he 

piston-cylinder apparatus is a solid media device, used in Geosciences and Material Sciences,

for generating simultaneously high pressure (up to 6 GPa) and temperature (up to 1700 °C).
Modifications of the normal set-up can push these limits to even higher pressures and temperatures.
A particular type of piston-cylinder, called Griggs apparatus, is also able to add a deviatoric stress on
the sample.
The principle of the instrument is to generate pressure by compressing a sample assembly, which
includes a resistance furnace, inside a pressure vessel. Controlled high temperature is generated by
applying a regulated voltage to the furnace and monitoring the temperature with a thermocouple.
The pressure vessel is a cylinder that is closed at one end by a rigid plate with a small hole for the
thermocouple to pass through. A piston is advanced into the cylinder at the other hand.[1]

Non endloaded piston cylinder apparatus (2016)

Contents

 1History
 2Theory
 3Components
o 3.1Sample assemblies
o 3.2Capsules
 4Pressure control
 5Temperature control
 6Applications
 7References

History[edit]
Sir Charles Parsons was the first to attack the problem of generating high pressure simultaneously
with high temperature.[2] His pressure apparatus consisted of piston-cylinder devices that used
internal electrical resistance heating. He used a solid pressure transmitting material, which also
served as thermal and electrical insulation. His cylindrical chambers ranged in diameter from 1 to
15 cm. The maximum pressure at the temperature he reported was of the order of 15000 atm
(corresponding to ~1.5 GPa) at 3000 °C.
Loring L. Coes, Jr., of the Norton Co., was the first person to develop a piston-cylinder device with
capabilities substantially beyond those of the Parsons device. He did not personally publish a
description of this equipment until 1962.[3] The key feature of this device is the use of a hot,
molded alumina liner or cylinder. The apparatus is double ended, pressure being generated by
pushing a tungsten carbide piston into each end of the alumina cylinder. Because the alumina
cylinder is electrically insulating, heating is accomplished, very simply, by passing an electric
current from one piston through a sample heating tube and out through the opposite piston. The
apparatus was used at pressures as high as 45000 atm (corresponding to ~4.5 GPa) simultaneously
with a temperature of 800 °C. Temperature was measured by means of a thermocouple located in a
well. At these temperature and pressure conditions, only one run is obtained in this device, the
pistons and the alumina cylinder both being expendable. Even at 30000 atm (corresponding to ~3.0
GPa) the alumina cylinder is only useful for a few runs, as is also the case for the tungsten carbide
pistons. The expense of using such a device is great.
Nowadays both the piston and the cylinder are constructed of cemented tungsten carbide and
electrical insulation is provided in a different manner than in the device of Coes. In particular, the
basis for the modern piston-cylinder apparatus is given by the design described by Boyd and
England in 1960,[4] which has been the first machine that allowed experiments under upper
mantle conditions to be routinely carried out in a laboratory.

Theory[edit]
The piston-cylinder apparatus is based on the same simple relationship of other high-pressure
devices (e.g. Multi-anvil press and Diamond Anvil Cell):
where P is the pressure, F the applied force and A the area.
It achieves high pressures using the principle of pressure amplification: converting a small load on a
large piston to a relatively large load on a small piston. The uniaxial pressure is then distributed
(quasi-hydrostatically) over the sample through deformation of the assembly materials.

Components