Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 4 1 C;  [1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and 2 D;  [1]

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks 3 D;  [1]
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different. 4 Information for constructing this table can be
found on pages 72–73.
Notes about mark schemes Suggested mark allocation:
phospholipids:[2]
A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable cholesterol:[4]
answer. glycolipids:[3]
R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that glycoproteins:[3)
should be rejected. proteins:[3]
[Total: 15]
; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark.
/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same 5 a
Information for answering this question can
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the be found on page 77 and in the answer to
rest of the answer by commas. Question 4.8.
Award 1 mark for each term correctly used[14]
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark.
b Information for answering this question can
Underlining This is used to indicate essential be found on page 00 and in the answer to
word(s) that must be used to get the mark. Question 4.8.
AW means ‘alternative wording’. It is used to Award 1 mark for each term correctly used[15]
indicate that a different wording is acceptable [Total: 29]
provided the essential meaning is the same, and is
6 a
A  phosphate head (of phospholipid);
used where students’ responses are likely to vary
B  fatty acid tail(s) (of phospholipid);
more than usual.
C  phospholipid bilayer / membrane;[3]
AVP means ‘additional valid point’. This means b Award max. of 2 marks: 2 or 3 correct answers
accept any additional points given by the student 1 mark, 4 correct answers 2 marks
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are
i hydrophilic
relevant. But accept only as many additional points
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;; ii hydrophobic
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks. iii hydrophobic
ORA means ‘or reverse argument’ and is used when iv hydrophilic; [2]
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse c ions move by diffusion;
way. For example: ‘activity increases between pH channel has shape which is specific for
2 and pH 5 ORA’ means accept ‘activity decreases particular ion;
between pH 5 and pH 2’. channel is hydrophilic / water-filled / allows
movement of polar substance;
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks
ions move down concentration gradient;
that can be given.
 [max. 3]

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 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

d
both intrinsic proteins; 8 Award 1 mark for each correct row
both have specific shape;[2]
Feature Cell wall Cell
e
channel proteins have a fixed shape / carrier membrane
proteins have a variable shape;[1]
f
width of C measured in mm; is the thickness µm nm
mm converted to µm and µm converted to normally
nm; measured in nm
correct formula used magnification: M = I/A = or µm?
width of C/7 accept mm, µm or nm; location surround some surround all
correct answer in nm;[4] cells / not animal cells / may be
[Total: 15] cells / only outside found inside
/ surrounding cells cells
7
Process Uses Uses Specific Controllable chemical contains cellulose phospholipids,
energy proteins by cell composition in plants, protein,
peptidoglycans (sometimes)
diffusion ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ accept any
/ murein in cholesterol
statements
osmosis ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ prokaryotes, (chitin
that serve to
in fungi) / contains
facilitated distinguish
✘ ✔ ✔ ✘ a strengthening
diffusion between cell
material / contains
wall and cell
active a polysaccharide
✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ membranes.
transport (or polysaccharide-
Examples are
like substance) AW
given.
endocytosis
and ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ permeability freely permeable partially
exocytosis permeable
[20] function mechanical selective
NB: It could be argued that facilitated strength barrier AW
diffusion is controllable, because the number
of channel proteins in the membrane can fluid or rigid rigid fluid
affect the rate.
[6]

9 description:
rate of entry of water is rapid at first but
slows down gradually;
until rate is zero / no further entry of water
or water enters until water potential of
cell = water potential of pure water = 0
(= equilibrium);
exponential / not linear;
rate depends on / proportional to, difference
in water potential between cell and external
solution; [max. 3]
explanation:
water (always) moves from a region of higher
water potential to a region of lower water
potential;

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International AS Level Biology
(in this case) by osmosis;
through partially permeable cell surface
membrane of cell;
as cell fills with water, cell / protoplast
expands and pressure (potential) increases;
until water potential of cell = zero / water
potential of pure water;
cell wall rigid / will not stretch (far), and
prevents entry of more water;
cell is turgid; [max. 5]
[Total: 8] change 95–100% = 250 kPa;[2]
10
a the greater the concentration difference, the
greater the rate of transport;[1]
b (net) diffusion and facilitated diffusion only
occur if there is a concentration, difference /
gradient, across the membrane
or
at equilibrium / if no concentration
difference, there is no, net exchange /
transport across membrane / rate of
transport, is same in both directions; AW
active transport can occur even if no
concentration difference;
because molecules / ions are being pumped;
AW[3]
c i active transport;[1] iv 350 kPa;[1]
ii active transport depends on a supply of
ATP;
provided by respiration;[2]
d graph for diffusion is linear / straight line
(with no maximum rate);
purely physical process / not dependent
on transport proteins / channel or carrier
proteins;
graph for facilitated diffusion is a curve with a protoplast pulls away from cell wall =
maximum rate; AW
facilitated diffusion depends on presence
of, transport proteins / channel or carrier
proteins;
as concentration increases, the receptor
sites of these proteins become more and
more saturated / the more saturated these
become, the less the effect of increasing
concentration;
rate reaches a maximum when all, transport
/ channel or carrier proteins, are working at
full capacity / when all receptor sites are, full
/ saturated;
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
NB: This is similar to the effect of substrate
concentration on rate of enzyme activity.
 [max. 5]
[Total: 12]
11
a the living contents of a plant cell;[1]
b i at 90% = 22 kPa (accept 21 or 23 kPa), at
95% = 100 kPa, at 100% = 350 kPa;[1]
ii change 90–95 % = 78 kPa (accept 77 or
79 kPa);
iii as water enters the cell, the cell wall is
stretched / protoplast pushes against cell
wall;
cell wall is (relatively) rigid;
water cannot be compressed;
therefore pressure builds up more and
more rapidly (for given volume of water)
/ small increase in amount of water has
large effect on pressure; AW [max. 2]
(This could be compared with pumping up
a bicycle tyre – pressure increases much
more rapidly for a given amount of air
towards the end due to the elastic limit of
the tyre being reached.)
c i zero (kPa);[1]
ii 86%;[1]
iii incipient plasmolysis;[1]
iv water potential = solute potential;[1]
v ψ = ψs + ψp;[1]
vi the cell continues to lose water /
protoplast continues to shrink;
plasmolysis;
shrinks until equilibrium is reached;
when water potential of cell = water
potential of outside solution;
solute potential gets lower / more
negative;
because cell contents becoming more
concentrated; [max. 5]
d only a small amount of water is needed to
bring about a large change in pressure;
because the cell wall is (relatively) rigid;
 Cambridge International AS Level Biology Answers to end-of-chapter questions

this is not enough to significantly change the

concentration of the cell contents; AW[3]
[Total: 20]

12

a if it were diffusion, there would be (net)
movement of ions from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration until equilibrium is reached
when concentration inside = concentration
outside; AW[1]
R because concentrations different inside
and outside
b active transport;
active transport involves pumping ions
against a concentration gradient;[2]
c if respiration is inhibited, no ATP is produced;
active transport uses ATP as energy source;
active transport stops;
diffusion continues;
ions move down concentration gradients by
diffusion until equilibrium reached; [max. 4]
[Total: 7]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology © Cambridge University Press 2014