1.

The certain characteristics of the principle of natural selection propose that will
become more prevalent in a species that:
a) increase the likelihood that an organism will completely reproduce
b) are associated with multiple genetic mutations
c) inhibit reproduction behaviors
d) impair adaptation to the local environment

2. Genetic mutations are involved in:

a) The accidental changing in the chromosomes of eggs and sperms
b) poor adaptation to the environment
c) increased reproductive success
d) both a and b
3. Who was the first that linked the brain with emotions and thought?
a) Descartes
b) Hippocrates
c) Aristotle
d) Galen

4. which is the correct statements for Descartes would have been most comfortable
with?
a) the universe is a mental construction
b) the body is a hallucination produced by the mind
c) the mind is not made up of matter
d) everything is made of matter

5. The basal ganglia is responsible for?

a) movement
b) motion
c) force
d) memory

6. The important function of the corpus callosum is to:

a) interconnect the cerebral hemispheres
b) Movements of the mouth and neck
c) channel sensory information and relay centre’s
d) Handle the outcome of neurohormones from the pituitary

7. Normally, how many cells are present in a brain?

a) 100 billion
b) 10 lac
c) 1 thousand
d) 1 billion
8. Which response the cerebellum?
a) emotion
b) learning
 c) coordination
d) memory system

9. Positron emission tomography scans calculated by?

a) electrical activity only
b) metabolic activity only
c) both types of activity
d) both a and b

10. Who was the earliest case study?

a) Mark Smith
b) Phillip May
c) HM
d) Phineas Gage

11. suppose, only one MZ twin of human is diagnosed with a disorder, then we called…
a) concordant
b) cordant
c) discordant
d) both a and c

12. The function of antisense oligonucleotides is?

a) block production of enzymes encoded by genes
b) block release of enzymes
c) block release of proteins
d) block release of enzymes and protien

13. The myelin sheath is made from?

a) 80% Lipid and 20% protein
b) 40% lipid and 60% protein
c) 100% lipid
d) 10% lipid and 90% protein

14. Which is the fastest route of administering drugs?

a) intraperitoneal injection
b) intramuscular injection
c) intravenous injection
d) both a and b
15. The prefrontal cortex is included in …
a) memory
b) force
c) emotion
d) executive functions
16. Which plays an important function in positive reinforcement in drug addiction?
a) the release of dopamine
b) the production of proteins
c) the production of enzymes
d) the production of enzymes

17. Cross tolerance is…

a) no adicttion to any drugs
b) exposure to one drug make reason of tolerance to other drugs
c) both a and b
d) none of the above

18. Why drug addictor commonally prefer heroin to morphine?

a) it is a better drug
b) the effects are different
c) It has no effects
d) the effects are more rapid

19. Relapse of drugs are reason of activation of ?

a) nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
b) mesocortical system
c) mesolimbic system
d) both a and c

20. The peripheral nervous system comprises

a) nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
b) spinal cord
c) spinal cord and cranial nerves
d) sensory and motor neurons

21. A movement of the resting potential from -70mV to -85mV would be termed:
a) a hyperpolarisation
b) an action potential
c) a depolarisation
d) a threshold point

22. Which type of neurons would be described as having afferent axons?

a) interneurons
b) sensory neurons
c) glial cells
d) motor neurons
23. Electrical stimulation of a neuron at rest will:
a) trigger an action potential
b) reduce the membrane potential
c) cause no change in the neuron
d) cause hyperpolarisation

24. Schwann cells myelinate:

a) all neurons
b) just interneurons
c) axons in PNS
d) axons in the CNS

25. Which of the following part of the brain is responsible for transferring short-term
memory to long-term memory?

a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Amygdala
d) None of the above

26. The method of gathering information about the brain that indicates the overall
activity of the brain is called as -

a) Positron emission tomography

b) Electrical stimulation
c) Electroencephalogram
d) None of the above

27. Suppose a person met with an accident, and later, he turned into less concerned,
irresponsible, and impulsive with the consequences of his actions. It happened
because the person must have suffered damage in -

a) Occipital lobe
b) Parietal lobe
c) Frontal lobe
d) All of the above

28. The division of the nervous system that is made up of neurons that control the heart,
intestines, and other organs is the
 a) central.
b) peripheral.
c) somatic.
d) autonomic.

29. The autonomic and somatic nervous systems make up the

a) central nervous system.
b) endocrine system.
c) peripheral nervous system.
d) subconscious nervous system.

30. An axon in your hand that causes contraction of a muscle fiber in your finger would
be part of the __________ nervous system.
a) central
b) somatic
c) sympathetic
d) parasympathetic

31. Comparing the brains of mammals, such as rats and humans, to fish and reptiles, one
finds
a) many structures present in the fish and reptile brains that are not present in the
mammalian brains.
b) three major areas for mammals, compared to only two for fish and reptiles.
c) the hindbrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals.
d) the forebrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals.

32. Which cranial nerves mediate the sensations and the expression of the face?
a) The trigeminal nerve and the facial nerve.
b) The trochlear nerve and the trigeminal nerve.
c) The vagus nerve and the trochlear nerve.
d) The facial nerve and the vagus nerve.

33. Which statement with respect to the cerebellum is NOT correct?

a) The cerebellum is mainly important for sensomotor coordination.
b) The cerebellum is a structure originating from the metencephalon.
c) The cerebellum is located ventrally of the brain stem.
d) Damage of the cerebellum produces deficits in movements.

34. Although the human brain in many respects resembles the brain of animals, there
appear to be quantitative differences. The most striking is that:
 a) the size of the human brain is larger, compared to animals.
b) the surface of the human brain is folded, while that of animals is smooth.
c) in the human brain, a corpus callosum is developed.
d) in the human brain, cortical association areas are relatively most
expanded.

35. The neurological patient H.M. became widely known because of his almost total
inability to
a) form new memories.
b) comprehend spoken language.
c) judge how much to eat and drink.
d) control his emotional outbursts.

36. The human nervous system comprises

a) the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

b) the central nervous system and the somatic nervous system

c) the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems

d) the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems

37. The autonomic nervous system

a) enables us to act on the external environment

b) transmits motor information to the brain

c) regulates the internal environment

d) is located within the brain

38. The three main anatomical neural planes are

a) cerebral, horizontal and coronal

b) cerebral, ventral and dorsal

c) horizontal, anterior and posterior

d) sagittal, coronal and horizontal

39. The corpus callosum is a

a) source of hypothalamic hormones

b) neural pathway that connects the right and left hemispheres

c) part of the neocortex

d) structure in the cerebellum

40. In the 4th week after conception, the neural tube develops three swellings. These are

a) telencephalon, diencephalon and myelencephalon

b) telencephalon, diencephalon and metencephalon

c) cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia

d) forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

41. The nose of a rat is

a) ventral

b) anterior

c) caudal

d) posterior

42. The autonomic nervous system is part of the

a) somatic nervous system

b) peripheral nervous system

c) parasympathetic nervous system

d) sympathetic nervous system

43. Which structure is part of the tectum?

a) superior colliculus
b) periaqueductal grey

c) substantia nigra

d) red nucleus

44. In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

a) to the central nervous system

b) to the peripheral nervous system

c) from the central nervous system

d) from the cortex

45. The basal ganglia comprise

a) the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

b) the amygdala, hippocampus and cingulated gyrus

c) the inferior and superior colliculi

d) the thalamus and hypothalamus

46. The cerebral cortex covers the

a) brain

b) cerebellum

c) great cerebral commissure

d) cerebral hemispheres

47. Telencephalon refers to

a) brain stem

b) cerebellum

c) cortex
d) cerebral hemispheres

48. The somatic nervous system is part of the

a) autonomic nervous system

b) peripheral nervous system

c) central nervous system

d) parasympathetic nervous system

49. The inferior and superior colliculi compose the

a) thalamus

b) myelencephalon

c) tectum

d) tegmentum

50. Most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the

a) cortex

b) reticular formation

c) cerebellum

d) substantia nigra

51. Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid:

a) to exchange nutrients and metabolic waste

b) to improve conduction of nerve signals between different brain regions

c) to provide mechanical protection to the brain

d) to carry neuroactive hormones in the nervous system

52. Which of the following generally acts to conserve energy?

a) somatic nervous system

b) peripheral nervous system

c) sympathetic nervous system

d) parasympathetic nervous system

53. Broca’s area is located in

a) the frontal lobe

b) the parietal lobe

c) the temporal lobe

d) the occipital lobe

54. The primary auditory cortex is located in:

a) the frontal lobe

b) the parietal lobe

c) the temporal lobe

d) the occipital lobe

55. Which of the following is a method for measuring neuroanatomy?

a) electroencephalography (EEG)

b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

d) positron emission tomography (PET)

56. Endocrine glands secrete their chemicals into _______________

a) Bloodstream
b) Ducts
c) Receptors
d) None of the above

57. In which of the following are hormones synthesized?

a) Duct glands
b) Ductless glands
c) Circulatory system
d) Blood

58. Which of the following gland lies near the hypothalamus?

a) Pituitary gland
b) Adrenal gland
c) Thymus
d) Pineal gland

59. Which among the following is also called the master gland?
a) Adrenal gland
b) Pituitary gland
c) Thyroid gland
d) Gonads

60. Which among the following is a hormones secreted by posterior pituitary gland?
a) Prolactin
b) Growth hormone
c) Oxytocin
d) Thyroxin

61. _________________ hormone stimulate the follicles of the ovary to rupture and release their
eggs.
a) Growth hormone
b) Follicle Stimulating hormone
c) Prolactin
d) Luteinizing hormone

62. Which among the following is the hormone that affects the size of the thyroid gland?
a) Thyroxin
b) Growth hormone
c) Thyroid stimulating hormone
d) Vasopressin

63. Which among the following inhibits growth and results in pituitary dwarf or midget.
a) Hyposecretion of somatotropic hormone
b) Hypersecretion of somatotropic hormone
c) Hyposecretion of luteinizing hormone
d) Hypersecretion of thyroxin

64. Which among the following is a hormone that increases the blood pressure by causing blood
vessels to contract and also inhibits the formation of urine.
a) Oxytocin
b) Vasopressin
c) Endorphins
d) Cortisol
 65. As a part of the “fight or flight” reaction to threat, which of the following gland secretes
hormones?
a) Adrenal medulla
b) Adrenal cortex
c) Thyroid gland
d) Pancreas

66. Which among the following is the hormone that increase the level of blood glucose and
accelerate the breakdown of proteins?
a) Thyroxin
b) Melatonin
c) Cortisol
d) Insulin

67. Which among the following is a hormone secreted by thyroid gland?

a) Cortisol
b) Thyroxin
c) Melatonin
d) Estrogens

68. Which of the following hormones prepare the body for action, raising heart rate and
respiration, among other things?
a) Cortisol
b) Androgens
c) Oxytocin
d) Epinephrine

69. Normal secretions of the ______________ are associated with good health (growth and
metabolism).
a) Adrenal gland
b) Thymus
c) Thyroid gland
d) None of the above

70. Which among the following causes the symptoms of depression and cognitive impairment?
a) Hyperthyroidism
b) Hypothyroidism
c) Diabetes
d) Hypertension

71. Goiter is formed when people suffer from _________________

a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Low blood pressure
d) High blood pressure

72. Which among the following is the causal factor of a condition called cretinism?
a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Parathyroid deficiency
d) All of the above
 73. _______________ deficiency results in calcium deposition in the basal ganglia and leads to
symptoms that resemble schizophrenia.
a) Thyroid
b) Parathyroid
c) Insulin
d) Prolactin

74. Which of the following results in Cushing’s syndrome, a constellation of symptoms that
includes fatigue, depression, hirsutism and various autonomic changes?
a) Excess of glucocorticoids
b) Deficiency of glucocorticoids
c) Excess of thyroxin
d) Less thyroxin

75. Which among the following hormone acts on the kidneys to retain sodium and thus reduces
the amount of urine produced, conserving water.
a) Testosterone
b) Aldosterone
c) Cortisol
d) Glucocorticoids

76. Which of the following gland is important for calcium regulation in the body?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Pancreas
c) Thymus
d) Parathyroid gland

77. ________________ produce hormones required for gamete development and the
development of secondary sexual characteristics.
a) Adrenal gland
b) Pituitary gland
c) Thyroid gland
d) Gonads

78. Testosterone and other male hormones are called ____________

a) Androgens
b) Estrogens
c) Sperm
d) Progestin

79. Which of the following hormone controls a wide range of bodily changes in man that
become visible at puberty, including changes in voice, hair growth, and genital size?
a) Estrogens
b) Testosterone
c) Progestin
d) Melatonin

80. Which of the following hormone helps to maintain pregnancy?

a) Progestin
b) Prolactin
c) Estrogens
d) None of the above
 81. In males, ____________________ govern sperm production.
a) Luteinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Growth hormone
d) Follicle stimulating hormone

82. In males, _________________ stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

a) Luteinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Growth hormone
d) Follicle stimulating hormone

83. Which of the following hormone promotes lactation in female mammals?

a) Prolactin
b) Progestin
c) Cortisol
d) Melatonin

84. Which of the following is also called somatotropic hormone?

a) Luteinizing hormone
b) Insulin
c) Growth hormone
d) Endorphin

85. Which among the following is the hormone that stimulates the liver to produce blood
glucose?
a) Alpha cells
b) Beta cells
c) Insulin
d) Glucagon

86. Which among the following is the hormone that inhibits the liver in either making or
releasing blood glucose?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Oxytocin
d) Thyroxin

87. Which of the following is the cause of diabetes mellitus?

a) Hyposecretion of insulin
b) Hypersecretion of insulin
c) Hyposecretion of cortisol
d) Hypersecretion of thyroxin

88. Hypersecretion of insulin can result in a condition called ______________

a) Diabetes
b) Hypoglycemia
c) Cretinism
d) Cushing’s syndrome

89. Insulin shock convulsions can result because of ______________

a) Low blood glucose level
b) High blood glucose level
c) High blood pressure
d) Low blood pressure

90. Which of the following is the hormone that plays an important role in our biological rhythms,
especially the timing of sleep onset?
a) Insulin
b) Prolactin
c) Thyroxin
d) Melatonin

91. Which of the following hormone control breeding condition in many seasonally breeding
mammals?
a) Cortisol
b) Oxytocin
c) Melatonin
d) None of the above

92. _____________ is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland.

a) Melatonin
b) Insulin
c) Thyroxin
d) Vasopressin

93. The melatonin released by the ____________ suppresses or inhibits the activity of the
gonads and therefore affects sexual behavior.
a) Thyroid gland
b) Thymus
c) Pineal gland
d) Gonads

94. Which among the following is found to be the primary source of lymphocytes?
a) Thymus
b) Pineal gland
c) Thyroid gland
d) Adrenal gland

95. Which of the following support the body’s immune response?

a) Thyroid gland
b) Thymus
c) Pineal gland
d) Pituitary gland

96. Which among the following plays a major role in the experience and expression of
emotion?
a) Hippocampus
b) Occipital lobe
c) Hypothalamus
d) Amygdala
97. Which among the following is the causal factor for Kluver-Bucy syndrome where the main
symptoms include visual agnosia, hypersexuality, hyperactivity and marked changes in
emotional behavior?
a) Lesions in the temporal lobe
b) Lesions in the hippocampus
c) Lesions in the parietal lobe
d) Lesions in the basal ganglia

98. Which among the following is the site where learning about fearful stimuli occurs?
a) Hippocampus
b) Amygdala
c) Basal ganglia
d) Reticular formation

99. Activity of the_______________, especially of frontal and temporal lobes, relates to what is
called the behavioral activation system (BAS), marked by low to moderate autonomic
arousal and a tendency to approach, which could characterize happiness or anger.
a) Left hemisphere
b) Right hemisphere
c) Both hemispheres
d) All of the above

100. Increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the ____________ is
associated with the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), which increases attention and arousal,
inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust.
a) Left hemisphere
b) Right hemisphere
c) Both hemispheres
d) All of the above

101. On the average, people with greater activity in the __________of the left hemisphere
tend to be happier, more outgoing, and more fun-loving.
a) Frontal cortex
b) Parietal lobe
c) Occipital lobe
d) All of the above

102. People with greater _____________ activity tend to be socially withdrawn, less
satisfied with life, and prone to unpleasant emotions.
a) Left hemisphere
b) Right hemisphere
c) Both hemispheres
d) All of the above

103. Activation of the frontal and temporal areas of the ___________is associated with
approach and the behavioural activation system.
a) Left hemisphere
b) Right hemisphere
c) Both hemispheres
d) All of the above

104. The part of the brain that involves in moral decision making is the ____________.
a) Prefrontal cortex
b) Parietal lobe
c) Occipital lobe
d) None of the above

105. Information that are stressful or emotionally exciting experiences increase the
secretion of epinephrine and __________.
a) Norepinephrine
b) Cortisol
c) Thyroxin
d) Melatonin

106. Which among the following is important for memory storage?

a) Basal ganglia
b) Hippocampus
c) Thalamus
d) Prefrontal cortex

107. When there is prolonged stress, even more ___________is being released which
impairs memory.
a) Epinephrine
b) Adrenaline
c) Norepinephrine
d) Cortisol

108. The part of the brain that is most important for the working memory is the
____________.
a) Frontal lobe
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Thalamus
d) Cerebellum

109. Which among the following shows a decline in activity in older humans with
declining memory?
a) Parietal lobe
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Hippocampus
d) Cerebellum

110. Increased activity in the _____________during delayed response task helps store the
memory.
a) Frontal lobe
b) Parietal lobe
c) Temporal lobe
d) Prefrontal cortex

111. The inability to form new memories after the brain damage occurred is called
____________
a) Anterograde amnesia
b) Retrograde amnesia
c) Korsakoff syndrome
d) Senile dementia

112. Loss of memory for events before the brain damage is called ___________
a) Anterograde amnesia
b) Retrograde amnesia
c) Korsakoff syndrome
d) Senile dementia

113. The ability to put a memory into words (things you know that you can tell others) is
called ___________
a) Implicit memory
b) Explicit memory
c) Declarative memory
d) Procedural memory

114. The ability to develop motor skills (remembering or learning how to do things) is
called
a) Implicit memory
b) Explicit memory
c) Declarative memory
d) Procedural memory

115. Which part of patient H.M.’s brain was removed, the result of which caused him to
have anterograde amnesia?
a) Hippocampus
b) Amygdala
c) Hypothalamus
d) Pons

116. Which among the following parts of the brain is important for declarative memory?
a) Basal ganglia
b) Medulla oblongata
c) Hippocampus
d) Substantia nigra

117. Which among the following parts of the brain is important for spatial memory?
a) Hippocampus
b) Amygdala
c) Thalamus
d) Hypothalamus

118. The process of strengthening short-term memories into long-term memories is

called___________.
a) Sensory register
b) Consolidation
c) Rehearsal
d) None of the above

119. Which among the following is important for the process of consolidation?
a) Amygdala
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Hippocampus
d) All of the above

120. The disease that results in the progressive loss of memory in old age is
called___________.
a) Korsakoff syndrome
b) Sham rage
c) Kluver-Bucy syndrome
d) Alzheimer’s disease

121. Which among the following is important for gradual learning?

a) Basal ganglia
b) Amygdala
c) Hypothalamus
d) None of the above

122. In people with ______________damage, that process of associating one piece of

information with another is impaired.
a) Parietal lobe
b) Hippocampus
c) Thalamus
d) Frontal lobe

123. People with damage in the anterior and inferior regions of the ____________suffer
semantic dementia, a loss of semantic memory.
a) Frontal lobe
b) Parietal lobe
c) Temporal lobe
d) Occipital lobe

124. Which among the following parts of the brain is important for learning about rewards
and punishments?
a) Prefrontal cortex
b) Temporal lobe
c) Parietal lobe
d) None of the above