Introduction

The Ising Model

Conclusions

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin

Systems
Numerical Analysis

Rashi Agarwal
Supervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela.

Department of Physics and Astronomy.

Research project-1,2018.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 1 / 14
 Introduction
The Ising Model
Conclusions

Outline

1 Introduction
Theoretical Methods
Numerical Approach

2 The Ising Model

Results:Case 1
Results:Case 2

3 Conclusions

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 2 / 14
 Introduction
Theoretical Methods
The Ising Model
Numerical Approach
Conclusions

Theoretical Methods

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 3 / 14
 Introduction
Theoretical Methods
The Ising Model
Numerical Approach
Conclusions

Numerical Approach

Monte Carlo Method: class of algorithms dealing with generation

and processing of random numbers.
Metropolis Sampling Scheme: to sample statistically important
regions of the phase space.

 −(EB −EA )

PAB = exp kB T
, if ∆E > 0 (1)
 1, if ∆E < 0
Boundary Condition: Periodic boundary conditions, to eliminate
surface effects.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 4 / 14
 Introduction
Theoretical Methods
The Ising Model
Numerical Approach
Conclusions

Calculating Observables

Formulas
" #
1 X 1 X N+1 ([K]) + N−1 ([K])
hm([K])i = (2)
IC IC a a N2
N X
N
* +
hEi X
= −J Sij (Sij+1 + Si+1j ) (3)
N i=1 j=1

2 !
1 E − hEi2
CH ([K]) = 2 (4)
N kB T 2
!
M 2 − h|M |i2


1
χ([K]) = 2 (5)
N kB T

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 5 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

The Ising Model

Formula
General form of Hamiltonian

H = −J1
X X X
Si Sj − J2 Si Sj ... − H Si (6)
hiji hhijii i

We will be dealing with the following two cases:

Case-1 J1 > 0, J2, J3, J4... = 0 and H = 0.
Case-2 J1 > 0, J2 < 0, J3, J4... = 0 and H = 0.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 6 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Case 1: Statistical Averages

Figure: m vs T Figure: CH vs T

Figure: e vs T Figure: χ vs T
Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems
Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 7 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Comparison with Exact Results

Simulation results for a 120 × 120 lattice.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 8 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Finite size Scaling Analysis and Critical

Exponents

Scaling Functions
 
χ = N γ/ν χ
e N 1/ν  (7)

 
c = N α/ν ce N 1/ν  (8)

 
c = N α/ν ce N 1/ν  (9)

The values of critical exponents and critical temperature are those for data
for different lattice sizes collapses.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 9 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Conti...

Figure: α = 0.23, T = 2.27 and ν = 1.0

Figure: α = 0.119, T = 2.27 and ν = 1.0 Figure: α = 1.75, T = 2.27 and ν = 1.0
Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems
Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 10 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Phase Diagram
Variable parameters: T /J1 and r = J2/J1. Competing interactions lead
to frustration. |r| = 0.5: the point of maximum frustration.

Figure: Phase diagram for a frustrated 2D Ising model.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 11 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Observables for a 16 × 16 lattice.

Figure: m vs T Figure: CH vs T

Figure: e vs T Figure: χ vs T
Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems
Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 12 / 14
 Introduction
Results:Case 1
The Ising Model
Results:Case 2
Conclusions

Interesting Features

Multiple universality classes.

First-order transition near Quantum critical point1 ,
A recent relization of the frustrated J1-J2 Ising chain in the
compound linaritePbCuSO4 (OH)2 2

1
Songbo Jin, Arnab Sen, and Anders W Sandvik. “Ashkin-Teller criticality and
pseudo-first-order behavior in a frustrated Ising model on the square lattice”.
2
L Heinze et al. “Magnetic phase diagram of the frustrated spin chain compound
linarite PbCuSO 4 (OH) 2 as seen by neutron Critical
diffraction and H 1-NMR”.
phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems
Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 13 / 14
 Introduction
The Ising Model
Conclusions

Conclusions

The value of critical exponents obtained via finite-size scaling analysis

are, α = 0.23, β = 0.119 and γ = 1.75.
Thus, the numerical methods prove to be an apt alternative to the
inaccurate approximate methods and the complex exact methods.
For the frustrated Ising model the average value of critical exponent γ
was = 1.74 ± 0.05 for |r| > 1.0 and = 1.6 ± 0.5 for |r| < 1.0.
For |r| = 0.6 scaling analysis the scaling was not as good as for other
values of r.
Critical exponents nowhere matched with those of potts-model.
The reason behind appearance of different universality classes could
be revealed by an RG analyses.

Critical phenomenon in Classical Spin Systems

Rashi AgarwalSupervised by Prof. Sanjoy Datta 14 / 14