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    Free PDF Link in Description Edexcel International A Level Mathematics Pure Mathematics 3 Student Book

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    Umair Hibatullah

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    PDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL TOS) Student Book ‘atshes by Posen Edation Line, 80 Star, Landon, WO2R ORL. wwipersongboaechoolcom ‘Copies ool speciteabon ora Pearson qualifications ay be found on the ‘webate: hipe//quatteatons pearon.com “ext © Poaroon Eaveaton Lites 2019 ed by Fichard Hutchison an Ene Pade “ype! by Tach Sots, Gatstans UK (rial uations © Pasron Edveaton Linea 2019 ‘misatd by ©Tect-Se Li, Gateead, UK ‘Cove design by © Pearson Education Lite “horas o Geog Atwood, Jack Baaleugh, an Betisen, Gordon Davies, ‘Ket Gales, Dania Gober, Alta Macpnarson, Anne Mefioor, Berwen ‘Maran, Su Nenelaon, Diane Over Joe Peta, Kesh Plager Cong San oe ‘Sleakowsh Harry Sth, aot Staley, Retort Wara-Peen anc Dae ins to bo ‘certo s the ators of his work have been asserted by them mn accordance ‘wr tre Copyright Designs ana Patots Act 1988 Fst pusianes 2019 ‘teh Library Cataloguing in Putten Data ‘catalogue recor forts book is avaible For the Beh Library sangre oozes 901 copyright notice ‘Allights reserve. No par of his may be reproduce in ay etm by any means frchsing photocopying o storeg tin any acum by croc means and ‘wbste o not vanity or Iocan) to soe oa use ef hs publoon) ‘ithou th writen person othe copa ume, except in accordance with ‘he poions ofthe Copy. Belg and Pars Act O88 or under the ame of emee nase ty the Copyright Loenang Agency, Barons tn 08 Fete ano, London, EGA TEN (wcla.cou Aopicatins forte copyriat owners ‘ites pemiosen shui be odaresed he publshe Protein Slovekia by Neograia Picture Crocs ‘Tho ashore and pubtsher would keto ark ne folowing nels and rgareatiog fr permission to reproduce polographe _Alany Stock Phot: Cura AM 122 Pa dagen 10; Shutlerstock com: {Gyratanchan 1, Colerk260 70, LFeTeGea 48, onan 46, vai Sa6oveK 188 vikors 102 Cover mages Frnt: Getty mages: emer Van Steen ‘reds fot corse Shutterstock com: Oni Laborer ‘other images © Pearson ESucaton Limited 2018 ‘sl artwork © Pearson Edveaton United 278 Endorsement Statement rower to enaure hal hi retcuce fe highly sia forthe atocited Pearson auton, thas bob trou ave process by the awaring body “Ths proces covfme al thwsoure fy comes the teaching a earn contnt ofthe sposteaton or prof a soctoation at which ti med lso onfima that emonavates an appropiate balance betweon the devaonent fai sts role an ncetndig aan panton Ensocstmant a nt cover any gusance on atetementactitas or proceenea {@9-procice uestons or advice on how to wsewerasossrien questions) Iruted mtn recite, rer does t pesca parc appreach 10h teaching oF delivery ofa elated course. le the pubiars have made erry arp to enue that advice onthe (qualflcaton ands assessments accurate, the oficial epecfeaten ahd ‘icoited assesment gute mater re the any eave sere Irtoraton ana stous aways be refs to for dott guidance, Pearson examiners have nt contributed to any actions inthis resource relevant to ‘ramnaton papers er whien hey have responsbiy. ascecoment st by Poaron. Endorsmant of arovoure dees mean that he resource i rogue to schave ths Pearson quailtin, pox dows rea that Is tre ery eutabe matora avaible to support the qualcaton and ary rsource 1s produced by te awarding body shal icudo tha and ther approprate COL COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 ALGEBRAIC METHODS 1 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 10 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 46 4 TRIGONOMETRIC ADDITION FORMULAE 70 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 97 5 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS 102 6 DIFFERENTIATION 122 7 INTEGRATION 146 8 NUMERICAL METHODS 158 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 170 EXAM PRACTICE 174 GLOSSARY 176 ANSWERS 178 INDEX 214 CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC METHODS 1.1 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH ‘ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS 1.2 IMPROPER FRACTIONS CHAPTER REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 2.1 THE MODULUS FUNCTION 2.2 FUNCTIONS AND MAPPINGS 2.3 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS 2.4 INVERSE FUNCTIONS 2.5 y=If(x)1 AND y= (lx!) 2.6 COMBINING TRANSFORMATIONS 2.7 SOLVING MODULUS PROBLEMS CHAPTER REVIEW 2 CHAPTER 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 3.1 SECANT, COSECANT AND COTANGENT 3.2 GRAPHS OF sec x, cosec x AND cot x 3.3 USING sec x, cosec x AND cot x 3.4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 3.5 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS CHAPTER REVIEW 3 = 10 "1 15 20 24 28 32 35 0 & 46 a7 49 53 57 62 66 CHAPTER 4 TRIGONOMETRIC ADDITION FORMULAE 4.1 ADDITION FORMULAE 4.2 USING THE ANGLE ADDITION FORMULAE 4.3 DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAE 4.4 SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS: 4.5 SIMPLIFYING a cos x b sin x 4,6 PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES CHAPTER REVIEW 4 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 CHAPTER 5 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS 5.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS B2y=erese 5.3 NATURAL LOGARITHMS 5.4 LOGARITHMS AND NON-LINEAR DATA 5.5 EXPONENTIAL MODELLING CHAPTER REVIEW 5 aca 70 a 90 93 97 102 103 105 108 110 116 118 CUTS at CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 8 NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION 122 METHODS 158 6.1 DIFFERENTIATING sin x AND 8.1 LOCATING ROOTS 159 cos x 123 8.2 FIXED POINT ITERATION 163 6.2 DIFFERENTIATING EXPONENTIALS CHAPTER REVIEW 8 167 AND LOGARITHMS 126 6.3 THE CHAIN RULE 128 6.4 THE PRODUCT RULE ig REVIEW EXERCISE 2 170 6.5 THE QUOTIENT RULE 134 6.6 DIFFERENTIATING EXAM PRACTICE 174 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 137 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 142 GLOSSARY 176 CHAPTER 7 INTEGRATION 146 answers 173 7.4 INTEGRATING STANDARD FUNCTIONS 147 7.2 INTEGRATING f(ax + b) 149 INDEX 214 7.3 USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES 151 7.4 REVERSE CHAIN RULE 153 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 156 ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning, 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout. + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r pei the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results cal infooaton = Challenge questions provide extra stretch t process nd 3. Transferable skills represent intarmation J + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book ame ee METHODS OR Each chapter is mapped to the specticaton content for easy reverence Each chapter tats witha Istof Leaming objectives “The Prior knowledge check make sure you ae roady to stat the chaptor “The real word applications o! the maths you ae about to lean arp highighted atthe stat of the chapter Glossary terms willbe Identified by bela Bue toxt on that fist appearance. CUCL ‘Sep byte worras | examples focus on the key types of questions youll need io tackle ‘Tiarctoube cas we signposted where ‘hey naturally cour Inthe exereses and examples Eracica questions] cre carly radod 0 they increase in siieuty and grocualy ‘bang you up i exam stance Braiaes we paced ach section Boge Traber sang boxes prove Fs witha ith explanation and tips and stategles, and Watch out Examsstyle questions usstons ensure you key earn poms DDoxos highlight areas where students ae aro rey for he exam ‘fen ose mart inthe exams are flagged with © Problem-solving ‘questions are flagged Each chapter end with a Chaoterreviow with © anda Summay of key points, itor every few chapters, a Review exercise helps you consolte your leaing wt ots of exam-sive questions Exam practice athematies Internationa Advanced Level Pure Mathematics 3 Review exercise 1 ‘ful practice paper atthe back of| ‘ie book hips you prepare forthe real thing vili QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 3 (P3) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, aC or P3:PureMathematis3 | 16%%boflaL [75 | Thour30min _ | January une and October Paper code WMAT3/01 Fist assessment june 2020 IAL: International Advanced A Level. Assessment objectives and weightings ier Recall selec and use ther krowledge of mathematical facts concepis and techniques na 201 | variety of contexts 20% Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of prec statements, ‘nop. | !osical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematica expressions, Pom including the construction of extended argument for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form Recall select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical model to represent fo3_| stations in the real work recognise and understand given representations involving oo standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms ofthe orginal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. ‘Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of. ‘804 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 5% pages2-5 “> pages 2-5 Add and subtract algebraic fractions > pages 2-5, Convert an improper fraction into partial fraction form + Pure 1 Section 1.1 15xep 2 Factorise each polynomial a x-6x4+5 bx? 16x 9x2 25 «Pure 1 Section 1.3 3. Simplify fully the following algebraic x2-9 2x2 + 5x — 12 Ox E arliest evidence of written mathematics dates from 3000 sce with the ancient Sumerians the equals sign ( Ish mathematician Robert Recorde. In his book The Whetstone that he wanted ious repetition Pea) aay @ Arithmetic operations with algebraic fractions * To multiply fractions, cancel any common factors, then multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. EXD BD escame Simplify the following products: * To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction. EO 2) ELLE vroner-soums Simplily: ea See ey ean Cr osue-soume @®) 1 Show that * oe + ae 1 (4 marks) @® 2 Show that PEM 5, SEAN, BE NAB = and find the values of the constants and b, where « and b are integers. (4 marks) ©® 3 Simplity tury SAP (3 marks) @® 4 fw 24 1346 a Show that f(x) = 2+ 13446 (4 marks) 2 LD ifrerentiate each term b Hence differentiate f(x) and find (4). (Bmarks) separately « Pure 1 Section 8.5 = To add or subtract two fractions, find a common denominator. ax) Simplify the following: b b 2 3: 30 xtl xe 2x 230+ 2b i matin ata) Meaty la 2 1 © x43 yal “w+ Dat) w+ aed e+ BX +1) 2x +2 - tx - 3-—______ 3 Ax xe? @+0e-) ———__| 30-1) ay w+ 1) 3 2. Write as a single fraction: 3.2 xox 1 1 diet 2-a0e4 9) 3. Write as a single fraction: , 2 >. «2-3 wa2vel vol =a 7x42 46049 adead 2+ ja xe) val poet yes Waheed wadeed Wax 1. 45x46 © 4 Express S++ asa single fraction in its simplest form. (4 marks) 342-15 Mesa aD Crate 5 Express each of the following as a fraction in its simplest form, (4marks) a Show that g(x) ="235= 2818 (4 marks) b Using ageing sion or thers. forthe show tat ts) =22=2°*5 (Amar @® Improper fractions = An improper algebraic fraction is one whose numerator has degree greater than or equal to ‘the denominator. An improper fraction must be converted to a mixed fraction before you can express it in partial fractions. x24 5x48 EE ay x4 5x y and 4x47. re both improper fractions. The degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the enominator. CEELED the degree ofa polynomiat is the largest exponent in the expression, 5 . Fe le, x? + 5x —9 has degree 3, = To convert an improper fraction into a mixed fraction, f* O°™PIC SS you can use either: The degrees of the numerator ‘and denominator are equal. * algebraic long division Tne or an “lone j , remainder canbe numbers : Fox) = Q(x) x the relationship F(x) = Q(x) x divisor + remainder etainaeascicn Method 1 Use algebraic lng division to show that cw FQ) 2+ 5x48 f 22 a seater divisor | Method 2 Multiply by (x ~ 2) and compare coefficients to show that: aw Fx) x? + 5x +8 =v + Thy = 2)+ 22 remainder divisor J ata) ax) ej Given thar += x Using algebrale long division: tay $12 ahe+ at Ox- 7 x3 - 3x2 ax? + Ox 4x? = 12. ex 7 tex - 36 29 +x2-7 x-3 with a remainder of 2. txt-7 eaese 2 + i= +4rtie+ 22 S0A=1,B=4,C=12 and D= 29 GEES) ED w= Given that x3 + x2 - 7 = (Ax? + By + Cx) So x? 440412 29 O+0-7=(4x0+Bx0+0) x(Q-3)4D -3C+D 30429 36 12 Compare the coefficients of x3 and x? Compare coefficients inxs 1= 4 Compare coefficients inx?: 1=-34+B 12-348 Therefore 4 = 1, B= and we can write 1, C= 12 and D= 29 is + 4x4 12)ix = 3) +29 This can also be written as: ae Pe aveie4 3 \LGEBRAIC METHODS find the values of 4, B, Cand D. Grocuenas Solving this problem using algebraic long division will give you an answer Jn the form asked for in the question. + D, find the values of A, B, Cand D. Problem-solving The identity is given in the form Flx) = QU) x divisor + remainder, so solve by equating coefficients, aa) Crate Gm © © © _Sext+ x= 10 w+ 2x=3 fy OSE a find the values of 4, B, C, Dand E. Show that fx) can be written as Ax® + Boe + C4 St Using algebraic long division: eo oxt 5 x4 2x-ahte P+ ORe RTO Bxt = 2x ~10 Bye + 10x ~ 15 2x45 xitxtty x4 2x3 5oA=t, 4, C 5,D=-12 and E=5 1 54 2x2 Bade Beats ay peace xel xe Find the values of the constants 4, B, Cand D. 2 Given that 28° 4324045 2 gy2 4 dy 40-44. find the values of a, b,c and d. +3 xed wn8 3 f= Show that fe) can be written in the form px? + gx + rand find the values of p.qand r. 2wtede aS, 4 Given that “S559 = find the values of m,n and p. 5. Find the values of the constants 4, B, Cand D in the following identity: 8x3 + 2x? + $= (Ax + BOK? +2)+ C+D x3 — 5x2 43-14 x+y Find the values of the constants 4, B, Cand D. ogg yy nies: ~ | iii (4 marks) (4 marks) (4marks) (Amarks) (Amarks) (A marks) ea) METHODS ‘Show that g(x) can be written in the form px? + gx +r-+ 7 7 : @®7 and find the values of p, g, r,s and 1 (4 marks) © 8 Given thar 244 find the values of a, b,c, dande. (5 marks) © 9 Find the values of the constants , B, C, D and Ein the following identity: 3x4 — dx - 8x2 + 16x Ax? + Br + Cia? 3) + Dx + E (marks) EP) 10 a Fully factorise the expression (2 marks) bb Hence, or otherwise, write the algebraic fraction “in the form (ax + b)(ex? + dv + e) and find the values of a,b, ¢, d and e. (4 marks) Ces d 1 Simplify these fractions as far as possible: 3x4 21x 22x24 a bP 7x46 2 Divide 3x3 + 1202 + Sx +20 by (x +4) smnmkty 28243 +5 3 Simplify +5 4 Simplify: 3x10 6x?+24 « 12v+9 4x29 B= NP +Ox+8 Mt6x 2+ ON 18 xo+ 6x45 “e+ 10x Csee) b Given that In[l4x? = 8x)lx? + 6x + 5)] = 6 + Inllx? = 3x — 4K2x? + 10%] find xin terms of e, (4 marks) 3 a Show that g(x) can be written in the form ax? + bx + ¢, where a, b and are constants to be found (4 marks) b Hence differentiate g(x) and find g'(-2) (marks) Mesa aD Crate Gxt] | Se43. © 7 Express S5*3_ 7 asa single fraction in its simplest form (4marks) 12 © 8 Wart [aye teRrel Show that f(x) == +843 (4marks) x+3 9 Find the values of the constants 4, B, Cand D in the following identity: 6x24 11x $25 (6-2 ds + Be + C)4D (5 marks) © 10 Show thar °= 98 *8¥=5 can be put in the form Ax?+ Br 4+ C+ 5? Dre! axel Find the values of the constants 4, # Cand D. (5 marks) © 11 Show tha “+? = 4x74 Bx + C+—P vl wel where A, B, Cand D are constants to be found. (5 marks) rs era1ts3 cD IIE 2 Gen thar P= 2 ave ws coe ate x=10 Be-5 342 find the values of the constants 4, B, Cand D. 2 Prove that if fix) = ax? +x? + ex+dand f(p) = 0, then (x ~p) isa factor of f(x). 3. Given that f(x) = 2x? + 9x24 10x +3: show that -3 is a root of f(x) 10 bb express 5 partial factions ed 1 To multiply fractions, cancel any common factors, then multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. 2. To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction. 3 To add or subtract two fractions, find a common denominator. 4 An improper algebraic fraction is one whose numerator has degree greater than or equal to the denominator. An improper fraction must be converted to a mixed fraction before you can express it in partial fractions. 5 To convert an improper fraction into @ mixed fraction, you can use either: + algebraic long division + the relationship F(x) = Q(x) x divisor + remainder me 4 2 FUNCTIONS © eu Ce a a Ce ieee ives u should be able to: Understand and use the modulus function “pages 11-15 Understand mappings and functions, and use domain and range pages 15-20 Combine two or more functions to make a composite function ~ pages 20-23 know how to find the inverse of a function graphically and algebraically “> pages 24-27 Sketch the graphs of the modulus functions y= |flx)| and y=filx)) > pages 28-32 Apply a combination of two (or more) transformations to the same curve “pages 32-35, Transform the modulus function “> pages 35-40 E tubject of each of the following: 2y+8x 5 © 5x-8y=449xy © International GCSE Mathematics a 5y=9-Ty b p= Write each expression in its simplest form. Code breakers at Bletchley Park in the UK used inverse functio' where the graph cuts the x- or y-axis EN = sine, 0° on enemy encoded a message a function. Th jallenge was to find € Pure 2 Section 6.1 ? — 3x, Find the values of: bf) f Pure 1 Section 2.3 Nato ARGU raid ) The modulus function The modulus of a number a, written as [a is its non-negative numerical value. So, for example, |5| = 5 and also |-5| =5. =D The modulus * A modulus function is, in general, a function of the function is also known as the type y = [f(a] absolute value function. Ona + When fx) > 0, [flx)| = fla) ‘2lculator, the button is often + When f(x) <0, [f(x)| =F) labelled Abs. Write down the values of: ah b 6.5] f(x) =[2x= 3) 41 Write down the values of: a fi5) b 2) © f() (ang b 4-2) = |2(-2)- 3] +1 +1a7+te8 e i= |2x1-3] 41 el-leteteta2 ™ To sketch the graph of y= |ax + 4}, sketch y=ax + bthen reflect the section of the graph below the x-axis in the x-axis. Peary Pa Uy CEEEED the tunction inside the modulus is called the argument of the modulus. You ‘can solve madulus equations algebraically by considering the positive argument and the negative argument separately. Nato ARGU raid Solve the inequality [5x ~ 1] > 3x me ali Pa Uy Look at the sketch to work out which values of The points of intersection are x satisfy the inequality. » — lis above ey ‘So the solution to |Sx - 1] > 3x is y= 3xwhen x>5 or x <5. You could write the a itenied ssuon net ntatonas ferx>3}ufx:e<3} BoE 2 S24) EE werreranon 1 Write down the values of: af] bboz eb-m aff] e ao oxal fe 2- 3x71 2 f(a) =|7— Sa] +3. Write down the values of: afl) b £10) © f-6) 3. a(x) =[x?— 8x}, Write down the values of: a (4) b g(-5) © 88) 4° Sketch the graph of each of the following. In each case, write down the coordinates of any points at which the graph meets the coordinate axes, al by=Rxt3 eps ldy-7) f y=lo-4xl GBD 5 - lis renection of y= x1 bh y=-By-1) inthex-axis, Pure Section 4.5 5 ax) lr 3yfand ngs) =5 a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of 3 b Hence solve the equation lr = 3 =5 6 Solve: a By-1=5 » BAe a x-3i=4 e FA=2 7 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs y = —2 and n b Solve the equation ~: a | © 8 Solve |3x- 5]= 11 =x (4 marks) 9 a Onthe same set of axes, sketch y = 6 — xl and y= 3x -5 2 bb State with a reason whether there are any solutions to the equation I6 — x1 Nato ARGU raid ©® 10 A student attempts to solve the equation [3x + 41 = x. The student writes the following working: Br t4ex (Gx +4)= 5 4=-2x 0 or Bx 4a Solutions are x = -2 and x= Explain the error made by the student. LL a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y= -13x + dl and y = 2-9 b Solve the inequality [3x + 41 < 2-9 © 12 Solve the inequality 2x + 91 < 14 — x (4 marks) ©® 13 The equation f6—xl=Fx+ khasexactly one solution. GENCE a Find the value of k (2marks) The solution must be at the vertex of b State the solution to the equation. (2 marks) eee IE fx) =n? 9x + Bl and gtx) =1-x 'NTERPRETATION Qn the same axes, sketch graphs of y= f(x) and y = g(x) Use your sketch to find all the solutions to x? + 9x + 8| = 1 ~ x €) Functions and mappings ‘A mapping transforms one set of numbers into a different set of numbers. The mapping can be described in words or through an algebraic equation. It can also be represented by a graph. = Amapping is a function if every input has a distinct output. Functions can either be one-to-one or many-to-one. er = oT i CI I I \ ‘one-to-one function ‘many-to-one function Tot a function Many mappings can be made into functions by changing the domain. Consider y = v¥ CEETEED the domain isthe se of all possible inputs for a mapping, The range isthe set of all possible outputs for the mapping. ator Pa Uy would not be a function because values of IF the domain were all of the real numbers, &, then y xless than 0 would not be mapped anywhere. However, if we restrict the domain to.x > 0, then every element in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in the range. We can write this function together with its CED vou con atso write tis function as: domain as fx) =v, x € R, x= 0. aS RG GEIR 7) EE ws For each of the following mappings: i state whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many state whether or not the mapping is a function. ‘a i Every element in set A gets mapped to 50 the ma two elements in | one-to-many. ii The mapping is not a function, b 1 Every value of x gets mapped to one value of y, 90 the mapping is one-to-one. The mapping is 2 function. © i The mapping is one-to-one. Wx =0 does not get mapped to a value of y 20 the mapping is not a function 41 Onthe graph, you can see that x and x both get mapped to the same value of y. Therefore, ths isa many-to-one mapping, —- TEED) normals he ii The mapping 6 a function, Find the range of each of the following functions: a fx) =3x—2, domain (x= 1, 2,34} b e(x)=2%, domain (re R, 5 0} b f(x) =32 +5 for the domain {x > 2} ¢ f.xe 2sinx for the domain {0 2} € (x)= e* for the domain {x > 0} f (x) = Tlogx, for the domain (xER, x> 0} 6 The following mappings f and g are defined on all the real numbers by 4ox <4 4ox,x. find expressions for the functions: a fa) b afi © ghia) a the € PO) © 3 The functions f and g are defined by: f(x) =3x-2,xER e)=,xER a Find an expression for fa(x). (2 marks) b Solve f(x) = efx. (marks) © 4 The functions p and q are defined by: 1 pix)= [ap NER, v2? Qe) =3x+4,reER, avth a Find an esrsion for gp(s) in the form (3marks) b Solve qp(x) = (B marks) Nato ARGU raid © _5 The functions f and g are defined by: Exe [dal 3y-2 2 a Find fe(6) (2 marks) b Solve fats (marks) gx ® 6 Grentey= ty vet a Prove that £%(x) = eh b Find an expression for f(x). 7 The functions s and t are defined by s(x) =2xER t=x43,VER a Find an expression for st(x) b Find an expression for ts() © _ 8 Given f(x) =e* and g(x) = 4 Inx, find in its simplest form: a gfx) (2 marks) b faa) (marks) PY The functions p and q are defined by pve In(x+ 3), rE Rx >-3 qxHe’-LxeR GED Tre range of p willbe the set of possible inputs forq in the function gp. a Find qp(s) and state its range. Gmarks) b Find the value of 4p). (1 mark) € Solve qp(x) = 124 GB marks) GP) 10 The function tis defined by: taxed ~ 2x Solve the equation P(x) = (4())? = 0 (marks) cen You need to work out the intermediate steps for this problem yourself, so plan your answer before you start. You could start by finding an expression for tt(v), © 11 The function g has domain -5 = x < 14 and is linear from (5, -8) to (0, 12) and from (0, 12) to (14,5). ‘A sketch of the graph of y = g(x) is shown in the diagram, a Write down the range of g. (1 mark) b Find gg(0). (marks) ‘The function h is defined by h: x © Find gh(7). (marks) me aiid Pa Uy @ Inverse functions ‘The inverse of a function performs the opposite operation to the original function. It takes the elements in the range of the original function and maps them back into elements of the domain of the original function. For this reason, inverse functions exist only for one-to-one functions, Functions f(x) and F(x) are inverses of each other, FF(x) = Pla) = = The graphs of y= f(x) and y = (x) are reflections of each other in the line y =x ™ The domain of f(x) is the range of F(x) = The range of f(x) is the domain of F(x) Find the inverse of the function h(x) = 2x? - 7, x> 0 ly is written as F(a) square oot Range of hls is Wx) 8 ~7, so domain of Wie) -7 sa7 EO) ED ews: Find the inverse of the function f(x) Let y= fix) Range of fx) is f(x) # 0, 0 domain of Fx) is x20 Therefore fay Nato ARGU raid ‘The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = V¥=2, x ER, x > 2 a State the range of f(x). b Find the function f(x) and state its domain and range, © Sketch y = f(x) and y = fx) and the line y = x tee +0 —~ eee b yave-2 yeax-2 Wwae+e ‘The function f(x) is defined by f(x) = 17 a Find (x). b Sketch y 3.xER,x=0 '(x) and state its domain, Solve the equation f(x) = f(x) Crs The domain of F(x) Is x € Rx > ~3. I PMN aiid Pa Uy © When f(x) tues Kx) =x {y= flx) and y = FQ9 intersect on the line » = x. This means that the solution to flx) = Fx) isthe same as the solution to f(x) =x EXD ws 1 For each of the following functions f(x) i state the range of fx) fi determine the equation of the inverse function f(x) iii state the domain and range of f-'(x) iv sketch the graphs of y= f(x) and y I(x) on the same set of axes. a fixe vt reR bre iven ¢ fxed-3yxeR dfixev—1xeR 2. Find the inverse of each function: self-inverse. A function is selF-inverse FFAG) = f(a). In this case f(x) © 3 Explain why the function g: x 4 = x,.x € RB, x > 0, is not identical to its inverse. 4 For each of the following functions g(x) with a restricted domain: {state the range of g(x) determine the equation of the inverse function g-!(x) ili state the domain and range of ¢-1(x) iv sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and y = g-"(x) on the same set of axes, a ea) =4.xeR x23 b g@)=2v-LreR.x=0 c a= SjxeRx>2 d g(x)=\e=3,xER, x27 © giy)=s+2.xERx>2 f ox)=x8- 8 VER a? © 5 The function t(x) is defined by GED Fits complete the square for the function to. wo -6x+5,xER, x25 Find t-!(x), (S marks) ©) 6 The function m(x) is defined by m(x) 4x 49,..€R,.x> a, for some constant a a State the least value of a for which m!(x) exists. (4 marks) b Determine the equation of m“!(x). (3 marks) Nato ARGU raid € State the domain of m-'(x). 7 The function h(x) is defined by h(x a What happens to the function asx approaches 2? b Find bY), Find h-1(x), stating clearly its domain. Find the elements of the domain that get mapped to themselves by the function, 8 The functions m and n are defined by: mixe2v+3,xER mx a Find nm(x). b- What can you say about the functions m and n? ©® _ 9 The functions s and tare defined by: soe Boxed Bex t= x40 ‘Show that the functions are inverses of each other. KERN 4 a State the range of £ b Find f™, the inverse function of f, stating its domain, © On the same axes, sketch the curves with equation y = f(x) and y = F(x), giving the coordinates of all the points where the curves cross the axes. 4 Find g", the inverse funetion of g, stating its domain. € Solve the equation g“'(x) = 11, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. ®) 12 The function f is defined by: Met?) 2 fee ayycap ya 4 a Show that five y>4 ws b Find the range of f. € Find f(x), State the domain of this inverse function. (mark) (4 marks) (4 marks) (1 mark) (Bmarks) (4marks) (3 marks) (3marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (4marks) Pd PM aie Pa Uy © v= feo) and y = fx) ™ To sketch the graph of y = |f(x)|: + sketch the graph of y = f(x) + reflect any parts where f(x) <0 (parts below the x-axis) in the x-axis + delete the parts below the x-axis. To sketch the graph of y= f(lxl): + sketch the graph of y= f(x) for. 0 + reflect this in the y-axis. saree f(x) =.°- 3x10 a Sketch the graph of y = f(x) b Sketch the graph of y = |f{(x)] ¢ Sketch the graph of y = filx)) b y= [too] = Nato ARGU raid © y=illxl= Lx]? -3]x| — 10 a(x) = sin.x, ~360° = x= 360° a Sketch the graph of y= g(x) b Sketch the graph of y= |g(x)] € Sketch the graph of y = g({x)) ~360 180" 30 CHAPTER 2 Pa Uy fl Gann ‘The diagram shows the graph of y = h(x), with five points labelled. Sketch each of the following graphs, labelling the points corresponding to 4, B, C, D and E, and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. a y= [bo b y=hix) £65) EXED reer 1 f(x) = x2 -7x-8 a Sketch the graph of = f(x) b Sketch the graph of y= [f(x)] € Sketch the graph of y = filxi) 2 Bx cos.x, -360° = x < 360° a Sketch the graph of y= g(x) b Sketch the graph of y= [g(x)] © Sketch the graph of y= g(\x!) 3 hz xes (x - Ix 2)(x + 3) a Sketch the graph of y= h(x) b Sketch the graph of y = |h(x)| © Sketch the graph of y= h({xi) Nato ARGU raid ®4 ®5 ‘The function k is defined by k(x) = a Sketch the graph of y= k(x) a>0,xER,x#0 b_ Explain why it is not necessary to sketch y = |k(x)| and y = k(lx)) ‘The function m is defined by m(x) = © Sketch the graph of y= m(x) 4 State with a reason whether the following statements are true or false: E[k(O|= [moo] i K(x) = mlx) it m(x) = m(lxip a<0,xER, x40 ‘The diagram shows the graph of y = p(x) with five points labelled. Sketch each of the following graphs, labelling the points, corresponding to 4, B, C, D and E, and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. a y=[poo] GB marks) b y=plls)) (3 marks) The diagram shows the graph of y = q(x) with seven points labelled. Sketch each of the following graphs, labelling the points corresponding to 4, B, C, D, E, Fand G, and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. a y=lqo) (4 marks) b y=all) G marks) 8 mo) a Sketch the graph of y= k(x) b Sketch the graph of y= [k(x)] © Sketch the graph of y= k({x)) La<0.x40 a Sketch the graph of y= m(x) b Describe the relationship between y= [m(x)| and y= m(|x) 9 f(x) = 2° and g(x) = 2 a Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y= g(x) on the same axes. b Explain why it is not necessary to sketch y = [f(x)| and y= [ax)| ¢ Sketch the graphs of y= filxi) and y = g({x)) on the same axes, Pa ated Pa Uy B®) 10 The function f(x) is defined by: Eo tafe S-Seres Paar (+P -1sxs2 does not have to be continuous. a Sketch f(x), stating its range (S marks) Work out the value of both b Sketch the graph of » = [fx)] (marks) expressions when x= =1 10 © Sketch the graph of y= f(s) (Gmarks) Inte you with Your Sitch XD combining transforma You can use combinations of the following transformations of a function to sketch graphs of more complicated transformations. Tr ns = f(x +a) isa translation by the vector (“{') flax) isa horizontal stretch of scale factor 3 = f(x) +a atranslation by the vector (9) a(x) isa vertical stretch of scale factor a © fix) reflects f(x) in the y-axis CEES) You can think of f(-2) and —fi) as stretches f(x) reflects f(x) in the x-axis with cale factor-I, « Pure 1Seetons 45,46 ‘The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of y = f(x), The curve passes through the origin O, the point, AQ, =1) and the point BO, 4) Sketch the graphs of: a y= 2Mx)-1 b yaflx+2)42 © y=} N20) a y=-fer-1) In each case, find the coordinates of the images of the points O, A and B. a y= di) -1 Cn The images of O, A and B are (0, ~1), (2, ~3) and (6, 7) respe tively Nato ARGU raid The images of O, A and B are (-2, 2), (0, 1) and (4, 6) respectively. The images of O, A and B are (0, 0), (1, -0.25) and (3, 1) respectively, fix 1) The images of O, A and B are (1, 0}, (3, 1) and (7, ~4) respe Ra ied ae Seeley Cexerise @) see 1 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = f(x). ‘The curve passes through the origin O, the point A(-2, -2) and the point BG, 4). On separate axes, sketch the graphs of b y=flv-2)-5 d y= -f2x) € y= |KO) f y=|f-x)] In each case, find the coordinates of the images of the points O, A and B. 2 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = fx), ‘The curve has a maximum at the point A(-1, 4) and ‘crosses the axes at the points (0, 3) and (~2, 0). On separate axes, sketch the graphs of For each graph, find, where possible, the coordinates of the maximum or minimum and the coordinates of the intersection points with the axes, 3 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y= ft) ‘The lines x = 2 and y = 0 (the x-axis) are asymptotes to the curve, On separate axes, sketch the graphs of: fx) = 1 b ysfe+2+4 (2x) d y= fix) For each part, state the equations of the asymptotes and the new coordinates of the point © 4 The function g is defined by g: x (x -9,xER a Draw a sketch of the graph of » = g(x), labelling the turning points and the x- and y-intercepts, (3 marks) b Write down the coordinates of the turning point when the curve is transformed as follows: i 2gor-4) (2 marks) fi 2x) (2marks) iii |g) (2 marks) © Sketch the curve with equation » = g(x)). On your sketch, show the coordinates of all turning points and all x- and y-intercepts (4marks) Nato ARGU raid in x, 5 hx) 180° < x < 180" a Sketch the graph of y = (x) b Write down the coordinates of the minimum, A, and the maximum, B Sketch the graphs of : i h(x 909) +1 ii as) zhi In each case, find the coordinates of the images of the points O, A and B, with O being the origi 2.7) Solving modulus problems You can use combinations of transformations together with [f(x)| and f(jx|) and an understanding of domain and range to solve problems. Given the function t(x) = 3}x- Il = 2,x ER: a sketch the graph of the function state the range of the function +3 © solve the equation t(x es Use transformations to sketch the graph of y=3|x—1)-2 De aiied Pa Uy b The range of the function t(x) is y ER, yee Nato ARGU raid Example ‘The function fis defined by f: x ++ 6 ~ 2Lv+ 31 ‘A sketch of the graph of the function is shown in the diagram. a State the range of f. b Give a reason why € Solve the inequality f(x) > does not exist, fa The range of f(x) is f(x) b fia)is Therefore, F does not exist fe fly) =5 at the polnts A ard B iany-to-one function. BAA cures 5] Only one-to-one functions have inverses. oO At AG = 2x4 3)= 2 +3) x+3 Ab BiG ~ (20+ 3) 200+ 3) The solution to the inequality f(x) > 5 is Zex<-3 2 2 Cal aid ae Seeley CEEN END wore ©® | Foreach function: i skoteh the graph of y = fx) ii state the range of the function, Cine ) For part b, transform the graph of y= |x| by: a fixe 4by-3,xeR + a tranlton by vector (72) 1 + a vertical stretch with scale factor 3 + a tranlaton by vector (®.) 2 Given that p(x) = jr +4|- 5.x eR: a sketch the graph of y= p(x) b shade the region of the graph that satisfies y > p(x) 3 Given that q(x) = -3)a] + 6,7 R: a sketch the graph of y= q(x) b shade the region of the graph that satisfies » < q(x) 4 The function f is defined as: Exe diet 6l+1veR a Sketch the graph of y= f(x) b State the range of the function. € Solve the equation f(x) 5, 5. Given that g(x) = —5)y- 2] +7, xe R: a sketch the graph of y= a(x) b state the range of the function © solve the equation g(x) = +1 6 The functions m and n are defined as: m(x)=-2v +k, xER Geary n(x) = 3-4] +6, ER ‘m(x) = n(x) has no real roots’ means that Hiereieenocenies = m(s) and y= nx) do not intersect. ‘The equation m(x) = n(x) has no real roots. Find the range of possible values for the constant k (4marks) Nato ARGU raid @® 7 ‘The functions s and t are defined as: sx) =-10= x, ER U(x) = xt H|-8, x ER where b is a constant. The equation s(x) = (x) has exactly one real root. Find the value of b. (4marks) The function h is defined by: ey = he -7,xER The diagram shows a sketch of the graph y = h(x) a State the range of h. (1 mark) b Give a reason why h-! does not exist. (L mark) € Solve the inequality h(x) < -6 (Amarks) State the range of values of k for which the equation h(x) = $+ has no solutions, (4 marks) The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph y =h(), where h(x) =a —2hv+ 3h. ER The graph crosses the y-axis at (0,4) a Find the value of « marks) b Find the coordinates of P and Q. marks) € Solve h(x) = ix+6 (Smarks) The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph y= m(x), where m(x) =~] + 3]+7,.reR a State the range of m. (mark) 3 b Solve the equation m(x) © Given that m(x) = &, where k is a constant, has two distinct roots, state the set of possible values for k (4.marks) Sx 42 (4 marks) (r= his) me asi ea ee WRU} Challenge [EST 1 The functions f and g are defined by: Geary f(x) =2[x— 4-8, x ER gh) =x-9,.xER The diagram shows a sketch of the graphs of y= f(x) and y = g(x) a Find the coordinates of the points 4 and B. b Find the area of the region R. 2. The functions f and g are defined as: fi) 3|+10.xER glx) =2\y-3]+2.0ER ‘Show that the area of the shaded region is. & rear (2) 1 a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y= 2 — x and y b Hence, or otherwise, find the values of x for which 2 ~ lv +1] = 2+] 2 The equation [2x ~ 11] =} + k has exactly two distinet solutions Find the range of possible values of k (Amarks) dees G@) 3 Solve [5x 7 4 a On the same set of axes, sketch y = [12 - 5x] and y =-2x +3 (3 marks) b State, with a reason, whether there are any solutions to the equation [12-Sxj=-2043 (2 marks) marks) Nato ARGU raid 5 For each of the following mappings i state whether the mapping is one-to-one, many-to-one or one-to-many ii state whether or not the mapping could represent a funetion. Pe 4 Gp 7 e y f ‘The function f(x) is defined by: fix) = { x-2 x>1 a Sketch the graph of f(x) for -2 = x <6 b Find the values of x for which f(x) = ‘The functions p and q are defined by: Piveee43N-4,0ER axe irtLxeR a Find an expression for pq(x). b Solve pq(x) = aa(x) ‘The function g(x) is defined as g(x w+ TVR, =O a Sketch y= g(x), and find the range. b Determine © Sketch y = g-'(x) on the same axes as y = g(x), stating the relationship between, e7l(x), stating its range. the two graphs. ‘The function f is defined by: ten 2tt® vemro a Find f'(x). b Find: i the range of f(x) ii the domain of f-4(x) (4marks) (Gmarks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3marks) Gmarks) (2 marks) (4 marks) (2marks) A me asi) Pa Uy 10 The functions f and g are given by: x 1 bia oxel + XERX?L sxe 2 veRx>0 1 a Show that ©) = ——aeH (3 marks) b Find the range of f(x). (mark) © Solve ffx) = 70 (4marks) © 11 The following functions f(x), g(x) and h(x) are defined by: f(x) = 4x 2), KER, x 0 sQ)=+ LXER hy =3rER a Find £(7), (3) and h(~2), b Find the range of f(x) and the range of g(x). © Find g(x) Find the composite function f(x). © Solve gh(a) = 244 GP) 12. The function f(x) is defined by f:x + x2 + 6x — 4, x ER, x> a, for some constant a. a State the least value of a for which f-! exists, (A marks) b Given that a = 0, find f-', stating its domain. (marks) @®) 13 The functions f and gare given by: fix 4 4x= 1.x ER 1 gg reRwes Find in its simplest form athe inverse function f-! (2 marks) b the composite function gf, stating its domain (marks) € the values of x for which 21x) = (x), giving your answers to 3 decimal places. (4 marks) © 14 The functions f and gare given by fixe 5 xeR,x#2 exe ZveR, x20 a Find an expression for f(x) (2 marks) b Write down the range of f=1(x) (mark) © Calculate gf(1.5) (2 marks) Use algebra to find the values of x for which g(x) = fx) +4 (marks) 15, The function n(x) is defined by: S-x, x <0 ey me a Find n(-3) and a(3). b Solve the equation n(x) = 50 Nato ARGU raid 16 ®uv g(x) = tan x, 180° 0, showing the coordinates of the points where the graph meets the coordinate axes. (3 marks) b On the same axes, sketch the graph of y=+. (2 marks) ¢ Explain how your graphs show that there is omly one solution of the equation sPx+al-1=0 marks) Find, using algebra, the value of x for which x/2x+a|— 1=0. (Smarks) rc Cre aiid Pa Uy 22. The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y f{x)= 8 = Te 4 Sinx 48, x>0 The points 4 and Bare the stationary points of the curve. Using calculus and showing your working, find the coordinates of the points 4 and B. (4 marks) b Sketch the curve with equation y = ~3f(x— 2) (3 marks) € Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the curve with equation y = ~3f(x - 2), State, without proof, which point is a maximum and which point (x), where isa minimum, 3 marks) 23. The function f has domain 5 < x <7 and is linear from , a9) (5, 6) to (-3, 2) and from (-3, -2) to (7, 18). ‘i The diagram shows a sketch of the function. a Write down the range of f (mark) 3,6) b Find -3) @ marks) © Sketch the graph of y= f(«)], marking the points at -————* which the graph meets or cuts the axes. (3 marks) Cy ‘The function g is defined by gs x++ x°— 7+ 10 Solve the equation fy(x) = 2 GB marks) ©® 2% The function p is defined by: y pve 2+ 4] +10 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph. a State the range of p. (1 mark) b Give a reason why p~! does not exist. (1 mark) © Solve the inequality p(x) > —4 (4marks) 4. State the range of values of k for which the equation poy= -}: + ichas no solutions, (4 marks) Challenge EEE a sketch, ona single diagram, the graphs of y = Creamy constant and a> 1 at x?and br al, where aris b Write down the coordinates of the points where the graph of y = a? — x? cuts the coordinate axes. Given that the two graphs intersect at x = 4, calculate the value of a. Nato ARGU raid i eer ou 10 Fry 12 13 14 15 16 A modulus function is, in general, a function of the type » © When f(x) > 0, [f(x)] = fl) © When f(x) <0, |f{x)] = =F) To sketch the graph of y = |ax + bj, sketch y = ax + hand then reflect the section of the graph below the x-axis in the x-axis, Amapping is a function if every input has =~. YY a distinct output. Functions can either be if By a one-to-one or many-to-¢ ER JA many-to-one. ‘one-to-one —-—many-to-one nota function f(x) means apply g first, then apply f ced) oe falx) = feo) e £ fe Functions f(x) and f(x) are inverses of each other. f(x) =. and f(x) =x The graphs of y= f(x) and y= f-"(x) are reflections of each other in the line y = x The domain of f(x) is the range of f-4(x). The range of f(x) is the domain of f(x). To sketch the graph of y = |flx)f: ‘© sketch the graph of y =flx) © ‘reflect any parts where f(x) < 0 (parts below the x-axis) in the x-axis ‘© delete the parts below the x-axis, To sketch the graph of y= filx)}: ‘© sketch the graph of y = f(x) for x > 0 © reflect this in the y-axis c+ 4) isa horizontal translation by ~ pages 47-49 “> pages 49-53 Simplify expressions, prove simple identities and solve equations involving secant, cosecant and cotangent Prove and use sec?.x = 1 + tan? x and cosec? x © Understand and use inverse tr their domain and ranges > pages 53-57 L+cot?x + pages 57-61 nometric functions and > pages 62-65 r knowledge check Sketch the graph of y = sin. for -180° = x = 180°. Use your sketch to solve, for the given interval, the equations: a sinx=08 2 Prove that —_t____1 sinxcos.x tanx an x Ye + Pure2 Section 6.3 Trigonometric functions can be used to model oscillations and resonance in bridges. You will use the functions in this chapter together with differentiation and integration in chapters 6 and 7. Find all the solutions in the to the equation 3 sin?(2x) = aterval 0

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