Examen Final 3er Corte

Planeación de la producción
Docente: Rafael Borda

Juan Camilo Alfonso Rodriguez

Universidad ECCI
Bogotá D.C
2021.
Abstrac
1. Context of the organization and / or production system
The article gives us as context the design of commercial service territories in a company
that distributes bottled beverages in which the problem is to group small geographic units
or blocks (basic units) within larger geographic areas called territories. These territories
must satisfy certain characteristics of planning on the part of the company. SUs are the
basic units and by definition, geographic areas with a specific location within a region. The
territories that are formed must respect this natural location and it is an essential
requirement that the territory be formed only with basic units that are contiguous, that is, in
order to reach each basic unit of the territory, only basic units that belong to the same
territory must be visited.

2. Problem or opportunity for improvement studied in the research

The case study is based on a real application from the distribution of bottled beverages in
the city of Monterrey, in which it is desired to define commercial territories. This company
considers a geographic block as a basic unit (SU) and wishes to group these SUs in the
best way, satisfying certain economic and geographic criteria defined by said company.
This will help to have a good administration and also to give a good service to the clients
located in each group or territory.

3. Decisions to be made to solve the problem

For larger instances, the execution time can be extremely long and it is therefore important
to have mechanisms that help reduce the optimizer execution times. The results obtained
should indicate that for the problem under study it is advisable to give priority to the
variables x ii about the X ii since solution times improved significantly. This is because if the
variable is left x ii in 0, this results in all variables X ij they have to be 0, for all j∈V, which
accelerates the convergence of the method.
Properly modifying the priority parameter of the method helps to obtain optimal solutions
from the relaxed model ( A R) in better times. Since the structure of the original model (A) is
similar to relaxation ( A R) it is recommended that in both models (A y A R) location variables
are given priority ( x ii) to improve execution times.

4. Conditions that the solution to the problem must meet

Each of the UBs has two attributes or measures associated with it:

 Number of points of sale or clients.

 Volume or demand of the product.
In the rest of the work, the word group, district and territory are used interchangeably.
One of the requirements imposed by the company is that the total load of each territory
formed is as similar as possible with respect to each of these two defined activities.
However, since it is very difficult to achieve a simultaneous balance for the two defined
activities, a certain tolerance parameter is established for each activity. For example, if the
balance value of a certain activity is 10 and the allowed tolerance is 0.01, then the value of
said activity in each territory must be between 9 and 11. From the above, part a) of the
figure gives a example of unbalanced territories since it has a level of 12 and another of 8,
which are out of range. Items b) and c) show balanced territories with tolerance 0.01.

At the same time that the connection and balance of the territories is considered, it is
sought that each territory is as compact as possible, that is, that the basic units in each
territory are as close as possible to each other, it is shown with the following graph:

The number of UBs is known, which is identified by n. All these units are analyzed within
the Cartesian plane, therefore, we have the geographic coordinates that represent the
location of each unit. We have the values of the two measurable activities (number of
clients and demand) associated with each SU. The number of territories to be formed is
known and is denoted by p. It is very difficult to achieve a simultaneous balance for the two
measurable activities, for this reason a tolerance value (T ^ a) is set which allows deciding
how balanced the territories are desired for each activity. It is assumed that the demand
and the number of customers are known with certainty, and that the number of customers
is fixed. Summarizing the above, they want to form “p” territories in such a way that:
Each SU belongs to only one territory.

 The territories are balanced with respect to the two measures of activity.
 The territories are contiguous.
 The territories are compact.
 5. Results obtained when using linear programming
Taking into account that for this study it is carried out with an algorithm that has a linear
programming base, where the sensitivity of the exact method to modify the priority
selection parameter is studied. This is based on improved solution time. For this, it should
be considered giving higher priority to branch the variables first x ii, after these variables we
must consider the variables X ii . This in order to perform the calculation of the model A R
with 20 instances for each type-size combination. In total for this experiment there are 80
instances at two levels (mipordind_0 y mipordind_1) that is, 160 executions are carried
out. All instances were optimally resolved.

mipordind_0 = Dar prioridades a las variables x iisobre las X ii .

mipordind_1 = No dar ninguna prioridad.

The table shows in the first column what type are the instances that are being tested, the
second their size, the third and fourth columns indicate the average computation times (in
seconds) that the MRA used when executing the 20 instances without priorities. and with
priorities, respectively.
El valor “q” obtenido en la prueba estadística para las diferentes instancias del problema
A R es casi 0 el cual es menor que β. Entonces, se establece que hay evidencia suficiente
para rechazar H 0, es decir, que el dar prioridades a las variables sí impacta en el tiempo
de cómputo, y se puede observar en la tabla que los tiempos de solución disminuyen
considerablemente al darle prioridad de ramificar a las variables x ii sobre las X ii .El usar
prioridades reduce el tiempo de solución considerablemente, por lo cual, es importante
este parámetro. Se considera dar prioridades a las variables x iisobre las X ii .

6. Modelo matemático empleado

Índices y conjuntos “ N ⅈ ” ( { :( , ) ( , ) }) = ∈ ∈∨ ∈ j V i j E ji E
“n" número de unidades básicas o nodos conjunto de nodos que son adyacentes al
nodo i; i ∈V
“p” número de territorios
Parámetros
“i, j” índices de las unidades básicas;
w ai valor de la actividad a en el nodo i;
ij V n, {1, 2, ..., n}
i∈V,a∈A
“a” índices de las actividades; a A ∈ = {1, 2}
d ij distancia euclidiana entre i y j; ij V, ∈ encontrarse dentro de un rango (medido por
el parámetro de tolerancia T a ¿ alrededor de
T a tolerancia relativa con respecto a la este promedio. Además, las cotas superiores
actividad a; a a∈T a∈ A [0,1] de las restricciones de balance aseguran o
garantizan que, si el nodo i no es un centro,
Parámetros calculados los clientes no sean asignados a él. Las
a
restricciones 5 garantizan la contigüidad de
w❑a (B)= (J∑ w j ) tamaño del conjunto B con los territorios. Este modelo no es
∈B
precisamente lineal debido a que la función
respecto a “a”; a∈,AB⊂V
objetivo no es una función lineal.
μa (=w❑a (V)/p) valor promedio (meta) de la Sin embargo, el modelo A puede ser
linealizado si se reemplaza la ecuación por la
actividad a; a∈A
ecuación 7 y las restricciones dadas a
Variables de decisión continuación.

Se implementan variables binarias basadas 7. Minimizar g(x)=z

en centros para así modelar la medida de 8. z≥ d ij x ij i,j∈V
dispersidad
A su vez la restricción 8 se reemplaza por:

9. z≥ ∑ ⅆ ij x ij j∈V
iϵV

El número de restricciones dadas en la

ecuación 5 no es exponencial y por lo tanto
Modelo A
no pueden escribirse explícitamente ni para
Minimizar f(x) = MA X i , jϵV { d y x y } valores relativamente medianos de n. La
fórmula para calcular el número de
Sujeto a: restricciones que se desprenden de las
restricciones de conexidad 5 es:
1. ∑ x ij =1 j∈V
iϵV

2. ∑ x ii= p
iϵV
En la siguiente tabla se muestra el número
3. ∑ waj x ij ≤ ¿+T a ¿ μ a x ii i∈V, a∈A de restricciones para algunos valores de “n”
jϵV

4. ∑ waj x ij ≥ ¿-T a ¿ μ a x ii i∈V, a∈A

jϵV
5.

Por tal motivo, en el presente trabajo se

6. x ij=∈{ 0,1 } i,j∈V procedió a trabajar con una relajación del
modelo A que consiste en ignorar la ecuación
La función objetivo mide la dispersidad de los 5.
territorios. Las restricciones 1 y 2 garantizan
cada nodo j sea asignado solamente a un Modelo AR
territorio y que el número de territorios
10. Minimizar g(x)=z
diseñados sea el deseado, respectivamente.
Sujeto a:
Las restricciones 3 y 4 representan el
balance en cada territorio con respecto a 11. z≥ ∑ ⅆ ij x ij j∈V
iϵV
cada medida de actividad, ya que se sabe
que el tamaño de cada territorio debe
12. ∑ x ij =1 j∈V
iϵV

13. ∑ x ii = p
iϵV
a
14. ∑ w j x ij ≤ ¿+T ¿ μ x ii i∈V, a∈A
a a
jϵV
a
15. ∑ w j x ij ≥ ¿-T ¿ μ x ii i∈V, a∈A
a a
jϵV
16. x ij∈ {0,1}
17. z ≥ 0