifltsf] ef}lts tyf cfly{s d"No ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k4ltnfO{
;+:yfut ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_

251
7. k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ lskmfotL agfpg h}ljs tyf :yfgLo 1fg÷k|ljlwsf]
;d]t pkof]u ul/g]5 .-#_
8. a[xt\ k|s[ltsf ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgf tof/ ubf{ ljkb\ hf]lvd
ljZn]if0f tyf Go"gLs/0f of]hgf clgjfo{¿kn] tof/ ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf nfu"
ul/g]5 . -#_
9. kfFr} ljsf; If]q / &% j6} lhNnfx¿df cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng ug{
s]Gb|;Fu ;~hfn :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ;a} ;'/Iff lgsfodf 5'§} ljlzli6s[t vf]h / p4f/ (search and rescue) 6f]nL
u7g u/L pgLx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;a} rqmx¿sf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljkb\
Joj:Yffkg P]g hf/L ug]{ .
 ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;j} r/0fsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg 5'6\6} clwsf/
;DkGGf ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf /fli6«o ljkb\ Joj:Yffkg lgsfo u7g ug]{ .
 ljifout If]q tyf dGqfnox¿sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ .
 ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng x'g' k"j{ tyf ;~rfng ubf{
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug]{ .
 ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] ljifodf ;r]tgf a9fpg cf}krfl/s tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIff / ljleGg tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 Xof]uf] ;+/rgfdf :jLsfl/Psf] ljifo tyf Xof]uf] kZrft\sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k
jftfj/0fLo k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0fn] x'g] hf]lvd tyf ljkb\ Joj:Yffkgdf ;a}
ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg] .
 ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ leq dWod tyf
;fdfGo:t/sf vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nL u7g ug]{ .
 xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf lHfNNff ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ of]hgf, :yfgLo lgsfo ljkb\
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf tyf lhNnf hf]lvd Joj:yfkg of]hgfx¿nfO{
PsLs[t u/L lhNNfftxdf Psdfq ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;j} rqmx¿ ;d]l6Psf]
PsLs[t lgb]{lzsf agfpg] .

252
 ljkb\;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ ;dod} k|fKt u/L ljZj;gLo lsl;dn] ;"rgf k|jfx ug{
tyf ;du| ljkb\ Joj:Yffkg sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ug{ ;a} lhNnfdf
cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|sf] :Yffkgf ug]{ .
 sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf klxrfg ul/Psf v'nf If]qx¿sf] k|fyldsLs/0f tyf cGo
gu/ If]qx¿df ljkb\sf] ;dodf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L v'nf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg
tyf 3f]if0ff u/L kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qx¿df cfkt\sfnLg ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/0f ug{
uf]bfd 3/x¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qaf6 ;+rflnt c:ktfn tyf ljBfnox¿ / ;Dk"0f{
;/sf/L Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDk lg/f]ws jgfpg hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug]{ .
 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg /fli6«o sfo{d+rnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf
sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg lgsfo;+usf] ;dGjo /
;xsfo{sf nflu g]kfn ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{d~r dfkm{t\ ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ljkb\hGo kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ k|sf]k k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;dfkm{t\
;DefJo ;a} k|sf/sf k|sf]ksf] k"j{;"rgf lbg] .
 ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;a} r/0fx¿df ;d'bfo / lghL If]qsf] ;ls|o ;xeflutf
a9fpg] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf
;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff kq Nofpg] .
 ljkb\sf] tTsfn kZrft\ n]vfhf]vfdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{sf nflu ljkb\ kZrft\
n]vfhf]vf lgb]{lzsf hf/L ug]{ .
 ljkb\af6 kg]{ c;/x¿nfO{ Go"g ug{ tyf ljkb\ hf]lvd x:tfGt/0f ug]{
k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:Yft ug{sf nflu hf]lvd aLdf+sg k|0ffnL ;'¿jft ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;j} ljifout If]qdf d"n k|jfxLs/0f ePsf] x'g], ;/sf/L,
u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qaLr ;xsfo{ ePsf] x'g] / ljkb\jf6 x'g] IfltnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{ tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

^=& hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfn af9L, klx/f], e"–Ifoh:tf hnpTkGg k|sf]kx¿sf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 .
dg;'gL jiff{, clt le/fnf] e""–agf}6 tyf sdhf]/ ef}ule{s l:ylt, cj}1flgs e"–

253
pkof]u, ljZjJofkL ¿kdf e}/x]sf] tfkqmd j[l4 tyf df};d kl/j{tgsf sf/0f clt
hl6n k|s[ltsf hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿ bf]xf]l/O/x]sf 5g\ . e"–Ifo, af9L,
klx/f], u]u|fg axfj, gbLwf/ kl/j{tg, gbL lsgf/f s6fg tyf 8'afgh:tf k|sf]kn]
d"ntM jiff{ofddf ;Dk"0f{ d'n'sjf;LnfO{ g} cfqmfGt agfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf]
k|sf]kaf6 dfgj a:tL, v]tLof]Uo hldg / lgld{t k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ Iflt
Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljsl;t gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ub}{ o; If]qdf sfo{/t ljleGg
lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjofTds ;xsfo{df ;Lldt ;|f]t tyf ;fwgaf6 clwstd
pknlAw xfl;n x'g] u/L kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
dg;'gL jiff{;+u} b]zel/ /x]sf sl/a ^,))) gbLgfnfx¿df kfgLsf] ;tx a9\g uO{
af9L, klx/f] tyf u]u|fg axfj h:tf k|sf]kaf6 dfgja:tL, v]tLof]Uo hldg / lgld{t
k"jf{wf/sf] Jofks Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt JolQmx¿jf6 Iflt
/f]syfdsf nflu c;Lldt dfux¿ cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . dfux¿ ;Daf]wg ug{
hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu / cGo ;Da4 lgsfox¿af6 sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf
5g\ . of]hgf cjlw;Dd k"jf{wf/ ;+/If0f sfo{cGtu{t gf/fo0f3f6 d'lUnª ;8s
v08sf] #) ls=ld= / l;Gw'nL alb{jf; ;8s v08sf] ( ls=ld= u/L hDdf #(
ls=ld= ;8s k"jf{wf/ ;+/If0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 / pQm ;8s v08df lgld{t
;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg tyf l;Gw'nL alb{jf; ;8ssf yk hf]lvd If]qdf
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu yk sfo{ rfn" /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} @( j6f a:tL6f/ ;+/If0f
sfo{x¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t hgtfsf] t6aGw
sfo{qmd xfn t/fO{sf !$ j6f gbLx¿df ;+rflnt 5g\ . xfn;Dd gbL lsgf/df
sl/a &^! ls=ld= t6aGw lgdf{0f sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . hnfwf/ If]qx¿sf] hf]lvd
gS;f tof/ ug]{ qmddf afudtL, sdnf, nf]y/, k"jL{ /fKtL, sGsfO{, ltgfp,
cfFwLvf]nfsf] k|sf]k hf]lvd gS;f agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] al8uf9
hnfwf/ If]qsf] sfd rfn" /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cToflws hn pTkGg k|sf]k x'g] jiff{tsf] ;dodf k"/fgf] ah]6 cg';f/sf] sfo{
;DkGg x'g] / gofF jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] th'{df geO;s]sf] ca:yfdf gofF pTkGg x'g]
k|sf]ksf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;|f]t tyf ;fwfgsf] Joj:yf gx'g', ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf]
cfjZostf / pknAwtfdf Hofb} cGt/ kg]{ sf/0faf6 sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of v8f
x'g', gbL lsgf/df lgld{t t6aGwx¿sf] plrt dd{t ;Def/ / ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg',
u'?of]hgf ;lxt gbL] hnfwf/ If]qsf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sbf e""–Ifo eO{
gbLsf] ;tx dfly p7\g uO{ gbL lsgf/df lgld{t t6aGwjf6 8'afgsf] ;d:of lbuf]
¿kdf xn x'g g;Sg', l8lehg÷;a l8lehg sfof{nox¿sf] k'g;+{/rgf / Ifdtf
clej[l4 x'g g;Sg' h:tf ;d:of o; If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf PsLs[t ug{', jg tyf

254
hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug'{, k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgfsf] ljsf; u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug'{,
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t tyf ;+:yfut
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{, 7"nf gbL lsgf/fx¿df jif}{lkR5] x'g] IfltnfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf
lgoGq0f ug'{, gbL lsgf/fdf a;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{h:tf r'gf}tL o;
If]qn] ef]lu/x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
hnpTkGg k|sf]kaf6 ;[hgf x'g] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s Iflt lgoGq0f ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
hnpTkGg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ub}{ dfgj a:tL, v]tLof]Uo e"ld tyf lgld{t ljsf;sf
k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ;]jfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. hnpTkGg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f cfof]hgfx¿ cWoog, cg';Gwfg, l8hfOg Pj+
sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0f d}qL, hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"lnt / /f]huf/L clej[l4
x'g] u/L ug]{ .
3. hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ Pj+
cGt/–;DalGwt sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{ .
4. ;DkGg eO;s]sf gbL lgoGq0f k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgoldt tyf cfjlws
dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ .
5. hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0fsf] sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu pko'Qm k|ljlwsf]
klxrfg, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df hf]8 lbg] .
6. PsLs[t hn;|f]t ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkg /0fgLltcg'¿k hnpTkGg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkgnfO{ klg ;du| gbL a]l;gsf] ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] Ps
cleGg cª\u dfgL sfo{ ug]{ .
7. hg>d Pj+ cGo ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/rfngdfkm{t\ hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfo{
ug]{ .
8. o; If]qdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿sf] ;f+u7lgs ;'wf/ ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. gbL lgoGq0f / hUuf psf;;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ hg;xeflutf
kl/rfng u/L ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;fy} psf; ePsf] hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0f, ;lhjg

255
 v]tL nufot hLljsf]kfh{g / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ubf{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k lk5l8Psf ju{sf]
lxtnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
3. hg;xeflutfsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ pkef]Qmfaf6 lgMz'Ns ¿kdf hUuf
k|fKt u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
4. hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t hgtfsf] t6aGw sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -!_
5. t/fO{ If]qdf gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] t6aGwnfO{ oftfoft ;d]tdf
k|of]u ug{ ldNg] u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
6. b]zsf k|d'v tLg gbL j]l;gnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L If]qut sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . -!_
7. b]zsf ;du| gbLgfnfx¿sf] 8]6fa]; tof/ ul/g]5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf k|d'v gbL
k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df gbL lgoGq0f sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
8. gbL lgoGq0f k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgoldt tyf cfjl3s dd{t;Def/sf nflu
cfjZos ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
9. af9L, klx/f] h:tf hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ubf{ pknAw :yfgLo Pj+ cfw'lgs
;|f]tsf] pTkfbgzLn pkof]u ug{sf nflu ;+/rgfutsf ;fy} h}ljs -afof]
OlGhlgol/Ë_ k|ljlw ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L hnfwf/Lo gd"gf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 . -@_
10. hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f cfof]hgfx¿sf] l8hfOg tyf sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo
>d tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
11. gbL lgoGq0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ l;+rfO, hnjfo' lj1fg, s[lif,
jftfj/0f, jg, lgs'~h, :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ hnfwf/ ;+/If0fsf lgsfox¿;Fu
cfjZos ;dGjo ul/g]5 . -#_
12. t6aGwsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;+/rgf af9Lsf] ;dodf k|efjsf/L¿kdf
;~rfng x'g cfktsfnLg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
13. gd'gf sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 pko'St k|ljlwsf] klxrfg, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -%_
14. hnpTkGg k|sf]k;DaGwL tYofª\s ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfGtl/s / jfXo
lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;'b[9 kfl/g]5 . -^_

256
15. :yfgLo ;d'bfo Pj+ of]hgfljbnfO{ pkof]uL x'g]u/L hf]lvd gS;f tof/ ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -^_
16. ;/sf/L÷u}/;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ tflnd tyf e|d0f sfo{qmd
dfkm{t\ k|sf]k;DaGwL 1fg k|jfx ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . -^_
17. u'?of]hgf th'{df ubf{ gbL If]qsf] klxrfg, lgwf{/0f / ;LdfÍgdf ljz]if hf]8
lbOg]5 . -&_
18. hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefusf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ ;dofg's'n k'g;{+/rgf
ul/g]5 . -*_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;xof]u sfo{qmd M hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{, k|sf]k If]qsf]
lgwf{/0f tyf gS;fÍg ug]{, :yfgLo Pj+ cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L
hnfwf/Lo kl/k|]Iodf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{ ug]{, pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt, sfg'g, lgodfjnL tyf lbUbz{gsf] th'{df ug]{ .
 klx/f] tyf u]u|fg axfj Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd M kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf klx/f]
tyf u]u|fg axfjaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ :yfgLo lgsfosf]
;dGjodf :yfgLo Pj+ cfw'lgs ;|f]t ;fwg tyf hg;xeflutfdf ljz]if
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 :yn ljz]if k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfo{ M :yn ljz]if ;fgf÷7"nf k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfo{{,
;+:yfut ljsf; sfo{, cfkTsfnLg /f]syfdsf] sfo{ tyf cWoog sfo{
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
 hgtfsf] t6aGw sfo{qmd M t/fO{ If]qsf gbLx¿af6 x'g] s6fg 8'afg ;d:ofnfO{
;'Jojl:yt 9+un] :yfoL ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& b]lv ;'?
eO{ xfn !$ j6f 7"nf tyf demf}nf gbLx¿df kxf8 km]bL b]lv g]kfn ef/t
;Ldfgf;Dd t6aGw lgdf{0f sfo{ ;+rflnt /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwdf cGo yk
gbLx¿df ;d]t o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 a:tL6f/ ahf/ ;+/If0f sfo{ M gbL lsgf/df cjl:yt a:tL, v]tLof]Uo 6f/,
;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf :yfg / /fli6«o dxTTjsf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;+/If0f
ul/g]5 .
 nfnas}of, sdnf, afudtL tyf cGo gbLx¿df ef/tLo ;xof]udf ;~rflnt
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
qmdfut @( 6f/ ahf/ ;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ ;DkGg u/L yk If]qdf ;d]t sfo{qmd
lj:tf/ ul/Psf] x'g], #%) ls=ld= gbL lsgf/ ;+/If0f sfo{ ul/g], tLgj6f hnfwf/

257
If]qleq ul/Psf sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} yk # j6f hnfwf/ If]q leq sfo{ ;'? ug]{
tyf lqo'uf, klZrd /fKtL, ;]tL, aaO{, e]/L, rd]lnof, a8Luf8 / ;'gsf]zL hnfwf/
If]qsf] hf]lvd gS;f tof/ ul/Psf] x'g]5 .

^=* lj1fg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw

^=*=! lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
!= k[i7e"ld
ljsl;t b]zx¿ lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / pkof]uaf6 cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n
ug{ ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg o; If]qdf ;Lldt k|of;x¿ ljutsf cfjlws
of]hgfx¿b]lv x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . xfn cfP/ k|ljlwsf] If]q lj:tf/ eP/ vf;u/L
k/df0f' k|ljlw, cGtl/If k|ljlw tyf h}ljs k|ljlwdf ;d]t ;+nUg x'g cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 . cTofjZosLo gLltut tyf sfg'gL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f / cfwf/e"t
cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ub}{ o; If]qnfO{ d'Vo¿kdf hgtfsf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{, d'n'sdf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cTo'Qd pkof]u /
ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dxTTjk"0f{{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ ;/sf/sf]
k|fylds bfloTj x'g cfpF5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf b]zleq} cfg'j+lzs -l8PgP_ k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf, lj1fg
;ª\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf, ljlw lj1fg ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, cg';Gwfgzfnfx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f,
j[Ifrqmsf] cWoog k|f/De, :jb]z / ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL k|ltef cfsif{0fh:tf
dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf, :yfgLo
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
;~rfng, lj1fg ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL k|f/lDes sfo{, j]wzfnfsf] :yfkgf,
ljlwlj1fg ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, tYofª\s s]Gb|sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, gf:6 cGtu{tsf
cg';Gwfgzfnfx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / :t/f]Gglt, 6]ln;]G6/x¿sf] ;~rfng,
cfd;~rf/dfkm{t\ j}1flgs hfgsf/Lx¿sf] k|;f/0f, k|ltefx¿sf] sb/ h:tf
sfo{x¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
d'n'sdf /x]sf cg';+wfg lgsfox¿nfO{ Pp6} 5ftf gLltcGtu{t Nofpg g;lsg',
ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ePsf j}1flgs cWoog cg';+wfgnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg g;lsg',
o; If]qsf k|ltefnfO{ cfslif{t u/L b]zleq} c8\ofP/ /fVg g;Sg', lj1fg k|ljlwsf]
If]qn] k|fyldstf kfpg g;Sg', cfljisf/s / cg';+wfgstf{nfO{ plrt ;Ddfg /
;'ljwf lbg g;Sg', kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg ug{ g;lsg'h:tf k|d'v ;d:of
/x]sf 5g\ .

258
ljZjdf ljsl;t cTofw'lgs k|ljlw u|x0f / pkof]u ug'{, pTs[i6 k|ltefnfO{
d'n'sleq} ;Ddflgt / k|f]T;flxt x'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{, ljleGg JolQm tyf
lgsfox¿af6 ePsf cg';+wfgx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f / pkof]u ug'{, cg';+wfg /
k|ljlw ljsf;df ;+nUg lgsfox¿aLrdf ;dGjo sfod ug'{, kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
;'lglZrttf ug'{, :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf cfljisf/s tyf cg';+wfgstf{aLr ;fem]bf/L
/ ;xsfo{sf] l:ylt ;[hgf ug'{ o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; / k|of]unfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;sf
kIf;Fu cfa4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/, k|j4{g / Ifdtf ljsf;af6 /fi6«sf] ;dli6ut
ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. j}1flgs 1fgsf] clejl[4 tyf gjk|jt{g u/L lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qsf] ljsf;df
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
2. j}1flgs tyf k|fljlw1x¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. j}1flgs tyf k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ :jb]zd} cfsif{0f ug{ ljz]if clek|]/0ffd"ns
sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
2. /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/fO{ of]hgfx¿df
lj1fg tyf k|ljlwnfO{ dxTTj k|bfg ul/g]5 . -!_
3. k|ljlw cfoft / cg';Gwfg k|j4{gnfO{ ;xh Pj+ b]zsf] lxt cg's"n agfpg
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df nufgL j[l4 u/L cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿df cg';Gwfg /
ljsf; OsfO{ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. j}1flgs tyf k|ljlw cg';Gwfg dfkm{t\ cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofOg]5 . -!_
6. k/df0f' k|ljlw, cGtl/If k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlwnufot cGo cfjZos
k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; tyf pkof]usf nflu ;do ;fk]If gLltx¿ lgdf{0f tyf
kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . -@_

259
7. b]zdf pknAw h8La'6L / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]uaf6 nfe p7fpg h}ljs
k|ljlw, cltz"Id k|ljlw tyf /f;folgs k|ljlwsf] Ifdtf clejl[4 ul/g]5 . -@_
8. k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] k/]sf k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{
cGtl/If k|ljlw ;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
-@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 h}ljs ljljwtf cWoog cg';Gwfg M r'/], dgf:n' / ;u/dfyf If]qdf /x]sf
jg:ktLo Pj+ ;"Id h}ljs ljljwtf cWoog u/L ;b'kof]u ug]{ tk{m pGd'v
sfo{x¿ / ljp ljhgx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu :yflkt lxdfno aLh a}+s nfO{
;anLs/0f ul/g]5 .
 df]n]s'n/ afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL cWoog÷cg';Gwfg M g]kfndf kfOg] cf}iflwo
jg:kltx¿sf] Bar Coding Pj+ Genetic cWoog u/L g]kfnsf] :jfldTjsf]
lglZrt ul/g]5 . ;fy} Plant disease diagnostic kits / Bio preparation ljsf;
u/L s[lif pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
 g]r'/n k|f]8S6 ;DaGwL cWoog÷cg';Gwfg M o; cGtu{t h8La'6Lx¿sf ;fy}
;"Id hLjf0f'x¿af6 ;lqmo of]lussf] ljZn]if0f ul/g] .
 hnjfo' tyf jftfj/0f cWoog M k|1f–k|lti7fgdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] g]kfn
jftfj/0f kl/jt{g 1fg Joj:yfkg s]Gb|nfO{ ljsf; u/L /fli6«o jftfj/0f
kl/jt{g cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
 ef}lts lj1fg ;DaGwL cWoog M xfn k|1f–k|lti7fgdf /x]sf] ljsL/0f cg'udg
k|of]uzfnfnfO{ ljsf; u/L ef}lts lj1fg cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnfsf] ¿kdf
ljsf; ul/g] .
 j:t' lj1fg tyf gfgf]6]Sgf]nhL cg';Gwfg M b]zdf j:t' lj1fg tyf
gfgf]6]S6f]nhL cWoog÷cg';Gwfg u/L b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf
lgldQ /fli6«o lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lti7fg Material Science and
Nanotechnology :yfkgf ug]{tk{m sfo{ ug]{ .
 ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|ljlw cg';Gwfg / ljsf; M ;f}o{ pmhf{ /fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f
nfOgdf hf]8\g] k|ljlw;DaGwL System Research Sun Simulator k|of]u u/L
;f]nf/ df]8'nx¿sf] u'0f:t/ cWoogsf ;fy} ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|of]unfO{ Jofks
¿kdf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
 Technology Innovation and Incubation Centre : b]zsf gljgtd
cfljisf/sx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu 8f6f a]; ;lxtsf] cfljisf/ s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ug]{ .

260
 h}ljs pmhf{ k|ljlw cg';Gwfg M ;lhjg h:tf la?jfaf6 pTkflbt t]nnfO{
h}ljs l8h]ndf kl/0ft ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L k|of]udf Nofpg] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
 jfo' pmhf{ ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg M jfo' pmhf{ ;DefJotfsf] cWoogsf nflu #
:yfgdf hl8t -#) ld6/eGbf_ cUnf hnjfo' lj1fg ;DaGwL 6fj/ tyf
s]Gb|x¿df ;+slnt tYof+sx¿sf] cWoog ;DkGg ug]{ .
 OG:6«'d]G6]zg ;]G6/sf] ljsf;M xfn lj1fg lzIfs pkof]uL pks/0f ljsf; af/]
tflnd lbOg] / j}1flgs pks/0fx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/ tyf k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu
k|of]uzfnf :yfkgfsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ ug]{ .
 k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf Go"gLs/0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf M af9L klx/f] cflb
k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL cWoog s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{tk{m cfjZos sfo{
k|f/De ug]{ .
 af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ M g]kfnsf j}1flgs÷k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] k|ltkfbg
u/]sf vf]h÷cGj]if0fx¿ k]6]06 clwsf/af/] hgr]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ltgsf] ;'/Iff
ug]{ .
 HARCC sf] :yfkgf ug]{ tk{m cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ .
 ljBdfg lj1fg k|of]uzfnfx¿df cfw'lgs pks/0f h8fg u/L ltgLx¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 lj1fg ;+u|fxnosf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lti7fgdf cfjZos pks/0f h8fg u/L h}ljs ljljwtf,
h}ljs k|ljlw, k|fs[lts pTkfbg, ef}lts lj1fg, Nanotechnology / jftfj/0f h:tf
If]qsf] cg';Gwfg ;'b[9 ePsf] x'g]5 . ljlwlj1fg ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg Pj+ k/LIf0f
k|ljlw ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . HARCC sf] :yfkgf ePsf] x'g]5 . lj1fg tyf
k|ljlwsf] If]qdf eP u/]sf cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf a'em\g lj1fg
;ª\u|xfnosf] ;~rfng ePsf] x'g]5 . cGtl/If lj1fgdf df}lns Ifdtf ljsf; /
k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg ljZjljBfno;+u ;DaGw ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 .
^=*=@ ;"rgf k|ljlw
!= k[i7e"ld
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b|'tt/ ljsf;n] d'n'ssf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g tyf Jofkf/
nufot cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf; ug{] cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf] k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n u/L ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{

261
;xh t'NofO{ ;'zf;gnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{df ;"rgf k|ljlwn] lgs} dxTTjk"0f{
of]ubfg lbb} cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljifdtfaf6 l;lh{t
ljsf;sf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{] Pp6f ;zQm k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf ;d]t :yflkt x'g]
b]lvG5 . lghL If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] k|of]unfO{ ljZj;gLo t'Nofpg
lgodgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd lghL
If]qcGtu{t ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] pkof]unfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] k|j4{g u/L ;Defljt
ck/fwsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ Pj+ ;f]af6 cfpg ;Sg] ljs[ltx¿ lgoGq0f ug{
k|efjsf/L lgodgsf] nflu cflwsfl/s ;+/rgfut ;+oGqsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ut lqjifL{o of]hgfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; / k|of]u u/L ;f]sf]
dfWodåf/f ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf hf]8 lbb} ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ lj:tf/ u/L g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] p2]Zo
kl/k"lt ug{ ljleGg /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿ to ul/Psf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf
;"rgf k|ljlw lzIffsf] pNn]Vo ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g'sf;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)^&
hf/L eof] t/ o;sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g eg]
;s]sf] 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]]qdf lghL If]]qsf] ;+nUgtf / ;lqmotf ;+tf]ifhgs g}
b]lvG5 . of]hgfcjlwdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefusf] :yfkgf e} ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgnfO{ ult lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
;j{;fwf/0fdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlw ;DaGwL ;"rsf+s tyf tYof+s tof/ ePsf] / cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{nfO{
k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .
;/sf/L PsLs[t ;"rgf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;a} lgsfox¿sf]
tYofªsnfO{ PsLs[t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljB''tLo sf/f]af/ P]g / lgod
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf u/L
;~rfng ug]{ nIo ePsf]df ;fj{hlgs ljBfno / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿df $))
eGbf a9L u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ljB'tLo zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug]{
nIo ePsf]df ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogsf nflu bL3{sfnLg of]hgfn]
klxrfg u/]sf /fli6«o kl/ro kq nufotsf dxTTjk"0f{ k|0ffnLx¿ ljsf;sf qmddf
/x]sf 5g\ . ;j} ;/sf/L lgsfosf ljB'tLo k|0ffnLx¿sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f tyf Ps
¿ktf Nofpgsf] nflu GEA tyf GIF tof/Lsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . PKI sf] RDC
sf] :yfkgf eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} lghLIf]]q ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;"rgf
k|ljlw lzIff, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / hgzlQm ljsf;sf] ;'?cft ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
Aff}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf sl7gfO{, ;"rgfsf] cTolws e08f/0f Ifdtfsf]
cefj, ;+nUg lgsfox¿aLr sfo{If]qut :ki6tf / ;dGjosf] cefj, ;"rgfsf] rf]/L
tyf ;"rgf ck/fw sd ug{ g;lsg', PsLs[t sfg'gsf] cefj, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf

262
ePsf] ljsf; cg'¿k sfg'g / lgoddf kl/dfh{g ug{ g;lsg'h:tf k|d'v ;d:of
o; If]qn] ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf g]kfnsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4
ug'{, pknJw ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k"jf{wf/ ;d'lrt pkof]u ug'{, lghL If]q / ;/sf/L
If]qaLr ;dGjo sfod ug''{, ;"rgf k|ljlw ck/fwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{, ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
hg:t/;Dd k''¥ofO{ cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ pkof]u ug'{ cflb o; If]qn] ;fdgf
ug'{ k/]sf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ub}{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. ljB'tLo zf;g Pj+ ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ hgtfdf k|jflxt
x'g] ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ ;/n / kf/bzL{ agfpg] tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ u|fdL0f
hg:t/df k'¥ofO{g] .
2. ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]usf] k|j4{g ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ljB'tLo zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 ;'zf;gnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
2. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ u|fdL0f txdf k'¥ofO{ ;fdflhs ljsf;df o;sf]
clwstd pkof]u ug]{ .
3. ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L cfly{s j[l4 tyf /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ .
4. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft agfpg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿ Pp6} /fli6«o kf]6{nåf/f ljB'tLo
dfWodaf6 k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . -!_
2. cfsfzLo k"jf{wf/ (cloud infrastructure) sf] :yfkgf u/L ;/sf/L PsLs[t
;"rgf k|0ffnLdf ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] ljB'tLo tYofÍ :yfgfGt/0f
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. k|sf]k p4f/ s]Gb| lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs Pj+ lghL If]qsf] kxndf k4lt ljsf;nufot ;"rgf k|ljlwhGo

263
 sfo{x¿df Ps¿ktf Nofpgsf nflu GEA / GIF nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} k|d'v
ljB'tLo k|0ffnLx¿df nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ljB'tLo u'?of]hgf cBfjlws u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
6. ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] :yfgLos/0f u/L :yfgLo efiffdf k|of]u ug{ u/fpg k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 / :yfgLo :t/df nf]sn kf]6{nx¿ agfO{ ltgLx¿nfO{ /fli6«o :t/sf]
g]zgn kf]6{n;Fu cfa4 ub{} nlug]5 . -@_
7. ljBfnox¿df OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/g]5 tyf ljB'tLo k':tsfno h:tf
ljB'tLo ljj/0fx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ug{] Pj+ ljB'tLo cWoog sfo{qmdsf]
lj:tf/åf/f u|fdL0f tyf zx/L lzIffdf ;dfgtf Nofpg ;xof]u ul/g]5 . -@_
8. ;"rgf k|ljlw;+u ;DalGwt af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] k|efjsf/L
Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -@_
9. g]kfnnfO{ ;ˆ6\j]o/ cfp6;f];{ uGtJosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/g]5 . -@_
10. ljB'tLo ck/fw Go"gLs/0f tyf ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{ TMC, CFL h:tf
;+oGqx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/F+b} nlug]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] cfktsfnLg p4f/sf
nflu cfjZos x'g] ITERC nfO{ cfjZos sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ub{}
:yfkgf ul/g]5 . -#_
11. ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] dfWodaf6 x'g] ljB'tLo Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/nfO{ Jofjxfl/s
agfpg EG nufot cGo cfjZos ljifodf lgofds, gLltut, ;+:yfut
;+/rgf lgdf{0f ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
12. ;/sf/L tyf hg;/f]sf/sf lghL If]qsf dxTTjk"0f{ ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLx¿sf]
clgjfo{ cfO 6L ;]So"l/6L cl86 ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -$_
13. ljBdfg ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ P]gnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k kl/dfh{g ug]{
tyf cGo cfjZos sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ nlug]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{nfO{ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] .
 ljB'tLo u|fdsf] sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug]{ .
 ;/sf/L cfsflzo k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ .
 ljB'tLo zf;g ;DaGwL u'?of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
 TMC / ;"rgf k|ljlw cfslZds p4f/ ;d"xsf] u7g ug]{ .
 ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL 5ftf P]g agfpg] .

264
 ljB'tLo tof/L / kl/kSjtf ;e]{If0f ug]{ .
 ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL ;]jf ;d'xsf] u7g ug]{ .
 ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ .
 ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
of]hgf cjlwdf ljB'tLo ;'zf;gsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf gLltut Joj:yf
ePsf] x'g], ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]usf] ljsf; eO{ /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 Pj+ k|ltef knfog
Go"gLs/0f x'g], l8lh6n l8efO8 sd x'g], ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf cfjZos hgzlQmsf]
:jb]zd} pknAwtf x'g], ;"rgf k|ljlwdf gjLgtd tyf lbuf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u eO{
e/kbf{] tyf ;''/lIft dfWodsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] x'g]5 .

^=( n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / d"nk|jfxLs/0f

^=(=! n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
!= k[i7e"ld
dlxnfx¿sf]] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu P]g, lgod, sfo{of]hgfsf
;fy} ;a} lhNnfx¿df ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t\ n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf
;zQmLs/0f ug]{ k|of; ePsf 5g\ . k}t[s ;DklQdf ;dfg xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff /
;fdflhs Gofosf] If]qdf ePsf k|of;af6 s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . /fHon]
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df hgfPsf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg dfgj a]rlavg
tyf cf];f/k;f/ Pj+ 3/]n' lx+;f lgoGq0f ug{ sfg'gx¿ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .
dfgj a]rlavg tyf n}lËs lx+;faf6 kLl8tx¿sf] tTsfn p4f/ tyf ;xof]usf
nflu sf]ifx¿sf] :yfkgf u/L Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ul/g'sf ;fy} Psn
dlxnfx¿sf] xLt ;+/If0fsf] sfo{ ug{sf nflu Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if sfo{fGjogdf
NofOPsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
dlxnf la?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^), n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^!, n}lËs lx+;f cGTo tyf n}+lus ;zQmLs/0f ;DaGwL
sfo{of]hgf - @)^(÷&)–)&#÷&$_ tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, ;'/Iff kl/ifbaf6 kfl/t
k|:tfj gDj/ !#@% / !*@) sf] sfof{Gjog /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf - @)^&÷^*–
@)&!÷&@_ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ . 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfo_ P]g, @)^^ tyf
lgodfjnL, @)^& hf/L ePkl5 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu k|efjsf/L

265
sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] 5 . n}+lus lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]if -;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^& sfof{Gjogdf cfO{ n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . n}lËs
lx+;fdf k/]sfx¿sfnflu tTsfn p4f/, cf}iflw pkrf/, sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf
k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ . Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if -;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)&) sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf -!%=# k|ltzt k'u]sf]_, g]kfn k|x/L,
g]kfn ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf nufotsf /fHosf ljleGg c+ux¿df dlxnf
;xeflutf j9\b} uPsf] 5 . n}lËs pQ/bfoL ah]6tk{m d'n'ssf] s"n ah]6sf] @!=&%
k|ltztsf] cg'kft / :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgsf] sDtLdf !) k|ltzt /sd
dlxnf ;zQmLs/0ftk{m 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . lakGg u|fdL0f dlxnfsf
nflu j}slNks cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ u/L ;~rflnt dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd cfly{s jif{
@)^(÷&) sf] cGt;Dddf b]zsf krxQ/} lhNnfsf #,^#^ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf
lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf nlIft dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf & nfv
*! xhf/ k'u]sf] 5 . 3/]n' lx+;f / of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfsf nflu !%
lhNnfdf ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;x;|flAb ljsf; nIo k|fKtLsf
nflu u/]sf k|of;af6 dft[d[To' b/df ;'wf/ cfO{ k|lt Ps nfvdf !&) df em/]sf] 5 .
dlxnfx¿sf] s'n ;fIf/tf b/ %& k|ltzt eGbf a9L k'u]sf] 5 eg] !%–@$ jif{sf]
pd]/sf dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ *% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
dlxnf tyf k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf sfod ug{ gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut k|of;
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;dfhdf /x]sf] lkt[;QfTds ;f]r cem} sfod /xg', dlxnfnfO{
ljsf;sf ;a} r/0fx¿df ;f/e"t ;xeflutf u/fpg g;Sg', dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu
ul/Psf ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut k|of;x¿ ckof{Kt x'g', dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdx¿n] nlIft ;a} If]q / au{nfO{ ;d]6g g;Sg' , n}lËs lx+;f tyf ul/aLsf]
k|efj dlxnfx¿df a9L kg'{, dlxnfsf If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] sdL /xg', dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] If]q lj:tf/
ePklg ;f]xL cg'kftdf dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;fwgx¿sf] pknAwtf gx'g',
dlxnfsf] >dnfO{ cfly{s pkfh{go'Qm lqmofsnfkdf kl/0ft ug{ g;Sg', PsLs[t
n}+lus tYof+s /fVg] k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg', n}lËs lx+;fsf] cGTosf nflu
cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f / hgr]tgfsf] kf6f] k|efjsf/L gx'g', cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
ubf{ n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t x]l/g] k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'' h:tf ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
dlxnfsf] d'ne"t tyf ;dfg clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ n}lËs ¿kn] ;dfj]zL /
;dtfd"ns /fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ .

266
%= p2]Zo
1. ;a} ;fdflhs ;d"x, ju{ / If]qsf dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts
;zQmLs/0fsf nflu n}lËs e"ldsfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] .
2. dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 x'g] n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t lx+;f Pj+ lje]b / alxis/0fsf]
cGTo ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0fnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|To]s r/0f / ljsf;
k|lqmofsf] ;a} rqmdf dlxnfx¿sf] pNn]vgLo / ;fy{s ;xeflutf clej[l4
ug]{ .
2. dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf lx+;f, lje]b / alxis/0f cGTosf nflu sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
3. u|fdL0f If]qsf ;LdfGts[t dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 Pj+ hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sf
nflu nlIft ;+/If0ffTds, ;]jfd"ns tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. dlxnfx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f nufot
cfjZos gofF sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f, ljBdfg sfg'gx¿sf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ ;f]sf]
cg'udg ul/g]5 . -!_
2. dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /fHosf ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ Go"gtd ## k|ltzt k'¥ofOg]5 . -!_
4. cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L /f]huf/Ld"ns / n}lËs b[li6n] pQ/bfoL agfpg
cfof]hgf th'{dfsf] qmddf n}lËs k4ltx¿sf] ljsf;, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. n}lËs ah]6 k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpFb} :yfgLo:t/;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
6. ;|f]t / ;fwgdf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr, :jfldTj / lgoGq0f a9fpg] sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
7. dlxnf la?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog tyf
cg'udg ug{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] Ifdtf
clej[l4sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_

267
8. dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f, zf]if0f tyf lae]b / alxis/0fsf] /f]syfd
Pj+ lgoGq0fsf nflu sfg'gL pkrf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh / ;a}sf] nflu kx'Frof]Uo
agfOg]5 . -@_
9. n}lËs lx+;f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ;dfhdf g} bafak"j{s ldnfpg] sfo{nfO{
lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . -@_
10. Psn dlxnfsf] nflu cfo cfh{g, Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0f ug]{
sfo{qmdx¿sf] klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{g]5 . -@_
11. ckfËtf ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] lx+;fsf] cGTo ub}{ /f]huf/L / :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
12. dlxnf tyf n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] lgb]{lzsf agfpg'sf ;fy} ;f]sf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
13. 3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t AolQmnfO{ tTsfn ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ :yfkgf ePsf ;]jf
s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf NofOg]5 / o:tf ;]jf s]Gb|x¿nfO{
ax'p2]ZoLo tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ b[li6sf]0f lnO{g]5 . -@_
14. Gofo / sfg'gsf] If]qdf ;+nUg dlxnf sd{rf/Lx¿ / dlxnf sfg'g
Joj:ffoLx¿nfO{ dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj lgd"{n kfg]{ lbzfdf
kl/jt{gsf] ;Djfxssf ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd agfpgsf] lgldQ dlxnf Goflos
g]t[Tj ljsf; ;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
15. ;+;b / :yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/,
/fhgLlts bnx¿, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh tyf cfd ;~rf/
dfWodsf aLr ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] yfngL ul/g]5 . -@_
16. dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] If]q lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{
nlug]5 . -#_
17. jl~rtLdf k/]sf ;a} dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{sf ;fy} ljz]iftM afbL, sdn/L, sd}of, r]kfª\ / /fp6]
;d'bfosf dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu nlIft cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
18. dlxnfx¿nfO{ Joj;fo ;~rfng tyf cfod"ns sfo{ u/L :j/f]huf/L ;[hgf
ug{ ljQLo kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 / ;x'lnotdf ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 . -#_
19. d'n'ssf] k|zf;g tyf gLlt lgdf{0f txdf dlxnfx¿sf] kxF'r a9fpg nf]s ;]jf
cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffx¿sf nflu tof/L sIffx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . -#_

268
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx?
 dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmd M gLlt lgdf{0f, sfg'g th'{df tyf ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
-anfTsf/ lj?4sf] sfg'g, dlxnf lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]ifsf] lgb]{lzsf_, If]qut
lgsfo tyf n}lËs If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;+of]hg, n}lËs ;r]tgf tyf
clwjfrg, n}+lus lx+;f lgjf/0f, Psn dlxnfx¿sf] lxt ;+/If0f sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd M o; sfo{qmddf cfj4 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4,
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L ljz]if
tof/L sIff ;~rfng, n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f sfo{of]hgf, If]qut sfof{nosf]
n}lËs n]vfhf]vf, Ifdtf ljsf;, :j–/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ ;[hgf, dlxnf ;+:yfsf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;]jflad'v ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf sfo{If]q lj:tf/ h:tf
sfo{qmd ul/g]5g\ . ;fy} ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ n}+lus d}qL Pj+
;dfj]zL agfpg cfjZos ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .
 n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0fsf nflu PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmd M j8f ;ldltcGtu{t
lgu/fgL ;d"x u7g, n}lËs lx+;f ;Daf]wgsf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;]jfx¿sf]
pkof]udf ;r]tgf clej[l4, nlIft dlxnfsf] ;d"xLs/0f, ;d"x ;b:osf]
cg'lzIf0f Pj+ clesfo{ k|lzIf0f, dlxnf ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos ;]jfsf]
;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ax'pkof]uL sfo{qmd ul/g]5g\ . åGåkLl8t dlxnfx¿sf]
dgf]j}1flgs lrlsT;fsf nflu ;/sf/L–lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf dgf]ljdz{
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
 cfod"ns sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf / cg'udg M lzIff / >d tyf /f]huf/
sfo{qmdx¿af6 ;~rflnt ;a} ;Lkd"ns tflnd / aLp k"FhL ljt/0f sfo{df
dlxnfx¿sf] ## k|ltzt ;xeflutf /x] g/x]sf] cg'udg ug]{ . o:tf ;Lkd"ns
tflnd, /f]huf/ / aLp k"FhL ljt/0f sfo{qmddf cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, afbL,
sdn/L, r]kfË, sd}of, /fp6], ufGwf/ h:tf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] plrt
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
 ;a} lhNnfdf g]kfn k|x/L cGtu{tsf dlxnf ;]n / ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fHo ;+oGqdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj Go"gtd ## k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], k|ToIf¿kn] n}lËs
pQ/bfoL ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] cg'kft sDtLdf @% k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g], dlxnf ljsf;
sfo{qmd ;a} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf lj:tf/ x'g] / ;d'x ;b:o ;+Vof ( nfv %)
xhf/ k'u]sf] x'g], n}+lus lx+;f 36\g] / kL8snfO{ clgjfo{ ;hfo x'g] ;+oGq;d]t
ag]sf] x'g]5 .

269
^=(=@ ;dfj]zLs/0f
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts,
wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L,
d'l:nd ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ;d'bfo / lk5l8Psf If]q / ju{sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{
;Djf]wg ug{ /fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs,
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZj 3f]if0ffkq, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw, ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, cGt/f{li6«o >d
;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] ;fy;fy} cGo cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] x:tfIf/sf/L
/fi6« ePsfn] cflbjf;L÷hghflt nufotsf ljleGg ;d'bfox¿ lj?4 x'g] e]befj
cGTo ug'{kb{5 / pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkof]usf
nflu cfO{ kg]{ cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg' kb{5 . ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfdf cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, /fhgLlts, wfld{s, eflifs tyf ef}uf]lns ¿kdf
jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf]] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g, gLlt lgdf{0f k|lj|mofdf kx'Fr
lj:tf/ nufot k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . tyflk oL ;d'bfosf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf
;'wf/ u/L b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; k|of;df logLx¿sf] of]ubfg cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dflxt
ug{ yk k|of; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfndf ljleGg ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL, gLltut, of]hgfut, ;+:yfut,
sfo{qmdut tyf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodfkm{t\ cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw];L, blnt, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, jfbL ;d'bfo nufot lk5l8Psf] ju{sf]
pTyfgsf nflu ljleGg nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rflnt ePsf 5g\ . clwsf+z
sfo{qmdx¿ ;d'bfox¿s} k|ltlglwd"ns hftLo u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿ Dffkm{t
;~rfng x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿s} k|ToIf Pj+ ;s[o ;xeflutfdf sfo{qmd tyf
of]hgf th'{df sfof{Gjog / cg'udg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'g]5g\ . ljleGg ;/sf/L
lgsfox¿, :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿jf6 ;dfj]zL ;d'bfox¿sf
lglDt ljz]if nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;d'bfosf efiff, wd{, ;+:sf/, /
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug{ s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿dfkm{t\ ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿
;Grfng ug{ /sd ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf ljleGg
;d'bfox¿sf nflu ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s ljsf;sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] eP tfklg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
ul/aL, ljBdfg ;ª\sL0f{ ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf, clzIff, ;|f]t / ;fwg tyf ;]jf
;'ljwfdf Go"g kx'Fr, ;fy} of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;dfj]zL / ;dGoflos 9+un]

270
b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj Pad\ ljleGg If]q, ju{, ln+u / ;d"xnfO{ pknJw ;|f]t ;fwg tyf
;]jf / ;'ljwfdf ;dGoflos kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ h:tf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, jfbL ;d'bfo nufot
lk5l8Psf] ju{nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf NofO{ ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, dw]zL ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{ tyf
;d'bfox¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, dfgjLo, ;f+:s[lts tyf eflifs
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ub}{ lt ju{sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts
pTyfg ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{,
cNk;ª\Vos nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, s0ff{nL If]q nufotsf b'u{d kxf8L / lxdfnL
If]qsf afl;Gbf, ljkGg ju{ h:tf jl~rltdf k/]sf tyf kfl/Psf ;d'bfo tyf
JolQmx¿sf nflu nlIft sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ .
2. ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf dfWodaf6 /fHosf ;j} If]qdf nlIft ju{sf]
kxF'r tyf ;fy{s ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{] .
3. ;fdflhs ;r]tgf tyf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgs} ¿kdf ;~rfng
u/L ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ .
4. k/Dk/fut ;Lk, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df Gofof]lrt kx'Frsf] Joj:yf u/L /fHosf ;j}
lgsfox¿df jl~rltdf k/]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
2. zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;a} tx / k|lqmofdf jl~rlts/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf]
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -@_
3. vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo, lzIffh:tf cfwf/e't ;]jf / pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgdf nlIft
;d'bfosf] kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu cfjZos gLltut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
-@_
4. nlIft ;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pTyfgsf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L,
lghL Pj+ u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_

271
5. nlIft ;d'bfox¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4,
/f]huf/L tyf r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|mdx¿ cleofgs} ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
6. nlIft ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut ;Lk, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g tyf
ljsf;sf nflu ;DjlGwt ;d'bfos} cu|;/tfdf ljz]if sfo{j|md ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -$_
7. nlIft ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ul/g]5 . -$_
8. ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf qoeflifs gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . -$_
9. hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 hghLjgdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/sf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo
;d'bfonfO{ hfu?s u/fpg cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
jl~rltdf k/]sf blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, d'l:nd, dw]zL ;d'bfo, lk58f ju{ tyf
;d'bfox¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, dfgjLo, ;f+:s[lts tyf eflifs
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{ b]xfosf k|d'v sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
/fHosf] ;+/rgf / gLlt;DaGwL
 ljleGg ;d'bfosf] xLt x'g] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdflhs kl/rfngnfO{
clgjfo{ k"j{zt{sf ¿kdf lnO{g] / x/]s sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ubf{ ;fdflhs
kl/rfng u/]/ dfq cufl8 a9fOg] .
 ;DalGwt hghfltsf k|ltlglw ;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf x/]s r/0fdf
;xeflutf x'g] u/L ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ul/g] . o;sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf
ljsf; / k|a4{gfTds sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] .
 ;dfj]zL ;d'bfosf] k/fdz{ / ;xeflutfdf ;DalGwt gLlt, P]g sfg'gx¿sf]
;dLIff, ;'wf/ tyf gofF lgdf{0f sfo{ ul/g] .
 ;/sf/L÷u}/;/sf/L If]qdf pknAw x'g] cj;/x¿ tyf ;+rflnt x'g]
sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]zL ;d'bfox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g] .
 cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Ë7gsf] dxf;lGw !^( ;Fu lj/f]wfefif x'g] sfg'gL Pj+ gLltut
k|fjwfgx¿ klxrfg u/L ;+zf]wg ul/g] .
 hn, hldg, hËn / vfgL h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf]
kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ pko'Qm Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f,
;Dj4{g, / pkef]u ug]{ sfo{x¿df :yfgLo ;dfj]zL ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf
lbOg] .

272
 dft[efiff ;lxtsf] g]kfnL efiff hfg]sf] :yfgLo ;dfa]zL ;d'bfoaf6 l/Qm
lzIfs b/aGbLdf lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfOg] .
k/Dk/fut tyf hftLo ;Ë7gx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4;DaGwL
 dfgjclwsf/, cflbjf;L clwsf/ nufotsf ;d;fdlos ljifox¿df ljz]if
hghfu/0f cleofg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g] .
 ;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ nf]kf]Gd'v ;d"xsf] efiffx¿df ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
 cflbjf;L hghflt;DaGwL ;|f]t s]Gb|x¿ pko'Qm :yfgdf :yfkgf ug]{ .
 lk58LPsf ;d'bfosf ;+u7gx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;xof]u ug]{ .
cfly{s ljsf;;DaGwL
 pRr d"Nosf afnLx¿sf] v]tL ug{, ahf/sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg / d"No >[ªvnf
clej[l4 ug{ / ;fd'bflos kz'ljsf; ;DaGwL ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ;dfj]zL ;d'bfosf hfthfltx¿df k/Dk/fut ;Lk tyf 1fgx¿nfO{
cfw'lgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ aLp k"+hL, tflnd tyf
k|ljlwsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 Jofj;flos s[liftk{m pGd'v u/fpg nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 s[lif pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt k|zf]wgstf{ tyf dWo:y Jofkf/L ju{sf] ¿kdf
Ifdtf clej[lWbsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 pBdzLntf -k|fljlws tflnd;lxtsf]_ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt ;d'bfo, k5fl8 k/]sf If]qsf ;d'bfo, dw]zL Pj+
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, jfbL nufotsf ;d'bfosf hghfltx¿sf]
klxrfg tyf kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ gLlt lnO{ 5gf}6 ul/Psf lhNnfx¿df
cfly{s ljsf;sf nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ljleGg ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; a9L ePsf lhNnfx¿df ;fF:s[lts tyf ko{6g
ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df / ;~rfng ug{ /fHon] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .
 d'Qm sd}ofx¿sf] k'gM :yfkgf tyf hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
 cflbjf;L ÷hghflt, blnt ;d'bfo, k5fl8 k/]sf If]qsf ;d'bfo, dw]zL Pj+
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, jfbL nufotsf ;d'bfox¿df dlxnf tyf
k'¿if ;lDdlnt ;xsf/L ;+:yf vf]Ng k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

273
 nf]kf]Gd'v, clt ;LdfGts[t tyf ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ;Lk ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug{ /fHon] ljgf lwtf] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
 cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿sf] xLt
;+/If0f ug]{ cfjZos ;+oGq tyf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 h8La'6L tyf u}/ sfi7 jg k}bfj/;DaGwL pBdx¿ k|j4{g tyf pTkflbt
j:t'x¿nfO{ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg cflbjf;L hghflt ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{
cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] k/Dk/fut k];f -x:tsnf, s'l6/ pBf]u, df5f dfg]{,
lzsf/ v]Ng] cflb_ sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ tL k];fx¿sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf]
nflu ljz]if gLlt agfO{ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
;fdflhs ljsf;;DaGwL
 ljkGg ju{ / b'u{d If]qsf ljBfyL{sf nflu :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf
ljZjljBfnox¿df pRr lzIff -Ol~hlgol/Ë, d]l8sn, s[lif, jg, sfg'g cflbdf
;d]t_ df cf/If0f tyf 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug]{ .
 k|fljlws÷Jofj;flos lzIff tyf ;Lk ljsf;df o'jfx¿sf] ;xeflutf j[l4sf
nflu ljz]if k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ljleGg ;d'bfosf hg;+Vof a9L ePsf lhNnfx¿df dft[efifL lzIfsx¿
pTkfbgsf lglDt tflnd sfo{qmdsf ;fy} dft[efiffx¿df cf}krfl/s—
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 n]Vo k/Dk/f ePsf dft[efiffx¿df k7gkf7gsf] ljifosf] ¿kdf k|fylds lzIff
sfo{qmd qmdzM ;~rfng ug]{ .
 dft[efiffx¿sf] dfWodaf6 lzIff lbg] k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cf}krfl/s—
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd dft[ efiffdf ;~rfng ug]{ .
 /fli6«o kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿sf ;fy} :yfgLo ljz]if kf7x¿ ljsf;
ug{ cflbjf;L tyf hghfltsf Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, bz{g tyf ;flxTo;DaGwL
;"rgf ;+sng tyf clen]vLs/0f ug]{ .
 :jf:Yo ;]jf If]qdf cflbjf;L hghflt hgzlQm pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{] .
 Ps nfv hg;+Vof eGbf a9Ln] k|of]u ug]{ dft[efiffx¿df :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO /
jftfj/0f;DaGwL r]tgf hufpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

274
 ljleGg ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof a9L ePsf If]qx¿df :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿
pkef]u ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf tyf k'¿ifx¿nfO{ cfpg]
;fdflhs -eflifs, If]qLo tyf n}lÍs_ cj/f]wx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{ .
 dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] ljleGg vfn] zf]if0f Pj+ cf];f/–k;f/, afn>d, 3/]n'
lx+;fnfO{ cGTo ug{sf nflu hftLo ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljleGg sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
 hghfltx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpg :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljz]if ;]jfx¿
;~rfng ug]{ .
efiff / ;+:s[ltx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL
 cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt ;d'bfo, k5fl8 k/]sf If]qsf ;d'bfo, dw]zL Pj+
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo, d'l:nd ;d'bfo, jfbL ;d'bfo nufotsf ;d'bfox¿sf] hft
hfltsf efiff, ;+:s[ltx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ;r]tgfsf lglDt cWoog
cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 efiff, ;F:s[lt tyf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf lglDt ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/
ug]{ .
 efiff, bz{g / ;+:s[ltx¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf lglDt ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug]{ .
 snf tyf ;+:s[lt u|fd / ;f+:s[lts ;Fu|xfno cGtu{t k/Dk/fut snf, ;+:s[lt
tyf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, lk5l8Psf] If]q, d'l:nd, jfbL nufotsf
;d'bfox?n] klxrfg u/]sf slDtdf #% xhf/ j6f ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
;DaGwL of]hgfx? ;~rfng x'g]5g\, ;d'bfosf] ;zlQms/0f / r]tgf clej[l4
;DaGwL slDtdf !% xhf/ j6f sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog x'g]5g\, slDtdf # nfv %)
xhf/ hgf cflbjf;L hghflt nufot k5f8L k/]sf ;d'bfosf JolQmx?n] ;fdflhs
;'/Iff eQf k|fKt ug]{5g\, slDtdf * nfv o'jfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] cj;/
kfpg]5g\, slDtdf @% xhf/ hgf dlxnfn] /fHoaf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] ;'/lIft
;'Ts]/L ;'ljwf pkof]u ug]{5g\, s0ff{nL nufot k5f8L k/]sf] ;d'bfosf nflu !)
nfv >dlbg a/fa/ /f]huf/ ;[hgf ePsf] x'g]5 .

^=!) ;fd'bflos tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿

!= k[i7e"ld
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] ;fe]mbf/ Pj+ ;Djfxssf]
¿kdf :yflkt u/L pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ nlIft ju{ tyf If]q;Dd k'¥ofpg], Psåf/

275
k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ ;~rfng Pj+ ;xhLs/0f ug]{, cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;+lxtfa4 Pj+ kf/bzL{ u/fpg] tyf k|efjsf/L ;dGjo
sfod u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd :yfgLo ljsf;d'vL agfpg' h?/L 5 .
g]kfndf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xhLs/0f l;kmfl/;
;ldltn] :jLs[lt lbg] u/]klg g]kfndf sfof{no gePsf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} k|fKt x'g] ;|f]tnfO{ nlIft If]qdf k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 . u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] j[l4;Fu} ltgsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;fdflhs–
cfly{s ljsf;sf] sfo{df lj:tf/ x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ;~rfng /
Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsf/L lgodgsf nflu pko'Qm tyf ;do;fk]If sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs
tyf ;+/rgfut Joj:yfdf k|efjsfl/tf NofO{ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{
pkof]u ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ljutdf b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s hLjgdf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf Pj+
nufgLdf pNn]vgLo lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . oL ;+:yfx¿ :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;fd'bflos
ljsf;, afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f, dlxnf tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f, lbuf]
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg, hLljsf k|a4{g,;r]tgf clej[l4, dfgj clwsf/, zflGt
nufotsf If]qdf ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
;xhLs/0fsf nflu dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno cGtu{t Ps
cGt/dGqfno ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . o; qmddf cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/of]hgf ;xhLs/0f sfo{ljlw, @)&) :jLs[t eO;s]sf]
5.
;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] dfWodaf6 klg o; If]qnfO{ dof{lbt, Jojl:yt /
hjfkmb]xL agfpg]tk{m k|of; ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo lgsfodf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L k|efjsf/L :t/Lo sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu ljleGg tflndx¿
k|bfg ul/Psf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] cfa4tfnfO{ ;xh agfpg
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3 ;+:yf;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{gsf nflu sfo{
k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;dfhsNof0f P]g @)$( adf]lhd u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\af6
cg'dlt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf eP tfklg kl/ifb\;Fu cfa4 ePsf sl/a #& xhf/ eGbf
j9L / :yfgLo k|zf;gdf btf{ eO{ kl/ifb;Fu cfa4 gePsf xhf/f}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf
/x]sf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf ;fy} @%) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;dGjo tyf cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;+lxtfa4 u/fpg]
sfo{df ck]lIft glthf k|fKt gx'g' / ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cfcfkm\g} tl/sfaf6
;DaGw :yfkgf u/L cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 k|fKt ;|f]t pkof]u ug]{

276
cEof;n] o;/L k|fKt x'g] ;|f]tnfO{ ck]lIft ¿kdf Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 lgodg ug{
g;Sg' h:tf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ / gful/s
;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;'b[9, dof{lbt / kf/bzL{ agfpFb} ltgLx¿nfO{ cfly{s,
;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] e/kbf]{ ;fem]bf/sf ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] .
%= p2]Zo
;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qsf sfo{qmddf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ /
cGt/;DaGwsf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo txsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] nufgL /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf]
If]qtk{m lglb{i6 u/L ljsf;sf] ;fe]mbf/sf] ¿kdf k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf]
;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ km/flsnf] / pGgt agfO{ ;fdflhs– cfly{s ljsf;df
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] .
3. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;xhLs/0f,
kl/rfng, cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] nufgLnfO{ nlIft ;d"x, ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf]
If]q, u|fdL0f ljkGg If]q tyf ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f, hLljsf k|j4{g, lzIff,
:jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f h:tf /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf lglb{i6
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ sfod x'g]u/L
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df k5fl8 k/]sf lhNnf, If]q / ;d'bfotk{m
pGd'v x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
3. :yfgLo ef}lts ;|f]t, dfgjLo ;|f]t tyf :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf k|fyldstf
lbO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . o;sf
nflu cfjZos sfg'gL k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g tyf lgb]{lzsf agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_

277
4. g]kfndf sfof{no gePsf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} k|fKt x'g]
;|f]tsf sfo{qmd;d]t ;xhLs/0f l;kmfl/z ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg
nfu" ul/g]5 . -!_
5. g]kfnL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf lge{/tf sd ug{ d'n's leq
;+:yfut k"FhL cfh{g ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . -!_
6. cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t
;+:yf 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ / pknAw gePdf glhssf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf 5gf}6
ug'{kg]{ k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g]5 . -@_
7. u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj
;'lglZrt ug{ of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjog;Ddsf lqmofsnfkdf :yfgLo
;/f]sf/ tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;dGjo / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -@_
8. cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfndf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ dxfn]vf
lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 lglb{i6 ul/Psf] jfl0fHo a}+sdf vftf ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{
Joj:yf ;'? ul/g]5 . -@_
9. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] vr{sf] dfkb08 lgb]{lzsf
agfO{g]5 . s'n ah]6sf] @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L k|zf;lgs vr{ gx'g] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . -@_
10. låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo / cGt/ ;/sf/L :t/df ;Demf}tf eO{ g]kfnsf nflu
5'6\ofOPsf] sf]if cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] cGo b]zsf] nflu pkof]u
ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
11. ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's"n u/fpg'sf ;fy}
P]gdf ;dofg's"n;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
12. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf cg'dlt
lbFbf cfwf/ tf]sL n}+lËs ah]6 cg'kft a9L x'g] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
13. cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf sfo{qmdsfnflu hgzlQm, k|j]zf1f, eG;f/,
s/ h:tf Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmd ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z u/L tbg'¿k
;]jfdf ;/nLs/0f u/fOg]5 . -#_
14. If]qLo:t/sf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] g]kfndf sfof{no vf]Ng' kbf{ To:tf
;+:yfn] g]kfndf ;d]t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
15. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] hgn]vf k/LIf0f tyf sfo{qmd tyf
vr{sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ nfu" ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_

278
16. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf lj1x¿ /fVg] k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
u/L g]kfnL hgzlQm k|of]u ug]{tk{m k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -#_
17. dGqfno / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿;DaGwL ljB'tLo ;"rgf a}+s tof/ ul/g]5 . -#_
18. ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] k|ltj]bg ug]{ ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L k|ltj]bg ug]{
/ To;sf] ljQLo hf]lvdsf k/L;"rsx¿ agfO{ 5gf}6 k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df To:tf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] t];|f] kIfaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf /x]sf] ;xhLs/0f
;ldltsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
19. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿sf]
clen]vfÍg, ;dGjo, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DalGwt ljifout
dGqfnox¿af6 ul/g]5 . -#_
20. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] lgodgsf/L lgsfonfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
21. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf ;f] ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] cfof]hgfsf] d"Nof+sg ;f]xL
;+:yfn] pknAw u/fPsf] ljQLo ;|f]t k|of]u ug'{kg]{ jt{dfg Joj:yfnfO{
k'g/jnf]sg ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf /x]sf] ;xhLs/0f ;ldltsf]
sfo{ ;~rfng / Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf k|fKt
If]qdf ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
 s]Gb|Lo:t/ tyf lhNnf:t/df u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] lgb]{lzsf÷sfo{ljlw tof/ ug]{ / pgLx¿sf]
juL{s/0f Pj+ ;'ljwfsf] dfkb08 tof/ u/L cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]]{ .
 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ljj/0f ;lxt tYof+s tof/
u/L clen]v s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;xsfo{ ug]{ u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 5gf}6 ug]{
lgb{]lzsf tof/ ug]{ .
 ;dfh sNof0f P]g kl/dfh{g u/L ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf
kl/dfh{g ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5g\ .

279
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfngdf kf/blz{tf tyf pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 ePsf] x'g],
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿dfkm{t\ kl/rfng x'g] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] sDtLdf *) k|ltzt
/sd sfo{qmd nfutdf vr{ ePsf] x'g], j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg,
clen]v / cg'udg x'g], ;dfhsNof0f P]g, @)$( sf] ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g /
;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbsf] ;+/rgf kl/dfh{g ePsf] x'g] .

280
 kl/R5]b M &
zflGt, ;'zf;g tyf d"nk|jfxLs/0f
&=! zflGt, k'gMlgdf{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf
!= k[i7e"ld
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 d'n'sdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g'sf ;fy} ;z:q åGå /
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngkZrft\ ;'? ul/Psf] zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ ;fy{s lgisif{df
k'¥ofpg] k|oTg eO/x]sf] 5 . cfGbf]ngsf qmddf hLjg pT;u{ u/]sf zxLbx¿sf]
;Ddfg, a]kQf kfl/Psfx¿sf] vf]hL, åGå kLl8tx¿sf nflu /fxt tyf k'gM:yfkgf,
k'gMPsLs/0f / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|bfg Pj+ åGåsf sf/0f k'gMl{gdf{0f ug{'kg]{
;+/rgfx¿ cem} klg dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{;"rLdf /x]sf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
ljut of]hgf cjlwdf zflGt k|lqmofsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lzlj/df
/x]sf n8fs'x¿sf] ;dfof]hgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . d'n'sdf åGå/t ljleGg
;d"xx¿;+u jftf{, ;Djfb / ;xdlt sfod u/L aGb x8tfn tyf lx+;fTds
lqmofsnfkx¿ Go"gLs/0f ug]{tk{m w]/} pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ePsf] 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu åGåsf sf/0f d[To' ePsf !&,**^ JolQmsf kl/jf/x¿dWo] !$,@)! kl/jf/nfO{
/fxt k|bfg ul/Psf], &(,%&! JolQmx¿ lj:yflkt ePsf]df @%,))) hgfnfO{
k'gM:yfkgfsf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u tyf k'gMPsLs/0f ul/Psf] / !,%#) JolQmx¿
j]kQf ePsfdWo] !,%@* hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt pknJw u/fOPsf] 5 . åGåsf]
sf/0fn] k'glg{df{0f ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf *,(!^ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿dWo] @,(*)
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;Dklt Iflt ePsf !&,$*$ kl/jf/sf]
JolQmut ;Dklt IfltdWo] (,)$% kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt, ckx/0fdf k/]sf #,$)%
hgfnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf / zflGt ;Demf}tf kZrft\ 36]sf 36gfdf k/L d[To' ePsf
JolQmsf xsbf/x¿nfO{ /fxt pknJw u/fOPsf] 5 . hgcfGbf]ngsf zlxbsf
kl/jf/nfO{ hLjg lgjf{x eQf, c+ue+u÷ckf+u ePsf &,((^ hgfnfO{ cfly{s
;xfotf, %! k|ltzteGbf a9L c+ue+u÷ckf+u ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ hLjg lgjf{xeQf
/ 3fOt]sf ;Gtltx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf 5fqj[lt klg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
a]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g;DaGwL
sfo{df ePsf] l9nfO{, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿aLr ;dGjosf] cefj, lkmtnf]
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg, k'glg{df{0fsf] Jofks dfu / ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] cefjn] ubf{
lbuf] zflGtsf nflu ;dfgtf, e]befj/lxt Jojxf/, /fHosf ;a} tx / If]qdf
;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] sfo{x¿ k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

281
cem} klg k'glg{df{0f / k'gM:yfkgfsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ljleGg
kIfx¿;+u ePsf jftf{ tyf ;xdltnfO{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog u/L zflGt /
;xdltsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{, ;z:q åGåsf] dgf];fdflhs c;/nfO{
k'gM;fdfGoLs/0f ug]{ / /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf h'6fO{ ljsf;sf nflu ;femf cjwf/0ff
agfP/ zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ :yfgLo:t/;Dd ;+:yfut ug'{ kg]{] r'gf}tL ljBdfg 5 .
;fy}, d[ts tyf a]kQf kl/jf/, JolQmut ;Dklt Iflt ePsf Pj+ lj:yflktx¿nfO{
/fxt, k'gM:yfkgf Pj+ k'gM;fdflhsLs/0f, :yfgLo:t/sf zflGt ;ldltx¿nfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lqmoflzn agfpgsf nflu tof/ ul/g] /0fgLlts of]hgfx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu pRr:t/sf] k|ltj4tf h'6fpg] h:tf s'/fx¿ klg yk r'gf}tLsf]
¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;d[4, zfGt / Gofok"0f{ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu, d]nldnfk, cfk;L ;b\efj /
;lxi0f'tf clej[l4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. åGåaf6 k|efljtx¿nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg] / åGåsf sf/0f Ifltu|:t ef}lts
;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ .
2. åGå k|efljtsf nflu kl/k"/0f, k'gM:yfkg Pj+ k'gMPsLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{
d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ .
3. ;dfhdf lbuf] zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod ul//fVg] .

^= /0fgLlt
1. åGå k|efljtx¿sf nflu /fxt, kl/k"/0f, k'gM:yfkgf tyf k'gMPsLs/0fsf sfo{
ug]{ .
2. åGåsf] qmddf Iflt ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k'gMl{gdf{0f ug]{ .
3. lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf Pj+ cGo ;Demf}tf, ;xdlt / ;dembf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo :t/df zflGt lgdf{0fsf ;fy} ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofodf
ljz]if hf]8 lbg] .
4. åGåkl5sf] cjlwdf zflGtsf nflu ul/g] sfo{qmdsf nflu ;|f]t kl/rfngsf]
k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug]{ .
5. zflGt sfod ug{ ljleGg ;d"x¿;Fusf] jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
6. ;dfhdf x'g;Sg] åGåsf sf/s tTTjx¿nfO{ oyf ;dodf klxrfg u/L lbuf]
zflGt sfod ug]{ .

282
&= sfo{gLlt
1. åGå k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d"xx¿nfO{ /fxt tyf ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgf Pj+
k'gM;fdflhsLs/0f ug]{ qmddf cfjZos dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{, /f]huf/L jf
:j/f]huf/Lsf nflu cfjZos ;Lk, tflnd / cj;/sf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
2. k'gMlgdf{0f, k'gM:yfkgf tyf k'gMPsLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljz]if¿kdf cg'udg
ug'{sf ;fy} t];|f] kIfåf/f ;d]t cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/fOg]5 . -!_
3. åGå kLl8t dlxnf, afnaflnsfx¿sf] /fxt tyf k'gM:yfkgsf nflu tof/
ul/Psf /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . ;fy} åGå k|efljt Ho]i7
gful/snfO{ /fxt / k'gM :yfkgfsf lgldQ sfo{ of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -!_
4. åGå kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f / k'gMPsLs/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
5. zflGTf, ;b\efj / /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf k|j4{gsf nflu gd"gf a:tL, /fli6«o,
If]qLo Pj+ :yfgLo:t/sf zxLb kfs{, :df/s, jfl6sf cflb lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -!_
6. k'glg{df{0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
7. j]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgljg, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g u/L
kLl8tnfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo lbnfpg cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
8. zflGtsf]ifnfO{ zflGt, k'gMlgdf{0f, k'gM:yfkgf, k'gMPsLs/0f Pj+ ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg
Gofo;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|efjsf/L¿kdf kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -$_
9. lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / To;kl5 zflGt lgdf{0fdf ePsf ;xdlt,
;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L¿kdf ul/g]5 . -%_
10. åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg txdf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -%_
11. zflGt / ;'Joj:yfsf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ax'cfolds sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 ;Daf]wg
ul/g]5 . -^_
12. ljleGg cfGbf]ng / /fhgLlts åGåsf] qmddf 3fOt] / cËeË ePsf
gful/sx¿sf] ljz]]if pkrf/ / ;fdflhs Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -^_
13. ;dfhdf x'g;Sg] åGåsf sf/s tTjx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L :yfgLo:t/d} ;dfwfg
ug{ ;fd'bflos dWo:ytf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -^_
14. lbuf] zflGt k|j4{gsf nflu zflGtsf nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -^_

283
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgf sfo{qmd cGtu{t åGåaf6 Iflt ePsf ef}lts
;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f tyf åGå k|efljt JolQmx¿nfO{ /fxt tyf cfly{s
;xfotf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
 :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltx¿ Dffkm{t :yfgLo:t/df x'g] åGånfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{
;3fp k'Ug] u/L dfudf cfwfl/t lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 åGåsf] ;dodf a9L k|efljt ePsf dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf
lhNnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L æåGå k|efljt If]q ljz]if sfo{qmdÆ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 æzflGtsf nflu ljsf; sfo{qmdÆ cGtu{t lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;3fp k'Ug]
cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 zflGt k|lqmof ;xof]u cfof]hgf cGtu{t åGå k|efljtx¿sf] k'gM:yfkg Pj+
k'gMPsLs/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg /f]huf/÷:j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd tyf dgf];fdflhs
k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 zflGt sf]if dfkm{t\ lbuf] zflGt k|j4{g ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'g]5 .
 j]kQf ePsf JolQmsf] 5fgjLg, ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g
dfkm{t\ åGåkLl8tx¿sf nflu kl/k'/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwsf] cGTodf d[tssf glhssf !&,**^ / a]kQf kfl/Psf !,%#)
JolQmsf xsbf/nfO{ /fxt:j¿k clwstd ¿= % nfv, ;j{;fwf/0f @)) d[tssf
Psn dlxnf, a]kQf kfl/Psf #*( JolQmsf kTgL, åGåaf6 JolQmut ;Dklt Iflt
ePsf !,))) JolQm tyf kl/jf/, ckx/0fdf k/]sf @#& AolQmx¿nfO{ /fxt pknJw
x'g]5 . To;}u/L !),@#) JolQmnfO{ k'gM:yfkgf tyf k'gMPsLs/0f /f]huf/sf cj;/
/ %,))) JolQmnfO{ dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;]jf pknJw x'g]5 . !(% hgf cª\ueª\u
tyf ckfË ePsf JolQmx¿ / ^@) hgf åGåsf] qmddf cfdfafa' b'j} u'dfPsf 6'x'/f
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf, *#) hgf hgcfGbf]ngdf ckf+u / 3fOt] ePsf
JolQmx¿nfO{, @^ zlxb kl/jf/x¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s j[lQ / %) hgf 3fOt]sf
;GtltnfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknJw x'g]5 . åGåaf6 Iflt ePsf %,$$( ;+/rgfx¿sf]
k'glg{df{0f x'g]5 .

&=@ k|zf;sLo ;'zf;g

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;'zf;gnfO{ /fHosf] cfbz{td uGtJo xfl;n
ug]{tk{m kl/rflnt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf]

284
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;lGwnfO{ Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn sfg'g
cfof]uåf/f g]kfnsf k|rlnt sfg'gx¿nfO{ ljB'tLo clen]v ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ dtbftf gfdfjnL j}1flgs / Jojl:yt
agfpgsf nflu kmf]6f] / afof]d]l6«S; ;"rgf ;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng ug]{
sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ljleÌ k|of;x¿
ul//x]sf] 5 . x]nf] ;/sf/ tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;8s lj:tf/ tyf ;'wf/,
e|i6frf/ la?4sf] sfo{of]hgf, tTsfn /fxt sfo{qmd, @)^*, nlIft ju{sf] xLt
;+/If0f, ;'zf;g sfo{of]hgf, @)^*, /fli6«o uf}/asf cfof]hgfdf glthfdf cfwfl/t
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, rf/ :yfgdf PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] tof/L, s]Gb|b]lv
lhNnf;Dd ljleÌ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;ldltx¿, /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
cfrf/ ;lx+tf, @)^*, dlGqkl/ifb\sf @)@& ;fnb]lvsf lg0f{ox¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
sfdsf] ;'?cft ePs]f 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿df ¿= %,))) eGbf a9Lsf] e'QmfgL ug'{k"j{
j]a;fO6df /fVg] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] b}lgs sfd kg]{ /
k|ToIf hg;Dks{ x'g] s]xL ljefux¿ / cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿df Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf]
gful/s a8fkq nfu" ul/Psf], ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf
lj:tf/, nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmddf ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf],
lglZrt cjlwleq ;j}sf] nflu tflnd Joj:yf ldnfpgsf cltl/Qm ljleÌ tflnd
k|bfos ;+:yfx¿af6 k|bfg ul/g] tflndnfO{ ;d;fdlos / Joaxfl/s agfpg]
k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
k|zf;sLo ;'zf;gnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljleÌ k|of; x'Fbf x'b} klg k|efjsf/L
;dGjosf] cefj, ckof{Kt ;|f]t tyf ;fwg, nlDabf] ;+qmd0fsfn, /fhgLlts
k|lta¢tfsf] sdL, hg;xeflutfsf] cefj, kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtf h:tf
kIfx¿ cem} sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] k|zf;lgs ;'zf;gdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf h:tf
;d:ofx¿ 68\sf/f] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
nfdf] ;do;Dd :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g g;Sg'sf cltl/Qm Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] lgjf{rg x'g ;d]t l9nf] ePsf]n] ;d;fdlos ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf
P]g sfg'gx¿sf] th'{df ug]{, lghfdtL ;]jf cGt/ut :jtM kbf]Gglt ePsf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g}ltstfsf] clej[l4 u/L
pTk|]/0ff j9fpg] / ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L jgfpg'kg]{
r'gf}tLx¿ cem} ljBdfg 5g\ .

285
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
hgd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL, kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. /fHo ;+oGqsf /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf kof{j/0fLo
lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutf tyf lgikIftf k|j4{g ug]{ .
2. ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgnfO{ glthfd"ns k4ltsf]
dfWodaf6 k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs If]qaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift u/L sfo{If]qnfO{ yk
:ki6 ug]{ .
2. ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr / k|flKt ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
3. ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfO{ :t/Lo lgikIf Pj+ ljlw;Ddt 9ª\un] ;dod}
;]jf kfpg] ca:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
4. ;a} /fi6«;]jssf] d"NofªsgnfO{ j:t'ut agfP/ ltgLx¿sf] sfdsf] cfwf/df
b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. /fhgLlt / k|zf;g If]qsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L / st{JonfO{ :ki6 kfl/g]5 . -!_
3. k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f / ;ª\If]kLs/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
4. cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf sl7gfO{ ef]lu/x]sf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf
k'¥ofpg PsLs[t ;]jfs]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, glthfd'vL tyf hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5 . -@_
6. ;fj{hlgsIf]qnfO{ :jR5 Pj+ ;bfrf/o'Qm, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{, kl/0ffdd'vL,
;dfj]zL / hjfkmb]xL agfOg]5 . -@_
7. hgu'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
8. e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwdfkm{t\ JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfcg'¿k x'g]
u/L e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] cGTo u/L z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cª\uLsf/
ul/g]5 . -#_

286
9. b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L sfg'gL zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfOg]5 . -#_
10. g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfnosf jflif{s sfo{qmd / lgoldt ;]jf k|jfxsf]
glthfd"ns kl/;"rs ;fj{hlgs u/L ;"rsx¿sf] cg'udg ul/g]5 . -$_
11. g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} ;lrjx¿sf] glthfd"ns sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs;lxtsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L sfof{Gjo ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -$_
12. ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ hgd'vL agfpg Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] ;]jf j8fkq qmdzM sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, ;'zf;g;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf
pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ff clej[l4sf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdx¿ :jf:Yo tyf b'3{6gf aLdf, sd{rf/L cfjf;, lzz'
:ofxf/ s]Gb|, lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;Gtlt 5fqj[lQ, lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;Gtltsf
nflu cfjf;Lo ljBfno lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfn h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ lj:tf/
ub}{ nlug]5 .
 lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf kZrft\ gful/sx¿sf] rfxgfcg'¿k ;]jf
k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ul/g]5 .
 lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfufdL tLg jif{leq ;a}sf
nflu tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, @)^( sf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k nfu" ePsf]
cf/If0fn] ;[hgf u/]sf] k|efj d"NofÍg ug{ cWoog ul/g]5 / To;af6 k|fKt
lgisif{nfO{ gLltut ;'wf/sf] dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g]5 .
 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/åf/f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ljB'tLo zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf cl3 j9fO{ ;j} ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df :jrflnt sfo{
k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ ul/b} nlug]5 .
 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf lgodfjnLsf
c:ki6 k|fjwfgnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg;DaGwL sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ePsf] x'g],
ghfdtL sd{rf/L tyf ;]jfu|fxLx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] qmlds
ljsf; ePsf] x'g], lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwdf
gjLgtd\ ;Lk / 1fg ljsf; e} ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf kx'Fr ;xh x'g] /

287
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b÷e'QmfgL kf/bzL{ x'g]5 . To;}u/L glthfd"ns sfo{;Dkfbg
k2lt nfu" e} tf]lsPsf] ;do / nfut leq u'0f:t/Lo sfd ;DkGg x'gsf
cltl/Qm ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq nfu" ePsf]
x'g]5 .

&=# Gofo Joj:yf

!= k[i7e"ld
b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf
g} sfg'gL zf;gk|lt k|ltj4tf JoQm ePsf] 5 . sfg'gL zf;gsf] clgjfo{ zt{sf
¿kdf /xg] :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] g} cfTd;ft\ u/]sf]
5 . d'n'sdf sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut
Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf] k|d'v Ps c+usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;d:t Gofo
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ljgf b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] Gofo
k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
d'n'sdf ljutb]lv g} sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{tk{m ljleGg k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k|oTgx¿ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg sfg'gsf]
zf;gnfO{ hLjGt t'NofO{ cfdhgtfdf To;sf] ck]lIft nfe k'¥ofpg g;lsg',
ablnFbf] ljZj kl/j]zcg'¿k sltko gofF ljifox¿df sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ g;lsPsf]
;Gbe{df sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
;/sf/sf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ yk Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;'zf;g;DaGwL 5'6\6}
sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, Gofokflnsf ;dIf cfpg] ljjfbx¿sf]
;+Vofdf qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . To:t}, km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] nut ;d]t
a9]/ uPsf] 5 . Gofokflnsfleqjf6} yfngL ePsf] Goflos ;'wf/sf] of]hgfj4
k|of;jf6 Gofo lg¿k0f tyf km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ;sf/fTds pknlAwx¿ xfl;n
ePsf 5g\ . bf];|f] of]hgf nfu" x'Fbfsf] t'ngfdf pSt of]hgf nfu" ePkl5 d'2f
km5of}{6sf] b/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k"/fgf d'2fx¿ pNn]Vo ¿kdf km5\of}{6 eO{ To:tf
d'2fx¿sf] afFsL nut 36]/ uPsf] 5 . km};nf sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t k|ult ePsf] 5 .
cbfntsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ nufot d]l;g/L cf}hf/, ;jf/L ;fwg,
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL ljleGg
cWoog, cg';Gwfgdfkm{t\ Gofokflnssf ;fd" ljBdfg ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tLx¿sf]
klxrfg ug]{ cfwf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . Gofo k|zf;g nufot cGo sfg'gx¿sf]
;+lxtfs/0f, ljsf; / ;d;fdlos ;'wf/x¿ ePsf 5g\ . d"ntM of]hgfn] Gofo

288
k|zf;gdf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] cfjZostf jf cf}lrTonfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] cj:yf
5.
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf gLltut, sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k|oTgx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg sfg'gsf]
zf;gnfO{ hLjGt t'NofO{ cfdhgtfdf To;sf] ck]lIft nfe k'¥ofpg g;lsg',
ablnFbf] ljZj kl/j]zcg'¿k g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o hutdf u/]sf
k|ltj4tfcg'¿k sltko gofF ljifox¿df sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ g;lsg' / sfg'gL
zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g
g;Sg' k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
Gofokflnsf ;dIf cfpg] ljjfbx¿sf] ;+Vofdf qmdzM j[l4 x'b} uPsf], km};nf
sfof{Gjogsf] nfut j9]/ uPsf], Gofokflnsf cGtu{t b/aGbLcg';f/ kbk"lt{ x'g
g;s]sf], cfjZostfcg';f/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] sdL /x]sf] cflb r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogaf6 sfg'gL zf;gsf] k|ltkmn hgtfdf k'¥ofpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. :jtGq, ;Ifd, sd vlr{nf], l56f]5l/tf], k|efjsf/L / hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fro'Qm,
hgcf:yfdf cfwfl/t Gofok|0ffnL dfkm{t\ clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ sfg'gsf]
zf;gsf] dfWod4f/f ;j}sf] lglDt Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
2. sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts If]q nufot
/fli6««o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{ .
3. Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ r':t, ;'b[9 / pQ/bfoL jgfO{ Gofo k|0ffnLk|lt hgcf:yf
clej[l4 ug]{ .
4. Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfO{ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{
ef}lts k|df0fd'vL j}1flgs cg';Gwfg / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/o'Qm cleof]hg
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ .
5. /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o hutdf Gofo / sfg'gsf ljleGg ljifo If]qx¿df
ljsl;t cjwf/0ff tyf dfGotfx¿ Pj+ g]kfnn] JoQm u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿cg'¿k
sfg'gsf] th'{df u/L sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. Gofodf cfdhgtfsf] ;dfg kx'Fr clej[l4 u/L sfg'gsf] zf;g ;'b[9 ug]{ .

289
2. sfg'gsf] lgdf{0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
3. ;j{;'ne, l56f] 5l/tf]] Gofo;Dkfbg u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. b]jfgL tyf kmf}Hbf/L sfg'gsf] ;+lxtfs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] sfg'gL
k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5 .-!_
2. dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;+nUg d'2fx¿sf] zL3| ;'g'jfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ b|"t
cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug{ sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
3. ljBdfg sfg'gnfO{ yk n}+lus d}qL / ;dfj]zL agfOg]5 . -!_
4. sfg'gL lzIff tyf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
5. sfg'gL zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
6. clwsf/d'vL b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
7. g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{
ljBdfg sfg'gsf] k'g/jnf]sg u/L cfjZos sfg'gL ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
8. sfg'g tyf Gofo If]qdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
9. Gofokflnsfsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf qmdzM k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
-#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 Gofo k|zf;g;+u ;DjlGwt lgsfo / clwsf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL
lgsfo / b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlw ;+lxtfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
 d'2f Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cWoog, cg';Gwfg, kl/dfh{g / ;r]ttf
clej[l4 u/L j}1flgs k4lt tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ .
 d'2fsf clen]vx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ tyf
sfo{qmdsf cltl/Qm cbfntx¿sf] ejg tyf GofofwLzx¿sf] nflu cfjf;
lgdf{0f, ;jf/L ;fwg vl/b tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
 km};nf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;+:yfut ;'wf/, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xof]usf] kl/rfng;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
 dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf
;'wf/ ug]{ .

290
 ;/sf/L jsLnx¿df Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 Goflos sfd sf/jfxLx¿dff ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ cem j9L ;+:yfut ug{
cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 Gofo k|0ffnL / Goflos ;'wf/;DaGwL cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug];
{ DaGwL sfo{qmd tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 Gofo If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;+usf] ;+:yfut / sfo{d"ns ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug{ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr tyf hgcf:yf clej[l4 ug{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

(= ck]lIft pknlAw
sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf cem clej[l4 ePsf] x'g], dfgj clwsf/,
nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, ;dGofosf] cfwf/df ;dfgtf, sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf,
:jtGq Gofokflnsfsf d"ne"t dfGotfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ plrt, :jR5 tyf
pko'Qm sfg'gdfkm{t\ sfg'gL zf;gsf] k|ltkmn hgtfdf k'u]sf] x'g], b08xLgtfsf]
cGTo, ck/fwsf] 36gfx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs zflGt sfod ePsf] x'g] /
Gofo k|zf;gsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ePsf] x'g]5 .

&=$ ljQLo ;'zf;g

!= k[i7e"ld
;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ cfw'lgs n]vf kfng, k|ltj]bg /
n]vfk/LIf0f k4lt cjnDag ub}{ ljQLo sf/f]af/sf] :jR5tf / :t/Lotf dfkg ug]{
sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cem}klg ah]6 ;dodf cfpg g;sL k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog x'g
g;s]sf] tyf ljz]ifu/L rfn" vr{ cTolws a9]/ hfg] t/ k"FhLut vr{ sd x'g] tyf
j]?h'sf] dfqf k|To]s jif{ j9\g uO{ ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /x]sf] l:ylt
5.
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfly{s jif{ ;'? x'g'eGbf cufj} jflif{s jh]6 Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't u/L
:jLs[lt lng] k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ kf/bzL{
agfpg] qmddf jh]6 ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / ljifout If]q÷dGqfnout jh]6
;"rgf k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs n]vf Joj:yf /
n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] agfpg] qmddf dfkb08x¿ tof/ ug]{ sfdsf
cltl/Qm Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogjf6 ;/sf/L sf]if tyf gub
Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 .

291
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;dodf jh]6sf] k|:t'lt / :jLs[lt gx'g], jh]6 k|:t'lt;+u} jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/
gx'g], ;dodf 7]Ssfk6\6fsf] jGbf]j:t x'g g;Sg], ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] dfl;s tyf
jflif{s ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dodf tof/ gx'g] / cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f / lgoGq0f
lkmtnf] x'g uO{ k|To]s jif{ j]?h'sf] dfqf j9\g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
sfg'gL ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] lbg jh]6sf] k|:t'lt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg], cfGtl/s
n]vfk/LIf0f / lgoGq0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg], cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf jh]6sf] %)
k|ltzteGbf j9L vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQdf /f]s nufpg'kg]{, ;fj{{hlgs vr{nfO{ k"0f{t
kf/bzL{ jgfO{ vr{df ldtJolotfsf ;fy} bIftf sfod u/L nufgL cg';f/sf]
k|ltkmn (value for money) sf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;fj{hlgs cfo JoonfO{ Jojl:yt u/L k};fsf] d"No (value for money) sf]
k|Tofe"lt u/fpg] .
%= p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs cfo / vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / k|efjsf/L tyf
kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ agfpg] .
2. ;/sf/sf] ljQLo cfFs8f Pj+ cfoJoo j:t'k/s, lgoldt / cGt/f{li6«o
dfkb08cg'¿k agfpg ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ug]{ .
3. sf]if tyf gub Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. gLlt, ah]6 / sfo{qmdsf] cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ub{} j:t'ut dfkb08sf cfwf/df
;|f]t k|If]k0f k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -!_
2. ljifout tyf If]qut gLltx¿nfO{ jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf k|ltljlDat ug]{
;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf z[ª\vnfa4 ;'wf/ of]hgf nfu"
ul/g]5 . -!_
3. /fh:j kl/rfng clej[l4 ug]{, s/ 5Ng]lj?4 s8fO{sf ;fy sf/jfxL ug]{,
u}/sfg'gL k"FhLut k|jfx /f]Sg], s/ ltg]{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug]{ s/ k|0ffnL Jojl:yt
ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 . -!_

292
4. n]vfªs\g k|0ffnLnfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
;+:yfut ub}{ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfOg]5 . -@_
5. vl/b u'? of]hgf / jflif{s vl/b of]hgfsf] cfwf/df gub k|If]k0f ug]{ tyf
ah]6, sfo{qmd / vl/b of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
6. /fh:j, vr{ tyf ljQLo juL{s/0f;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf cfFs8f k|0ffnL ljsf;
ug{ / n]vf k|0ffnLcg';f/ vftf;"rL tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ dxfn]vf
lgoGqs sfof{no dfkm{t\ lg/Gt/ ul/g]5 . -@_
7. Psn vftf sf]if k|0ffnLnfO{ xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df kl/is[t u/L
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 jh]6 ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / ljifout If]q÷dGqfnosf] jh]6 ;"rgf
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfO{ j:t'ut dfkb08sf
cfwf/df ;|f]tsf] k|If]k0f / ljlgof]hg ug]{ .
 cfjlws of]hgf, dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf, / jflif{s jh]6 tyf ut cfly{s
jif{sf] sfo{ ;DkfbgaLr tfbfDotf ldnfpg] .
 cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f / lgoGq0fnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfpg'sf
cltl/Qm /fh:j, vr{ / ljQLo ;"rgf tyf cfFs8f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 u}/ s/ / s/ k|zf;g b'j}df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L s/ 5Ng], cj}wflgs
af6f]jf6 kF"hL aflx/ n}hfg] h:tf cj}wflgs lqmofsnfkdf /f]s nufOg]5 .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod eO{ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

&=% e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f

!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;'zf;gnfO{ /fHosf] bfloTjsf] ¿kdf dgg u/L
;f]xLadf]lhd sfg'gL, ;+/rgfut tyf gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4sf]
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwnfO{ @# km]a|'c/L ;g\ @)!! df cg'df]bg ul/Psf],
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f P]g, @)^$ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] / cf+tsafbaf6 k|fKt x'g] ljQLo

293
nufgL;DaGwL dxf;lGw / ;ªul7t ck/fw lj?4sf] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ul/Psf] 5 .
e|i6frf/sf] ;DaGwdf z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] gLlt nfu" ePsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfof]usf] kxndf ljleGg dGqfno cGt/utsf $( j6f ljefux¿sf] sfo{ljlw -sfo{
;~rfng lgb]{lzsf_ tof/ u/fO{ ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo:t/df e|i6frf/
lj?4sf] cleofgnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] p2]Zon] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;ldlt;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw, @)^^ nfO{ k|To]s lhNnfdf nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
u7g u/L :yfgLo:t/af6 g} e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cleofg ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng / ljZn]if0fnfO{ ljZjfl;nf] / e/kbf]{
agfpg'sf ;fy} cfof]un] lg0f{o sfof{GjognfO{ ;zQm / k|efjsf/L agfpg]
l;nl;nfdf cfof]uaf6 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf]
kmn:j¿k e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf If]qdf cfof]un] cem a9L k|efjsf/L, ljz]if1tfo'Qm
/ bIftf k|fKt lgsfosf] ¿kdf cfk"mnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ k|of;x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnn] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw (UNCAC) nfO{ @# km/j/L
@)!! df cg'df]bg u/L kIf /fi6« ag]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf]
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL /fli6«o /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf,
@)^( :jLs[t u/L cfof]unfO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf]
¿kdf lnPsf]n] cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L ylkPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ x'g glbg] k|efjsf/L
cEof;x¿sf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug]{, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt gLlt, sfg'gL
Joj:yf tyf k|zf;lgs pkfox¿sf] cBfjlws d"Nof+sg ug]{, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( nufotsf P]gx¿df ;+zf]wg ug]{ tyf s]xL gofF P]gx¿sf] th'{df u/L nfu"
ug];
{ DaGwL sfo{x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg e} g]kfn pQm
dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« eO;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;f] dxf;lGw;+u d]n vfg] u/L
df}h'Fbf sfg'gx¿ ;+zf]wg Pj+ kl/dfh{g x'g g;s]sf] / cbfnt, ;}lgs, ljQLo tyf
j}+lsË If]q, lghL If]q tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfdf x'g] e|i6frf/hGo
lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfo{If]qleq Nofpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . cem} klg cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfk x'g ;Sg]
$) k|ltzt hlt If]q dfq ;d]l6Psf]n] 7"nf] If]q e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] sfg'gL bfo/fdf
;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfsf] cGTo u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ sfo{ 68\sf/f]
;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿ a9\b} hfg', ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf gkfpg', cg'zf;gxLgtf
a9\b} hfg', cg'udg k4lt k|efjxLg /xg', ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt gx'g', ;fj{hlgs
lgsfodf clg0f{osf] cj:yf ljBdfg x'g' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, s]Gb|Ls[t
;+u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L ;'zf;g sfod ug{ k|ToIf ¿kn]

294
of]ubfg lbg] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u tyf /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb| h:tf
lgsfox¿sf]] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{], k/Dk/fut cg';Gwfg k2ltdf ;'wf/ NofO{ gljgtd
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cg';GwfgnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / tYok/s agfpg] tyf ;|f]t
;fwgsf] sdL nufotsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg' yk r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
g]kfnnfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm agfpg ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] .
2. ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf x/]s If]qdf ;bfrf/, OdfGbf/L / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 eO{
e|i6frf/d'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu r]tgfd"ns, lg/f]wfTds Pj+ b08fTds sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ .
2. ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{
dfkb08 nfu" ug]{ .
3. lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;d]t e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] bfo/fleq Nofpg] .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. OdfGbf/ gful/ssf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu g}lts lzIffdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . -!_
2. e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfsf] ;ª\sng, cfbfg k|bfg ug{ / ljZn]if0f u/L
To;sf] ;b'kof]usf] nflu cfjZos k|aGw ldnfOg]5 . -!_
3. sfg'gsf] zf;g, OdfGbf/L, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;fj{hlgs
;DklQ / sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ e|i6frf/lj?4 lqmofzLn lgsfox¿sf]
;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
4. e|i6frf/lj?4sf] hgdt kl/rfng ug{sf] nflu gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L tyf
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
5. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;Fu ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut lj:tf/ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -!_
6. e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGw cg';f/ sfg'g lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g
u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -!_

295
7. ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ljleGg txdf x'g] l9nf;':tL, k|zf;lgs tyf cfly{s
clgoldttf nufotsf e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu b08 /
k'/:sf/sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -@_
8. e|i6frf/lj?4sf] sf/jfxLnfO{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿sf] aLrdf ;dGjo sfod u/L
PsLs[t ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 . -@_
9. kf/blz{tf, k|lt:kwf{ / j:t'ut k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ljQsf]
Joj:yfkg cfly{s cg'zf;g / g}lts ;bfrf/ clej[l4 ug{sf nflu k|efjsf/L
k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
10. sfnf] wgn] cy{tGqdf Nofpg] ljrng / ljs[ltnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;DklQ
z'4Ls/0f sfo{nfO{ b'?T;fxg u/L o; lj?4sf] sfo{nfO{ yk ;zQm agfOg]5 .
-@_
11. lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 x'g] clgoldttf tyf cjfl~5t ultljlwnfO{
lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -#_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfg adf]lhd /fli6«o gLlt /
sfg'gsf] kl/dfh{g / cfjZos sfg'gsf] th'{df ug]{ .
 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg'gx¿sf] kl/kfngf / sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
cGt/f{li6«o ;fem]bf/L, ;dGjo / ;+ul7t k|of;nfO{ clej[l4 ug{ e|i6frf/
lgoGq0f;+u ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yf, bft[ lgsfox¿sf] ;xsfo{
k|jw{gsf nflu cfjZos gLltut, ;+/rgfut / sfo{ut Joj:yf ug]{ .
 e|i6frf/lj?4sf] gful/s ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ;/f]sf/ kIf ;d]tsf]
;xsfo{df sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 e|i6frf/sf] hf]lvdk"0f{ If]qsf] klxrfgsf] nflu cfwf/e"t ;"rssf] lgwf{/0f u/L
cfjZos cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug]{ .
 e|i6frf/sf] b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf If]qsf] klxrfg tyf lgoGq0fsf 7f];
pkfox¿ ;d]t klxNofO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ 7f]; ;'emfj k|bfg
ug]{ .
 clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / ;Dj4 lgsfosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg] .
 cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ j}1flgs, j:t'k/s / glthfd"ns agfpg sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg :jb]zL / j}b]lzs tflnd, cWoog e|d0f,
k|lzIf0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

296
 cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿ ;d]tsf nflu cfjZos ef}lts
;+/rgf, ;jf/L ;fwg tyf k|fljlws pks/0fx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
e|i6frf/ lj?4sf sfg'gx¿sf] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g eO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ePsf] x'g] e|i6frf/;DaGwL ck/fwx¿sf] klxrfg, cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg k|lqmof
j}1flgs / j:t'ut ePsf] x'g], e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] 5gf}6k"0f{ / j:t'ut cg';Gwfg
ePsf] x'g], e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg cGo ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf
k|of;x¿df ;xof]u, ;dGjo / cg'udg x'g], cGt//f{li6«o:t/df cfof]usf] e"ldsf /
5lj pRr kfg{ cGt//fli6«o ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 .

&=^ gful/s ;xeflutf

!= k[i7e"ld
ljsf; k|lqmof tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;a{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jfldTj sfod ug{ d'n'sL
zf;gsf ljleGg txdf ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfpg h?/L ePsf]n] o;sf nflu
;fdlos lgjf{rg / ljsf; k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df gful/ssf] ;xeflutf
ck]lIft x'G5 . ljutdf k|hftflGqs k|lqmof ckgfO{ s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo:t/df
hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; ePklg ljut !@
jif{b]lv :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljxLg x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L
lgsfodfkm{t\ ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf hg;+nUgtf /fVg] u/L ;a} ju{, lnË / ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] k|efjsf/L
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of;sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
gful/ssf] cfˆgf] zf;g cfk}mn] /f]h]sf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ ;~rfng ug{, gofF ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f ug{ ev{/} hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
ePsf] 5 . o;af6 b]zdf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwTj ljxLgtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ cGTo ub}{
zf;g k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] :jfldTj :yflkt ub}{ nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] cGof]n /
cl:y/tfsf] cGTo u/]sf] 5 . ljut !! jif{ b]lv :yfgLo lgsfosf] l/Qmtf x'Fbf
:yfgLo ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf; lgdf{0fdf l;lh{t ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ lgjf{rg
u/L hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] axfnL ug]{ ljifodf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;xdlt
h'6]sf] cj:yf 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
:yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;]jf k|jfx / k|fKt pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt
afF8kmfF8df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, j8f gful/s d~r, ljleGg
lgsfox¿sdf u7g x'g] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt h:tf ;xeflutfTds k4ltx¿

297
canDag ul/Psf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rg gx'gfn]
hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] jxfnL ug]{, ;a} ju{, If]q, lnË / ;d'bfosf] /fHosf] ljleGg
txx¿df ;xeflutf u/fpg], ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f /
;]jf k|jfxdf nfeu|fxL ju{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|ltkmnbfoL agfpg] tyf ;d;fdlos
ljifodf gful/s ;r]tgf a9fpg] h:tf ljifo r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
zf;g ;~rfngsf] x/]s tx / k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf u/fO{
hg:jfldTj clej[l4 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; k|lqmofdf gful/sx¿sf]
;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo:t/sf ljleGg txdf lgikIf lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6
hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ .
2. ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yfkgdf gful/s ;xeflutf k|j4{g
ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df zf;gsf ljleGg txdf :jtGq, lg:kIf,
wfFwnL/lxt lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . -!_
2. nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] k|ToIf nfe cfd hgtfdf k'¥ofpg ;/sf/L tyf lghL
If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfox¿sf] k|of; s]lGb|t ul/g]5 . -!_
3. lgjf{rg cfof]u / cGtu{t lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ToxfF sfo{/t
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -!_
4. gful/s clwsf/ / st{Joaf/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofsf x/]s
r/0fdf ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t\ u'0f:t/Lo tyf hjfkmb]xLd"ns
sfd u/fpg u7g ul/g] pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf cfjZos
;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_

298
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 oyfzL3| :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fO{ hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] axfnL
ug]{ .
 gful/s ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ ljBdfg sfg'gx¿df ;+zf]wg ug'{sf ;fy}
ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿, dfu{bz{g lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f h:tf ljlwx¿nfO{
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
 gful/s lgu/fgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt
ug]{ .
 :yfgLo txb]lvg} of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
pTkfbsTj, pBdzLntf / gjk|jt{gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf nflu gLltut, sfg'gL, /
;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ tof/ ePsf] x'g], cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL Jojl:yt / cem ;'b[9 ePsf]
x'g] / ljsf; k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] :jfldTjaf]w, kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g
ePsf] x'g]5 .

&=& ;'/Iff Joj:yf

!= k[i7el"d
d'n'sleq zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / If]qut sfo{qmddf ;l/s e} lbuf]
ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;'/Iff Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g h?/L 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
hLp wgsf] ;'/Iff u/L d'n'se/ cdgr}g sfod ug]{ sfo{ /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj x'g]
x'Fbf ;du| ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg cfjZos 5 . ljutdf ePsf
k|ofzx¿n] ;Eo ;dfhsf] ;[hgfdf s]xL xb;Dd ;xof]u k'/\ofPsf] ePklg o;
If]qdf cem} w]/} ug{ jfFsL 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
u[x k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4 x'g uO{ cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;'b[9 x'g'sf cltl/Qm
;dfhdf cdgr}g sfod ePsf] 5 . gful/stf ljt/0f l56f] 5l/tf] / kf/bzL{
jg]sf] 5 . k|x/L k|zf;g hg d}qL ePsf] 5 . ;z:q k|x/L jnsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9\g
uO{ cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff ;'b[9 x'g'sf cltl/Qm ;fgfltgf ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts
ljb|f]xx¿ ;fDo ePsf 5g\ . /fh:j r'xfj6 / vf;u/L ;Ldf If]qdf x'g] cj}w
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk / rf]/L lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L lgoGq0f ePsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts

299
ljkb\ / ljkb\kl5sf] cfsl:ds Joj:yfkgsf nflu sf7df08f} pkTosfsf ljleGg
:yfgx¿nfO{ v'Nnf If]q tf]lsPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
bIf tyf k|ltefjfg hgzlQmx¿ ljb]lzb} hfg', pTkfbgzLn pBf]uwGbfx¿ aGb xF'b}
hfg', nufgLsf] jftfj/0f k|lts"n x'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ c;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] ;[hgf
ePsf 5g\ . ;'/Iffsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;dGjodf sl7gfO{ pTkGg
x'g' / tL lgsfox¿df ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Go"gtf /xg' k|d'v ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
To;}u/L, ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]uu/L u[x vf; u/L k|x/L k|zf;g /
/fli6«o cg';GwfgaLr tfnd]n / ;dGjo :yflkt ug]{, cg';Gwfg / ck/fw
lgoGq0fnfO{ tYodf cfwfl/t agfpg] / cfw'lgs tyf gljgtd k|ljlw / ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;lsPsf h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf k|rlnt sfg'gåf/f k|Tofe"t gful/s
:jtqGtfsf] /Iff ub}{ ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. d'n'sdf zflGt, cdgrog sfod u/L gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
2. gful/s ;'/Iffsf nflu k|ljlw / k4lt s]lGb|t k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ .

^= /0fgLlt
1. gful/s tyf JolQmsf] hLp, wg, :jtGqtf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug{
;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ cfw'lgs, Jofj;flos tyf ;fwg–;|f]t ;DkGg agfpg] .
2. ;'/Iff k|zf;gdf ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fvL hgtfnfO{
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. gful/ssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg
ljefunfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. clt ;+j]bgzLn Pj+ dxTTjk"0f{ k|lti7fg tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;'/Iff k|aGw
ldnfOg]5 . -!_
3. ;fd'bflos k|x/Ldf ljz]if hf]8 lbg] / k|x/LnfO{ hg d}qL tyf hgtfnfO{ k|x/L
d}qL agfOg]5 . -!_

300
4. ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f k|0ffnLnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;~hfndf cfa4 u/L ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ljlwdf
cfa4 u/fOg]5 . -!_
5. ck/fw lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] gofF gofF k|ljlw k|of]udf NofOg]5 . -!_
6. ;'/Iff ;"rgfx¿sf] ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf ;Dk|]if0f÷k|jfxsf nflu ;j} ;'/Iff
lgsfox¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff ;"rgf ;dGjo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
7. ;'/Iffsf ljleGg txdf dfgj clwsf/ OsfO{ :yfkgf / ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
8. dfgj clwsf/ pNnª3gstf{nfO{ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
9. nfu" cf}ifwsf] cj}w pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f Pj+ cf];f/ k;f/nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy
lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;'/Iff ;"rgfx¿sf] ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf ;Dk|]if0f÷k|jfxsf nflu ;j} ;'/Iff
lgsfox¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff ;"rgf ;dGjo ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL
Joj:yf ug{sf cltl/Qm u[x k|zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 gful/stf ljt/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt jgfpgsf cltl/Qm k|of]ufTds ¿kdf
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] ;6\6f ax'p2]ZoLo /fli6«o kl/ro kq qmdzM ljt/0f ug]{ .
 cWofudg k|zf;gnfO{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t jgfO{ lgoGq0fd'vLeGbf ;xhsf/L
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{] lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ .
 sf/fuf/ k|zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{sf cltl/Qm v'Nnf sf/fuf/ k|0ffnL :yflkt ug]{ .
 /fli6«o cg';Gwfg Joj:yfnfO{ e/kbf]{, tYout / l56f] 5l/tf] ;"rgfsf] ;+sng u/L
/fli6«o cv08tfdf cfFr cfpg glbg] gljgtd ;f]ro'Qm agfpg] .
 dxTTjk"0f{ k|lti7fg, ;+/rgf / cf}Bf]lus If]qnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ .
 cfjZos pks/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;"rgf k|0ffnL / cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
dfWod4f/f g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfO{ cfGtl/s ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .
 xltof/ tyf v/vhfgf / ljz]ifu/L ;fgf xltof/sf] ljuljuLjf6 cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf
vnn k'Ug uO{ ;fdflhs j}dgZotf j9\g] vt/fnfO{ k"0f{tof /f]s nufpg xltof/
tyf v/vhfgf;DaGwL P]g lgodx¿sf] kl/dfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
 e"sDk, jf9L klx/f], v8]/L, cltj[li6, cl;gf h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cGo
dfgjhGo k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt IfltnfO{ Go"g u/fpg ;r]tgf / ;'/Iffsf

301
 pkfo;DaGwL r]tgf hufpg] / ljkb tyf k|sf]kkl5sf] l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnO{
k'g:yfkgf;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
;'/Iff lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;ª\u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f eO{ hgtfdf ;'/Iffsf]
cg'e"lt ePsf] x'g]5 .

&=* oftfoft Joj:yf

!= k[i7e"ld
oftfoft If]qn] d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Nb5 . t/ g]kfnsf] oftfoft If]qsf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5}g . lqe'jg /fhkysf]
lgdf{0f ePkl5dfq ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|of]u ;Dej ePsf] xf] . cfjlws of]hgfx¿n]
o; If]qdf lbPsf] k|fyldstfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgx¿ oftfoft
;~hfndf cfa4 eO;s]sf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] cGTo;Dddf d'n'ssf
&# lhNnf ;b/d'sfd ;8s dfu{af6 hf]l8Psf 5g\ eg] s"n ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vof
!% nfv %& xhf/ k'u]sf] 5 . ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq lng]sf] ;Vof @) nfv &(
xhf/ k'u]sf] 5 . ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vofdf qmdzM j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 .
oftfoftsf k"jf{wf/x¿df ePsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/, dfgjLo hLjgdf b]vf k/]sf]
ultzLntf, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+VofTds j[l4 tyf u'0ffTds ljljwtf, a9\bf] ;jf/L
b'3{6gf tyf 6«flkms hfd / oftfoft Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u ul/Psf cfw'lgs
k|ljlwnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ g]kfnsf] oftfoft If]qnfO{ cem ljsl;t / Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{
l:ylt 5 . ;du| oftfoft If]q ljz]if u/L ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf
gePsf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{, ;/n, ;xh /
kx'Frof]Uo agfpFb} n}hfg'kg]{ / oftfoft If]qsf] Joj:yfkg / lgodg ug]{
lgsfox¿nfO{ klg ;Ifd / ;jn agfpg'kg]{ s'/f klg plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
oftfoft k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf s]xL pNn]Vo sfo{x¿
ePsf 5g\ . ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ljB'tLo ;~hfndf cfj4
u/L h'g;'s} oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no / oftfoft Joj:yf ;]jf s]Gb|df ;jf/L
;fwg s/ ltg{ / ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
ofq'jfxs / dfnjfxs b'j} yl/sf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] ef8f lgwf{/0fsf
nflu j}1flgs ef8f b/ k4lt tof/ u/L $#@ ?6x¿df j}1flgs ef8f b/
sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . t];|f] kIf aLdf Joj:yfdf Jofks k'g/jnf]sg u/L
Jofjxfl/s agfOPsf] 5 . ;jf/L k|b"if0f dfkb08, @)^( nfu" ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
;jf/L ;fwgsf] hfFrkf; sfo{nfO{ j}1flgs / Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;jf/L ;fwg
pko'Qmtf k/LIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ljBdfg ;jf/L gDj/ k|0ffnLnfO{

302
ODaf]:8 gDa/ Kn]6df kl/jt{g ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|f/lDes u[xsfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ;jf/L
rfns cg'dltkq k|0ffnLsf sl/j () k|ltzteGbf a9L ultljlwx¿ ljB'tLo
dfWodjf6 ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq klg
h'g;'s} oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{noaf6 gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nox¿df /x]sf ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] ljj/0fx¿nfO{
sDKo"6/df cWofjlws ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqsf] lnlvt tyf
k|of]ufTds k/LIffnfO{ j}1flgs agfpg cfjZos kf7\oqmd tyf lgb]{lzsf nfu"
ul/Psf] 5 .
oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu / cGtu{tsf sfof{nox¿sf] sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df ;+u7g
;+/rgfsf] sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . ljB'tLo k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 oftfoft k|zf;gsf] sfo{
;~rfng ug{ / ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq :df6{ sf8{df pknJw u/fpgsf] nflu
cfjZos sfo{x¿ ;'? ePsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
a9\bf] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] t'ngfdf cfjZos ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg',
oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nox¿sf] JoJf:yfkg ;Ifdtf / ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0ffTdstf
clej[l4 x'g g;Sg', ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿ lghL If]qaf6 dfq ;~rfng
eO{/x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; If]qdf ;/sf/L pkl:ylt z"Go x'g', oftfoft If]qdf ljBdfg
l;l08s]6 k|0ffnLn] ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] If]q k|lt:kwL{ / u'0f:t/Lo x'g g;Sg',
;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf cfrf/ ;+lxtf / cg'zf;gsf] kfngf gul/g', a9\bf] ;jf/L
;fwgsf] t'ngfdf kfls{Ë Jojl:yt x'g g:fSg', ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lsf ;fwgx¿sf]
lg/Gt/ cg'udg gx'Fbf ;jf/L b'3{6gfx¿ a9\g' cfufdL lbgdf :yflkt x'g] k|fb]lzs
:j¿ksf cfwf/df oftfoft Joj:yfsf] ;f]r ljsl;t x'g g;Sg', cfd oftfoftsf
cltl/Qm cGo j}slNks oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ug]{tk{m kof{Kt Wofg k'Ug g;Sg' o;
If]qsf k|d'v ;d:of x'g\ .
;jf/L ;fwgsf] j[l4;+u} o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{, a9\bf] ;jf/L b'3{6gf,
;jf/Laf6 x'g] Wjlg tyf pT;h{gsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ lgoGq0f / sf7df8f}+
pkTosfnufot zx/L If]qx¿df 6«flkms hfdsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{, clgolGqt
;jf/L cfoft lgoGq0f / cfo' lgwf{/0f ug'{, l;l08s]6 k|0ffnLsf] cGTo u/L
k|lt:kwf{Tds ¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo oftfoft ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{, ;do;fk]If oftfoft
;DaGwL gLlt th'{df u/L nfu" ug'{, a9\bf] ;jf/L b'3{6gf lgoGq0f ug'{, zx/L If]q
ljz]ifu/L sf7df08f} pkTosfdf 6«flkms hfdsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{, gofF
dfkb08df cfwfl/t k/LIff s]Gb| / ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pko'Qmtf k/LIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf
u/L ;~rfngdf Nofpg', ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gDa/Kn]6nfO{ cfw'lgs / k|ljlwo'Qm
agfpg], ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs, Jojl:yt / ;]jfu|fxL d}qL
agfpg', ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] af6f] Ohfht k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{
ug'{ h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

303
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
lgaf{w ¿kdf cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] df}lns clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ub}{
cfw'lgs oftfoft ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] .
%= p2]Zo
ljBdfg oftfoft Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfjfudgnfO{
;'/lIft / e/kbf]{ agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. ljBdfg ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/u/L rfnsx¿nfO{ a9L
lhDd]jf/Lo'Qm / bIf agfpg] .
2. oftfoft Joj:yfkgdf lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]q;d]tsf] e"ldsf clej[l4 ub}{
pgLx¿af6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] .
3. ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ j}1flgs ef8f b/ lgwf{/0f, ;x'lnot tyf 5'6
;'ljwfx¿sf] dfWodaf6 pko'Qm Joj:yf ;lxt gful/s d}qL agfOg]5 .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. oftfoft k|zf;gaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfdf cfw'lgs tyf ljB'tLo k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;jf/Lsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :df6{ sf8{, ODaf];8\ gDa/ Kn]6nufot
cfw'lgs k|ljlw k|of]udf NofOg]5 . -@_
3. ;jf/L Joj:yfkgdf sDKo'6/ k4lt / a}Í dfkm{t\sf] e'QmfgLnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ O–
e'QmfgL k|lqmof ;'? ul/g]5 . -@_
4. ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkqnfO{ Joj;flos / u}/Joj;flos cg'dltkqdf ljefhg
u/L u/L 5'§f–5'§} kf7\oqmdsf cfwf/df cg'dltkq ;DaGwL k/LIff ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
5. oftfoft If]qsf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L, k|lt:kwL{, cfslif{t /
lhDd]jf/ agfpg lghL If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{nfO{ clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf nflu k|of]u ePsf, c;'/lIft / ;'ljwf sd ePsf ;jf/L
;fwgx¿sf] qmlds ¿kdf lj:yfkg ub}{ nlug]5 . -#_
7. Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df oftfoft ;fwgsf] ef8f b/df
;x'lnot / ;L6 cf/If0f ug]{ / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿ / ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt
ub}{ cfPsf] 5'6 ;x'lnot, dlxnf tyf ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ k|fKt cf/If0f
;L6 ;xh¿kdf pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -#_

304
8. j}1flgs ef8f b/ lgwf{/0f u/L oftfoft If]qdf x'g] clgoldttf tyf l;lG8s]6
lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . -#_
9. oftfoft Joj:yfkgdf k}bnofqL, ;fOsn ofqL tyf u}/ oflGqs ;fwgx¿sf]
nflu plrt Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
10. ;8s oftfoftdf b'3{6gf sd ug{ ;8s ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf nfu" ul/g]5 . -#_

*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;~rfng cjlw lgwf{/0f u/L cfo' gf3]sf / ef}lts
k/LIf0faf6 cg'ko'Qm b]lvPsf k"/fgf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgx¿nfO{ lj:yfkg
ug]{ .
 ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] pko'Qmtf hfFrnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg u/L gofF
dfkb08 jgfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
 ;8s tyf 6«flkms lgodnfO{ ljZjJofkL dfkb08 cg'¿k nfu" ul/+b} nlug] .
 oftfoft gLlt, ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( / ;jf/L tyf
oftfoft Joj:yf lgodfjnL, @)%$ nfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L oftfoft
Joj:yfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ .
 ;jf/L b'3{6gf / ;'/lIft oftfoft af/]sf hgr]tgf cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ .
 oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nox¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsfl/ / e/kbf]{ jgfpg
ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ug]{ .
 ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gDa/ Kn]6nfO{ j}1flgs / k|ljlwo'Qm agfpg] .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cfo' lgwf{/0f ePsf] x'g], /fli6«o nf]sdfu{ tyf zx/L
;8sx¿df 6«flkms lrGx tyf ;+s]tx¿ Jojl:yt ¿kdf k|of]udf NofO{g], ;jf/Lsf
3gTj clws ePsf If]qx¿df oftfoft Joj:yf ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf] x'g], ;jf/L
hfFr k|lqmof e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo x'g], oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{nosf d'Vo d'Vo sfd
vf; u/L ;jf/L ;fwg btf{, Aff6f] Ohfhtkq / ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq k|bfg ug]{
sfo{nfO{ ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|ljlwåf/f Jojl:yt ul/g] / ;jf/Ldf ODaf]:8 gDj/ Kn]6
nfu" u/L 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf pkof]u ul/Psf] x'g]5 .

305
&=( :jo+;]js ;]jf
!= k[i7e"ld
/fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]js ;]jfaf6 :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{g / :jo+;]jsx¿sf] kl/rfng
ug]{ qmddf @)%^ ;fnb]lv cf=a= @)^(÷&) ;Dd (,@)^ JolQmx¿n] :jo+;]js eO{
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . ljt]sf] 8]9 bzssf] cjlwdf ;fdflhs kl/rfng, cfo–
cfh{g k|j4{g, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, hgr]tgf clej[l4, :yfgLo k|ljlw k|j4{g, lzIff,
:Jff:Yo, s[lif tyf kz'kfng h:tf If]qx¿df ljleGg lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\ :jo+:f]jsx¿
kl/rfng ePsf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
@)%^ ;fndf @) lhNnfjf6 ;'? ePsf] :jo+;]js kl/rfng sfo{qmd xfn &@
lhNnfdf lj:tf/ x'g'sf cltl/Qm @@) hgfsf] ;'?sf] ;+Vofjf6 j[l4 e} xfn;Dd
(,@)^ hgf :Jfo+;]jsx¿ kl/rfng ePsf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf s]Gb|Lo, :yfgLo,
u|fdL0f / ;]jfsfnLg tyf Og6g{ u/L ljleGg rf/ lsl;dsf] :jo+;]jsx¿ kl/rfng
ePsf 5g\ . :Jfo+;]js kl/rfngsf] o; cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljt/0fdf
;xhLs/0f, ;fdflhs kl/rfng, cfo–cfh{g k|j4{g, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, hgr]tgf
clej[l4, :yfgLo k|ljlw k|j4{g, lzIff, :Jff:Yo, s[lif tyf kz'kfng h:tf If]qx¿df
:jo+:f]jsx¿n] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, :jo+:f]jsx¿sf]
;+nUgtfdf blnt ;fdflhs ljsf; sfo{qmd, cflbaf;L hghflt ljsf; sfo{qmd,
gd"gf ufFp ljsf; sfo{qmd / :ofd'n pGb'Ë ufpF ljsf; cg'z/0f kl/of]hgf h:tf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
k/Dk/fut d"No dfGotfdf cEof; ul/Psf] k[i7e"ld / ljut 8]9 bzsb]lv :jo+;]jf
;+rflnt ePklg o; If]qdf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] :jo+;]jL ;+:yf tyf
sfo{qmdx¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df sdL x'g', :jo+;]jssf] sfo{If]q tyf cjlw
Plsg gx'g', :jo+;]jssf] dfu / cfk"lt{aLr tfnd]n ldnfpg g;lsg' h:tf d'Vo
;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . :jo+;]jfsf] dxTTjnfO{ ;dfh / :yfgLo:t/df :yfkgf u/L
o;nfO{ cleofgs} ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
:jo+;]js ;]jfnfO{ ;fdflhs Pstf k|j4{g ug]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
:jo+;]jssf ¿kdf ;]jf ug{ rfxg] JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L
ljsf;sf] /fli6«o nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

306
^= /0fgLlt
1. ljsf; sfo{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ ljleGg ljifo /
If]qsf JolQmx¿nfO{ :Jfo+;]jf ug]{ cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ .
2. s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo:t/af6 tyf ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yfx¿ aLr ;xsfo{ ;d]tsf
cfwf/df ljleGgg laifo If]qsf :jo+;]jsx¿sf] kl/rfng ug]{ .
3. :jo+;]jfsf] efjgfnfO{ ;d'bfo:t/af6} k|j{4g ug]{ .
4. :jo+;]jf;DaGwL ;"rgf Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;+hfnLs/0fnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
5. :jo+;]jfsf] If]qdf ul/Psf /fd|f cGt/f{li6«o cEof;x¿sf] cg'z/0f / ;dGjo
ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. :yfgLo dfusf cfwf/df ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;]jf k|jfx tyf ljifout k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf :jo+;]jL hgzlQmx¿sf] kl/rfng x'g ;Sg] If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L 9fFrf
tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. cfsl:ds cj:Yffx¿df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] JolQmx¿sf] /f]i6/ tof/ u/L
cfjZostfcg';f/ :Jfo+;]jsx¿ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
3. :jo+;]jfnfO{ km/flsnf] / Jojxfl/s agfpg gLltut vfsf tof/ u/L ljsf;sf
cfofdx¿df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] JolQmx¿nfO{ :jo+;]jssf] ¿kdf kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -@_
4. g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;do ;dodf lglb{i6 If]qdf cleofgsf] ¿kdf :jo+d;]jsx¿
kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ljleGg z}lIfs, k|flalws tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿df cWoog/t o'jfx¿nfO{
cWoogs} cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf :jo+;]jfdf ;+nUg u/fOg]5 . -@_
6. :jo+;]js kl/rfng ubf{ of]Uotf / ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f ul/g]5 .
-@_
7. :jo+;]js kl/rfng ubf{ ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿;Fu
;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
8. :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug]{ /fli6«o tyf cGt{/fli6«o ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;~hfn lj:tf/
u/L :jo+;]js kl/rfng tyf :jo+;]jf k|j{4g sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 .
-#_
9. :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ljBfno txsf] kf7\oqmddf
;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -#_

307
10. :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{gsf nflu k|rf/fTds tyf hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
11. /fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]js ;]jfnfO{ :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug]{ ;+3÷;+:yfx¿sf]
;Dks{ lgsfo tyf ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 :Jfo+;]js kl/rfngsf] nflu :Jfo+;]jf;DaGwL gLlt, lgb{]lzsf / cfrf/ ;+lxtf
tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{
 :yfgLo dfu / cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df :jo+;]jsx¿sf] kl/rfng ug]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfjf6 kl/rfng x'g] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] kl/rfng ug]{
:jo+;]jsx¿jf6 ul/g] sfddf /x]sf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fO{ ;dGjofTds¿kdf
kl/rfng ug]{ .
 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno cGt/ut kl/rflnt :jo+;]js ;]jfnfO{
pRr lzIff cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] k"/f ug'{kg]{ kf7\oqmd;+u ;d]t cfa4
ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf cjlwdf kl/rfng ul/g] :jo+;]jssf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'g], :jo+;]js
kl/rfngsf] If]q lj:tf/ x'g uO{ :yfgLo:t/;Dd k'Ug] / :jo+;]jL lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
dfWodaf6 :jo+;]jL efjgfsf] k|j4{g x'g]5 .

&=!) dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f

&=!)=! dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f
!= k[i7e"ld
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] 3f]if0ffkq, dxf;lGw tyf cGt/f{li6«o
b:tfj]hx¿sf] kIf agL cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6 ePsf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f /
;Da4{gsf k|of;x¿df g]kfnn] k|lta4tf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . oL b:tfj]hcg'¿k
/fli6«o:t/df ;+:yfut, gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL ;+/rgf tof/ ul/Psf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xssf] ¿kdf yk clwsf/x¿sf]
k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . gful/sx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ p2]Zon]]
lqjifL{o dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{sf cltl/Qm dlxnf,

308
blnt tyf jfnjflnsfx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu y'k|} gLltut tyf
sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ klg ul/Psf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u,
blnt cfof]u, hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgsf cltl/Qm k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ljleGg dGqfno / cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ ;d]t dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwcGtu{t ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿ / ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb\df ;d]t lgoldt k|ltj]bgx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df :yflkt / dfGotfk|fKt
dfgj clwsf/x¿sf]] ;xh ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ / cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{
csf{sf] clwsf/ xgg gx'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ sfo{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
5.
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, pkof]u, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; u/L b]zsf
;a} hft, hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, j0f{, ;Dk|bfo, lnË, ju{ / If]qsf gful/ssf]
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ ;dfgtf / Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf]
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs / ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cjnDjg ul/Psf dfgj
clwsf/x¿sf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
;a} k|sf/sf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts lje]bsf] Go"gLs/0f u/L
nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu /fHosf lgsfox¿nfO{
kl/rfng ug]{ .
2. dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifonfO{ ;a} If]qut ljifo, ljsf; gLlt, of]hgf /
sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. ljleGg ;dodf ePsf cfGbf]ng / åGåsf qmddf 3fOt] ePsf, dfl/Psf, a]kQf
ePsf, lj:yflkt ePsf JolQm Pj+ ltgsf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_

309
1. cNk;ª\Vos / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ ljz]if
hf]8 lbO{ /fHo Joj:yfdf tL ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf a9fOg]5 . -!_
2. dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;xsfo{nfO{
yk k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
3. dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL lzIffnfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;'/IffsdL{ Pj+ cGo ;]jf k|bfossf nflu k|bfg ul/g] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf dfgj
clwsf/ ljifonfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
5. sf/fuf/ Pj+ lx/f;tdf /x]sfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu cfjZos
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
6. /fHosf tk{maf6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jfx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ l56f], 5l/tf] / :t/Lo ;]jf
k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . -!_
7. If]qut ljsf;sf gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg
Pj+ d"Nofª\sgdf dfgj clwsf/sf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k|fyldstfsf ;fy
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
8. Dffgjclwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ gLlt
cjnDag ul/g]5 . -@_
10. k|rlnt sfg'gdf ;'wf/ Pj+ cfjZostfg';f/ gofF sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L ;+ljwfg
k|bQ df}lns xs tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿ / ToxfF sfo{/t
clwsf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 cGt/fli6«o dfgjLo sfg'g;+u ;DalGwt h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ .
 dfgj clwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'gsf ;DaGwdf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df ;r]tf clej[l4
sfo{qmd ug]{ .
 dfgj clwsf/sf gjLgtd k|j[lQx¿ nufotsf ljifox¿df cWoog, cg';Gwfg,
k|sfzg dfgj clwsf/ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
dxf;lGw sfof{Gjog ug]{;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf, n}+lus lx+;f lj?4sf] /fli6«o

310
 sfo{of]hgf nufot dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt /fHon] c+uLsf/ u/]sf
sfo{of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfo{qmd ug]{ .
 dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfcg'¿k cfjlws k|ltj]bg;DaGwL
sfo{qmd ug]{ .
 c;dy{ kIfnfO{ lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;xfotf;DaGwL sfo{qmd ug]{ .
 /fHosf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ubf{
clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4lt cjnDjg ug]{ .
 ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL sfo{qmd ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
sfg'gL zf;gsf] k|ltkmn hgtfdf k'u]sf] x'g], cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ z}lIfs ¿kdf
k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ;dfj]zLtfsf]
l;4fGt cg'¿k gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'g], dfgj clwsf/
tyf dfgjLo sfg'gsf] pNn+3gsf 36gfdf lgoGq0f ePsf] x'g] / ;+:yfut tyf
gLltut ;'wf/dfkm{t\ cfdgful/ssf] cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ k|Tofe"t ePsf] x'g]5 .
&=!)=@ dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f
!= k[i7e"ld
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ljutdf dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL @)^%, dfgj a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ lj?4sf] /fli6«o of]hgf, @)^*, dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/af6
kLl8t÷k|efljtx¿sf] x]/rfx tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o Go"gtd dfkb08, @)^*
tyf k'gM:yf{kgf s]Gb| ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^* hf/L ePsf 5g\ . dfgj
a]rlavgdf k/]sf afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L, dlxnfsf] p4f/, k'g:yf{kgf /
k'gP{sLs/0fsf k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fy} dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf]
hf]lvddf /x]sf tyf hf]lvdpGd'v ;d"x÷;d'bfosf] klxrfg u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
tyf cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ tk{m sfo{qmd s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fsf nflu P]g lgoddf ePsf
k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" u/L ck/fwhGo sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ædfgj
a]rlavg ljz]if u/L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/
lj?4sf] /fli6«o of]hgf, @)^*Æ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ;fy} P]gdf Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd /fli6«o:t/df /fli6«o ;ldlt / ;a} lhNnfdf lhNnf ;ldlt u7g eO{ o;

311
If]qdf lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/af6 kLl8t tyf
k|efljtsf] p4f/, ;+/If0f tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xsfo{df * j6f lhNnf -sf7df08f}, l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
emfkf, ¿kGb]xL, lrtjg, afFs], s}nfnL, jL/u~h_ df kLl8t tyf k|efljtsf nflu
a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd /fVg ;lsg] u/L k'g:yf{kgf u[x ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . oL
k'g:yf{kgf u[xaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) df hDdf !,$%* kLl8t tyf k|efljtnfO{
p4f/, ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo pkrf/, sfg'gL ;xfotf, ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, kfl/jfl/s
k'gld{ng tyf k'g:yf{kgf h:tf ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fsf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ PsLs[t¿kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg', PsLs[t tYof+s tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] cefj x'g', dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/L dfly x'g] of}g tyf >d zf]if0f x'g', lgs[i6 k|sf/sf
afn>d, / bf;Tjsf] Jojxf/ sfod /xg', dfgj clwsf/, dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsg', j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df ePsf] j[l4;Fu} l;lh{t
dfgj a]rlavg, Pr=cfO=eL= ;qmd0f, >d tyf of}gzf]if0f, o; If]qdf sfo{/t
ljleGg lgsfox¿aLr ;+:yfut ;dGjo sfod ug{ sl7gfO x'g' h:tf ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ k"0f{ lgoGq0f u/L ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkgsf]
;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
1. dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\ujf6 lgoGq0f ug]{
;+oGq / ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f tyf bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ .
2. b08xLgtfsf] cGTo u/L k|efljtx¿nfO{ Gofodf kxF'r clej[l4 ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
2. afnaflnsf tyf lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf b[li6n] x'g]
hf]lvd sd ug{] pkfo cjnDag ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. kLl8t÷k|efljtx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttf / p4f/sf nflu ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf;
tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g]5 . -!_

312
2. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f /fli6«o ;ldlt / lhNnf ;ldltx¿sf]
;'b[9Ls/0fdfkm{t\ ;Da4 lgsfox¿s]f dfgj a]rlavg lj?4sf sfo{x¿sf] th'{df /
sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo a9fOg]5 . -!_
3. :yfgLo :t/df a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/nfO{ /f]Sg ;'/lIft cfk|jf;g;DaGwL
;"rgf s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s ;'/Iff;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
5. cfGtl/s a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf] ;d:ofsf] cGTosf nflu k|efjsf/L
lgodg tyf cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 Dffgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf b[li6n] ;Dj]bgzLn uf=lj=; tyf
gu/kflnsf / ;Da]bgzLn ;d'bfosf] gSzf+sg tyf ax'cfoflds jl~rtLdf
k/]sf ;d"x÷;d'bfosf] ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ .
 :yfgLo:t/df cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo ;ldltx¿sf] u7g u/L dfgj
a]rlavg lgoGq0f ug]{ .
 hf]lvddf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo afn Snadf qmdzM cfa4 u/L
;r]tgf j[l4 ug]{ .
 cltljkGg, hf]lvdk"0f{ / hf]lvd;Gd'v ;d'bfosf kl/jf/sfnflu cfly{s ;'/Iff
tyf ;fdflhs Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ nlIft sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdfkm{t\ Jofks ¿kdf dfgj a]rlavg la?4df
hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 hfgsf/Ld"ns ;"rgf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug]{ . ;"rgf tyf ;xfotf
s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
 cfjZostfg';f/ ljBdfg sfg'g ;+zf]wg tyf gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 >d zf]if0f tyf of}g zf]if0fsf p2]Zon] ljb]zdf a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df
k/]sf kLl8t tyf k|efljtnfO{ tTsfn p4f/, :jb]zlkmtL{, ;Dk|]if0f ;]jf,
k'gM:yf{kgf tyf k'gld{ng;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
 kLl8t tyf k|efljtnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;]jfx¿nfO{ ;'ne tyf k|efjsf/L
agfpg ;]jfk|bfosx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+oGqsf] ;''b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .

313
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
Dffgja]rlavgsf] b[li6n] ;Da]bgzLn If]q, ;d"x / ;d'bfosf] klxrfg Pj+ cBfalws
ljj/0f tof/ ePsf] x'g] / cltlakGg, hf]lvdo'Qm ;d'bfodf ;r]tgf clej[l4 eO{
dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df Go"gLs/0f ePsf] x'g]5 .

314
 kl/R5]b M *
of]hgf k|lqmof, tYofÍLo k|0ffnL Pj+ cg';Gwfg
*=! of]hgf th'{df
!= k[i7e"ld
kfFr bzseGbf a9L ;dob]lv d'n'sn] cfjlws of]hgfsf] th'{dfnfO{ k|fljlws /
Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm agfpg] kl/kf6L cjnDag ub}{ cfP tfklg cfzftLt
¿kdf of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofnfO{ oyfy{k/s / Jofjxfl/s agfpg cem}} w]/} k|of;
ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cfjlws of]hgfx¿sf] th'{dfsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ ;'? ug'{cl3 ljut of]hgfsf] ;dLIff
/ cBfjlws l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;dli6ut /
If]qut ;"rgf tyf tYof+sx¿sf] pkof]u ug'{sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/L, lghL / u}/–
;/sf/L If]qaLr 5nkmn / ;dGjo u/L /fli6«o tyf If]qLo gLltx¿sf] d:of}bf
tof/ ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . d:of}bf cfjlws of]hgfnfO{ ef}uf]lns tyf If]qLo
;Gt'ngsf] kIfjf6 ;d]t kl/dfh{g ug{sf cltl/Qm cGt/If]qLo ljsf;nfO{ kl/k"/s
x'g] u/L tof/ ePkZrft\ /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\df 5nkmn u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ -
dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ t]xf}+ of]hgfsf] -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_
cfwf/kq :jLs[t e} sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 . ;du|df of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofnfO{
;"rgf tyf tYod"ns, oyfy{k/s / Jofjxfl/s jgfpg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,
tYof+sLo k|0ffnL / cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; nufot ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
k|oTgx¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cfjlws of]hgfx¿n] ;d]6\g] cjlwdf Ps¿ktf 5}g . s'g} jif{ of]hgfljxLg /x]sf
5g\ . s'g} of]hgf kfFr jif]{ cjlwsf] nflu tof/ x'g], s'g} tLg jif]{ / s'g} cGtl/d
cjlwsf] nflu tof/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{ gljgtd ;f]r /
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . tYodf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0f / To;sf] glthfsf]
cfwf/df xf]Og, ljutdf s] ul/Psf] lyof] ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ ;LdfGts[t¿kdf j9fO{
r9fO{ gLlt k|:tfj ug]{ nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;d:ofjf6 of]hgf th'{df;DaGwL sfo{
d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
cem k|To]s of]hgfdf p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt to ubf{ / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ubf{
klxn]sf of]hgf;+usf] ;fdf~h:otfnfO{ j]jf:tf ub}{ gofF gofF k|of]u ub}{ hfFbf s}of+}
of]hgf cjlw ;ls+bf klg ;+tf]if lng] u/L pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;
kl/k|]Iodf, ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf] oyfy{ l:ylt lgwf{/0f ug{sf cltl/Qm

315
lglZrt cjlwkl5sf] uGtJo Plsg u/L gLlt / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;|f]t /
;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6aLr ;fd~h:o sfod ug]{
sfo{ 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ljifout
dGqfnox¿sf] :jM:km"t{ ;xeflutf x'g g;Sbf sfof{Gjogdf lzlyntf cfpg'sf
cltl/Qm cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg kIf ;d]t lkmtnf] x'g] u/]sf] l:ylt cGTo ug{' cem
s7Lg r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
tYodf cfwfl/t glthfd'vL of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; x'g] .
%= p2]Zo
cfjlws of]hgfnfO{ k|fljlws¿kdf ;an / Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjogof]Uo
agfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. of]hgfsf ljleGg txx¿aLr Ps cfk;df sfo{d"ns ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{
n}hfg] .
2. of]hgfsf p2]Zo, nIo, k|fyldstf tyf sfo{gLltx¿aLr tfbfTDotf sfod
ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. cfjlws of]hgf th{'dfdf ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfosf ah]6, sfo{qmd tyf of]hgf
OsfOnfO{ ;Ifd Pj+ ;'b[9 agfOg]5 . -!_
2. of]hgfnfO{ oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t agfpg cfjZos x'g] tYofª\s tyf ;"rgfx¿sf]
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
3. of]hgfsf] nIo tyf gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ a9L j}1flgs / oyfy{k/s
agfOg]5 . -!_
4. of]hgf th{'df k|lqmofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf cem} k|j4{g ul/g]5 .
-!_
5. of]hgfsf] p2]Zo, nIo, k|fyldstf tyf sfo{gLltx¿sf] aLr tfbfTDotf sfod
ug]{ k4lt ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
6. bL3{sfnLg of]hgf, cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, :yfgLo:t/df
th'{df x'g] of]hgfx¿ / If]qut of]hgfx¿aLr ;x;DaGwsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_

316
7. glthfd'vL of]hgf k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ xfn cEof;df /x]sf] dWosfnLg vr{
;+/rgfnfO{ cem} oyfy{k/s agfOg]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 g]kfnnfO{ æcltsd ljsl;t d'n'sÆ af6 :t/f]Gglt ug]{ cfwf/kq tof/ ug]{ .
 !$ cf}+ cfjlws of]hgf / !% jif]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] tof/Lsf] k|f/lDes
sfo{x¿ ug]{ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / oL
lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
 s]Gb|Lo cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgjf6 k|fKt
k[[i7kf]if0fnfO{ eljiodf tof/ ug]{ of]hgfsf] nflu cfwf/ agfpg] .
 glthfd"ns k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgf th'{df glthfd'vL / oyfy{k/s ePsf] x'g]5 .

*=@ of]hgf sfof{Gjog

!= k[i7e"ld
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod ug{ k|of; eP tfklg ljsf; of]hgf
k|lqmofn] ck]lIft ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy}, /fd|f of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf
cfof]hgfx¿ th'{df u/L sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' h?/L 5 . hUuf
k|flKtdf ;/ntf, ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf ;'wf/, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;'lglZrttf, ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf, cGtlg{sfo ;dGjo,
;dod} sfof{Gjog of]hgf, sfo{ljlw, lgb]{lzsfsf] th'{df tyf k|efjsf/L cg'udg
tyf d"Nofª\sg of]hgf sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos ljifox¿ x'g\ .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
k|To]s cfjlws of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog jflif{s of]hgfaf6 x'g] ub{5 . ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3nufot cGt/f{li6«o:t/df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf ljleGg dxf;lGw tyf
b:tfj]hx¿sf k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] k|ltj4tf
bzf{Psf] 5 . o:tf k|ltj4tfsf] sfof{Gjog Joj:yf ;d]t jflif{s of]hgfdf PsLs[t
ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf k|of; x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfjlws of]hgfsf ;a} ;jfnx¿, gLltx¿ /
sfo{qmdx¿ cfjZos¿kdf jflif{s of]hgfdf ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf]n] k|To]s cfjlws
of]hgfn] lnPsf nIox¿ k"/f x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

317
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf;+u} ljifout dGqfnox¿sf] k|fyldstfdf cfjlws of]hgfdf
to ul/Psf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog k|fyldstfsf] ljifo jGg
g;s]sf] / pRr:t/sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbg] / k'/:s[t ug]{ ;+:yfut
kl/kf6L / ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf] x'Fbf of]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5Nnf] ;dodf
klg ;d:ofd"ns /x]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkg, kof{Kt tYo / tYof+ssf] cfwf/df cfly{s ;fdflhs
ljZn]if0f / nfe nfutsf] lx;fj u/]/ dfq cfjlws of]hgfn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog h:tf s'/fx¿ cem} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s of]hgfaLr tfnd]n eO{ lgwf{l/t nfut / ;do tyf
k|dfl0ft u'0f:t/;lxt cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog x'g uO{ cfjlws
of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog glthfd'vL / oyfy{k/s agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
1. ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut / u'0f:t/df
;DkGg u/L of]hgfdf lglb{i6 glthf xfl;n ug]{ .
2. cfjlws / jflif{s of]hgfaLr hLjGt ;DaGw :yfkgf u/L of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
^= /0fgLlt
1. glthfd'vL of]hgf / dWofjlw vr{ ;+/rgf tof/ u/L jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf
ah]6 / cfjlws of]hgfaLr k|efjsf/L cGt/;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ .
2. sfof{Gjogsf hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGqnfO{ ;an agfpg] .
3. sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/nfO{ j:t'ut agfO{ qmdzM nfu" ub}{ hfg] .
4. gLltut tyf k|lqmofut ;'wf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ .

&= sfo{gLlt
1. of]hgf th'{df ubf{ g} sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVfL ljifo If]qut glthf vfsf
;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -!_
2. kl/dflh{t cfwf/x¿ nfu" u/L glthfd"ns dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfnfO{
;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -!_

318
3. cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfof{GjogaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] jflif{s
n]vfhf]vf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. PsLs[t gtLhfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g]5 . -@_
5. ;a} txaf6 x'g] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ yk ;'b[9 / sfo{d"ns agfpg
cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fy{s¿kdf
k|of]u ug]{ k4lt ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_
6. ljsf; of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf
k|j¢{g ug{ ;dflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ k|lqmofnfO{
;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -@_
7. sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgf k|d'v;Fu sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rssf cfwf/df ;Demf}tf u/L
tL sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] pknlAw tyf sfo{;Dkfbg:t/sf cfwf/df
d"NofÍg ul/g]5 . -#_
8. ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodfjnLdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg;d]t u/L o;nfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g]5 . -$_
9. hUuf k|flKtnfO{ ;/n / ljsf;–d}qL agfpg cfjZos gLltut tyf sfo{ut
;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kof{Kttfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
 glthf vfsfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
 dWojlw vr{ tyf jh]6 ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ .
 sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L k|efjsf/L jgfpg] .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
of]hgfsf nlIft glthf / k|ltkmnx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf xfl;n ePsf] / sfof{Gjog
;Da4 kbflwsf/L tyf lgsfox¿ ljsf; glthfk|lt lhDd]jf/ ePsf x'g]5g\ .

*=# cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

!= k[i7e"ld
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ lgoldt, e/kbf]{ / glthfd"ns,
agfO{ ljsf; sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf nflu

319
gofF cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . cg'udg tyf
d"Nofª\sgdf ;+nUg hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, ;"rsx¿sf] kl/dfh{g,
cfof]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;d]tsf nflu ;+:yfut
;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\. ;~rflnt sfo{qmd tyf
cfof]hgfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ klg ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; yflnPsf] 5 .
glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ / cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fO{ sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfdf ul/Psf] nufgLk|lt
;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug{ cfufdL k|of; s]lGb|t /xg'kg]{ l:ylt 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ yk glthfd"ns jgfpgsf nflu /fli6«o cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg lgb]{lzsf, @)&) sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 . /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of
;dfwfg ;ldlt / dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf a}7sx¿
lgoldt ¿kdf ;DkGg eO{/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf / hg:t/df k|efj kfg]{
cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] pRr:t/Lo cg'udg ug]{ sfo{qmdn]] lg/Gttf kfpgsf
cltl/Qm ljsf; glthfsf nflu Joj:yfkg ;+:yfut ug]{ qmddf !^ lgsfox¿sf]
Jofj;flos of]hgf tof/ e} sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ . cfof]hgf sfo{;Dkfbg
;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;km\6j]o/ tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfaZos k"jf{wf/sf]
tof/L e}/x]sf] / ljleGg lgsfodf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{df :f+nUg hgzlQmsf]
Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu tflndx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
cg'udg / d"Nof+sg sfo{n] dxTTj gkfpg', cg'udg / d"Nof+sgjf6 k|fKt
k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ gLlt lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfjl4t ug{ g;lsg', bIf tflnd k|fKt tyf
gljgtd ;Lk / k|ljlw k|of]u ug{;Sg] hgzlQmsf] cefj / ljifout dGqfno tyf
of]hgfx¿n] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|d'v sfdsf ¿kdf glng] h:tf ;d:ofx¿
5g\ .
cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ ljleGg txut ¿kdf geO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf sfof{Gjog
ug'{kg]{, of]hgf th'{df ubf{sf] cj:yfdf cg'udg ul/g] lqmofsnfk / d"Nof+sg ul/g]
pknlAwnfO{ j:t'ut tyf dfkgof]Uo ¿kdf kl/eflift gu/L ljifout ¿kdf sfod
ug]{ / vf;u/L d"Nof+sgnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg / hjfkmb]xLtf;+u cfj4 gu/L ;fdfGo
kf7 l;sfO{sf] ¿kdf lng] k|j[lQnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ glthfd"ns / e/kbf]{ Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/sf]
¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .

320
%= p2]Zo
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] dfWodaf6 of]hgf tyf gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf
cfwfl/t u/fpg], ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug]{ / ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf
cfof]hgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
2. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;+:yfut ;'wf/ u/L ;Da¢ ;+:yfx¿sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg] .
3. ;DkGg ePsf jf ;~rfngdf /x]sf ljsf; gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿sf]
d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] / k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ gLlt lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf k|of]udf Nofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
4. cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
5. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g Pj+ gLlt
lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;';"rLt ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf ;Dk|]if0f
ul/g] . ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]usf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . -!_
2. ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|j]z;DaGwL tflnd tyf ;]jfsfnLg tflnddf cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍgnfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ nufO{g]5 . -!_
3. bIftf xfl;n u/]sf cg'ejL hgzlQmnfO{ of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{df
nfdf] ;do ;]jf/t /xg] Joj:yfsf nflu gLltut ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
-!_
4. /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt / dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg
;ldltnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfOg]5 . -@_
5. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ Jojl:yt Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg x/]s lgsfon]
jflif{s sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . -@_
6. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{df If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no / If]qLo
lgb]{zgfnox¿nfO{ kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -@_

321
7. ;DkGg jf ;~rfngdf /x]sf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿dWo] x/]s jif{ lglZrt
;ª\Vofdf t];|f] kIfaf6 / s]xL cfof]hgfsf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] txaf6
;d]t d"NofÍg u/fOg]5 . -#_
8. ljleGg lgsfoaf6 u/fOg] d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx¿sf] clen]v cBfjlws ug]{ /
d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f tyf of]hgf k|lqmofdf k|of]u ug]{
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
9. cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/g]]5 . -$_
10. ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ k4ltsf]
ljsf; ul/g]5 . -%_
11. cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgdfkm{t\ cfof]hgf k|d'vx¿nfO{ glthfk|lt hjfkmb]xL
u/fOg]5 . -%_
12. cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt gtLhfsf] ljZn]if0f tyf k|of]u clej[l¢ u/L
gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t u/fOg]5 . -%_
13. ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ubf{ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{
cfwf/ dflgg]5 . -%_
14. ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf ljlwx¿
k|of]u u/L ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -%_
*= d'Vo sfo{qmdx|?
 /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg lbUbz{g, @)&) sf] k|efjsf/L ;Dk|]if0f tyf
sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ljsf; If]qx¿df sfo{zfnfx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] cg'udg ;e]{If0fnfO{ yk j:t'k/s jgfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ .
 /fli6«o uf}/j nufot ljleGg dGqfnox¿n] sfof{Gjog u/]sf cfof]hgfx¿sf]
cg'udg ug]{ .
 ;~rfngdf /x]sf jf ;DkGg sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|efj d"Nof+sg /
;fdflhs k/LIf0f t];|f] kIfåf/f u/fpg] .
 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ ;+:yfut / lj:tf/ u/L
cfof]hgf;+u ;Da4 kIfx¿nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ .
 ljZj ljBfno tyf ljleGg tflnd k|lti7fgx¿df cg'udg tyf
d"Nof+sg;DaGwL cWoog, cWofkg tyf k|lzIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ clek|]l/t
ug]{ .

322
 ;xeflutfTds cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf NofO{g] .
 glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg / k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf;
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdfkm{t\ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ug{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
 gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] d"Nof+sgsf] dfkb08 tyf gD;{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
 cfGtl/s jf :j–d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;:yfut ub}{ nlug] .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg Joj:yf ;+:yfut ePsf] x'g] / cfof]hgf tyf
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;DkGg b/ j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

*=$ tYofÍLo k|0ffnL

!= k[i7e"ld
gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf x/]s kIfx¿df
j:t'ut n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;xL, e/kbf]{ / ;fdlos tYofª\ssf] pknJwtf cTofjZos
/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] a[xQ/ ;f]]rcg'¿k tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
/fi6« lgdf{0fsf] a[xt\ nIo tyf dfu;Fu tfnd]n ldnfP/ cfjZos tYofÍ ;ª\sng,
k|zf]wg / k|sfzg ug]{tk{m of] of]hgf s]lGb|t 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
afx|f}F of]hgf cjlwleqdf ;DkGg x'g'kg]{ /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf lj:t[t glthfx¿
;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgfsf glthfx¿sf] laZn]if0f;lxtsf] df]gf]u|fkm
tof/ ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . o:t} /fli6«o s[lifu0fgf klg ;DkGg eO{ /fli6«o tyf
lhNnf:t/sf] tYof+s ;d]t ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cjlwdf ;'? ul/Psf] b;f}F
/fli6«o cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf] glthf ;fj{hlgs ug{sf cltl/Qm oxL u0fgfsf] tYof+sdf
cfwfl/t eO{ g]kfns} klxnf] pBf]u If]qsf] df]gf]u|fkm tof/ ug]{ sfo{ klg ;'? ePsf]
5 . tYofÍ ljsf;sf If]qdf tYofÍ ljefu nufot ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] tYof+s
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfjZos ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, sfg'gL ;'wf/, hgzlQm ljsf;,
/fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnL ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;j]{If0f tyf u0fgf Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifox¿sf]
PsLs[t¿kdf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnd} klxnf] k6s q}dfl;s /fli6«o n]vfsf] tYofÍ tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ;d]t
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . /fli6«o tYofª\s clen]vsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t sfo{x¿
;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . k|yd jflif{s 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fsf] cfwf/e"t glthfx¿

323
;fj{hlgs ul/Psf 5g\ eg] /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf] :t/j[l4sf nflu ;~rfng ul/g]
ul/Psf] ljleGg cfly{s ;j]{If0fx¿ klg lgoldt¿kdf ;~rfng eO{ /fli6«o n]vfdf
k|of]u ul/b}+ cfOPsf] 5 . d"No tYof+stk{m s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbs d"No ;"rsfÍ klg
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu
cfjZos ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0f;Dj4 tYofÍx¿sf] ;+sng tyf k|sfzg
klg e}/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf] t];|f] ;+:s/0f ;DkGg eO{
;f]xLadf]lhd ul/aL ;DaGwL tYof+s ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfucg'¿k tYofÍ cfk"lt{sf nflu cTofjZos ;+:yfut,
;+u7gfTds, sfg'gL, ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf hgzlQm / o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf sdL
ePsf]n] dfu / cfk"lt{aLrsf] a9\bf] vf8n, sltko If]qdf bf]xf]/f]kg tyf
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df :jLsfl/Psf ljlw, juL{s/0f tyf dfkb08x¿sf] cgle1tf,
lgsfout ;dGjosf] cefj ;d]t b]lvg' o; If]qsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf]
5 . To;}u/L /fli6«o tYof+s k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofks agfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs kIfsf
ljleGg tYof+sx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df t'ngf ug{ of]Uo jgfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{
5.
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
/fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf tyf tYofÍnfO{ e/kbf]{, :t/Lo tyf
;fdlos agfpg] .
%= p2]Zo
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u tyf g]kfnsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf / tYofÍnfO{
e/kbf]{, :t/Lo / ;fdlos jgfpg] .
^= /0fgLlt
1. tYof+ssf] ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ .
2. lgwf{l/t tYofÍ k|0ffnL tyf cg'dlt k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u / lj:tf/ dfkm{t\ ;dGjofTds /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3. gLlt th'{df, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] nflu e/kbf]{,
;fdlos tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg';f/sf] tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] .
4. tYofÍ ljsf;df b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;xof]unfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] .

324
&= sfo{gLlt
1. /fHosf] ;ª\3Lo cjwf/0ff ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tYofÍsf] sfg'gL ;+/rgf
tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;+:yfut¿kdf
ls6fgL ul/g]5 . -!_
3. s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu nufot tYof+sLo sfo{snfk ul//x]sf cGo ;/sf/L
;+u7gx¿sf] tYof+s OsfO{x¿sf] ;+:yfut tyf ;+u7gfTds ljsf; tyf
k'gM;+/rgf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. /fli6«o tYofÍ kl/ifb\nfO{ yk ;lqmo u/fO{ cGo ;DalGwt lgsfox¿aLr
;dGjo ul/g]5 . -!_
5. ;j]{If0f cg'dlt k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g]5 . -!_
6. kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cgs"n x'g] u/L tYofÍ ;Ë7gx¿sf] ;+/rgf
agfOg]5 . -!_
7. tYofÍ pTkfbgstf{, k|of]ustf{, pknAwstf{ tyf ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ Psfk;sf
kl/k"/s jgfOg]5 . -!_
8. sfof{no clen]vx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fvL ;+:yfut clen]v lbuf] /flvg]5 . -!_
9. lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo tyf
cGo If]qx¿sf tYofÍ ;ª\sng k|zf]wg tyf ;+k|]if0f ul/g]5 . -@_
10. kl/;"rsx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f / ;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿sf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_
11. tYof+s Joj:yfkgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_
12. tYof+s Joj:yfkgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;d]t
Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L /fli6«o
tYof+s cg';Gwfg tyf tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
13. tYofÍ If]qdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf hgzlQm ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -#_
14. cGt/f{li6«o¿kdf k|rlnt dfkb08, ljlw, tyf juL{s/0fx¿sf] cg';/0f ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -#_
15. /fli6«o n]vfnfO{ a9L ;d;fdlos tyf e/kbf]{ agfpg cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
-#_

325
16. /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 lgsfox¿sf] tYofÍLo Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;xof]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -$_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 v'nf tYof+s (open data) k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf NofOg] .
 /fli6«o tYof+s ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
 q}dfl;s /fli6«o n]vf tYof+ssf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ .
 ljleGg ;j]{If0fx¿sf nlfu cfjZos kg]{ Master Sample Frame tof/ ug]{ .
 tYofÍsf] ;]jfsfnLg, cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf tflnd tyf tYofÍLo
cg';Gwfgsf nflu /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L /fli6«o tYofÍ
cg';Gwfg tyf tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
 q}dfl;s /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o cf}Bf]lus dfkg jlu{s/0fsf] d'Vo ljefhg cGtu{t kg]{ ;Dk"0f{
lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|d'v /fli6«o cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;"rsx¿
(comprehensive socioeconomic indicators) tof/ ug]{ .
 ;DEffJotf tyf dxTTjsf cfwf/df ko{6g, :jf:Yo, dlxnfsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
of]ubfg, cgf}krfl/s cfly{s lqmofsnfk cflb If]qx¿sf] lj:tfl/t -:of6nfO{6_
n]vf tof/ ug]{ .
 s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf tYof+s sfof{nosf] lj:tf/ /
;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ .
 tYof+sLo sfo{snfk ul//x]sf cGo ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿sf] tYof+s OsfO{x¿sf]
;+:yfut tyf ;+u7gfTds ljsf; tyf k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ .
 s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefudf ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ .
 >dzlQm ;j]{If0f ;~rfng ug]{ .
 ul/aL dfkgsf nflu jflif{s 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
 s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefuaf6 ePsf u0fgf tyf ;j]{If0f;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s /
ltgsf] k|lqmofut clen]vg ug]{ sfo{qmd (National Data Archive -NADA)
nfO{ cflwsfl/s tYof+ssf cGo lgsfox¿df klg qmdZfM lj:tf/ ug]{ .

326
(= ck]lIft pknlAw
gofF tYof+s P]g hf/L ePsf] x'g], gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df tYok/s ePsf], /fli6«o
tYof+s k|0ffnL ;+:yfut ePsf], tYof+s Joj:yfkgdf ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf /
cflwsfl/s tYof+ssf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .

*=% cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;

!= k[i7e"ld
/fli6«o:t/sf tyf ljleGg ljifout cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf sfo{x¿ oyfy{k/s
ljsf; k|lqmofsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . ulx/f] cWoog cg';Gwfg lagf ul/Psf] sfo{
lbuf] x'g ;Sb}g . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ / nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug{
cWoog cg';Gwfg h?/L 5 .
@= cBfjlws l:ylt
pTkfbgx¿ k|ljlw ;3g x'Fb} u}/x]sf], pkef]Stfsf rfxgf / pTkfbgsf :j¿kdf tLj|
kl/jt{g e}/x]sf], ;fdflhs cfly{s hLjgdf lj1fg k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ aGb}
uPsfn] cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df nufgL a9fpg} kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 .
#= ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿
gLlt lgdf{0f;Fu Jojl:yt / lgoldt ;DaGw ljsf; x'g g;Sg', k|fyldstfx¿sf]
klxrfg tyf Joj:yfkg, ljleGg If]qx¿df 5l/Psf nufgLaf6 k|foM ljZj;gLotf /
pkof]usf] b[li6n] ;Gb]xf:kb / :t/xLg cWoogsf] k|r'/tf x'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ o;
If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ .
ljleGg If]qx¿df ePsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgjf6 k|fKt glthfx¿nfO{ gLltut tyf
sfo{ut¿kdf n}hfg / cWoog cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bgx¿ gLlt lgdf{0f txdf
j:g]x¿sf nflu k[i7kf]if0fsf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 .
$= bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
pTkfbsTj, pBdzLntf / gjk|jt{gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf
If]qdf nufgL a9fO{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
%= p2]Zo
;fdlos cWoog / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|df0fdf cfwfl/t, glthfd"ns of]hgf, cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg k2ltsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .

327
^= /0fgLlt
! a9L ;+efjgf ePsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf; / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf If]qx¿nfO{
nlIft u/L gjk|jt{gzLn / bIf hgzlQm / k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
@ cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf If]qdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bfl/tf
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
&= sfo{gLlt
1. cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;;DaGwL Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg u/L ljBdfg k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
;'b[9Ls/0f / j}b]lzs cj;/x¿sf] ;d]t pkof]u u/L pRr:t/Lo hgzlQm
tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
2. cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu ;d]t cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt
k|ltkmn¿kL 1fgnfO{ lj:tf/, pkof]u / Jofj;foLs/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
3. cg';Gwfgstf{ / k|fljlws hgzlQmnfO{ b]zleq l6sfO{ /fVg / ljb]z ePsfnfO{
:jb]zd} kmls{g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ pko'Qm gLltut k|fjwfg / k|f]T;fxg
k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
4. cg';Gwfg sfo{x¿nfO{ qmlds¿kn] ljs]lGb|t ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
5. ;j} ju{ / If]qsf k|ltefzfnL / l;h{gzLn ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf If]qdf
lj1fg tyf k|fljlws lzIff k|fKt ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
6. lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ljQLo pTk|]/0ff k|0ffnL ljsf; u/L cg';Gwfg /
ljsf; sfo{df nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -!_
7. ljBdfg pRrlzIff;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿, lghL If]q Pj+ cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿ /
;/sf/sf ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf ljefux¿aLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/LnfO{
;3g agfOg]5 . -@_
8. cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L lj:tf/
ul/g]5 . -@_
9. k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf b[li6n] a9L nfebfoL x'g;Sg] vfnsf
ultljlwx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
10. af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljBdfg Joj:yf k'g/jnf]sg
u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
11. cg';Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{ k|j4{g ug{ ;fdflhs lj1fg;DaGwL cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf]
:yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_

328
12. ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfjf6 ul/g] cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;DalGwt
ljZjljBfno÷k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 / ;a} cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] nfut
klg ;f]xL b:tfj]hd} ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . -@_
*= k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
 cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt tyf ljsf; ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo:t/df
;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 ;dli6ut / If]qut cWoogsf ;jfnx¿ klxrfg ug]{ .
 pTkfbsTj, pBdzLntf / gjk|jt{gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf nflu gLltut /
sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
(= ck]lIft pknlAwx¿
nlIft If]qdf ljsf;sf ;+efjgfx¿sf] j}1flgs klxrfg ePsf] x'g], pTkfbsTj,
pBdzLntf / gjk|jt{gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf nflu gLltut, sfg'gL, / ;+:yfut
k"jf{wf/ tof/ ePsf] x'g] / cg';Gwfg / ljsf; If]qsf] nufgL / k|0ffnL
Jojl:yt eO{ kf/bzL{ tyf ;'b[9 ePsf] x'g]5 .

329
 cg';"rLx¿
cg';"rL–!
of]hgf th'{df ubf{ ckgfOPsf] k|lqmof
t]x|f}+ of]hgf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]nkl5sf] t];|f] of]hgf xf] . bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg
;DkGg ug]{ d"n p2]Zosf ;fy ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg
kZrft\ pTkGg kl/l:yltdf /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cGTo x'g s]xL ;do nfUg]
dfGotf /fVb} of] of]hgfnfO{ klg lqjifL{o ¿kdf NofOPsf] xf] . of] of]hgf th'{dfsf
;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿, /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf /
To;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] tof/L, -O:tfga'n sfo{of]hgf–;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3sf]
kl/efiff cg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 :t/f]Gglt ug]{_ h:tf
s'/fx¿nfO{ k|d'v cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnO{ of]hgf th{'df k|lqmof ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .
bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cjwf/0ff
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cfly{s ultzLntf k|j4{g ug{ g;Sg' Ps ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfdf klg ul/aL sd ug]{ d'2fnfO{ k|d'vtf lbOP tfklg cem}
Ps rf}yfO{ hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5 . ;fy}, cGt/f{li6«o txdf g]kfnn] u/]sf
ljljw ljsf; nIox?k|ltsf] k|lta4tf klg k"/f ug{ TolQs} cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;}
;Gbe{df, O:tfga'n sfo{of]hgfdf g]kfnsf] k|lta4tf cg';f/ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf
g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL
;dli6ut p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, gLlt / ljifoIf]qut gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ul/Psf]
5.
cfwf/kqsf] tof/L
o; of]hgfsf] d"n b:tfj]h tof/L k"j{ o;sf] cjwf/0ff kq tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm cjwf/0ff kqnfO{ ;xeflutfTds 9+uaf6 th'{df ug{ /fhgLlts bnsf
k||ltlglw, ljifo lj1, of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿;+u s]Gb| tyf
df]km;ndf lj:t[t 5nkmn tyf cGtlqm{of u/L k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
of]hgfnfO{ jf:tljs / j:t'lgi7 agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo :t/df cGtlqm{of
of]hgfnfO{ jf:tljs tyf j:t'lgi7 agfP/ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ th'{dfsf]
qmdb]lv g} ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfpg' cfjZos kb{5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ dgg
u/L o; of]hgfsf] th'{dfsf] qmdb]lv g} s]Gb|:t/df /fhgLlts bn, lj1, gful/s
;dfh, ljleGg ju{, If]qnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k];fut ;d'bfo tyf ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿;+u ljleGg r/0fx¿df lj:t[t cGtlqm{of u/L ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof
lnOPsf] xf] .

330
If]qLo :t/df cGtlqm{of
cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bfpk/ ;'emfj tyf k|ltlqmof ;+sngsf nflu If]qLo:t/df
/fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, lhNnf:t/Lo ljifout lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿,
:yfgLo ;+3;+:yfx¿sf k|ltlglw, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglw, lzIfs, kqsf/
Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0fx¿;+u ;d]t cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
cGt/lqmofx¿df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf, ;b:ox¿ / sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d]t
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
lj1 ;'emfj
of]hgfsf] cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bf tyf lj:t[t of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] ;DaGwdf
ljleGg r/0fdf If]qut lj1x¿sf] ;'emfjx¿ ;d]t lnOPsf] 5 . o:tf lj1x¿n]
;DalGwt ljifoIf]qsf] ljutsf] k|ult ;dLIff tyf of]hgfn] ;d]6\gk' g]{ ljifosf]
;DaGwdf Jofjxfl/s ;'emfjx¿ cfof]u;dIf k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
/fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] lgb]{zg
ljleGg r/0fdf ;d'bfo tyf lj1x¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bf :jLs[ltsf nflu /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
/fhgLlts bn, /fli6«o hLjgdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf dxfg'efjx¿, a'l4hLjL,
dlxnf, dw];L, blnt, hghflt, ckf+u, ;dfh;]jL, ljZjljBfnosf
kbflwsf/Lnufot g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqL Pj+ ;lrjx¿;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ljsf;
kl/ifb\sf] k'gu{7g ul/Psf] lyof] . k'gu{l7t /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] sf7df8f}+df
ePsf] Jofks cGt/lqmofTds 5nkmnn] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] tk{maf6 k|:t't
cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;'emfj;lxt clGtd ¿k lbg lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .
cfwf/kqsf] :jLs[lt tyf k|sfzg
/fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] a}7saf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfwf/kqnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ @)&) c;f/df k|sfzg
ul/Psf] lyof] .
dGqfno, cGo lgsfo tyf ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtf
t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t b:tfj]h tof/ u/L k|sfzg ug]{ qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ;+nUgtfdf ljleGg dGqfno tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfo,
lghL If]q, ;+3;+:yf tyf ;/f]sf/ ;d"x / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf k"j{
pkfWoIfx?;Fu;d]t cGtlqm{of u/L /fo tyf ;'emfjx? k|fKt ul/Psf] lyof] .
d"n b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf tyf k|sfzg
ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] t]x|f}+ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t
b:tfj]hnfO{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] efiffut z'4fz'l4 ;d]t ;RofO{ hg;dIf
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . cg'udg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg gtLhfvfsf 5'§}
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .

331
 cg';"rL @
lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ sf] ;f+lvsLo ;dLIff
tflnsf ljifo ;"rL k[i7
g+=
1 s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ 333
2 s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ 334
3 s'n tyf If]qut cfly{s j[l4 b/sf] nIo tyf pknlAw 335
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
4 s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf If]qut of]ubfg 336
5 lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k"FhL lgdf{0f, nufgL / j[l4 337
b/ -k|rlnt d"Nodf_
6 lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k"FhL lgdf{0f, nufgL / j[l4 338
b/ -@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
7 pkef]u, art tyf nufgL 339
8 ;/sf/L vr{ / ;|f]tx¿ -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ 340
9 ;/sf/L vr{ / ;|f]tx¿ -@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ 341
10 /fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿ -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ 342
11 /fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/rgf -k|ltztdf_ 343
12 lqifL{o of]hgfsf] ljQLo nIo / pknAwL 344
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:yt d"Nodf_
13 df}lb|s ;j]{If0f 345
14 /fli6«o pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsfÍ -cfwf/ jif{ @)^^÷^& Ö !))_ 346
15 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ l:ylt -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ 347
16 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ l:ylt -@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ 348
17 zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ 349

332
 tflnsf ! M s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cf};t
@)^^÷^& jflif{s
If]qx¿ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
-cfwf/ jif{_ j[l4
-k|ltzt_
! s[lif 39,575.50 47,814.90 50,628.40 53,451.50 10.54
!=! s[lif tyf jg 39,151.90 47,327.00 50,046.50 52,786.90 10.47
!=@ dT:okfng 423.60 487.90 581.90 664.60 16.20
@= u}/s[lif 72,281.50 81,199.20 93,119.00 104,354.20 13.02
@=! pBf]u 16,938.30 19,284.50 21,538.70 23,927.50 12.20
@=!=! vfgL tyf pTvgg 592.60 695.60 816.60 961.60 17.51
@=!=@ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u 7,092.40 8,053.10 9,116.40 10,031.20 12.25
@=!=# ljB't, UofF; tyf kfgL 1,524.40 1,600.20 1,751.80 2,036.80 10.14
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 7,728.90 8,935.60 9,853.90 10,897.90 12.14
@=@ ;]jf 55,343.20 61,914.70 71,580.30 80,426.70 13.27
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 16,106.70 17,930.60 19,816.40 22,874.70 12.40
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]:6'/]G6 1,734.70 2,105.70 2,530.70 2,988.60 19.88
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / 9,530.40 10,583.40 12,235.40 14,053.70 13.82
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 4,608.30 5,011.10 5,852.90 6,218.30 10.50
@=@=% 3/ hUuf, jxfn tyf 9,374.70 10,623.60 12,321.30 13,858.70 13.92
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf 2,169.50 2,483.00 3,054.70 3,223.60 14.11
/Iff
@=@=& lzIff 6,138.40 6,773.90 8,179.70 9,173.60 14.33
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs 1,538.20 1,708.70 2,043.10 2,232.70 13.22
sfo{
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, 4,142.30 4,694.70 5,546.10 5,802.80 11.89
;fdflhs JolQmut
s'n d"No ;]clej[
jfsfl4lqmofsnfk 111,857.00 129,014.10 143,747.40 157,805.70 12.16
ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf ck|ToIf 3,515.60 4,166.00 4,999.20 5,520.50 16.23
¿kdf
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg 108,341.40 124,848.10 138,748.20 152,285.20 12.02
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
j:t'df cg'bfg 10,935.80 11,847.20 13,986.20 16,979.00 15.79
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg 119,277.20 136,695.30 152,734.40 169,264.20 12.37
-pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_
;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu

333
 tflnsf @ M s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cf};t
@)^^÷^& jflif{s
If]qx¿ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
-cfwf/ jif{_ j[l4
-k|ltzt_
! s[lif 39,575.50 41,357.09 43,264.11 43,735.65 3.39
!=! s[lif tyf jg 39,151.90 40,908.56 42,781.79 43,240.24 3.37
!=@ dT:okfng 423.60 448.52 482.32 495.41 5.36
@= u}/s[lif 72,281.50 74,852.37 78,090.28 81,679.11 4.16
@=! pBf]u 16,938.30 17,675.27 18,123.17 18,591.07 3.15
@=!=! vfgL tyf pTvgg 592.60 604.47 634.88 655.82 3.44
@=!=@ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u 7,092.40 7,379.81 7,647.54 7,931.87 3.80
@=!=# ljB't, Uof; tyf 1,524.40 1,592.20 1,724.04 1,728.78 4.28
kfgL
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 7,728.90 8,098.80 8,116.71 8,274.61 2.30
@=@ ;]jf 55,343.20 57,177.10 59,967.11 63,088.04 4.46
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f 16,106.70 16,333.70 16,904.94 18,052.85 3.88
Jofkf/
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]:6'/]G6 1,734.70 1,842.32 1,978.36 2,087.02 6.36
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f 9,530.40 10,026.77 10,838.68 11,642.64 6.90
/ ;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 4,608.30 4,760.45 4,925.47 4,880.81 1.93
@=@=% 3/ hUuf, jxfn 9,374.70 9,585.59 9,870.43 10,136.92 2.64
tyf Jofkfl/s
lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g 2,169.50 2,253.05 2,335.72 2,464.87 4.35
tyf /Iff
@=@=& lzIff 6,138.40 6,322.97 6,675.45 7,070.69 4.83
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf 1,538.20 1,615.34 1,719.21 1,815.68 5.68
;fdflhs sfo{
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, 4,142.30 4,436.90 4,718.85 4,936.57 6.02
;fdflhs JolQmut
;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 111,857.00 116,209.46 121,354.39 125,414.76 3.89
ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf ck|ToIf 3,515.60 3,731.50 3,862.15 3,890.18 3.43
¿kdf
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg 108,341.40 112,477.95 117,492.25 121,524.58 3.90
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
j:t'df cg'bfg 10,935.80 10,809.39 11,531.19 12,472.03 4.48
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg 119,277.20 123,287.34 129,023.43 133,996.61 3.96
-pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

334
 tflnsf # M s'n tyf If]qut cfly{s j[l4 b/sf] nIo tyf pknlAw
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ k|ltzt kl/jt{g
cf};t
lqjifL{o
jflif{s
If]qx¿ of]hgfsf] @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
nIo j[l4
-k|ltzt_
! s[lif 4.50 4.61 1.09 3.39
!=! s[lif tyf jg 3.90 4.49 4.58 1.07 3.37
!=@ dT:okfng 6.00 5.88 7.53 2.71 5.36
@= u}/s[lif 3.56 4.33 4.60 4.16
@=! pBf]u 4.35 2.53 2.58 3.15
@=!=! vfgL tyf pTvgg 5.00 2.00 5.03 3.30 3.44
@=!=@ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u 5.00 4.05 3.63 3.72 3.80
@=!=# ljB't, Uof; tyf kfgL 9.50 4.45 8.28 0.28 4.28
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 6.50 4.79 0.22 1.95 2.30
@=@ ;]jf 3.31 4.88 5.20 4.46
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 6.50 1.41 3.50 6.79 3.88
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]:6'/]G6 8.00 6.20 7.38 5.49 6.36
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 8.00 5.21 8.10 7.42 6.90
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 5.00 3.30 3.47 –0.91 1.93
3/ hUuf, jxfn tyf Jofkfl/s
@=@=% 5.00 2.25 2.97 2.70 2.64
lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 5.00 3.85 3.67 5.53 4.35
@=@=& lzIff 8.00 3.01 5.57 5.92 4.83
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 7.50 5.01 6.43 5.61 5.68
cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs JolQmut
@=@=( 9.70 7.11 6.35 4.61 6.02
;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 5.50 3.89 4.43 3.35 3.89
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -pTkfbs d"Nodf_ 5.60 3.36 4.65 3.85 3.96
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

335
 tflnsf $ M s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf If]qut of]ubfg
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ k|ltztdf
@)^^÷^& cf};t
If]qx¿ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
-cfwf/ jif{_ -k|ltzt_
! s[lif 35.38 37.06 35.22 33.87 35.38
!=! s[lif tyf jg 35.00 36.68 34.82 33.45 34.98
!=@ dT:okfng 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.40
@= u}/s[lif 64.62 62.94 64.78 66.13 64.62
@=! pBf]u 15.14 14.95 14.98 15.16 15.03
@=!=! vfgL tyf pTvgg 0.53 0.54 0.57 0.61 0.57
@=!=@ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u 6.34 6.24 6.34 6.36 6.31
@=!=# ljB't, Uof; tyf kfgL 1.36 1.24 1.22 1.29 1.25
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 6.91 6.93 6.86 6.91 6.90
@=@ ;]jf 49.48 47.99 49.80 50.97 49.58
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 14.40 13.90 13.79 14.50 14.06
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]:6'/]G6 1.55 1.63 1.76 1.89 1.76
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 8.52 8.20 8.51 8.91 8.54
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 4.12 3.88 4.07 3.94 3.97
@=@=% 3/ hUuf, jxfn tyf Jofkfl/s 8.38 8.23 8.57 8.78 8.53
lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 1.94 1.92 2.13 2.04 2.03
@=@=& lzIff 5.49 5.25 5.69 5.81 5.58
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 1.38 1.32 1.42 1.41 1.39
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs 3.70 3.64 3.86 3.68 3.72
JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

336
tflnsf % M lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k"FhL lgdf{0f, nufgL
/ j[l4 b/
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df

j[l4
;/sf/L
lghL If]qsf] s'n l:y/ df}Hbftdf b/
cfly{s jif{{ nufgL If]qsf] k"FhL nufgL kl/jt{g s'n nufgL -k|lt
nufgL
ztdf_
@)^^÷^& -cfwf/ jif{_ 21,122.30 5,366.50 26,488.80 19,160.20 45,649.00
@)^&÷^* 22,892.40 6,380.60 29,273.00 22,653.80 51,926.80 13.75
@)^*÷^( 24,562.90 7,155.50 31,718.40 20,970.40 52,688.80 1.47
@)^(÷&)* 31,109.90 7,105.40 38,215.30 24,249.20 62,464.50 18.55
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] hDdf 78,565.20 20,641.50 99,206.70 67,873.40 167,080.10
* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

337
tflnsf ^ M lghL tyf ;/sf/L If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k"FhL lgdf{0f, nufgL
/ j[l4 b/
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df

j[l4
;/sf/L
cfly{s jif{{ lghL If]qsf] If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k"FhL df}Hbftdf s'n nufgL b/
nufgL nufgL kl/jt{g -k|lt
nufgL
ztdf_
@)^^÷^&
21,122.30 5,366.50 26,488.80 19,160.20 45,649.00
-cfwf/ jif{_
@)^&÷^* 20,630.80 5,750.25 26,381.05 20,415.78 46,796.83 2.51
@)^*÷^( 20,774.30 6,051.83 26,826.13 17,735.91 44,562.04 –4.78
@)^(÷&)* 24,769.79 5,657.34 30,427.13 19,307.28 49,734.42 11.61
lqjifL{o
66,174.90 17,459.42 83,634.31 57,458.97 141,093.28
of]hgfsf] hDdf
* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

338
 tflnsf & M pkef]u, art tyf nufgL
¿= s/f]8df
cf};t
@)^^÷^& jflif{s
ljj/0f @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)*
-cfwf/ jif{_ j[l4 b/
k|ltzt
k|rlnt d"Nodf
s'n pkef]u 105,619.00 117,603.00 135,954.00 154,233.00 13.45
s'n ufx{:y jrt 13,658.90 19,892.30 17,646.10 15,886.50 5.16
s'n /fli6«o jrt 42,835.40 51,433.10 61,401.80 65,349.90 15.12
s'n nufgL 45,649.00 52,727.00 53,555.00 64,291.00 12.09
@)^^÷)^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf
s'n pkef]u 105,619.00 105,326.18 114,157.84 121,439.48 4.76
s'n ufx{:y jrt 13,658.90 17,815.70 14,817.08 12,508.66 –2.89
s'n /fli6«o jrt 42,835.40 46,063.89 51,557.86 51,454.99 6.30
s'n nufgL 45,649.00 47,222.72 44,969.06 50,621.24 3.51
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf
s'n pkef]usf]
88.55 86.03 89.01 91.12
k|ltzt
s'n ufx{:y jrtsf]
11.45 14.55 11.55 9.39
k|ltzt
s'n /fli6«o jrtsf]
35.91 37.63 40.20 38.61
k|ltzt
s'n nufgLsf]
38.27 38.57 35.06 37.98
k|ltztdf
s'n nufgLdf s'n
ufx{:y jrtsf] c+z 29.92 37.73 32.95 24.71
-k|ltztdf_
s'n nufgLdf s'n
/fli6«o jrtsf] c+z 93.84 97.55 114.65 101.65
-k|ltztdf_
* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
;f]]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu .

339
 tflnsf *M ;/sf/L vr{ / ;|f]tx¿
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cf};t
@)^^÷^& lqjifL{o
qm= jflif{s
ljj/0f -cfwf/ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&) of]hgfsf]
;+= jif{_ hDdf j[l4
k|ltzt
1 s'n jh]6 25,968.91 29,536.34 33,916.75 35,863.70 99,316.79 11.36
2 /fh:j tyf cg'bfg 21,653.78 24,429.85 28,518.41 33,317.20 86,265.45 15.45

3 s'n /fh:j 17,799.19 19,837.63 24,437.38 29,794.20 74,069.21 18.73

4 j}b]lzs cg'bfg 3,854.60 4,592.22 4,081.03 3,523.00 12,196.25 –2.95

5 s'n vr{ 22,710.73 25,749.54 29,485.07 30,205.30 85,439.91 9.97

– rfn" vr{ 18,659.76 21,016.77 24,346.00 24,745.50 70,108.27 9.87

– k"FhLut vr{ 4,050.98 4,732.77 5,139.07 5,459.80 15,331.64 10.46

6 ah]6 art (-) 3f6f (+) 1,056.95 1,319.69 966.67 –3,111.90 –825.54

7 ljQLo Joj:yf –1,050.96 –1,816.61 –337.20 2,481.70 327.90

8 v'b C0f nufgL 747.93 926.12 1,187.67 1,179.70 3,293.49 16.40

– cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 943.32 1,070.39 1,206.37 1,255.20 3,531.96 9.99

– cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|fKtL 195.40 144.27 18.70 75.50 238.47 –27.16

9 v'b nufgL 471.62 994.36 1,209.38 890.20 3,093.94 23.58

– cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 471.62 994.36 1,209.38 535.70 2,739.44 4.34

– j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 0.00 0.00 0.00 354.50 354.50

10 v'b j}b]lzs C0f –48.04 –85.75 244.94 222.10 381.29

– j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 1,074.30 1,121.81 1,353.24 1,419.00 3,894.06 9.72

– j}b]lzs C0f 1,122.34 1,207.56 1,108.31 1,196.90 3,512.77 2.17

11 v'b cfGtl/s C0f –2,222.47 –3,651.34 –2,979.18 189.70 –6,440.82

– cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 768.93 600.24 662.68 2,094.00 3,356.92 39.65

– cfGtl/s C0f 2,991.40 4,251.58 3,641.87 1,904.30 9,797.74 –13.98

Go"g -–_÷art -±_ 5.99 –496.91 629.47 –630.20 –497.64
;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .

340
 tflnsf (M ;/sf/L vr{ / ;|f]tx¿
-@)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
cf};t
@)^^÷^& lqjifL{o
qm= jflif{s
;+= ljj/0f -cfwf/ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&) of]hgfsf] j[l4
jif{_ hDdf
k|ltzt
1 s'n jh]6 25,968.91 26,618.38 28,685.40 28,554.78 83,858.56 3.21

2 /fh:j tyf cg'bfg 21,653.78 22,016.37 24,119.70 26,527.25 72,663.32 7.00

3 s'n /fh:j 17,799.19 17,877.82 20,668.14 23,722.23 62,268.19 10.05

4 j}b]lzs cg'bfg 3,854.60 4,138.54 3,451.57 2,805.02 10,395.13 –10.05

5 s'n vr{ 22,710.73 23,205.68 24,937.27 24,049.55 72,192.50 1.93

– rfn" vr{ 18,659.76 18,940.47 20,590.85 19,702.44 59,233.77 1.83

– k"FhLut vr{ 4,050.98 4,265.21 4,346.42 4,347.11 12,958.73 2.38

6 jh]6 art(-) 3f6f (+) 1,056.95 1,189.32 817.57 –2,477.70 –470.82

7 ljQLo Joj:yf –1,050.96 –1,637.14 –285.19 1,975.94 53.61

8 v'b C0f nufgL 747.93 834.62 1,004.48 939.28 2,778.39 7.89

– cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 943.32 964.64 1,020.30 999.39 2,984.33 1.94

– cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|fKtL 195.40 130.02 15.82 60.11 205.95 –32.49

9 v'b nufgL 471.62 896.13 1,022.84 708.78 2,627.75 14.54

– cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 471.62 896.13 1,022.84 426.53 2,345.50 –3.29

– j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 0.00 0.00 0.00 282.25 282.25

10 v'b j}b]lzs C0f –48.04 –77.28 207.16 176.84 306.72

– j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 1,074.30 1,010.99 1,144.52 1,129.81 3,285.32 1.69

– j}b]lzs C0f 1,122.34 1,088.26 937.36 952.98 2,978.60 –5.31

11 v'b cfGtl/s C0f –2,222.47 –3,290.61 –2,519.67 151.04 –5,659.24

cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf
– 768.93 540.94 560.47 1,667.25 2,768.66 29.43
e'QmfgL
– cfGtl/s C0f 2,991.40 3,831.55 3,080.14 1,516.21 8,427.90 –20.27

Go"g -±_÷art -–_ 5.99 –447.82 532.38 –501.77 –417.21

;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .

341
 tflnsf !) M /fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ¿=s/f]8df

@)^^÷^&
sf]8 g+= ;|f]t -cfwf/ jif{_ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)

11100 cfo, d'gfkmf tyf k"+hLut nfedf nfUg] s/ 3,382.13 4,135.04 5,130.30 6,418.67

11110 Psnf}6L kmd{ tyf JolQmut cfodf nfUg] s/ 929.09 1,091.89 1,229.28 1,554.15

11120 lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/ 2,020.61 2,393.12 3,049.44 3,706.72

11130 nufgLsf] cfo tyf cGo cfodf nfUg] s/ 432.43 650.03 851.58 1,157.80

11200 kfl/>ldsdf cfwfl/t s/ 0.00 70.98 155.50 188.06

11210 kfl/>ldsdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ 0.00 70.98 155.50 188.06

11300 ;DklQ s/ 551.10 357.25 358.85 534.01

11310 crn ;DklQdf nfUg] s/ 0.00 0.00 2.94 0.37

11340 ljQLo / k"FhLut sf/f]af/df nfUg] s/ 551.10 357.25 355.90 533.64

11400 j:t' tyf ;]jfdf cfwfl/t s/ 8,417.03 9,479.33 11,056.11 12,927.05

11410 d"No clej[l4 s/ 5,492.09 6,166.36 7,093.04 8,341.84

11420 cGtM z'Ns 2,414.76 2,633.85 3,001.61 3,623.47

11440 ljz]if ;]jfdf nfUg] s/ 32.55 40.89 49.02 65.53

k'j{fwf/ ;]jfsf] pkof]u tyf ;jf/L ;fwgdf
11450 477.64 638.24 912.43 896.21
nfUg] s/
11500 j}b]lzs Jofkf/df cfwfl/t s/ 3,521.89 3,571.34 4,339.06 5,693.18

11510 cfoftdf nfUg] e+;f/ dx;'n 3,354.45 3,431.40 4,090.59 5,432.79

11520 e+;f/ dx;'n -lgo{ft 91.55 35.81 86.15 43.91

11560 j}b]lzs Jofkf/df cfwfl/t cGo s/ 75.90 104.14 162.32 216.48

11600 cGo s/ 106.37 108.77 132.38 160.52

11610 Joj;fon] e'QmfgL ug]{ 39.22 42.70 52.67 62.34

11620 Joj;fo afx]s cGon] e'QmfgL ug]{ 67.15 66.07 79.71 98.18

11000 s/ /fh:j 15,978.54 17,722.72 21,172.20 25,921.49

14000 u}/s/ /fh:j 1,820.65 2,114.92 3,265.12 3,680.62

hDdf /fh:j 17,799.19 19,837.63 24,437.32 29,602.11
;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .

342
 tflnsf !! M /fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/rgf
k|ltztdf
@)^^÷^&
sf]8 g+= ;|f]t @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
-cfwf/ jif{_
11100 cfo, d'gfkmf tyf k"+hLut nfedf nfUg] s/ 19.00 20.84 20.99 21.68
11110 Psnf}6L kmd{ tyf JolQmut cfodf nfUg] s/ 5.22 5.50 5.03 5.25
11120 lgsfosf] cfodf nfUg] s/ 11.35 12.06 12.48 12.52
11130 nufgLsf] cfo tyf cGo cfodf nfUg] s/ 2.43 3.28 3.48 3.91

11200 kfl/>ldsdf cfwfl/t s/ 0.00 0.36 0.64 0.64

11210 kfl/>ldsdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ 0.00 0.36 0.64 0.64

11300 ;DklQ s/ 3.10 1.80 1.47 1.80

11310 crn ;DklQdf nfUg] s/ 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
11340 ljQLo / k"FhLut sf/f]af/df nfUg] s/ 3.10 1.80 1.46 1.80

11400 j:t' tyf ;]jfdf cfwfl/t s/ 47.29 47.78 45.24 43.67

11410 d"No clej[l4 s/ 30.86 31.08 29.03 28.18
11420 cGtM z'Ns 13.57 13.28 12.28 12.24
11440 ljz]if ;]jfdf nfUg] s/ 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.22
k'j{fwf/ ;]jfsf] pkof]u tyf ;jf/L ;fwgdf
11450 2.68 3.22 3.73 3.03
nfUg] s/

11500 j}b]lzs Jofkf/df cfwfl/t s/ 19.79 18.00 17.76 19.23

11510 cfoftdf nfUg] e+;f/ dx;'n 18.85 17.30 16.74 18.35
11520 e+;f/ dx;'n -lgo{ft 0.51 0.18 0.35 0.15
11560 j}b]lzs Jofkf/df cfwfl/t cGo s/ 0.43 0.52 0.66 0.73

11600 cGo s/ 0.60 0.55 0.54 0.54

11610 Joj;fon] e'QmfgL ug]{ 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21
11620 Joj;fo afx]s cGon] e'QmfgL ug]{ 0.38 0.33 0.33 0.33

11000 s/ /fh:j 89.77 89.34 86.64 87.57

14000 u}/s/ /fh:j 10.23 10.66 13.36 12.43
hDdf /fh:j 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
;|f]tM cy{ dGqfno .

343
 tflnsf !@ M lqjifL{o -afx|f}+_ of]hgfsf] ljQLo nIo / pknlAw
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
of]hgfsf] nIo of]hgf cjwLsf] pknlAw nIosf]
s'n
@)^^÷^& s'n s'n t'ngfdf
ljj/0f vr{sf]
-cfwf/ jif{_ /sd vr{sf] /sd vr{sf] pknlAw
k|ltzt k|ltzt
k|ltzt{ k|ltzt
s'n vr{ 25,968.91 100.00 101,999.00 100.00 83,858.56 100.00 82.22

rfn" vr{ 18,659.76 71.85 58,420.00 57.28 59,233.77 70.64 101.39

k"Flhut vr{ 4,050.98 15.60 36,434.00 35.72 12,958.73 15.45 35.57

;fFjf e"QmfgL tyf 3,258.18 12.55 7,145.00 7.00 11,666.06 13.91 163.28
nufgL
s'n vr{ Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tx¿
/fh:j 17799.19 68.54 67,799.00 66.47 77,827.74 92.81 114.79

ljb]zL ;xfotf 4,976.94 19.16 24,928.00 24.44 12,540.19 14.95 50.31

cg'bfg 3854.60 14.84 17,518.00 17.17 10,592.22 12.63 60.46

C0f 1122.34 4.32 7,410.00 7.26 1,947.97 2.32 26.29

cfGtl/s C0f 2991.4 11.52 9,272.00 9.09 3811.17 4.54 41.10

;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno .

344
 tflnsf !# M df}lb|s ;j]{If0f
¿= s/f]8df
@)^^÷^& cf}ift jflif{s
zLif{s -cfwf/ @)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)* j[l4 b/
jif{_ k|ltztdf
!= v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQ 21,320.55 22,126.55 38,377.21 46,823.80 29.98

!=! j}b]lzs ;DklQ 27,520.41 28,411.02 45,597.68 55,409.35 26.27

!=@ j}b]lzs bfloTj 6,199.86 6,284.47 7,220.47 8,585.56 11.46

-s_ lgIf]k 5,128.13 5,233.64 6,046.56 7,433.23 13.17

-v_ cGo 1,071.72 1,050.82 1,173.91 1,152.32 2.45

@= v'b cfGtl/s ;DklQ 60,778.13 70,005.46 74,653.02 84,713.83 11.70

@=! cfGtl/s shf{ 79,659.82 91,022.49 99,469.15 115,252.43 13.10

-s_ ;/sf/dflysf] v'b bfjL 13,652.29 16,343.94 16,288.21 15,444.63 4.20

;/sf/dflysf] bfjL 13,652.29 16,343.94 16,525.48 16,797.28 7.15

;/sf/L art 0.00 0.00 237.28 1,352.65

-v_ u}/ljQLo ;/sf/L ;+:yfg 587.61 637.64 1,009.94 1,138.91 24.68
dflysf] bfjL
-u_ ljQLo ;+:yfdflysf] bfjL 1,564.88 1,308.67 1,188.42 1,366.28 –4.42

;/sf/L 259.69 222.63 127.60 131.74 –20.25

u}/;/sf/L 1,305.19 1,086.04 1,060.82 1,234.55 –1.84

-3_ lghL If]qdflysf] bfjL 63,855.04 72,732.24 80,982.58 97,302.61 15.07

@=@ v'b u}/df}lb|s bfloTj 18,881.69 21,017.03 24,816.13 30,538.60 17.38

#= lj:t[t d'b|f k|bfo -Pd @_ 82,098.68 92,132.01 113,030.23 131,537.63 17.01

#=! d'b|f k|bfo -Pd !+_ 58,992.61 62,232.60 78,926.93 92,546.91 16.20

-s_ d'b|f k|bfo -Pd !_ 21,209.71 22,235.14 26,370.57 30,159.02 12.45

d'b|f 13,928.13 14,193.15 17,049.17 19,587.42 12.04

rNtL lgIf]k 7,281.58 8,041.99 9,321.40 10,571.59 13.23

-v_ art tyf dfu lgIf]k 37,782.90 39,997.45 52,556.36 62,387.89 18.20

#=@ ;do lgIf]k 23,106.07 29,899.42 34,103.30 38,990.71 19.05

$= lj:t[t d'b|f t/ntf -Pd #_ 87,226.81 97,365.66 119,076.79 138,970.86 16.80

* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .

345
 tflnsf !$ M /fli6«o pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsf+s
-cfwf/ jif{ @)^^÷^& = !))_
of]hgf cjlw jflif{s kl/jt{g k|ltzt
cf}ift
2066÷67
ef/ jflif{s

2068÷69

2068÷69
2069÷70

2069÷70
2067÷68

2067÷68
ljj/0f -cfwf/
k|ltzt kl/jt{g
jif{_
k|ltzt

100.00 100.00 109.54 118.67 130.37 9.54 8.33 9.86 9.24

!= vfB tyf k]o
46.82 100.00 114.67 123.46 135.37 14.67 7.66 9.65 10.62
kbfy{
cGg tyf
cGgaf6 ag]sf 14.81 100.00 113.92 114.29 124.64 13.92 0.32 9.06 7.62
kl/sf/
u]8fu'8L 2.01 100.00 92.43 92.39 103.91 –7.57 –0.05 12.47 1.29
t/sf/L 5.65 100.00 135.03 167.75 177.34 35.03 24.23 5.72 21.04
df;' tyf df5f 5.70 100.00 108.63 116.78 133.62 8.63 7.51 14.42 10.14
b'Uw kbfy{ tyf
5.01 100.00 114.56 130.15 141.34 14.56 13.61 8.59 12.22
c08f
3\o' tyf t]n 2.70 100.00 102.52 117.31 133.46 2.52 14.43 13.76 10.10
kmnk"mn 2.23 100.00 119.39 139.62 148.35 19.39 16.94 6.25 14.05
lrgL tyf ld7fO{ 1.36 100.00 119.54 130.59 148.49 19.54 9.25 13.71 14.09
d;nfx¿ 1.46 100.00 123.19 111.93 117.54 23.19 –9.14 5.01 5.53
xNsf k]okbfy{ 0.96 100.00 110.42 115.32 128.01 10.42 4.44 11.00 8.58
dlb/f 1.72 100.00 106.44 111.34 120.21 6.44 4.60 7.97 6.33
;"lt{hGo kbfy{ 0.85 100.00 113.54 125.84 143.20 13.54 10.83 13.79 12.72
/]i6'/]06 tyf
2.35 100.00 115.53 129.26 144.62 15.53 11.89 11.88 13.08
xf]6n
@= u}/ vfB
53.18 100.00 105.37 114.87 126.40 5.37 9.02 10.04 8.12
a:t' tyf ;]jf
nQf sk8f tyf
8.49 100.00 113.30 130.05 145.83 13.30 14.79 12.13 13.40
h'Qf
3/fo;L ;fdfg
10.87 100.00 107.45 114.03 126.09 7.45 6.12 10.58 8.03
tyf ;]jf
kmlg{r/ tyf
4.89 100.00 105.67 119.82 135.75 5.67 13.39 13.29 10.72
3/fo;L pks/0f
:jf:Yo 3.25 100.00 104.16 108.90 116.33 4.16 4.55 6.83 5.17
oftfoft 6.01 100.00 110.11 127.30 141.08 10.11 15.61 10.83 12.16
;+rf/ 3.64 100.00 89.41 82.12 80.45 –10.59 –8.16 –2.03 –6.99
dgf]/+hg tyf
5.39 100.00 97.64 105.24 113.87 –2.36 7.78 8.20 4.42
;+:s[lt
lzIff 8.46 100.00 105.47 115.76 129.81 5.47 9.76 12.14 9.09
cGo j:t' tyf
2.17 100.00 105.93 116.45 128.16 5.93 9.92 10.06 8.62
;]jfx¿
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .

346
 tflnsf !% M j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:ylt
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ¿=s/f]8df
@)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)* cf};t
@)^^÷^&
jflif{s
ljj/0f -cfwf/ j[l4 j[l4 j[l4
/sd /sd /sd j[l4 b/
jif{_ k|ltzt k|ltzt k|ltzt k|ltzt
lgof{t 6,082.40 6,433.85 5.78 7,426.10 15.42 7,691.70 3.58 8.14
-Pkm=cf]=jL=_
ef/t 3,999.37 4,336.04 8.42 4,961.63 14.43 5,099.98 2.79 8.44

cGo b]zx¿ 2,083.03 2,097.81 0.71 2,464.47 17.48 2,591.72 5.16 7.56
cfoft 37,433.52 39,617.55 5.83 46,166.77 16.53 55,674.03 20.59 14.15
-;L=cfO{=Pkm=_
ef/t 21,711.43 26,192.52 20.64 29,938.96 14.30 36,703.13 22.59 19.13

cGo b]zx¿ 15,722.09 13,425.03 –14.61 16,227.81 20.88 18,970.90 16.90 6.46

Jofkf/ l:ylt –31,351.12 –33,183.70 5.85 –38,740.67 16.75 –47,982.33 23.86 15.24

ef/t –17,712.06 –21,856.48 23.40 –24,977.33 14.28 –31,603.15 26.53 21.29

cGo b]zx¿ –13,639.06 –11,327.22 –16.95 –13,763.34 21.51 –16,379.18 19.01 6.29

s'n Jofkf/ 43,515.92 46,051.40 5.83 53,592.87 16.38 63,365.72 18.24 13.34

ef/t 25,710.80 30,528.56 18.74 34,900.59 14.32 41,803.11 19.78 17.59

cGo b]zx¿ 17,805.12 15,522.84 –12.82 18,692.28 20.42 21,562.62 15.36 6.59
s'n Jofkf/df 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
c+z k|ltztdf
ef/t 59.08 66.29 12.20 65.12 –1.77 65.97 1.30 3.74

cGo b]zx¿ 40.92 33.71 –17.62 34.90 3.54 34.20 –2.01 –5.80

* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s⁄eG;f/ ljefu .

347
 tflnsf !^ M j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:ylt
-@)^^÷^& sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ ¿=s/f]8df
@)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)* cf};t
ljj/0f @)^^÷^& j[l4 jflif{s
-cfwf/ jif{_ j[l4 j[l4 j[l4 b/
/sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltz
t k|ltzt
lgof{t 6,082.40 5,873.47 –3.44 6,257.81 6.54 5,899.71 –5.72 –1.01
-Pkm=cf]=jL=_
ef/t 3,999.37 3,958.38 –1.03 4,181.06 5.63 3,911.80 –6.44 –0.74
cGo b]zx¿ 2,083.03 1,915.09 –8.06 2,076.75 8.44 1,987.91 –4.28 –1.55
cfoft 37,433.52 36,166.91 –3.38 38,903.72 7.57 42,703.25 9.77 4.49
-;L=cfO{=Pkm=_
ef/t 21,711.43 23,911.18 10.13 25,228.90 5.51 28,152.14 11.59 9.05
cGo b]zx¿ 15,722.09 12,255.72 –22.05 13,674.82 11.58 14,551.11 6.41 –2.55
Jofkf/ l:ylt –31,351.12 –30,293.44 –3.37 –32,645.91 7.77 –36,803.54 12.74 5.49
ef/t –17,712.06 –19,952.80 12.65 –21,047.85 5.49 –24,240.34 15.17 11.03
cGo b]zx¿ –13,639.06 –10,340.63 –24.18 –11,598.06 12.16 –12,563.20 8.32 –2.70
s'n Jofkf/ 43,515.92 42,040.37 –3.39 45,161.53 7.42 48,602.95 7.62 3.75
ef/t 25,710.80 27,869.56 8.40 29,409.96 5.53 32,063.94 9.02 7.64
cGo b]zx¿ 17,805.12 14,170.82 –20.41 15,751.57 11.15 16,539.02 5.00 –2.43
s'n Jofkf/df 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
c+z
k|ltztdf
ef/t 59.08 66.29 12.20 65.12 –1.77 65.97 1.30 3.74
cGo b]zx¿ 40.92 33.71 –17.62 34.88 3.47 34.03 –2.44 –5.96

* ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s⁄eG;f/ ljefu .

348
 tflnsf !&M zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ¿= s/f]8df
of]hgf cjlw cf};t
@)^^÷^& jflif{s
ljj/0f -cfwf/jif{_ j[l4 b/
@)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
k|ltzt
-s_ rfn" vftf –2,813.52 –1,293.64 7,597.92 5,706.07 –687.33
j:t' lgof{t, Pkm=cf]=aL= 6,317.75 6,870.15 8,151.18 8,598.98 18.65
t]n 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 –
cGo 6,317.75 6,870.15 8,151.18 8,598.98 18.65
j:t' cfoft, ;L=cfO{=Pkm –36,669.25 –38,837.14 –45,465.31 –54,729.43 17.07
t]n –5,160.72 –7,507.62 –9,225.56 –10,713.89 22.88
cGo –31,508.53 –31,329.52 –36,239.75 –44,015.54 15.67
j:t' Jofkf/df ;Gt'ng –30,351.50 –31,966.99 –37,314.13 –46,130.45 16.73
v'b ;]jf cfo –1,638.53 –867.46 1,405.70 758.58 –262.05
;]jfM cfo 5,112.05 5,301.25 7,235.15 9,519.08 36.48
ofqf 2,813.86 2,461.07 3,070.38 3,421.06 24.76
cGoq gk/]sf] ;/sf/L cfo 663.56 553.46 1,007.14 1,838.97 81.97
cGo 1,634.63 2,286.72 3,157.63 4,259.05 38.09
;]jfM e'QmfgL –6,750.58 –6,168.71 –5,829.45 –8,760.50 –5.50
oftfoft –2,296.46 –1,860.47 –2,229.23 –3,327.67 19.82
ofqf –3,228.82 –2,764.29 –2,576.97 –3,961.19 –6.78
;/sf/L ;]jf –187.45 –115.46 –156.64 –117.79 35.67
cGo –1,037.85 –1,428.49 –866.61 –1,353.85 –39.33
j:t' tyf ;]jf If]qsf] ;Gt'ng –31,990.03 –32,834.45 –35,908.43 –45,371.87 9.36
v'b cfo 911.74 754.94 1,229.14 1,307.88 62.81
cfo k|flKt 1,491.79 1,750.40 2,252.13 2,332.01 28.66
cfo e'QmfgL –580.05 –995.46 –1,022.99 –1,024.13 2.77
Jofkf/, ;]jf tyf cfo ;Gt'ng –31,078.29 –32,079.51 –34,679.29 –44,063.99 8.10
v'b 6«fG;km/ cfo 28,264.77 30,785.87 42,277.21 49,770.06 37.33
6«fG;km/M k|flKt 28,777.06 31,115.67 42,780.57 50,506.82 37.49
cg'bfg 2,667.36 2,578.00 3,622.71 3,418.05 40.52
lghL If]qsf] ljk|]if0f 23,172.53 25,355.16 35,955.44 43,458.17 41.81
k]G;g 2,585.07 2,899.34 2,834.36 3,532.67 –2.24
cGo 352.10 283.17 368.06 97.93 29.98
6«fG;km/M e'QmfgL –512.29 –329.80 –503.36 –736.76 52.63
qmdzM

349
 of]hgf cjlw cf};t
@)^^÷^& jflif{s
ljj/0f
-cfwf/jif{_ j[l4 b/
@)^&÷^* @)^*÷^( @)^(÷&)
k|ltzt
-v_ k"FhL vftf -k"FhL 6«fG;km/_ 1,257.83 1,590.61 1,824.17 1,034.83 14.68
hDdf -s_±-v_ –1,555.69 296.97 9,422.09 6,740.90 3,072.74
-u_ ljQLo vftf ;d"x -ª afx]s_ 784.66 321.25 2,891.28 1,249.63 800.00
k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cfk|jfx 285.20 643.71 919.54 908.19 42.85
kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 –
cGo nufgL M ;DklQ –1,825.39 –2,576.22 –1,571.96 –2,284.64 –38.98
Jofkfl/s ;fv –100.90 –613.34 –513.74 –514.74 –16.24
cGo –1,724.49 –1,962.88 –1,058.22 –1,769.90 –46.09
cGo nufgL bfloTj 2,324.85 2,253.76 3,543.70 2,626.08 57.24
Jofkfl/s ;fv 2,196.89 1,829.25 2,644.23 1,443.46 44.55
C0f –393.35 261.20 103.68 –128.18 –60.31
;/sf/ –390.15 263.16 104.76 –121.89 –60.19
C0f k|fKtL 684.16 1,384.92 1,344.53 1,370.10 –2.92
;fFjf e'QmfgL –1,074.31 –1,121.76 –1,239.77 –1,491.99 10.52
cGo If]q –3.20 –1.96 –1.08 –6.29 –44.90
s/]G;L tyf l8kf]lh6 –103.13 123.17 844.62 1,430.11 585.74
/fi6« a}+s 4.49 –0.78 3.70 –1.17 –574.36
jfl0fHo a}+s –107.62 123.95 840.92 1,431.28 578.43
cGo bfloTj 624.44 40.14 –48.83 –119.31 –221.65
hDdf -s_±-v_±-u_ –771.03 618.22 12,313.37 7,990.54 1,891.73
-3_ ljljw k"FhL tyf e'nr's 335.33 –86.08 1,693.91 333.54 –2,067.74
hDdf -s±v±u±3_ –435.70 532.14 14,007.28 8,324.07 2,532.25
-ª_ l/he{ tyf ;DalGwt lzif{s 435.70 –532.14 –14,007.28 –8,324.07 2,532.25
l/he{ ;DklQ 105.82 –491.87 –13,958.78 –8,204.90 2,737.90
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s 439.82 –943.84 –13,478.70 –6,576.34 1,328.07
jfl0fHo a}+s –334.00 451.97 –480.08 –1,628.56 –206.22
cfO{=Pd=Pkm= shf{ pkof]u 329.88 –40.27 –48.50 –119.17 20.44
v'b j}b]lzs ;DklQdf kl/jt{g -–j[l4_ 332.57 –408.97 –13,162.66 –6,893.96 3,118.49
;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s .

350