SS symmetry

Article
Rapid Evaluation and Analysis of the Deformation of
Filled Cylindrical Casing with Deforming Charge
Width Based on Self-Compiled MATLAB Program
Liangliang Ding ID
, Zhenduo Li ID
, Fangyun Lu and Xiangyu Li *
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China;
dingliangliang14@nudt.edu.cn (L.D.); 18622539908@163.com (Z.L.); fylu@nudt.edu.cn (F.L.)
* Correspondence: xiangyulee@nudt.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-135-7487-1608




Received: 26 June 2018; Accepted: 25 July 2018; Published: 1 August 2018


Abstract: The casing of deformable warheads warps under the action of deforming charges.
The deformation profiles may be concave-, convex-, or D-shaped, but they are all symmetrical.
The D-shape is considered the optimal deformation profile. The width of the deformed surface affects
the number of fragments in the target area. In order to evaluate the deformable surface width of
the cylindrical casing, a criterion α was established and its optimum range was determined as 20 to
30%. Based on our previous theoretical analysis, a MATLAB program that can rapidly evaluate the
projectile deformation surface was compiled, which was verified using LS-DYNA and experiments.
The laws influencing the deforming charge width on the deformed surface of the filled cylindrical
casing were also studied using the MATLAB rapid evaluation program. As the deforming charge
width increased, the deformation profile of the casing gradually transferred from “inner-concave”
to the “outer-convex”. In addition, a formula that can better reflect the relationship between the
deforming charge width ϕ and the criterion value α was fitted and verified. The conclusions obtained
in this paper provide rapid guidance for the structural design of deformable warheads.

Keywords: symmetric structure; deformable warhead; filled cylindrical casing; deforming charge;
width criterion; self-compiled MATLAB program

1. Introduction
The dynamic responses of cylindrical casing structures under lateral impact loading often affect
the national defense industry. Taking the deformable warhead as an example, the casing cross-section
of a deformable warhead changes from circular to non-circular under the explosive loading of lateral
deforming charge. In 1971, Kempton [1], who worked in the Navy Air Weapons Research Center,
first proposed the deformable warhead prototype. Konig and Mostert [2] designed and improved
the structure of the deformable warhead on the basis of previous studies, and some conventional
knowledge was obtained. Lloyd [3] (pp. 49–59) reported the mechanism of deformable warheads
and the obtained conclusions were enlightening. In the 1990s, Fairlie et al. [4] conducted a series of
numerical simulations on the deformation mechanism of deformable warheads and the scattering
process of fragments using AUTODYN-3D. Compared with the conventional fragment warhead,
the deformable warhead can increase the fragment density gain and fragment velocity gain on the
target, thereby increasing the damage probability of the target.
In order to facilitate the theoretical study, the deformable warhead deformation process under
the action of deforming charge can be simplified into filled cylindrical casings under lateral loading.
The type of lateral loading and the difference in the filling medium directly affect the dynamic response
of the cylindrical casing. Tennyson [5] analyzed the buckling mechanism of the cylindrical casing

Symmetry 2018, 10, 310; doi:10.3390/sym10080310 www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry

Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 2 of 17

structure in the fields of aerospace, missiles, and other weapons systems through experiments and
simulations. Lindberg et al. [6] studied the transition relationships between the asymmetric load and
symmetric load for the thick- and thin-walled casing structure. Gefken et al. [7] performed some
buckling tests on the short cylindrical casing clamped at both ends under cosine impact loading,
and the conclusion was verified by Kirkpatrick [8] using DYNA-3D. Yakupov [9,10] studied the
deformation of free cylindrical casings under the action of plane and spherical waves, and the typical
plastic hinge theory was applied to analyze the deformation process. Based on the theory of plastic
hinges, Wierzbicki et al. [11] established the theoretical analysis model of finite length, infinite length,
and stiffened cylindrical shell under the action of lateral impact loading. Hoo Fatt et al. [12] discussed
the deformation and failure of free cylindrical casing under local impact loading and different load
distribution types. Hu et al. [13] studied the influences of elastic modulus, casing radius, and thickness
on the transient response of cylindrical casing. Yao et al. [14] proposed a new impact factor to describe
underwater explosive loading. Li and Rong [15] studied the dynamic response of cylindrical casing
structure subjected to underwater explosion. Hung et al. [16] investigated the dynamic response
of three kinds of cylindrical casing structures subjected to underwater explosion under different
stand-off distances.
In addition, many scholars have reported the response of cylindrical casing with different types of
filling medium. Ma et al. [17] studied the lateral impact of spherical projectiles on the metal cylindrical
casing filled with water or sand. Neilson et al. [18] analyzed the relationships between the critical
penetration speed and internal pressure, based on impact tests on filled steel tubes. Gefken et al. [7]
studied the dynamic response of free cylindrical shells under lateral impulsive loading, and the effect
of internal pressure on the deformation of cylindrical shells was obtained. Li et al. [19] established
the theoretical analysis model of metal cylindrical casing filled with liquid under lateral plane impact
loading. Jama et al. [20] conducted experimental and analytical studies on the deformation of square
hollow steel sections subjected to lateral blast loading. Li et al. [21] investigated two kinds of the
cylindrical shell models with the same geometry characteristics: unfilled and filled with sand. Based on
the plane strain hypothesis and plastic hinge theory, Ding [22–25] and Li [26] studied the deformation
mechanism of filled cylindrical casings under lateral explosive loading. The dispersion rule of
fragments and energy output were also studied.
For deformable warheads, the deformation profile of the casing mainly involves the deformation
width and deformation shape. The deformation width and shape affect the number of effective
fragments and the fragment density in the target area, respectively. In this paper, we only study the
deformable surface width of the projectile. Therefore, the deformation of the cylindrical casing filled
medium under lateral explosive loading is simplified. By drawing on the analysis methods used
previously, we aimed to establish a criterion to evaluate the deformable surface width, and compile
a MATLAB program to achieve rapid evaluation of deformable surfaces. Moreover, we wanted to
establish a formula that can better reflect the relationship between the deforming charge width and
criterion value, to provide rapid guidance for engineering applications.

2. Criterion α for Measuring the Deformable Surface Width

2.1. Establishment of Criterion α

After the lateral explosive loading of a deforming charge, the casing of a deformable warhead is
crushed under the action of the detonation products and detonation waves, and the projectile deformed
surface is shown in Figure 1. According to the literature [3] (pp. 192–209), when the casing surface
is similar to a D-shape, the fragments have the highest damage efficiency on the target. The above
assumption enabled the theoretical analysis of deformable warheads, and the D-shaped profile is
defined as the ideal casing profile of a deformable warhead. In combat requirements, ensuring the
number of fragments is necessary, while also ensuring that the fragment velocity is as high as possible.
Therefore, studying the optimum surface width of the D-shaped structure is essential.
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Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 17

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic
Schematicdiagram
diagramand andaction
actionprocess
processofof
thethe
deformable
deformablewarhead. (A) (A)
warhead. A-shaped structure;
Initial projectile
(B) B-shaped structure; (C) C-shaped structure; (D) D-shaped structure.
structure; (B) Deforming charge detonation; (C) D-shaped projectile surface; (D) Fragments
Figure 1. Schematic diagram and action process of the deformable warhead. (A) A-shaped structure;
directional dispersion.
(B)
TheB-shaped
profile structure; (C) C-shaped
of a deformable structure;
warhead (D) D-shaped
becomes structure.
non-circular under the action of a deforming
charge, and the profile of a deformed casing is shown in Figure 2a. As mentioned above, the D-shaped
The profile
The profile of a deformable warhead becomes non-circular under
under the
the action
action of aa deforming
profile is definedofasa the
deformable warhead
ideal profile becomes non-circular
of a deformable warhead. To simplify further of deforming
analysis below,
charge,
charge, and
and the
the profile
profile of
of aa deformed
deformed casing
casing is
is shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 2a.
2a. As
As mentioned
mentioned above, the
above, the D-shaped
D-shaped
the deformed profile of the projectile is D-shaped, as shown in Figure 2b.
profile is
profile is defined as the
defined as the ideal profile of
ideal profile of aa deformable warhead. To
deformable warhead. To simplify
simplify further
further analysis
analysis below,
below,
the deformed profile of the projectile is D-shaped, as shown in Figure
the deformed profile of the projectile is D-shaped, as shown in Figure 2b. 2b.

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Schematic diagram
(a) of the casing element after deformation and
(b) the D-shaped profile. (a)
Casing element and (b) D-shaped profile.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the casing element after deformation and the D-shaped profile. (a)
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the casing element after deformation and the D-shaped profile.
Casing element
In Casing
order to and (b)the
facilitate D-shaped profile.
(a) element and (b) following geometric analysis, the following definitions are required: the
D-shaped profile.
initial radius of cylindrical casing is O1D = R0, the initial center is O1, the casing radius after
In order is
deformation to facilitate the following geometric analysis, the following definitions are required: the
In order toOfacilitate
2A = R1, the corresponding center is O2, the chord length of the plane part is AE = 2h,
the following geometric analysis, the following definitions are required:
initial radius
the initial
center angle of of
cylindrical
chord casing is ∠AO
O 1D E = =R2δ,
0, the initial center is O1, the casing radius after
the radius ofthe
cylindricallength is
casing is O12D = R0and
, thethe central
initial angle
center corresponding
is O to the initial
1 , the casing radius after
deformation
deforming is O
charge 2A = R1, the corresponding center is O2, the chord length of the plane part is AE = 2h,
is ∠BO 1D = 2θ, as shown in Figure 2b. In addition, the y-axis is parallel to the
deformation is O2 A = R1 , the corresponding center is O2 , the chord length of the plane part is AE = 2h,
the center
loading angle of and
direction, the chord length
the x-axis is ∠AO2E = 2δ, and
is perpendicular thethe centraldirection.
angle corresponding todefined
the initial
the center angle of the chord length is ∠AO2 E = 2δ,to and loading
the Criterion α is
central angle corresponding as
to the initial
deforming
the proportioncharge is
of is ∠BO
the∠BO 1D = 2θ, as shown in Figure 2b. In addition, the y-axis is parallel to the
deformed
deforming charge D = 2θ,portion
as shown to the entire 2b.
in Figure cylindrical casing.
In addition, theThus,
y-axisthe expression
is parallel of
to the
loading
criterion direction,
α is as and the 1x-axis is perpendicular to the loading direction. Criterion α is defined as
follows:
loading direction, and the x-axis is perpendicular to the loading direction. Criterion α is defined as the
the proportion of the deformed portion to the entire cylindrical casing. Thus, the expression of
proportion of the deformed portion to the entire cylindrical AE casing. Thus, the expression of criterion α
criterion α is as follows: α =
is as follows:  (1)
AE +AE AOE
α α== AE (1)

_ (1)
In the analysis of geometric relations, it is assumed AE ++AOE
AE AOEthat the length of the entire cylindrical casing
is not stretched in the circumferential direction. The circumference of the initial cylindrical casing is
In the as:
expressed analysis of geometric relations, it is assumed that the length of the entire cylindrical casing
is not stretched in the circumferential direction. The circumference of the initial cylindrical casing is
expressed as:
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 4 of 17

In the
Symmetry analysis
2018, 10, x FORofPEER
geometric
REVIEWrelations, it is assumed that the length of the entire cylindrical casing
4 of 17
is not stretched in the circumferential direction. The circumference of the initial cylindrical casing is
expressed as:
C = 2πR (2)
C(O1(O)1 ) = 2πR0 0 (2)
The circumference
The circumference of
of the
the deformed
deformed cylindrical
cylindrical casing
casing is
is expressed
expressedas:
as:

C(O2 ) = 2 2h + (2π − 2arcsin ( h/R )) · R

1
(
C(O ) = 2 h + 2π − 2 arcsin ( h R1 ) ⋅ R1 h = sin δ ⋅ R1
1 h = sin δ · R1
) (3)
(3)
Based on the prerequisites above, the following relationships exist:
Based on the prerequisites above, the following relationships exist:
2πR0 = C(O ) = C(O ) = 2 h + 2π − 2 arcsin ( h R1 ) ⋅ R1
2 1
( ) (4)
2πR0 = C(O2 ) = C(O1 ) = 2h + (2π − 2arcsin(h/R1 )) · R1 (4)
πR0 = sin δ ⋅ R1 + ( π − δ ) ⋅ R1 = ( sin δ + π − δ ) ⋅ R1 (5)
πR0 = sin δ · R1 + (π − δ) · R1 = (sin δ + π − δ) · R1 (5)
π h h
R1 =
R1 = R0R·0 ⋅ == (6)
( sinδδ++ π −−δδ)) sin sin
(sin δ δ (6)

Thus, the expression of criterion α can be rewritten as:

Thus, the expression of criterion α can be rewritten as:
AE AE AE h sin δ
α = α= _ = = AE == h = = sin δ (7)
(sin δ + π − δ) (7)
 C(CO1 ) πR0 0 ( sin δ + π − δ )
AE +AE
AOE πR
+ AOE ( O1 )

According to the
According to the above
above formulas,
formulas,the parameterRR0 0isisknown,
theparameter known,andandif if
anyany
of of
thethe parameters
parameters δ
δ or
or R is known, another parameter can be calculated. Then, α can be calculated from
R1 is1 known, another parameter can be calculated. Then, α can be calculated from the obtained the obtained
parameter.
parameter. Taking
Taking the
the radius
radius ofof cylindrical casing R
cylindrical casing R00 =
= 50.5
50.5 mm
mm asas an
an example,
example, combined
combined with
with the
the
above
above geometric analysis, the proportions of the straight segment and arc segment under five groups
geometric analysis, the proportions of the straight segment and arc segment under five groups
of ◦ ◦ ◦ D-120◦ , and D-150◦ ) are shown in Table 1 and Figure 3.
of different
different conditions
conditions (D-30
(D-30°,, D-60
D-60°,, D-90
D-90°,, D-120°, and D-150°) are shown in Table 1 and Figure 3.

120
Proportion of different segments (%)

Proportion of straight segment AC

100 Proportion of arc segment AOE

80

60

40

20

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Center angle (°)

Figure 3. The proportion of straight segment and arc segment under different center angles.
Figure 3. The proportion of straight segment and arc segment under different center angles.

Table 1. The specific parameters of each part corresponding to the five groups of conditions.
Table 1. The specific parameters of each part corresponding to the five groups of conditions.
Radius of
Length of Straight LengthofofArc
Length Arc Proportion of
D-Shaped RadiusCasing
Initial of Initial Length of Straight Proportion of Straight
D-Shaped
Segment AE
Segment Segment 
_
AOE Straight Segment β
O D O1 D
Casing
1
AE Segment AOE Segment β
D-30◦
D-30° 5.05
5.05 cmcm 2.61cm
2.61 cm 29.09
29.09cmcm 8.2%
8.2%
D-60◦
D-60° 5.05
5.05 cmcm 5.05 cm
5.05 cm 26.44
26.44cmcm 16.1%
16.1%
D-90◦ 5.05 cm 7.14 cm 23.79 cm 22.8%
D-90°
D-120◦
5.05 cm
5.05 cm
7.14 cm
8.75 cm
23.79 cm
21.15 cm
22.8%
29.2%
D-120°
D-150◦ 5.05 cm
5.05 cm 8.75
9.76cm
cm 21.15cm
18.51 cm 29.2%
34.5%
D-150° 5.05 cm 9.76 cm 18.51 cm 34.5%

2.2. Optimum Range of Criterion α

Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 5 of 17

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Symmetry2018,
2018,10,
10,xxFOR PEER
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2.2. Optimum Range Criterion α
To
Tostudy
To studythe
study thedispersion
the dispersion
dispersion rule of fragments,
rule
rule ofof fragments,we analyzed
fragments, we four groups
we analyzed
analyzed four of different
four groups
groups D-shapedD-shaped
ofof different
different warhead
D-shaped
structures
warhead (center angles 2δ of the D-shaped structures were 60 ◦ , 90◦60°,
, 120 ◦ , and 150 ◦ ) under center
warhead structures (center angles 2δ of the D-shaped structures were 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°)under
structures (center angles 2δ of the D-shaped structures were 90°, 120°, and 150°) under
center
point ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
point
pointinitiation.
centerinitiation. In theIn
initiation. Inthethefollowing,
following, D-60 D-60°,
following, D-90 D-90°,
, D-60°, D-120D-120°,
,D-90°, D-120°, and
andD-150°
, and D-150 D-150° are
areused
are used to
used totorepresent
represent the four
represent the
the
four structures.
structures. Taking Taking
D-90 ◦ D-90°
and and
D-120 ◦D-120°
as as
examples, examples,
the the cross-sectional
cross-sectional views of views
the of
D-shaped the D-shaped
structures
four structures. Taking D-90° and D-120° as examples, the cross-sectional views of the D-shaped
structures
are shown are
structures in shown
areFigure
shown 4.inin
TheFigure
above
Figure 4.4.four
The above
Thekindsaboveoffour kinds
kindsofof
conditions
four conditions
were simulated
conditions were
by simulated
were using by
byusing
the finite
simulated the
element
using the
finite
finite element
software LS-DYNA,
element software
and the
software LS-DYNA,
energy density
LS-DYNA, and
and thethe energy
energy density
distribution, and distribution,
the total
density and
and the
energy distribution
distribution, the total
of energy
fragments
total energy
distribution
in the targetof
distribution offragments
direction
fragmentswere ininobtained,
the
thetarget
targetas direction
shown in
direction were obtained,
Figure
were 5.
obtained, asasshown
shownininFigure
Figure5.5.

(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure
Figure4.4.Cross-sectional
Cross-sectionalview
viewofof(a)
(a)D-90°
D-90°and
and(b)
(b)D-120°
D-120°structures.
structures.
Figure 4. Cross-sectional view of (a) D-90◦ and (b) D-120◦ structures.

(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure
Figure5. Relationships
Relationshipsbetween
betweenthe
theenergy
energydistribution
distributionandandazimuth
azimuthangle.
angle.(a)
(a)Total
Totalenergy
energyof
Figure 5.5. Relationships between the energy distribution and azimuth angle. (a) Total energy of
of
fragments
fragments varies
varieswith
withazimuth
azimuthangle;
angle;(b)
(b)Energy
Energydensity
densityofoffragments
fragmentsvaries
varieswith
with azimuth
azimuth angle.
angle.
fragments varies with azimuth angle; (b) Energy density of fragments varies with azimuth angle.

Since
Sincethe
theentire
entirestructure
structureisissymmetrical,
symmetrical,we weonly
onlyneeded
neededtotostudy
studyhalfhalfofofit.it.In
Inthe
theazimuth
azimuthangleangle
Since
ofof0–30° on the
the entire
target structure
plate, the is symmetrical,
total energy of wefragments
the only needed per towas
2° study half ofas
counted, it.shown
In theinazimuth
Figure
0–30° on the target plate, the total energy of the fragments per 2° was counted, as shown in Figure
angle
5a. of 0–30◦energy
on the target plate, the total energy of the fragments per 2◦ was counted, as shownthe in
5a.Then,
Then,thethe energydensity densitywas wasobtained
obtainedby bydividing
dividingthe thetotal
totalenergy
energyofofthe thefragments
fragmentsby by the
Figure 5a.
interval Then, the energy in density was obtained by dividing the total energy of the fragments by
intervalwidth
width2°, 2°,asas◦shown
shown inFigureFigure5b. 5b.In
Inorder
ordertotomoremoreintuitively
intuitivelycompare
comparethe theenergy
energygain gainofof
the interval
fragments, width 2 , as shown in Figure 5b. In order to more intuitively compare the energy gain
fragments,the thecircumferential
circumferentialuniform uniformcylindrical
cylindricalstructure
structurewas wasalso
alsosimulated,
simulated,and andthetheresults
resultswere
were
of
usedfragments, the circumferential uniform cylindrical structure was also simulated, and the results
usedas asthe
thebase
basedata.
data.As Ascancanbebeseen
seenfrom
fromFigure
Figure5a, 5a,the
thecurvature
curvatureofofthe thecurves
curvesrepresents
representsthe the
were used as theeffect
energy-focusing base data. of Ascorresponding
the can be seen from Figure 5a,
structure, and thethe
curvature
total of the of
energy curves
the represents
fragments
energy-focusing effect of the corresponding structure, and the total energy of the fragments
the energy-focusing
corresponding effectD-shaped
of the corresponding structure, and thethan total energy of the fragments
correspondingtotothe thefourfour D-shapedstructures
structuresisissignificantly
significantlyhigher
higher thanthat thatofofthe thecircumferential
circumferential
corresponding
uniform to the four D-shaped structures is significantly higher of than that of the circumferential
uniformcylindrical
cylindricalstructure.
structure.In Inthe
thefour
fourstructures,
structures,the theenergy
energygaingain offragments
fragmentscorresponding
correspondingtoto
uniform
the cylindrical structure. In the four structures, the energy gain of fragments corresponding towas the
theD-60°
D-60° structure
structurewas
◦ structure wasrelatively
relativelylow.
low.Although
Althoughthe theplanar
planarportion
portionofofthe the D-150°
D-150°structure
◦ structure structure was
D-60
relatively was relatively low. Although the planar portion of the D-150 was relatively
relatively wide,
wide, the the total
total energy
energy andand energy
energy focusing
focusing ability
ability ofof fragments
fragments could could notnot reach
reach thethe
wide, the total
optimum energydistance
and energy focusing ability of fragments could notenergy
reach the optimum at a target
optimumatataatargettarget distanceofof3.5 3.5m.
m.However,
However,the thetotal
totalenergy
energyandand energyfocusingfocusingability
abilityofofthethe
D-90° and D-120° fragment structures were close to each other, and they
D-90° and D-120° fragment structures were close to each other, and they were the highest among the were the highest among the
four
fourstructures.
structures.In Inaddition,
addition,we wefound
foundthatthatthe
theazimuth
azimuthrangesrangesofofthetheD-90°
D-90°andandD-120°D-120°structures
structureson on
the target containing 90% semi-prefabricated fragments were
the target containing 90% semi-prefabricated fragments were approximately −10.8°~10.8° and approximately −10.8°~10.8° and
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 6 of 17

distance of 3.5 m. However, the total energy and energy focusing ability of the D-90◦ and D-120◦
fragment structures were close to each other, and they were the highest among the four structures.
In addition, we found that the azimuth ranges of the D-90◦ and D-120◦ structures on the target
containing 90% semi-prefabricated fragments were approximately −10.8◦ ~10.8◦ and −11.9◦ ~11.9◦ ,
respectively. Compared with the circumferential uniform cylindrical structure, the total energy gain of
the D-90◦ fragments was 241.7% in the same azimuth range, and that of the D-120◦ was 232.6%.
As seen in Figure 5b, the energy density of the fragments of the D-60◦ structure was relatively
insignificant because the D-60◦ structure was relatively close to the circumferential uniform cylindrical
structure. For the other three D-shaped structures, the structures with a smaller planar width had a
higher energy density near the azimuth angle of 0◦ ; the energy density of the fragments was basically
flat and then rapidly decreased near the azimuth angle of 6◦ . The energy density of the fragments had
a platform segment in the 20–30◦ azimuth range, and the platform with a wider plane had a higher
platform height.
In summary, for the D-shaped structure, if the center angle is between 90 and 120◦ , the fragment
energy density and the total energy gain of the fragments were more obvious on the target direction.
According to the above definition of α, the values of α corresponding to D-90◦ and D-120◦ were
22.8 and 29.2%, respectively. In other words, if the value of α falls 22.8–29.2%, the deformable warhead
structure can extoll more damage. Considering the simulation error, the range is extended to 20–30%,
which is set as the default range in the following section.

3. Self-Compiled MATLAB Rapid Evaluation Program

In engineering applications and considering experiment costs, finite element software, such as
LS-DYNA, is usually used for simulation evaluation first, and then the experimental scheme is targeted
for improvement. However, the LS-DYNA finite element software often suffers a variety of restrictions
in the numerical simulation, such as the size and number of grids, the size of the overall structure,
and so on. These problems seriously affect the calculation efficiency, and sometimes they cannot be
solved. Therefore, we wanted to compile a rapid evaluation program based on MATLAB to rapidly
evaluate the projectile deformation surface, and the source-code is open for everyone.
The deformation mechanism of a cylindrical casing filled with medium under lateral explosive
loading has been explored in the literature [22]. The authors assumed that the cylindrical casing is an
ideal rigid plastic casing infinite in length, ignoring the axial dispersion of detonation product when
the deforming charge explodes. The cylindrical casing was divided into N pieces of an end-to-end rigid
bar along the circumferential direction, and the rigid bars were connected by the plastic hinges. Then,
the motion equations of the casing element were obtained according to the plane strain assumption
and plastic hinge theory. Based on the theoretical analysis in the literature [22], the rapid evaluation
program based on MATLAB can be compiled by setting the initial conditions to rapidly evaluate
the projectile deformation surface. In addition, the initial conditions that need to be set up include:
diameter, thickness, density, Young’s modulus and yield limit of the casing, Young’s modulus and
compression degree of the internal filling medium, and the loading speed and loading width of the
external load. All above parameters can be directly provided or measured, except for the loading
speed of the external load. Therefore, we only needed to determine the loading speed of external load.

3.1. Parameter Initialization of the MATLAB Rapid Evaluation Program

The loading speed of the external load can be calculated using the bidirectional throwing principle,
and the specific solution process is as follows. Take a segment of the unit length loading area, as
shown in Figure 6. It is assumed that the material density of deforming charge is ρ0 , the thickness is t0 ,
the width is L, and the explosion heat is Qv ; the material density of Plane 1 is ρ1 , the thickness is t1 ,
the width is L, and the scattering velocity is v1 under the loading of deforming charge; the material
density of Plane 2 is ρ2 , the thickness is t2 , the width is L, and the scattering velocity is v2 under the
loading of deforming charge. Thus, the following relations can be obtained.
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17

Figure
Figure 6. 6. Schematic
Schematic diagram
diagram of of the
the unit
unit length
length loading
loading area.
area. TheThe mass
mass of
of Plane
Plane 11 per
per unit
unit length
length mm11::
m = ρ t L; The mass of Plane 2 per unit length m : m = ρ t L; The mass of deforming
m1 = ρ1 t1 L; The mass of Plane 2 per unit length m2 : m2 = ρ2 t2 L; The mass of deforming charge per unit
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 charge per unit
length m00:: m
length m00==ρρ0t00tL; The
0 L; Thetotal
totalenergy
energyreleased
releasedbybyunit
unitlength
lengthdeforming
deformingcharge
chargeE:E:EE= =mm
0Qv
0Q . v.

According
According to to the
the law
law of
of conservation
conservation of of energy,
energy, it
it is
is assumed
assumed that
that the
the energy
energy released
released from
from
deforming charge is transformed into the detonation product kinetic energy E g and the plate kinetic
deforming charge is transformed into the detonation product kinetic energy Eg and the plate kinetic
energy
energy E
Ep.. Then,
Then,the
thefollowing
following expression
expression is:
is:
p
E = Eg + Ep (8)
E = Eg + E p (8)

1 1
E pEp== mm11vv1122++ 1mmv2 2
2 22v2
(9)
(9)
2 22
EgE≈ 2 2
According to the
the literature
literature[27],
[27],there
thereisisthe
thefollowing
followingrelationship:
relationship: g ≈mm
0 (v 1 12 ++ vv222)/12.
0(v Thus,
)/12. Thus,
Equation (9) can be rewritten as:

1 1  22
( )
 11 1 1
m0 Qm =v = mm
v 0Q 0 0 vv + v2222 ++ mm
11 + v 2v+2 +m vm2 v 2 (10)
(10)
1212 2 2 1 1 1 2 22 2 2 2
According to the law of conservation of momentum, the following relation can be obtained:
 
1 1 ρ t  v =  ρ t + 1 ρ1 t  v
  
 ρ t +  
ρ1 t1 + ρ20 t0 v1 = ρ2 t2 +  (11)

1 1
2
0 0

1

2 2
2 2 ρ0t0 2 v2
0 0 (11)

Substituting
Substituting Equation
Equation (11)
(11) into
into Equation
Equation (10),
(10), we
we obtain:
obtain:
2
 1 
v
ρ 0t0t ρρ2t2t+ + ρ10ρt0 t Q2vQv
u
u 1212ρ
u
=
v1 =v1 u
0 0
 2 2 2 2 0 0
 (12)
(12)
2 2 2 2
   1
t  
1 1 1
((6ρ + ρρ00tt00)) ρρ22tt22++ 2ρρ00t0t0 ++
6 ρ1 t1t11 + ( 6(ρ6ρt 2 t+2 ρ+0tρ0 )0 t0ρ)1t1ρ+1 t1 +
ρ t2 ρ0 t0
 2 
2 2
 2 0 0 
v
u  2
12ρ0 t0 ρ1 t1 + 21 ρ0 t02 Qv
u
 12 ρ t  ρ t2+ 1 ρ t  Q
u
v2 = u (13)
(6ρ1 t1 + ρ0 t0 ) ρ2 t2 +0 120ρ0 t01 1 +2 (6ρ 0 0
t  2
v 1
2 t2 + ρ0 t0 ) ρ1 t1 + 2 ρ0 t0
v2 = 2 2
(13)
 1   1 
( 6 ρ1parameters
Therefore, if the known t1 + ρ 0t0 )  ρ 2are ρ t + ( 6into
t2 +substituted
2 0 0 
+ ρ 0t0 )  ρ 1t(12)
ρ 2t2 Equations 1
+ and ρ t (13), v1 and v2 can be
2 0 0 
obtained, respectively.  

Therefore, if the known parameters are substituted into Equations (12) and (13), v1 and v2 can be
3.2. Verification of the Rapid Evaluation Program Based on LS-DYNA
obtained, respectively.
In order to verify the rationality of the rapid evaluation program, the consistency between the
results obtained by MATLAB and LS-DYNA was compared and analyzed. The finite element model is
Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 17
Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 17

3.2. Verification of the Rapid Evaluation Program Based on LS-DYNA

3.2. Verification of the Rapid Evaluation Program Based on LS-DYNA
In order to verify the rationality of the rapid evaluation program, the consistency between the
In order to verify the rationality of the rapid evaluation program, the consistency between the
results obtained
Symmetry by MATLAB and LS-DYNA was compared and analyzed. The finite element model
2018, 10, 310 8 of 17
results obtained by MATLAB and LS-DYNA was compared and analyzed. The finite element model
is shown in Figure 7. In order to show the internal structure, the air field is not shown here. In
is shown in Figure 7. In order to show the internal structure, the air field is not shown here. In
addition, all the initial parameters used in the rapid evaluation program and simulation are as
addition,
shown all the7.initial
in Figure parameters
In order used
to show the in thestructure,
internal rapid evaluation program
the air field and simulation
is not shown are as
here. In addition,
follows.
follows.
all the initial parameters used in the rapid evaluation program and simulation are as follows.

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the structure of simulation.

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the structure of simulation.

It is assumed that the materials of the inner and outer casings are all steel, that is, the material
It is
It is assumed
assumed that the the materials of of thethe inner
inner and and outer
outer casings
casings are are all
all steel,
steel, that
that is, the the material
density is ρ1 = ρ2 = that
7.8 g/cmmaterials
3, the Young’s modulus is E = 2.06 × 101111 Pa, and the yield is, limit ismaterial
σy = 245
density
density is ρ 1 = ρ2 = 7.8 g/cm3, the
is thickness
ρ1 = ρ2 = and 7.8 g/cm Young’s modulus is E = 2.06 × 10
3 , the Young’s modulus is E = 2.06 × 1011 Pa, and the yield Pa, and the yield limit is σlimit
y = 245
is
MPa. The diameter of the inner casing are t1 = 4 mm and d1 = 101 mm and the thickness
MPa.
σ = TheMPa.
245 thickness
The and diameter
thickness and of the inner
diameter of casing
the inner are t1 = 4 are
casing mmt and = 4 dmm
1 = 101 mm and the thickness
and d = 101 mm and the
y
of outer casing is t2 = 2 mm. The material density of the deforming charge is ρ0 = 1.67 g/cm3 , the 1 1 3
of outer casing
thickness iscasing
t2 = 2 is mm.
t2 =The material densitydensity
of the deforming charge is ρ0is=ρ1.67 g/cm , the3
thicknessof ofouter
deforming charge 2ismm.t0 =The 5 mm, material
the width of of thedeforming
the deforming charge
charge is φ0==90°, 1.67 g/cm
and the,
thickness
the thickness of deforming
ofof
deforming charge
charge is tis0 =t 5=mm, thethewidth
widthofofthethedeforming
deformingcharge chargeisis φϕ == 90°, 90◦ , and the
explosion heat the deforming charge 0 is5 Q mm,
v = 4520 kJ/kg. The material of the internal filling medium
and the
explosion
explosion heat of the deforming charge is Q v = 4520 kJ/kg. The material of the internal filling medium
Qv = 4520 kJ/kg.
is soil, andheat of the deforming
its density is ρm = 1.80chargeg/cm33is . Substituting The material
the above parameters of theinto internal
Equations filling(5)medium
and (6),
is soil,
is soil, and
and its its density
density is is ρρm == 1.80
1.80 g/cm
g/cm .3 .Substituting
Substituting the
theabove
above parameters
parameters into
into Equations
Equations (5)
(5) and
and (6),
(6),
the specific values of v1 and m v2 can be obtained.
the specific
the specific values of v 1 and v2 can be obtained.
v1 basic
and vparameters
At thisvaluespoint,of the 2 can be obtained. needed for the rapid evaluation program are all available.
At this
this point,
point, the
the basic
basic parameters
parameters needed for
for the rapid evaluation program are are all
all available.
Thus, the profiles of the deformed surfaceneeded
At of the inner the rapid
casing evaluation
under several program
typical moments available.
obtained
Thus,
Thus, the profiles
the profilesand of the
of the deformed
deformed surface of the inner casing under several typical moments obtained
from MATLAB LS-DYNA aresurface
shownofinthe inner casing
Figures 8 and under several typical
9, respectively. Through moments obtained
the qualitative
from MATLAB
from MATLAB and and LS-DYNA
LS-DYNA are are shown
shown in in Figures 88 and and 9,9, respectively.
respectively. Through the the qualitative
qualitative
comparison of Figures 8 and 9, we found that Figures
the deformation surfaces of theThrough inner cylindrical casing
comparison
comparison of Figures 8 and 9, we found that the deformation surfaces of the inner cylindrical casing
are in good of Figures 8atand
agreement 9, we found
different times in thatMATLAB
the deformation
and LS-DYNA, surfaceswhich of the indicates
inner cylindrical
that the
are in are
casing good good agreement at different times in MATLAB and LS-DYNA, which indicates that the
MATLAB in agreement
rapid evaluation at different
program times
based in MATLAB
on the previous and LS-DYNA,
theoretical which analysis indicates that the
is reasonable.
MATLAB
MATLAB rapid
rapid evaluation
evaluationrapid program
program based
based on on the
the previous previous theoretical
theoretical analysis analysis
is reasonable. is reasonable.
Obviously,
Obviously, the MATLAB evaluation program improves upon the computation efficiency. Next,
Obviously,
the MATLAB therapid
MATLAB rapid program
evaluation evaluation programupon
improves improves
the upon the computation
computation efficiency. efficiency.
Next, Next,
this paper
this paper expects to obtain a large amount of calculations using the MATLAB rapid evaluation
this paper
expects expects
to obtain to obtain
a large a of
large amount using of calculations using theevaluation
MATLABprogram, rapid evaluation
program, to obtain theamount
influence calculations
law of the loading thewidth
MATLAB rapid
of deforming charge on the deformed to obtain
program,
the influence to obtain
law of the
the influence
loading widthlaw ofof the
deformingloading width
charge on of
the deforming
deformed charge
surface, on
and the
thendeformed
provide
surface, and then provide the method and basis for the optimization design of the filling medium
surface,
the and then
method structure. provide the method and basis for the optimization
and basis for the optimization design of the filling medium cylindrical structure. design of the filling medium
cylindrical
cylindrical structure.

(a) ( b) (c)
(a) ( b) (c)
Figure 8. Deformed surface of the inner casing under several typical moments obtained from
Figure 8.8.Deformed
Deformedsurface surface of inner
of the the inner
casingcasing
under under
severalseveral typical moments
typical moments obtained
obtained from from
MATLAB:
MATLAB: (a) t = 50 μs; (b) t = 100 μs; (c) t = 150 μs.
MATLAB:
(a) t = 50 µs;(a)(b)
t =t 50 μs; µs;
= 100 (b) (c)
t = t100 μs;µs.
= 150 (c) t = 150 μs.
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 9 of 17
Symmetry
Symmetry 2018,
2018, 10,10, x FOR
x FOR PEERREVIEW
PEER REVIEW 9 of9 17
of 17

Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 17

(a) ( b) (c)
(a) ( b) (c)
Figure 9. Deformed surface of the inner casing under several typical moments obtained from LS-
Figure 9. 9.Deformed
Figure
DYNA: Deformed
(a) surface
(b) t =of100
surface
t = 50 μs; theμs;
of inner
the t casing
inner
(c) under
casing
= 150 μs. several
under typical
several moments
typical obtained
moments fromfrom
obtained LS-DYNA:
LS-
t = 50 µs;
(a)DYNA: (a) t(b) t (=aμs;
= 50 )100 100t =
t =(c)
(b)µs; μs;150
(c)µs.
t = 150 μs. (b) (c)
3.3. Verification of the Rapid Evaluation Program Based on the Experiments
Figure 9. Deformed surface of the inner casing under several typical moments obtained from LS-
3.3.
3.3.Verification
Verificationofofthe
theRapid
RapidEvaluation
Evaluation Program
Program BasedBasedon
onthe
theExperiments
Experiments
DYNA: (a) t = 50 μs; (b) t = 100 μs; (c) t = 150 μs.
In order to further verify the rationality of the MATLAB rapid evaluation program, we designed
In order
two groups tooffurther verify(φ
experiments the= rationality
60°, φProgram
= 90°).of theentire
MATLAB rapid evaluation program,sixwe designed
In order
3.3. to further
Verification of theverify the rationality
Rapid Evaluation of The on theexperimental
the MATLAB
◦ , ϕ = 90◦ ). Based
device consisted
rapid evaluation
Experiments program,ofwe parts:
designed
two groups
inner
two groups
of
and of experiments
outer (ϕ
casings, upper
experiments
= 60andφlower
(φ = 60°,
The entire
= 90°).end-plates,
experimental
The entirefilling
device
medium,device
experimental
consisted
and deforming
consistedcharge,
of sixas parts:
of six parts:
inner and
shown
inner and outer
in
Inoutercasings,
Figure
order to 10. upper
The
further
casings, and
experiment
verify
upper the lower
and end-plates,
preparation
rationality
lower filling
process
of the MATLAB
end-plates, medium,
mainly
rapid
filling andand
included
evaluation
medium, deforming
thedeforming charge,
fillingweof
program, the as shown
inner
designed
charge, as
inshown
Figure
medium,
twoin Figure 10. The experiment preparation process mainly included the filling of the medium,
10. The
the
groups experiment
adhesion
of of
experiments preparation
deforming
(φ = charge,
60°, φ = process
the
90°). The mainly
installation
entire ofincluded
detonating
experimental the filling
cord
device and of the
electric
consisted of inner
detonator,
six parts:
inner
the andinner
thethe
adhesion
medium,
and outerofcasings,
assembly
ofadhesion
deformingthe upper
outer
charge,
of deforming
andas
casing,
the lower
shown end-plates,
the in
installation
charge, Figure filling
installation
medium,
cord and
11.of detonating
of detonating and deforming
cordelectric charge, as and the
detonator,
and electric detonator,
shown in Figure 10. The experiment preparation process mainly included the filling of the inner
assembly of the outer
and the assembly casing,
of the outerascasing,
shown asin Figure
shown in11.
Figure 11.
medium, the adhesion of deforming charge, the installation of detonating cord and electric detonator,
and the assembly of the outer casing, as shown in Figure 11.

(a) ( b) (c) ( d) (e)

Figure 10. Various parts of the experimental device: (a) upper end-plate; (b) lower end-plate; (c) filling
(a) ( b) (c) ( d) (e)
medium;(a)(d) inner casing; (e)(bouter
) casing. (c) ( d) (e)
Figure 10. Various parts of the experimental
experimentaldevice:
device: (a) upperend-plate;
end-plate;(b)(b) lower end-plate; (c) filling
Figure Figure 10. Various
10. Various partsparts of the
of the experimental device: (a)
(a)upper
upper end-plate; lower end-plate;
(b) lower (c) filling
end-plate; (c) filling
medium; (d) inner casing; (e) outer casing.
medium; (d) inner casing; (e) outer casing.
medium; (d) inner casing; (e) outer casing.

(a) ( b)

(a) ( b)
(a) ( b)

(c) ( d) (e)
(c) ( d) (e)

Figure 11. Experiment

(c) preparation process: (a) filling
(d) of inner medium; (b) adhesion (e)of deforming charge;
(c) installation of detonating cord; (d) assembly of outer casing; (e) installation of electric detonator.
Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 17

Figure 11. Experiment preparation process: (a) filling of inner medium; (b) adhesion of deforming
charge;
Symmetry 2018,(c)
10, installation
310 of detonating cord; (d) assembly of outer casing; (e) installation of electric
10 of 17
detonator.

The experimental
The experimental devices
devices after
after explosion
explosion were
were recovered,
recovered, as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 12. The data
12. The data points
points
of the deformed casing contour were extracted using image analysis software GetData,
of the deformed casing contour were extracted using image analysis software GetData, and data and data
processing software
processing softwareOrigin
Originwas
wasused
usedtotocompare
compareand
andanalyze the
analyze thedeformed
deformedcasing surface
casing obtained
surface by
obtained
the experiment and MATLAB, as shown in Figure
by the experiment and MATLAB, as shown in Figure 13.13.

(a) (b)
Figure 12. Experiment results for different deforming charge widths: (a) φ = 60°; (b) φ = 90°.
Figure 12. Experiment results for different deforming charge widths: (a) ϕ = 60◦ ; (b) ϕ = 90◦ .

(a) (b)
Figure 13. Comparison of deformed casing profile based on the experiment and MATLAB results. (a)
Figure 13. Comparison of deformed casing profile based on the experiment and MATLAB results.
φ = 60°; (b) φ = 90°.
(a) ϕ = 60◦ ; (b) ϕ = 90◦ .

Figure 13 shows that the experiment results coincide well with those obtained by MATLAB,
whichFigure 13illustrates
further shows that thethe
that experiment
MATLAB results coincide well
rapid evaluation with is
program those obtainedThe
reasonable. by deforming
MATLAB,
which further illustrates that the MATLAB rapid evaluation program is reasonable. The
charge width is also shown to have an effect on the deformation of the filled cylindrical casing. deforming
charge width
Therefore, we is alsothe
used shown to have
MATLAB an effect
rapid on the
evaluation deformation
program of the
to study the filled
effect cylindrical casing.
of the deforming
Therefore, we used the MATLAB rapid evaluation program to study the effect
charge width on the filled cylindrical casing in the remainder of our analysis. of the deforming charge
width on the filled cylindrical casing in the remainder of our analysis.
4. Analysis and Discussion of the Results
4. Analysis and Discussion of the Results
4.1. Effect of Deforming Charge Width on Filled Cylindrical Casing
4.1. Effect of Deforming Charge Width on Filled Cylindrical Casing
For the deformable warheads, the ultimate deformation width of the casing affects the number
For the deformable warheads, the ultimate deformation width of the casing affects the number of
of effective fragments in the target area, and then affects the damage effectiveness. Based on the above
effective fragments in the target area, and then affects the damage effectiveness. Based on the above
research, the deforming charge width was found to affect the lateral explosive loading range on the
research, the deforming charge width was found to affect the lateral explosive loading range on the
casing, and the difference in the range of the load distribution inevitably leads to the difference in the
casing, and the difference in the range of the load distribution inevitably leads to the difference in
the deformed surface of the filled cylindrical casing. If the deforming width is too large, the load
Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 17

deformed surface of the filled cylindrical casing. If the deforming width is too large, the load
generated will be distributed in a wider area, and more casing elements are driven by the lateral
explosion. However, the casing elements are fewer. Therefore, the selection of deforming charge
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 11 of 17
width must be appropriate to ensure that the filled cylindrical casing forms a more ideal deformation
profile.
In the self-complied
generated will be distributedMATLAB
in a widerrapid evaluation
area, and moreprogram, the deforming
casing elements are drivencharge
by the width
lateral is
changed by changing
explosion. However, the casing
initial elements
load width. In order
are fewer. to studythe
Therefore, the influence
selection of the deforming
of deforming charge
charge width
muston
width be appropriate
the deformed to ensure thatof
surface thethe
filled cylindrical
filled casingcasing,
cylindrical forms akeeping
more ideal deformation
the deformingprofile.
charge
In the self-complied MATLAB rapid evaluation program, the deforming charge
thickness unchanged is necessary, and the thickness of the deforming charge is reflected by the initial width is changed
by changing
loading speed.the Forinitial
this load width.
reason, theIncalculation
order to study the influence
conditions in thisof the
paperdeforming
includecharge width
four working
on the deformed
conditions surface of
with deforming the filled
charge widths cylindrical casing,
of 30°, 60°, keeping
90°, and 120°the
whendeforming charge
the initial loadingthickness
speed is
v1. Based on the MATLAB rapid evaluation program, the spatial distributions of the casingloading
unchanged is necessary, and the thickness of the deforming charge is reflected by the initial elements
of speed. For this
the filled reason, the
cylindrical calculation
casing, under conditions in this paper
different loading include
widths four working
at several typicalconditions
moments,with were
deforming charge widths of 30 ◦ , 60◦ , 90◦ , and 120◦ when the initial loading speed is v . Based on
quickly obtained, as shown in Figure 14. In addition, the final deformation surface 1of the casing
the MATLAB rapid evaluation program, the spatial distributions of the casing elements of the filled
corresponding to the four groups of working conditions was arranged as shown in Figure 15.
cylindrical casing, under different loading widths at several typical moments, were quickly obtained,
By analyzing the deformed surface of the casing corresponding to different deforming charge
as shown in Figure 14. In addition, the final deformation surface of the casing corresponding to the
width at different times, as shown in Figures 14 and 15, the following conclusions can be drawn:
four groups of working conditions was arranged as shown in Figure 15.
(1) If By
theanalyzing
deformingthecharge width
deformed is too of
surface small, the resulting
the casing load will
corresponding to be distributed
different in a relatively
deforming charge
width at different
narrow region.times,
At thisasmoment,
shown infewer
Figures
and14relatively
and 15, theconcentrated
following conclusions can be drawn:
casing elements are driven by
the lateral explosion, so that the difference in relative azimuth between the casing elements and
(1) If the deforming charge width is too small, the resulting load will be distributed in a relatively
the circle center is smaller. When velocity decomposition is performed, the velocity in the
narrow region. At this moment, fewer and relatively concentrated casing elements are driven
horizontal direction is larger, and the velocity of the casing elements at the loading region center
by the lateral explosion, so that the difference in relative azimuth between the casing elements
is and
slightly larger
the circle thanisthose
center at When
smaller. both ends.
velocity Asdecomposition
a result, the isdeformed
performed, surface of theincasing
the velocity the
eventually results in an approximate “inner-concave” type.
horizontal direction is larger, and the velocity of the casing elements at the loading region center is
(2) If the deforming
slightly charge
larger than thosewidth is too
at both ends. large,
As a the resulting
result, load will
the deformed be distributed
surface of the casingineventually
a relatively
wider region, and more casing elements
results in an approximate “inner-concave” type. are driven by the lateral explosion. The wide loading
(2)region
If thecreates
deforminga large difference
charge width isintoothe relative
large, azimuthsload
the resulting of the
willcasing elementsinand
be distributed the circle
a relatively
center. The difference in the azimuth angles will cause a greater difference
wider region, and more casing elements are driven by the lateral explosion. The wide loading in the velocity
decomposition
region creates ainlargethe difference
horizontal in and vertical
the relative direction.
azimuths of theThe closer
casing the casing
elements element
and the to the
circle center.
outside,
The difference in the azimuth angles will cause a greater difference in the velocity decomposition in
the greater the velocity of its decomposition in the vertical direction, and the lower
theinhorizontal direction.
the horizontal Therefore,
and vertical the final
direction. Thedeformation surface
closer the casing is similar
element to theto the “outer-convex”
outside, the greater
type.
the velocity of its decomposition in the vertical direction, and the lower in the horizontal direction.
(3) AsTherefore,
the deformingthe finalcharge
deformation
widthsurface is similar
increases, to the “outer-convex”
the deformation surface type.
of the casing gradually
(3)transfers from the inner-concave
As the deforming to outer-convex
charge width increases, shape.surface
the deformation Therefore,
of thewe inferred
casing thattransfers
gradually a suitable
fromofthe
width theinner-concave
deforming charge to outer-convex
must exist to shape.
makeTherefore, we inferred
the corresponding that a suitable
deformation surfacewidth
of the
of the deforming
casing D-shaped. charge must exist to make the corresponding deformation surface of the
casing D-shaped.

10 10

8 8

t = 0 μs t = 0 μs
y (cm)

y (cm)

6 6
t = 50 μs t = 50 μs
t = 100 μs t = 100 μs
4 t = 150 μs 4 t = 150 μs
t = 200 μs t = 200 μs
2 2

0 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x (cm) x (cm)

(a) (b)

Figure 14. Cont.

Symmetry 2018, 10,
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310
x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of
12 of 17
17

10 10

8 8

t = 0 μs t = 0 μs

y (cm)
y (cm)

6 6
t = 50 μs t = 50 μs
t = 100 μs t = 100 μs
4 t = 150 μs 4 t = 150 μs
t = 200 μs t = 200 μs
2 2

0 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x (cm) x (cm)

(c) (d)
Figure 14. Spatial distribution of the casing elements of the filled cylindrical casing under different
Figure 14. Spatial distribution of the casing elements of the filled cylindrical casing under different
loading widths at several typical moments: (a) φ = 30°; (b) φ = 60°; (c) φ = 90°; (d) φ = 120°.
loading widths at several typical moments: (a) ϕ = 30◦ ; (b) ϕ = 60◦ ; (c) ϕ = 90◦ ; (d) ϕ = 120◦ .

10

Initial
y (cm)

6 ϕ = 30°
ϕ = 60°
4 ϕ = 90°
ϕ = 120°
2

0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x (cm)
Figure 15. The final deformation surface of the casing corresponding to the four groups of working
Figure 15. The final deformation surface of the casing corresponding to the four groups of
conditions.
working conditions.

4.2. Relationship between Deforming Dharge Width φ and Criterion α

4.2. Relationship between Deforming Dharge Width ϕ and Criterion α
In practical engineering applications, the size of the missile casing is limited. With reference to
In practical engineering applications, the size of the missile casing is limited. With reference to
the conventional warhead caliber, the range R0 is assumed to be 30 to 150 mm. In addition, according
the conventional warhead caliber, the range R0 is assumed to be 30 to 150 mm. In addition, according
to Equation (7), the relationship between h and R0 can be rewritten as follows:
to Equation (7), the relationship between h and R0 can be rewritten as follows:
h
α = h  h = πα R0 (14)
α = π R0 ⇒ h = παR0 (14)
πR0
where h is half of the length of the platform section after deformation ( AC ), and R0 is the radius of
where h is half of the length of the platform section after deformation (AC), and R0 is the radius of the
the initial
initial casing
casing ( Oas1 Dshown
(O D), ), as shown in2b.
in Figure Figure
Thus,2b. Thus, in combination
in combination with of
with the range the range
α, the of α, the
relationship
1
relationship
curve betweencurve between
h and R0 can hbeand R0 can as
obtained beshown
obtained as shown
in Figure 16. in Figure 16.
Based on the above analysis, as long as the initial size of the casing is known, the plane width of
the casing after deformation corresponding to different values of α can be quickly obtained. However,
achieving the optimum deformation profile width is ultimately based on the adjustment of the
deforming charge width. Therefore, the main research goal of this section was to quickly determine the
optimum deforming charge width under the condition of known initial size of the cylindrical casing.
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 13 of 17
Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 17

160
α =20%
140 α =22%
α =24%
120 α =25%
α =26%

h (mm)
100 α =28%
α =30%
80

60

40

20
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
R0 (mm)
Figure 16.
Figure 16. Relationship
Relationship curve
curve between
between half
half of
of the
the length
length of
of the
the platform
platform section
section after
after deformation
deformation hh
and radius of the initial casing R 0.
and radius of the initial casing R0 .

Based on the above analysis, as long as the initial size of the casing is known, the plane width of
As seen from the analysis in Section 2.2., the premise is that the length of the entire cylindrical
the casing after deformation corresponding to different values of α can be quickly obtained. However,
casing in the circumferential direction during the deformation process does not elongate. Thus,
achieving the optimum deformation profile width is ultimately based on the adjustment of the
the following relationship can be obtained:
deforming charge width. Therefore, the main research goal of this section was to quickly determine
the optimum deforming charge width under the condition of known initial size of the cylindrical
2πR0 = 2 sin δ · R1 + 2(π − δ) · R1 = 2(sin δ + π − δ) · R1 (15)
casing.
As seen from the analysis in SectionO2.2., the premise is that the length of the entire cylindrical
1 O2 = R1 − R0 (16)
casing in the circumferential direction during the deformation process does not elongate. Thus, the
1 C = O1 O2 + O2 C = R1 (1 + cos δ ) − R0
following relationship can beOobtained: (17)

ϕ = 2θ =2πR
2arccos
0
(O1δC/O
= 2sin 2 ()π=
⋅ R1 +1 D ) ⋅ R1 = 2((( sin
− δ2arccos − δ )δ⋅)R−
R1 (δ1++πcos
1
R0 )/R0 )
(18)
(15)
where ϕ represents the deforming charge width and the physical meaning of the other parameters are
the same as the previously provided definitions.
O1O2 = R1 − R0 (16)
According to the range of α and R0 , combined with Equations (15) to (18), and using MATLAB for
the iterative solution, the optimum deforming charge width corresponding to different α values under
O1C = O1O2 + O2C = R1(1 + cos δ) − R0 (17)
different initial casing sizes can be obtained as shown in Table 2.

φ = optimum
Table 2. The 2θ = 2 arccos(
deforming
O1C O D) = width
charge
1
2 arccos((
under 1 + cos δ)initial
R1 (different − R0 ) casing
R0 ) sizes. (18)

whereInitial
φ represents
Radius ofthe deforming charge width and
Casing Widththeofphysical meaning
Deforming Charge ϕof the other parameters
are the same R as0 (mm)
the previously provided
α = 20% definitions.
α = 22% α = 24% α = 26% α = 28% α = 30%
According to the range of α and◦ R0, combined with Equations (15) to (18), and using MATLAB
30 46 53◦ 60◦ 69◦ 77◦ 85◦
for the iterative 40solution, the optimum
46◦ deforming
53◦ charge60width
◦ corresponding
69◦ 77to
◦ different
85α◦ values
under different 50 initial casing sizes 46 ◦ ◦
can be obtained
53 as shown ◦
60 in Table ◦
692. 77 ◦ 85 ◦
60 46◦ 53◦ 60◦ 69◦ 77◦ 85◦
70 46 ◦ 53 ◦ 60 ◦ 69 ◦ 77 ◦ 85 ◦
Table 2. The optimum deforming charge width under different initial casing sizes.
80 46◦ 53◦ 60◦ 69◦ 77◦ 85◦
90
Initial Radius of Casing 46◦ 53◦Width of60Deforming
◦ 69◦Charge 𝜑77◦ 85◦
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 85◦
R100
0 (mm) α46=◦ 20% α53= 22% α 60=24% α =69 26% α = 77 28% α = 30%
110 46 53◦ 60◦ 69◦ 77◦ 85◦
12030 4646°
◦ 5353°
◦ 60°
60 ◦ 69°
69◦ 77°
77◦ 85°
85◦
13040 4646°
◦ 5353°
◦ 60°
60 ◦ 69°
69 ◦ 77°
77 ◦ 85°
85◦
14050 ◦
4646° ◦
5353° 60 ◦ ◦ ◦ 85◦
60° 69°
69 77°
77 85°
15060 ◦
4646° ◦
5353° 60 ◦ 69 ◦ 77 ◦ 85◦
60° 69° 77° 85°
70 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
80 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
90 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
100 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
 110 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
110 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
120 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
120 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
130 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
130 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
140 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
140 46° 53° 60° 69° 77° 85°
Symmetry 2018, 10,150
310
150
46°
46°
53°
53°
60°
60°
69°
69°
77°
77°
85°
14 of 17
85°

Through the analysis provided in Table 2, the deforming charge width is not related to the initial
Through thethe
Through analysis
analysis provided
providedininTable
Table 2, the deforming
2, the deformingchargecharge width
width is not
is not related
related toinitial
to the the initial
casing radius and only to the value of α. In other words, if the value of α is determined, the deforming
casing radius
casing andand
radius only to to
only thethevalue
valueofofα.
α.InInother
other words,
words, ififthe
thevalue
valueofof α is
α is determined,
determined, the deforming
the deforming
charge width can be determined rapidly. In order to obtain the relationship between the deforming
charge width
charge cancan
width be be
determined
determinedrapidly.
rapidly. In In order
order totoobtain
obtainthe therelationship
relationship between
between the deforming
the deforming
charge width
charge
andand
width
the criterion value α, the data in Table
Table 2 werefitted,
fitted, as shown in Figure 17.seen
As seen
charge width and thethe criterionvalue
criterion valueα,α,thethe data
data inin Table22werewere fitted,as as
shown
shown in Figure 17. As
in Figure 17. As seen
fromfrom
Figure 17, 17,
Figure a linear distribution
a linear distributionwas
wasfound
found between
between the thedeforming
deforming charge
charge width
width φ and
ϕ and the value
the value
from Figure 17, a linear distribution was found between the deforming charge width φ and the value
of α,of
and
α, they
and have
they the
have following
the following relationship:
relationship:
of α, and they have the following relationship:
α = 0.00253φ + 0.08541 (19)
αα== 0.00253
0.00253ϕ φ++ 0.08541
0.08541 (19)(19)
Note that the physical parameter φ only represents the value of the angle.
NoteNote
thatthat
thethe
physical
physical parameter
parameterφϕ only representsthe
only represents thevalue
value of of
thethe angle.
angle.

.
.
Figure 17. Relationship between the criterion α and the deforming charge width φ.
Figure
Figure 17. 17. Relationshipbetween
Relationship betweenthe
the criterion
criterion ααand
andthe
thedeforming
deformingcharge width
charge width
ϕ. φ.

In order to verify the accuracy of Equation (19), four groups of different deforming charge
In order
In orderto toverify
verify the accuracyofof
the accuracy Equation
Equation (19),(19), four groups
four groups of different
of different deformingdeforming
charge widths charge
widths (φ30=◦ , 30°,
(ϕ =(φ
60°,
60◦ , 90
90°, 120
◦ , and and◦ ) 120°)
were
were designed for comparison with the LS-DYNA simulation
widths = 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°)designed for comparison
were designed with the LS-DYNA
for comparison simulation results.
with the LS-DYNA simulation
results.
TheThe simulation
simulation resultsresults
underunder different
different deforming
deforming chargecharge
widths widths
are shownare inshown
Figure in18,
Figure 18, and
and the
results. The simulation results under different deforming charge widths are shown in Figure 18, and
the comparison
comparison resultsare
results areshown
shownininTableTable3. 3.The
Theresults
results show
show that
that Equation
Equation (19)(19)
can can better
better reflect
reflect
the comparison results are shown in Table 3. The results show that Equation (19) can better reflect
the relationship
the relationship between
between thethe
deforming
deformingcharge
charge width
width ϕ φ and
and thevalue
valueof of
α, α,
andand
cancan provide
rapidrapid
the relationship between the deforming charge width φ andthethe value of α, and provide
can provide rapid
evaluation of the
evaluation deformation
of the deformation casing
casingwidth.
width.
evaluation of the deformation casing width.

(a) ( b)
(a) ( b)
Figure 18. Cont.
Symmetry 2018,2018,
Symmetry 10, x10,
FOR310PEER REVIEW 15 of15
17 of 17

(c) ( d)
Figure 18. Deformation surface of the casing under different deforming charge widths: (a) φ = 30° (α
Figure 18. Deformation surface of the casing under different deforming charge widths: (a) ϕ = 30◦
= 17.8%); (b) φ = 60° (α = 24.1%); (c) φ = 90° (α = 31.2%); (d) φ = 120° (α = 38.4%).
(α = 17.8%); (b) ϕ = 60◦ (α = 24.1%); (c) ϕ = 90◦ (α = 31.2%); (d) ϕ = 120◦ (α = 38.4%).

Table 3. Comparison
Table 3. Comparisonresults
resultsbetween simulationand
between simulation and calculation.
calculation.

Width of Deforming αα
Width of
Charge φ Deforming Charge
Simulation
ϕ Result (LS-DYNA) Calculation Result from Equation (19)
Simulation Result (LS-DYNA) Calculation Result from Equation (19)
30° 30◦ 0.178 0.178 0.161
0.161
60° 60◦ 0.241 0.241 0.237
0.237
90◦ 0.312 0.313
90° 0.312 0.313
120◦ 0.384 0.389
120° 0.384 0.389
5. Conclusions
5. Conclusions
The deformable surface of projectile is a key factor to be considered when designing deformable
The deformable
warheads. surface
The final of projectile
deformation is a key
of the casing factorthe
affects todegree
be considered
of damage when
to thedesigning deformable
target. In order to
warheads.
evaluate Thethefinal deformation
deformable surfaceofwidth
the casing affects thecasing,
of the cylindrical degreethe of criterion
damage αtowas theestablished
target. In order
and to
evaluate the deformable
its optimum range was surface widthtoof
determined bethe cylindrical
20 to casing,tothe
30%. According ourcriterion
previous α was established
theoretical analysis, and
a rapid evaluation
its optimum range was program based to
determined on be
MATLAB
20 to 30%.was According
compiled, which to our was able to rapidly
previous evaluate
theoretical the
analysis, a
projectile deformation surface. The self-compiled MATLAB program
rapid evaluation program based on MATLAB was compiled, which was able to rapidly evaluate the was verified using LS-DYNA
and experiments;
projectile deformationthe results The
surface. showed that our program
self-compiled MATLAB is scientific
program andwasreasonable. Based on
verified using the
LS-DYNA
MATLAB rapid evaluation program, the influence of the deforming charge width on the deformed
and experiments; the results showed that our program is scientific and reasonable. Based on the
surface of the filled cylindrical casing was determined. The difference in the deforming charge width
MATLAB rapid evaluation program, the influence of the deforming charge width on the deformed
caused the load distribution to be different, which in turn led to a large difference in the velocity
surface of the filled cylindrical casing was determined. The difference in the deforming charge width
decomposition in the horizontal and vertical directions. As the deforming charge width increased,
caused
the the load distribution
deformation surface of theto casing
be different,
gradually which in turn
transferred fromledthetoinner-concave
a large difference in the velocity
to the outer-convex
decomposition in the horizontal and vertical directions. As the deforming
shape. Therefore, we inferred that a suitable deforming charge width must exist that can form charge width increased,
the
the deformation
correspondingsurface
deformationof the casing
surface intogradually
a D-shape.transferred from the inner-concave to the outer-
convex shape. Therefore,
In addition, we inferred
a formula that betterthat a suitable
reflects deforming
the relationship chargethe
between width must exist
deforming charge that canϕform
width
and the criterion value was fitted. In
the corresponding deformation surface into a D-shape.
α order to verify the accuracy of the fitting formula, four groups
of
In different
addition,deforming
a formula charge widthsreflects
that better were designed for comparison
the relationship between withthethe deforming
LS-DYNA simulation
charge width
results; the results showed that the fitting formula coincides well with
φ and the criterion value α was fitted. In order to verify the accuracy of the fitting formula, the simulation results and can four
provide rapid guidance for the structural design of deformable warheads.
groups of different deforming charge widths were designed for comparison with the LS-DYNA
simulation results; the results
Author Contributions: showed
L.D. introduced the that theideas
research fitting formula
of this coincides
article, designed well with and
the experiments, thewrote
simulation
the
paper; Z.L. conducted the experiments and collected the experimental data;
results and can provide rapid guidance for the structural design of deformable warheads. F.L. was responsible for proofreading,
and analyzed the simulation and experimental results; X.L. was responsible for compiling the MATLAB program
and numerical simulation.
Author Contributions: L.D. introduced the research ideas of this article, designed the experiments, and wrote
Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 11202237
the paper; Z.L. conducted the experiments and collected the experimental data; F.L. was responsible for
and 11132012).
proofreading, and analyzed the simulation and experimental results; X.L. was responsible for compiling the
MATLAB program and numerical simulation.

Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 11202237
and 11132012).
Symmetry 2018, 10, 310 16 of 17

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the academic and technical staff in the Laboratory of Light
Gas Gun, which is affiliated with the National University of Defense Technology, for their experiment and
simulation support.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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