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Yale University – The Avalon Project

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/20th.asp

The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916

The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916

It is accordingly understood between the french and British governments:

That France and great Britain are prepared to recognize and protect an independent
Arab states or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b) marked on the annexed map,
under the suzerainty of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) great
Britain, shall have priority of right of enterprise and local loans. That in area (a) France,
and in area (b) great Britain, shall alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at the
request of the Arab state or confederation of Arab states.

That in the blue area France, and in the red area great Britain, shall be allowed to
establish such direct or indirect administration or control as they desire and as they may
think fit to arrange with the Arab state or confederation of Arab states.

That in the brown area there shall be established an international administration, the
form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in
consultation with the other allies, and the representatives of the sheriff of mecca.

That great Britain be accorded (1) the ports of Haifa and acre, (2) guarantee of a given
supply of water from the tigres and euphrates in area (a) for area (b). His majesty's
government, on their part, undertake that they will at no time enter into negotiations for
the cession of Cyprus to any third power without the previous consent of the french
government.

That Alexandretta shall be a free port as regards the trade of the British empire, and that
there shall be no discrimination in port charges or facilities as regards British shipping
and British goods; that there shall be freedom of transit for British goods through
Alexandretta and by railway through the blue area, or (b) area, or area (a); and there
shall be no discrimination, direct or indirect, against British goods on any railway or
against British goods or ships at any port serving the areas mentioned.

That Haifa shall be a free port as regards the trade of France, her dominions and
protectorates, and there shall be no discrimination in port charges or facilities as regards
french shipping and french goods. There shall be freedom of transit for french goods
through Haifa and by the British railway through the brown area, whether those goods
are intended for or originate in the blue area, area (a), or area (b), and there shall be no
discrimination, direct or indirect, against french goods on any railway, or against french
goods or ships at any port serving the areas mentioned.

That in area (a) the Baghdad railway shall not be extended southwards beyond Mosul,
and in area (b) northwards beyond Samarra, until a railway connecting Baghdad and
aleppo via the euphrates valley has been completed, and then only with the concurrence
of the two governments.

That great Britain has the right to build, administer, and be sole owner of a railway
connecting Haifa with area (b), and shall have a perpetual right to transport troops along
such a line at all times. It is to be understood by both governments that this railway is to
facilitate the connection of Baghdad with Haifa by rail, and it is further understood that,
if the engineering difficulties and expense entailed by keeping this connecting line in
the brown area only make the project unfeasible, that the french government shall be
prepared to consider that the line in question may also traverse the Polgon Banias Keis
Marib Salkhad tell Otsda Mesmie before reaching area (b).

For a period of twenty years the existing Turkish customs tariff shall remain in force
throughout the whole of the blue and red areas, as well as in areas (a) and (b), and no
increase in the rates of duty or conversions from ad valorem to specific rates shall be
made except by agreement between the two powers.

There shall be no interior customs barriers between any of the above mentioned areas.
The customs duties leviable on goods destined for the interior shall be collected at the
port of entry and handed over to the administration of the area of destination.

It shall be agreed that the french government will at no time enter into any negotiations
for the cession of their rights and will not cede such rights in the blue area to any third
power, except the Arab state or confederation of Arab states, without the previous
agreement of his majesty's government, who, on their part, will give a similar
undertaking to the french government regarding the red area.

The British and french government, as the protectors of the Arab state, shall agree that
they will not themselves acquire and will not consent to a third power acquiring
territorial possessions in the Arabian peninsula, nor consent to a third power installing a
naval base either on the east coast, or on the islands, of the red sea. This, however, shall
not prevent such adjustment of the Aden frontier as may be necessary in consequence of
recent Turkish aggression.

The negotiations with the Arabs as to the boundaries of the Arab states shall be
continued through the same channel as heretofore on behalf of the two powers.

It is agreed that measures to control the importation of arms into the Arab territories will
be considered by the two governments.

I have further the honor to state that, in order to make the agreement complete, his
majesty's government are proposing to the Russian government to exchange notes
analogous to those exchanged by the latter and your excellency's government on the
26th April last. Copies of these notes will be communicated to your excellency as soon
as exchanged.I would also venture to remind your excellency that the conclusion of the
present agreement raises, for practical consideration, the question of claims of Italy to a
share in any partition or rearrangement of turkey in Asia, as formulated in article 9 of
the agreement of the 26th April, 1915, between Italy and the allies.
His majesty's government further consider that the Japanese government should be
informed of the arrangements now concluded.

The Spartacist Manifesto; January 6, 1919

Comrades! Workers!
The Ebert-Scheidemann Government has rendered itself impossible. It is hereby
declared deposed by the undersigned Revolutionary Committee, the representative of
the revolutionary socialist workers and soldiers (Independent Social Democratic Party
and Communist Party).

The undersigned Revolutionary Committee has provisionally assumed the conduct of

the business of government.

Comrades! Workers!
Support the measures of the Revolutionary Committee. Berlin, January 6, 1919.

The Revolutionary Committee

[GEORGE LEDEBOUR[KARL] LIEBKNECHT[PAUL] SCHOLZE

Supplementary Agreement to the German-Russian Agreement (Treaty of Rapallo,

April 16, 1922); November 5, 1922

Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Art 4 Art 5 Art 6 Art 7 Art 8 Art 9

See Also : The Treaty of Rapallo; April 16, 1922

The plenipotentiary of the German Government, namely Freiherr von Maltzan,

Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs; the plenipotentiary of the Socialist
Soviet Republic of the Ukraine, namely, Herr Waldemar Aussem, Member of the
Central Executive Committee for all Ukraine, and also the plenipotentiary of the
Government of the Socialist Soviet Republic of White Russia, the Socialist Soviet
Republic of Georgia, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, the Socialist Soviet
Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of the Far East, namely Herr Nikolaus
Krestinski, plenipotentiary and Ambassador of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic in
Berlin; having communicated their full powers, which were found in good and due
form, agreed to the following provisions:

Article 1
The Treaty signed at Rapallo, on April 16 1922, between the German Reich and the
Russian Socialist Soviet Republic shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the relations
between the German Reich, on the one hand, and;

[1] the Socialist Soviet Republic of the Ukraine;

[2] the Socialist Soviet Republic of White Russia;
[3] the Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia;
[4] the Socialist Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan;
[5] the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia, and;
[6] the Republic of the Far East,----

hereinafter referred to as States allied the R S F S R --- on the other hand. As regards
Article 2 of the Treaty of Rapallo, this shall be valid for the application down to April
16, 1922, of the laws and measures specified therein.

Article 2
The German Government and the Government of the Socialist Soviet Republic of the
Ukraine are agreed that the determination and the settlement of such claims as may have
arisen in favour either of the German Government or of the Government of the Ukraine
since the conclusion of the state of war between Germany and the Ukraine during the
period in which German troops were present in the Ukraine shall be reserved.

Article 3
All nationals of one of the Contracting Parties who are resident on the territory of the
other Party shall enjoy complete legal protection of their persons in conformity with
international law and the general laws of the country of residence.

Nationals of the German Reich who enter the territory of the States allied to the RSFSR
in conformity with the passport regulations, or who are at present resident there, shall be
granted inviolability in respect of all property taken with them and of all property
acquired on the territory of the States allied with the RSFSR provided that the
acquisition and employment of that property is in accordance with the laws of the State
of residence or with specific agreements made with the competent authorities of that
State. The exportation of property acquired in the State allied to the RSFSR shall, unless
otherwise provided for in special agreements, be governed by the laws and regulations
of the State allied to the RSFSR.

Article 4
The Governments of the States allied with the RSFSR shall be entitled to establish, at
places in Germany where they have diplomatic representatives or one of their consular
agents, national trade offices which shall have the same legal status as the Russian trade
delegation in Germany. In this case they shall recognise as binding upon themselves all
legal acts performed either by the director of their trade office or by officials invested
by him with full powers, provided that such officials act in accordance with the full
powers granted to them.

Article 5
In order to facilitate economic relations between the German Reich on the one hand,
and the States allied with the RSFSR on the other hand, the following principles have
been laid down:

[1] All agreements concluded between nationals of the German Reich, German legal
persons, or German firms on the one hand, and the Governments of the States allied
with the RSFSR, or their national trade offices mentioned in Article 4, or individuals,
legal persons, or firms belonging to those states, on the other hand, and also the
economic effects of such agreements, shall be dealt with according to the laws of the
State in which they were concluded and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of that State.
This provision shall not apply to agreements which were concluded before the coming
into force of the present Treaty.

[2] The agreements mentioned under [1] may contain an arbitration clause. Provision
may also be made in such agreements for bringing them under the jurisdiction of one of
the contracting States.

Article 6
The States allied with the RSFSR shall allow persons who possessed German
nationality but have since lost it, and also their wives and children, to leave the country,
provided that proof is forthcoming that they are transferring their residence to Germany.

Article 7
The delegations of both Parties and all persons employed in connection therewith shall
refrain from any agitation or propaganda against the Government and national
institutions of the country in which they reside.

Article 8
This Treaty may, as regards the above Articles 3 to 6, and also as regards the
corresponding application of Article 4 of the Treaty of Rapallo, be denounced on three
months notice being given.

Such denunciation may be notified by Germany to any one of the States allied with the
RSFSR to take effect only for her relations with that State and, conversely, by any one
of these States to

Germany, to take effect only for relations between that single State and Germany.

If the Treaty thus denounced is not replaced by a commercial treaty, the Governments
concerned shall be entitled, on the expiration of the period of notice, to appoint a
commission of five members for the purpose of liquidating such business transactions
as have already been commenced. The members of the commission shall be regarded as
representatives of a non-diplomatic character and shall liquidate all transactions at the
latest within six months after the expiry of this Treaty.

Article 9
This Treaty shall be ratified. Special instruments of ratification shall be exchanged
between Germany on the one hand, and each one of the States allied with the RSFSR on
the other hand. Immediately the exchange is made, the Treaty shall enter into force as
between the States taking part in the exchange.

Done on November 5, 1922

Signed: Maltzan

Signed: W Aussem

Signed: N Krestinski
 Foreign Relations of the United States
Treaty Between the United of States of America, Belgium, the British Empire,
China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal. Signed at Washington
February 6, 1922. (1)

The United States of America, Belgium, the British Empire, China, France, Italy, Japan,
the Netherlands and Portugal:

Desiring to adopt a policy designed to stabilize conditions in the Far East, to safeguard
the rights and interests of China, and to promote intercourse between China and the
other Powers upon the basis of equality of opportunity;

Have resolved to conclude a treaty for that purpose and to that end have appointed as
their respective Plenipotentiaries;

The President of the United States of America:

Charles Evans Hughes,

Henry Cabot Lodge,

Oscar W. Underwood,

Elihu Root, citizens of the United States;

His Majesty the King of the Belgians:

Baron de Cartier de Marchienne, Commander of the Order of Leopold and of the Order
of the Crown, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington;

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the
British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India:

The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P., Lord President of His Privy
Council;

The Right Honourable Baron Lee of Fareham, G. B. E., K. C. B., First Lord of His
Admiralty;

The Right Honourable Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes, E. C. B., His Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America;

and

for the Dominion of Canada:

The Right Honourable Sir Robert Laird Borden, G. C. M. G., K. C.

for the Commonwealth of Australia:

Senator the Right Honourable George Foster Pearce, Minister for Home and Territories;

for the Dominion of New Zealand:

The Honourable Sir John William Salmond, R. C., Judge of the Supreme Court of New
Zealand;

for the Union of South Africa:

The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P.;

for India:

The Right Honourable Valingman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri, Member of the

Indian Council of State;

The President of the Republic of China:

Mr. Sao-Ee Alfred Sze, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at

Washington

Mr. V. E. Wellington Koo, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at

London;

Mr. Chung-Hui Wang, former Minister of Justice.

The President of the French Republic:

Mr. Albert Sarraut, Deputy, Minister of the Colonies;

Mr. Jules J. Jusserand, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United

States of America, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour;

His Majesty the King of Italy:

The Honourable Carlo Schanzer, Senator of the Kingdom;

The Honourable Vittorio Rolandi Ricci, Senator of the Kingdom, His Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington;

The Honourable Luigi Albertini, Senator of the Kingdom;

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan:

Baron Tomosaburo Kato, Minister for the Navy, Junii, a member of the First Class of
the Imperial Order of the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun with the Paulownia Flower;
Baron Kijuro Shidehara, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at
Washington, Joshii, a member of tile First Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun;

Mr. Masanao Hanihara, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jushii, a member of the
Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun;

Her Majesty the Queen of The Netherlands:

Jonkheer Frans Beelaerts van Blokland, Her Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary;

Jonkheer Willem Hendrik de Beaufort, Minister Plenipotentiary, Charge d' Affaires at

Washington;

The President of the Portuguese Republic:

Mr. Jose Francisco de Horta Machado da Franca, Viscount d'Alte, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary at Washington;

Mr. Ernesto Julio de Carvalho e Vasconcelos, (2) Captain of the Portuguese Navy,
Technical Director of the Colonial Office.

Who, having communicated to each other their full powers, found to be in good and due
form, have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I
The Contracting Powers, other than China, agree:

(1) To respect the sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative
integrity of China;

(2) To provide the fullest and most unembarrassed opportunity to China to develop and
maintain for herself an effective and stable government;

(3) To use their influence for the purpose of effectually establishing and maintaining the
principle of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations throughout
the territory of China;

(4) To refrain from taking advantage of conditions in China in order to seek special
rights or privileges which would abridge the rights of subjects or citizens of friendly
States, (3) and from countenancing action inimical to the security of such States.

ARTICLE II
The Contracting Powers agree not to enter into any treaty, agreement, arrangements or
understanding, either with one another, or, individually or collectively, with any Power
or Powers, which would infringe or impair the principles stated in Article I.

ARTICLE III
With a view to applying more effectually the principles of the Open Door or equality of
opportunity in China for the trade and industry of all nations, the Contracting Powers,
other than China, agree that they will not seek, nor support their respective nationals in
seeking-

(a) any arrangement which might purport to establish in favour of their interests any
general superiority of rights with respect to commercial or economic development in
any designated region of China;

(b) any such monopoly or preference as would deprive the nationals of any other Power
of the right of undertaking any legitimate trade or industry in China, or of Participating
with the Chinese Government, or with any local authority, in any category of public
enterprise, or which by reason of its scope, duration or geographical extent is calculated
to frustrate the practical application of the principle of equal opportunity.

It is understood that the foregoing stipulations of this Article are not to be so construed
as to prohibit the acquisition of such properties or rights as may be necessary to the
conduct of a particular commercial, industrial, or financial undertaking or to the
encouragement of invention and research.

China undertakes to be guided by the principles stated in the foregoing stipulations of

this Article in dealing with applications for economic rights and privileges from
Governments and nationals of all foreign countries, whether parties to the present
Treaty or not.

ARTICLE IV
The Contracting Powers agree not to support any agreements by their respective
nationals with each other designed to create Spheres of Influence or to provide for the
enjoyment of mutually exclusive opportunities in designated parts of Chinese territory.

ARTICLE V
China agrees that, throughout the whole of the railways in China, she will not exercise
or permit unfair discrimination of any kind. In particular there shall be no
discrimination whatever, direct or indirect, in respect of charges or of facilities on the
ground of the nationality of passengers or the countries from which or to which they are
proceeding, or the origin or ownership of goods or the country from which or to which
they are consigned, or the nationality or ownership of the ship or other means of
conveying such passengers or goods before or after their transport on the Chinese
Railways.

The Contracting Powers, other than China, assume a corresponding obligation in respect
of any of the aforesaid railways over which they or their nationals are in a position to
exercise any control in virtue of any concession, special agreement or otherwise.

ARTICLE VI
The Contracting Powers, other than China, agree fully to respect China's rights as a
neutral in time of war to which China is not a party; and China declares that when she is
a neutral she will observe the obligations of neutrality.
ARTICLE VII
The Contracting Powers agree that, whenever a situation arises which in the opinion of
any one of them involves the application of the stipulations of the present Treaty, and
renders desirable discussion of such application, there shall be full and frank
communication between the Contracting Powers concerned.

ARTICLE VIII
Powers not signatory to the present Treaty, which have Governments recognized by the
Signatory Powers and which have treaty relations with China, shall be invited to adhere
to the present Treaty. To this end the Government of the United States will make the
necessary communications to nonsignatory Powers and will inform the Contracting
Powers of the replies received. Adherence by any Power shall become effective on
receipt of notice thereof by the Government of the United States.

ARTICLE IX
The present Treaty shall be ratified by the Contracting Powers in accordance with their
respective constitutional methods and shall take effect on the date of the deposit of all
the ratifications, which shall take place at Washington as soon as possible. The
Government of the United States will transmit to the other Contracting Powers a
certified copy of the proces-verbal of the deposit of ratifications.

The present Treaty of which the French and English texts are both authentic, shall
remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States, and duly
certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the other Contracting
Powers.

IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed the present

Treaty.

DONE at the City of Washington the Sixth day of February One Thousand Nine
Hundred and Twenty-Two.

CHARLES EVANS HUGHES

HENRY CABOT LODGE
OSCAR W UNDERWOOD
EIJHU ROOT
BARON DE CARTIER DE MARCHIENNE
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
LEE OF FAREHAM
A. C. GEDDES
R. L. BORDEN
G. F. PEARCE
JOHN W SALMOND
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
V S SRINIVASA SASTRI
SAO-EE ALFRED SEE
V. K. WELLINGTON KOO
CHUNG-HUI WANG
A SARRAUT
JUSSERAND
CARLO SCHANZER
V. ROLAND RICCI
LUIGI ALBERTINI
T. KATO
K. SHIDEHARA
M. HANIHARA
BEELAERTS VAN BLOKLAND
W. DE BEAUFORT
ALTE
ERNESTO DE VASCONCELLOS

(1) In English and French; French text not printed. Ratification advised by the Senate,
Mar. 30, 1922; ratified by the President, June 9, 1923; instruments of ratification
deposited at Washington, Bug. 5, 1925; proclaimed, Aug. 5, 1925. Back

(2) Should read " Vasconcellos ". Back

(3) An explanation of the drafting of this passage was given by Mr. Hughes during a
conversation on Apr. 4 1932 with Mr. Henry L. Stimson then Secretary of state and is
recorded by Mr. Stimson in part as follows:

"Root . . . drafted the Nine Power Treaty. In the course of that Hughes produced the
secret promise made by Japan as part of the Lansing-Ishii arrangement that she would
not interfere with other nations in China and without saying anything to anybody this
secret agreement was put into the Root draft.... it became verbatim the corresponding
obligation in the Nine Power Treaty." (File no. 500.A4d/240 1/2.)

Source:
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States
1922
(in Two Volumes)
Volume I
Department of State Publication 2033
Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1938

Foreign Relations of the United States

Treaty Between the United States of America, the British Empire, France, and
Japan, Signed at Washington December 13, 1921
Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Art 4

Treaty Series. 669

Treaty between the United States of America, the British Empire, France, and Japan,
Sighted at Washington December 13, 1921
The United States of America, the British Empire, France and Japan,
With a view to the preservation of the general peace and the maintenance of their rights
in relation to their insular possessions and insular dominions in the region of the Pacific
Ocean,

Have determined to conclude a Treaty to this effect and have appointed as their
Plenipotentiaries:

The President of the United States of America:

Charles Evans Hughes
Henry Cabot Lodge,
Oscar W. Underwood and
Elihu Root, citizens of the United States;

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the
British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India:

The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P., Lord President of His Privy
Council;

The Right Honourable Baron Lee of Fareham, G. B. E., K. C. B., First Lord of His
Admiralty;

The Right Honourable Sir Auckland Campbell Geddes, K. (I. B. His Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United States of America;

And

for the Dominion of Canada:

The Right Honourable Robert Laird Borden, G. C'. M. G., K. C.;

for the (commonwealth of Australia:

The Honourable George Foster Pearce, Minister of Defence;

for the Dominion of New Zealand:

Sir John William Salmond, K. C., Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand;

for the Union of South Africa:

The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O. M., M. P.;

for India:

The Right Honourable Valingman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri, Member of the

Indian Council of State;

The President of the French Republic:

Mr. Rene Viviani, Deputy, Former President of the Council of Ministers;

Mr. Albert Sarraut, Deputy, Minister of the Colonies;

Mr. Jules J. Jusserand, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United

States of America, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour;

His Majesty the Emperor of Japan:

Baron Tomosaburo Kato, Minister for the Navy, Junii, a member of the First Class of
the Imperial Order of the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun with the Paulownia Flower;

Baron Kijuro Shidehara, His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at

Washington, Joshii, a member of the First Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun;

Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, Junii, a member of the First Class of the Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun;

Mr. Masanao Hanihara, Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jushii, a member of the
Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun;

Who, having communicated their Full Powers, found in good and due form, have
agreed as follows:

I
The High Contracting Parties agree as between themselves to respect their rights in
relation to their insular possessions and insular dominions in the region of the Pacific
Ocean.

If there should develop between any of the High Contracting Parties a controversy
arising out of any Pacific question and involving their said rights which is not
satisfactorily settled by diplomacy and is likely to affect the harmonious accord now
happily subsisting between them, they shall invite the other High Contracting Parties to
a joint conference to which the whole subject will be referred for consideration and
adjustment.

II
If the said rights are threatened by the aggressive action of any other Power, the High
Contracting Parties shall communicate with one another fully and frankly in order to
arrive at an understanding as to the most efficient measures to be taken, jointly or
separately, to meet the exigencies of the particular situation.

III
This Treaty shall remain in force for ten years from the time it shall take effect, and
after the expiration of said period it shall continue to be in force subject to the right of
any of the High Contracting Parties to terminate it upon twelve months' notice.

IV
This Treaty shall be ratified as soon as possible in accordance with the constitutional
methods of the High Contracting Parties and shall take effect on the deposit of
ratifications, which shall take place at Washington, and thereupon the agreement
between Great Britain and Japan, which was concluded at London on July 13, 1911,
shall terminate. The Government of the United States will transmit to all the Signatory
Powers a certified copy of the proces-verbal of the deposit of ratifications.

The present Treaty, in French and in English, shall remain deposited in the Archives of
the Government of the United States, and duly certified copies thereof will be
transmitted by that Government Waco of the Signatory Powers.

IN FAITH WHEREOF the above named Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
Treaty.

DONE at the City of Washington, the thirteenth day of December, One Thousand Nine
Hundred and Twenty-One.

CHARLES EVANS HDOHES

HENRY CABOT LODGE
OSCAR W UNDERWOOD
ELIHU ROOT
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
LEE OF FAREHAM
A. C. GEDDES
R. L. BORDEN
G. F. PEARCE
JOHN W SALMOND
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
V S SRINIVASA SASTRI
RENE VIVIANI
A SARRAUT
JUSSERAND
T. NATO
E. SHIDEHARA
TOKUGAEA IYESATO
M. HANIHARA

Treaty Series No. 669

Supplementary Declaration, Signed December13, 1921

In signing the Treaty this day between The United States of America, The British
Empire, France and Japan, it is declared to he the understanding and intent of the
Signatory Powers:

1. That the Treaty shall apply to the Mandated Islands in the Pacific Ocean, provided;
however that the making of the Treaty shall not be deemed to be an assent on the part of
The United States of America to the mandates and shall not preclude agreements
between The United states of America and the Mandatory Powers respectively in
relation to the mandated islands.
2. That the controversies to which the second paragraph of Article 1 refers shall not be
taken to embrace questions which according to principles of international law lie
exclusively within the domestic jurisdiction of the respective Powers.

WASHINGTON, D.C. December 13, 1921

CHARLES EVANS HUGHES

HENRY CABOT LODGE
OSCAR W UNDERWOOD
ELIHU ROOT
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
LEE OF FAREHAM
A. C. GEDDES
R. L. BORDEN
G. F. PEARCE
JOHN W SALMOND
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
V S SRINIVASA SASTRI
RENE VIVIANI
A SARRAUT
JUSSERAND
T. KATO
K. SHIDEHARA
TOKUGAWA IYESATO
M. HANIHARA

Source:
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States
1922
(in Two Volumes)
Volume I
Department of State Publication 2033
Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1938

Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August, 1914

Constantinople, August 2, 1914

1. The two contracting parties agree to observe strict neutrality in regard to the present
conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.

2. In case Russia should intervene with active military measures, and should thus bring
about a casus foederis for Germany with relation to Austria-Hungary, this casus foederis
would also come into existence for Turkey.

3. In case of war, Germany will leave her military mission at the disposal of Turkey.
The latter, for her part, assures the said military mission an effective influence on the
general conduct of the army, in accordance with the understanding arrived at directly
between His Excellency the Minister of War and His Excellency the Chief of the
Military Mission.

4. Germany obligates herself, if necessary by force of arms ... [ cipher group lacking]
Ottoman territory in case it should be threatened.

5. This agreement which has been concluded for the purpose of protecting both Empires
from international complications which may result from the present conflict goes into
force as soon as it is signed by the above-mentioned plenipotentiaries, and shall remain
valid, together with any similar mutual agreements, until December 31, 1918.

6. In case it shall not be denounced by one of the high contracting parties six months
before the expiration of the term named above, this treaty shall remain in force for a
further period of five years.

7. This present document shall be ratified by His Majesty the German Emperor, King of
Prussia, and by His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans, and the ratifications shall be
exchanged within a period of one month from the date of its signing.

8. The present treaty shall remain secret and can only be made public as a result of an
agreement arrived at between the two high contracting parties. In testimony whereof,
etc.

BARON v. WANGENHEIM
SAID HALIM

(With regard to 3: The Turks wished to use this phraseology in view of the fact that His
Majesty the Sultan is the Commander-in-Chief of the Turkish army. General Liman,
however, had officially informed me in advance that he had arranged a detailed
agreement with the Minister of War Enver which provided the Military Mission with
the actual chief command -- as required by your telegram 275....)

WANGENHEIM

Treaty of Berlin Between the Soviet Union and Germany; April 24, 1926

Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Art 4

The German Government and the Government of the Union of Socialist Soviet
Republics, being desirous of doing all in their power to promote the maintenance of
general peace,

And being convinced that the interests of the German people and the peoples of the
Government of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics demand constant and trustful
co- operation,

Having agreed to strengthen the friendly relations existing between them by means of a
special Treaty have agreed upon the following provisions:
Article 1
The relations between Germany and the Government of the Union of Socialist Soviet
Republics shall continue to be based on the Treaty of Rapallo.

The German Government and the Government of the Union of Socialist Soviet
Republics will maintain friendly contact in order to promote an understanding with
regard to all political and economic questions jointly affecting their two countries.

Article 2
Should one of the Contracting Parties, despite its peaceful attitude, be attacked by one
or more third Powers, the other Contracting Party shall observe neutrality for the whole
of the duration of the conflict.

Article 3
If on the occasion of a conflict of the nature mentioned in Article 2, or at a time when
neither of the Contracting Parties is engaged in warlike operations, a coalition is formed
between third Powers with a view to the economic or financial boycott of either of the
Contracting Parties, the other Contracting Party undertakes not to adhere to such
coalition.

Article 4
The present Treaty shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification shall be
exchanged at Berlin.

It shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of the instruments of ratification and
shall remain in force for five years. The two Contracting Parties shall confer in good
time before the expiration of this period with regard to the future development of their
political relations.

In faith whereof the plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty.

Signed: Herr Stresemann

Signed: M Krestinski

Treaty of Mutual Guarantee between Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain

and Italy; October 16, 1925 (The Locarno Pact)

Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Art 4 Art 5 Art 6 Art 7 Art 8 Art 9 Art 10

The President of the German Reich, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President
of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and His
Majesty the King of Italy;
Anxious to satisfy the desire for security and protection which animates the peoples
upon whom fell the scourge of the war of 1914-1918; Taking note of the abrogation of
the treaties for the neutralisation of Belgium, and conscious of the necessity of ensuring
peace in the area which has so frequently been the scene of European conflicts;

Animated also with the sincere desire of giving to all the signatory Powers concerned
supplementary guarantees within the framework of the Covenant of the League of
Nations and the treaties in force between them;

Have determined to conclude a treaty with these objects, and have appointed as their
plenipotentiaries:

[Names of Plenipotentiaries omitted]

Who, having communicated their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed
as follows:

ARTICLE 1.
The High Contracting Parties collectively and severally guarantee, in the manner
provided in the following Articles, the maintenance of the territorial status quo resulting
from the frontiers between Germany and Belgium and between Germany and France,
and the inviolability of the said frontiers as fixed by or in pursuance of the Treaty of
Peace signed at Versailles on June 28, 1919, and also the observance of the stipulations
of Articles 42 and 43 of the said treaty concerning the demilitarised zone.

ARTICLE 2.
Germany and Belgium, and also Germany and France, mutually undertake that they will
in no case attack or invade each other or resort to war against each other.

This stipulation shall not, however, apply in the case of:

(1) The exercise of the right of legitimate defence, that is to say, resistance to a violation
of the undertaking contained in the previous paragraph or to a flagrant breach of
Articles 42 or 43 of the said Treaty of Versailles, if such breach constitutes an
unprovoked act of aggression and by reason of the assembly of armed forces in the
demilitarised zone immediate action is necessary;

(2) Action in pursuance of Article 16 of the Covenant of the League of Nations;

(3) Action as the result of a decision taken by the Assembly or by the Council of the
League of Nations or in pursuance of Article 15, paragraph 7, of the Covenant of the
League of Nations, provided that in this last event the action is directed against a State
which was the first to attack.

ARTICLE 3.
In view of the undertakings entered into in Article 2 of the present treaty, Germany and
Belgium, and Germany and France, undertake to settle by peaceful means and in the
manner laid down herein all questions of every kind which may arise between them and
which it may not be possible to settle by the normal methods of diplomacy:
Any question with regard to which the Parties are in conflict as to it respective rights
shall be submitted to judicial decision, and the parties undertake to comply with such
decision.

All other questions shall be submitted to a conciliation commission. If the proposals of

this commission are not accepted by the two Parties, question shall be brought before
the Council of the League of ns, which will deal with it in accordance with Article 15 of
the covenant of the League.

The detailed arrangements for effecting such peaceful settlement are the subject of
special Agreements signed this day.

ARTICLE 4.
(1) If one of the High Contracting Parties alleges that a violation of Article 2 of the
present Treaty or a breach of Articles 42 or 43 of the treaty of Versailles has been or is
being committed, it shall bring the question at once before the Council of the League of
Nations.

(2) As soon as the Council of the League of Nations is satisfied that violation or breach
has been committed, it will notify its finding without delay to the Powers signatory of
the present Treaty, who severally agree that in such case they will each of them come
immediately to the assistance of the Power against whom the act complained of is
directed.

(3) In case of a flagrant violation of Article 2 of the present Treaty or of a flagrant

breach of Articles 42 or 43 of the Treaty of Versailles by one of the High Contracting
Parties, each of the other Contracting Parties hereby undertakes immediately to come to
the help of the Party against whom such a violation or breach has been directed as soon
as the said Power has been able to satisfy itself that this violation constitutes an
unprovoked act of aggression and that by reason either of the crossing of the frontier or
of the outbreak of hostilities or of the assembly of armed forces in the demilitarised
zone immediate action is necessary. Nevertheless, the Council of the League of Nations,
which will be seized of the question in accordance with the first paragraph of this
Article, will issue its findings, and the High Contracting Parties undertake to act in
accordance with the recommendations of the Council, provided that they are concurred
in by all the Members other than the representatives of the Parties which have engaged
in hostilities.

ARTICLE 5.
The provisions of Article 3 of the present Treaty are placed under the guarantee of the
High Contracting Parties as provided by the following stipulations:

If one of the Powers referred to in Article 3 refuses to submit a dispute to peaceful

settlement or to comply with an arbitral or judicial decision and commits a violation of
Article 2 of the present Treaty or a breach of Articles 42 or 43 of the Treaty of
Versailles, the provisions of Article 4 of the present Treaty shall apply.

Where one of the Powers referred to in Article 3, without committing a violation of

Article 2 of the present Treaty or a breach of Articles 42 or 43 of the Treaty of
Versailles, refuses to submit a dispute to peaceful settlement or to comply with an
arbitral or judicial decision, the other Party shall bring the matter before the Council of
the League of Nations, and the Council shall propose what steps shall be taken; the High
Contracting Parties shall comply with these proposals.

ARTICLE 6.
The provisions of the present Treaty do not affect the rights and obligations of the High
Contracting Parties under the Treaty of Versailles or under arrangements supplementary
thereto, including the Agreements signed in London on August 30, 1924.

ARTICLE 7.
The present Treaty, which is designed to ensure the maintenance of peace, and is in
conformity with the Covenant of the League of Nations, shall not be interpreted as
restricting the duty of the League to take whatever action may be deemed wise and
effectual to safeguard the peace of the world.

ARTICLE 8.
The present Treaty shall be registered at the League of Nations in accordance with the
Covenant of the League. It shall remain in force until the Council, acting on a request of
one or other of the High Contracting Parties notified to the other signatory Powers three
months in advance, and voting at least by a two-thirds' majority, decides that the League
of Nations ensures sufficient protection to the High Contracting Parties; the Treaty shall
cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of one year from such decision.

ARTICLE 9.
The present Treaty shall impose no obligation upon any of the British dominions, or
upon India, unless the Government of such dominion, or of India, signifies its
acceptance thereof.

ARTICLE 10.
The present Treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall be deposited at Geneva in
the archives of the League of Nations as soon as possible.

It shall enter into force as soon as all the ratifications have been deposited and Germany
has become a Member of the League of Nations.

The present Treaty, done in a single copy, will be deposited in the archives of the
League of Nations, and the Secretary-General will be requested to transmit certified
copies to each of the High Contracting Parties.

In faith whereof the above-mentioned Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty.

Done at Locarno, October 16, 1925.

German-Russian Agreement; April 16, 1922 (Treaty of Rapallo)

Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Art 4 Art 5 Art 6

See Also : Supplement to the Agreement
The German Government, represented by Dr Walther Rathenau, Minister of State, and
the Government of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, represented by M.
Tchitcherin, People's Commissary, have agreed upon the following provisions:

Article 1
The two Governments are agreed that the arrangements arrived at between the German
Reich and the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, with regard to questions dating
from the period of war between Germany and Russia, shall be definitely settled upon
the following basis:

[a] The German Reich and the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic mutually agree
to waive their claims for compensation for expenditure incurred on account of the war,
and also for war damages, that is to say, any damages which may have been suffered by
them and by their nationals in war zones on account of military measures, including all
requisitions in enemy country. Both Parties likewise agree to forego compensation for
any civilian damages, which may have been suffered by the nationals of the one Party
on account of so-called exceptional war measures or on account of emergency measures
carried out by the other Party.

[b] Legal relations in public and private matters arising out of the state of war, including
the question of the treatment of trading vessels which have fallen into the hands of
either Party, shall be settled on a basis of reciprocity.

[c] Germany and Russia mutually agree to waive their claims for compensation for
expenditure incurred by either party on behalf of prisoners of war. Furthermore the
German Government agrees to forego compensation within regard to the expenditure
incurred by it on behalf of members of the Red Army interned in Germany. The Russian
Government agrees to forego the restitution of the proceeds of the sale carried out in
Germany of the army stores brought into Germany by the interned members of the Red
Army mentioned above.

Article 2
Germany waives all claims against Russia which may have arisen through the
application, up to the present, of the laws and measures of the Russian Socialist Federal
Soviet Republic to German nationals or their private rights and the rights of the German
Reich and states, and also claims which may have arisen owing to any other measures
taken by the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic or by their agents against
German nationals or the private rights, on condition that the government of the Russian
Socialist Federal Soviet Republic does not satisfy claims for compensation of a similar
nature made by a third Party.

Article 3
Diplomatic and consular relations between the German Reich and the Russian Socialist
Federal Soviet Republic shall be resumed immediately. The conditions for the
admission of the Consuls of both Parties shall be determined by means of a special
agreement.

Article 4
Both Governments have furthermore agreed that the establishment of the legal status of
those nationals of the one Party, which live within the territory of the other Party, and
the general regulation of mutual, commercial and economic relations, shall be effected
on the principle of the most favoured nation. This principle shall, however, not apply to
the privileges and facilities which the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic may
grant to a Soviet Republic or to any State which in the past formed part of the former
Russian Empire.

Article 5
The two Governments shall co-operate in a spirit of mutual goodwill in meeting the
economic needs of both countries. In the event of a fundamental settlement of the above
question on an international basis, an exchange of opinions shall previously take place
between the two Governments. The German Government, having lately been informed
of the proposed agreements of private firms, declares its readiness to give all possible
support to these arrangements and to facilitate their being carried into effect.

Article 6
Articles 1[b] and 4 of this Agreement shall come into force on the day of ratification,
and the remaining provisions shall come into force immediately.

Original text done in duplicate at Rapallo on April 16, 1922

Signed: Rathenau

Signed: Tchitcherin

President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

8 January, 1918:

President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall
be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret
understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is
also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments
and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy
fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an
age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are
consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the
objects it has in view.

We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the
quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and
the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war,
therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to
live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like
our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice
and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish
aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our
own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to
us. The programme of the world's peace, therefore, is our programme; and that
programme, the only possible programme, as we see it, is this:

I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private
international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly
and in the public view.

II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in
peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international
action for the enforcement of international covenants.

III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an
equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and
associating themselves for its maintenance.

IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the
lowest point consistent with domestic safety.

V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims,

based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the
equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.

VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions
affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the
world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the
independent determination of her own political development and national policy and
assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her
own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may
need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the
months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her
needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish
sympathy.

VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any
attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations.
No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations
in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their
relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of
international law is forever impaired.

VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the
wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that
peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable
lines of nationality.

X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see
safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous
development.

XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories

restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the
several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically
established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the
political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states
should be entered into.

XII. The turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure
sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be
assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of
autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free
passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.

XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories
inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure
access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial
integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.

XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the
purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial
integrity to great and small states alike.

In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel

ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together
against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We
stand together until the end.

For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight
until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just
and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war,
which this programme does remove. We have no jealousy of German greatness, and
there is nothing in this programme that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or
distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright
and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate
influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile
arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-
loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish
her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world, -- the new world
in which we now live, -- instead of a place of mastery.

Pacto de Verasalles:
Ver en http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/all440.html (247 págs)