CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Online Booking system is a web based application (application that run on internet.)
that allow the customer to book for goods and services via internet. It is a branch of e-
Commerce, since it handles transaction on the internet.
Electronic commerce is defined as the buying and selling of goods and services via
wireless device and data connection. It is also an electronic commerce that allows users
to interact with other users and businesses at any given time and place. Electronic
commerce is conducted mainly through desktop computers.
Online ticket booking from the above definition of electronic commerce can be defined
as the buying and selling of ticket via the internet with the use of electronic device e.g.
laptops, desktops, palm tops e.t.c. electronic ticketing is simply the combination of
purchasing tickets and issuing the tickets. The introduction of electronic ticketing in
Nigeria has heralded a new dimension in the transportation system to the public and
network. Customers can now book for their tickets from their various offices or even
homes.
One astonishing fact about the Internet is that it is available 24 hours and the
transportation website is on the net which is available to people all the time.
Many companies and individuals have benefited from this innovation and the
transportation world is not left out of this great innovation they know that with the
Internet they are readily available to their customers.
With electronic ticketing, customers don’t face the stress in the transport office or
terminals for booking of tickets and they can still transact with their bookings online right
in their houses, offices or anywhere.
This innovation will save transportation companies from employing more workers and
most importantly they can serve their customers with good service and comfort.
You can now know the arrival time, departure time of your bus in your house, have your
mini statement of payments printed out, from anywhere and anytime. A customer also
has the edge of not having worry about losing tickets or forgetting to bring tickets to the

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bus park. The issue of lost tickets in mails or stuck in a bag and also the issue of ticket
theft is not to be worried about because everything would be in an inaccessible database,
also if there is an attempt to change anything, it is possible to do so easily and
immediately by phone or over the internet.
A passenger reservation of seat in a bus is stored in the transportation company’s
database, therefore when a passenger arrives at the bus park terminal he/she only needs to
provide a valid form of identification such as passport, school identity card or drivers’
license in order to receive the boarding pass.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
(1) The stress in booking for ticket
(2) The cost of printing and delivery of paper tickets
(3) Delay in attending to customers
(4) Inadequate records keeping

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The problems are worth solving because, the stress experienced when booking for
ticket is highly reduced, paper usage is reduced, the new system is highly efficient and
effective. It also provide accurate record storage and retrieval.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aim of this project is to design an Online Web-Base Transportation Information
system for cross country transportation.
The objective of this project is to develop an application using PHP and MySQL
which will:
(1) Create a database for CROSS COUNTRY LTD. Transport Company.
(2) Create a portal for booking tickets online
(3) Create a portal that will enable customers check information on the schedule of
the transport system.
(4) Create a portal that would enable customer news involving the transport system.

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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project is limited to design and implementation of Online Web-Base
Transportation Information and it is capable of handling some operation like:
 Effective customer record keeping

 Regular update of information

 Easy retrieval of passengers’ record

 Online ticket booking

1.6 METHODOLOGY
This system will be implemented using PHP programming language coupled with
MySQL which serve as the database which stores, updates, validates and keeps
information about the transaction performed, when it is done and how it is performed.
The validation is done on the server side with the help of PHP programming language.
This application will allow customers to book for tickets online, check information about
departure and arrival time. etc

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Transport: means a system for carrying people or goods from one place to other using
vehicles. Roads. Etc.
2. Company: means a business organization that makes money by producing or selling
goods or services.
3. Information: means facts or details about somebody / something.
4. Ticket: means a printed piece of papers that gives you the right to travel on a particular
bus, train etc or to go into a theatre.
5. System: means an organized set of ideas or theories on a particular way of doing
something.

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6. Bus: means a large read vehicle that carries passenger, especially one that travels along
a fixed route and stops regularly to let people.
7. Traveling: means going from one place to place. People who has no fixed home,
especially those living in a community that moves from one place to another.
8. Customers: means a person or an organization that buys something from a shop/store
or business.
9. Electronics: means the use of electronic technology, especially in developing new
equipment.
10. Commerce: means trade, especially between countries: the buying and selling of
goods and services.
11. Passenger: means a person who is traveling in a car, bus, train, plane or ship and who
is not driving it or working on it.
12. Online: Simply means the condition of being connected to a network of computers or
other devices.
13. Booking: simply means an act of reserving accommodations, travel, and buying a
ticket in advance.
14. Commerce: simply means trading between countries i,e buying and selling goods
and services from one country to another.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides background information regarding the application domain of
the project, which includes details of previous research on the area, application or
platform have been considered for the use in the implementation of the project and
existing application which attempt to provide a solution to the same or similar problem.
In order to establish a conceptual and architectural review of e-ticketing system,
we must first consider transporting service possible through e-ticketing. Classifying and
categorizing these services help in identifying technologies responsible for their
operations. Some of these categories will be discussed later.
Given the success of recent electronic ticketing deployment worldwide , it is
evident that customer has a strong ‘appetite’ for being able to interact with their favored
transportation company via the internet. A number of transportation companies have
introduced specific electronic ticketing services and the ability to book tickets online is
emerged as a common offering.
The following factors are contextually pertinent to electronic ticketing and the
internet as a
Channel for customer to interact with the transportation company
(1) Online transaction- creates convenience for customers, around the globe this is
evidenced by the rapid adoption of online bill payments, mobile banking, and
electronic procurement. Etc.
(2) For many customers, convenience is the ability to save time, in terms of
electronic ticketing transactions and services will be of important part of how
they access value in their relationship with the transportation company.
(3) Deployment of electronic ticketing service quickly and effectively will enable a
transportation company to improve the acquisition (points of differentiation) and
retention (stickiness) of customers.

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 (4) The application of electronic ticketing will generate revenue for the transportation
company, since large amount of customer can book tickets online at anytime and
any place. Also the cost of printing coupons/paper tickets will be erased.

2.2 E-COMMERCE
E-commerce is one of the most important facets of the internet to have emerged in
the recent times. E-commerce involves carrying out business over the internet with the
assistance of computers, which are linked to each other forming a network. To be
specific, electronic commerce would be buying and selling of goods and services and
transfer of funds through digital communications
2.2.1 BENEFIT OF E-COMMERCE

 E-commerce allows people to carry out businesses without the barriers of time or
distance. One can log on to the Internet at any point of time, be it day or night and
purchase or sell anything one desires at a single click of the mouse.
 The direct cost-of-sale for an order taken from a web site is lower than through
traditional means (retail, paper based), as there is no human interaction during the
on-line electronic purchase order process. Also, electronic selling virtually eliminates
processing errors, as well as being faster and more convenient for the visitor.
 Ecommerce is ideal for niche products. Customers for such products are usually few.
But in the vast market place i.e. the Internet, even niche products could generate
viable volumes.
 Another important benefit of Ecommerce is that it is the cheapest means of doing
business.
 The day-to-day pressures of the marketplace have played their part in reducing the
opportunities for companies to invest in improving their competitive position. A
mature market, increased competitions have all reduced the amount of money
available to invest. If the selling price cannot be increased and the manufactured
cost cannot be decreased then the difference can be in the way the business is

6
 carried out. Ecommerce has provided the solution by decimating the costs, which
are incurred.
 From the buyer’s perspective also ecommerce offers a lot of tangible advantages.
1. Reduction in buyer’s sorting out time.
2. Better buyer decisions
3. Less time is spent in resolving invoice and order discrepancies.
4. Increased opportunities for buying alternative products.
 The strategic benefit of making a business ‘ecommerce enabled’, is that it helps
reduce the delivery time, labour cost and the cost incurred in the following areas:
1. Document preparation
2. Error detection and correction
3. Reconciliation
4. Mail preparation
5. Telephone calling
6. Data entry
7. Overtime
8. Supervision expenses
 Operational benefits of e commerce include reducing both the time and personnel
required to complete business processes, and reducing strain on other resources.
It’s because of all these advantages that one can harness the power of ecommerce
and convert a business to e-business by using powerful turnkey ecommerce
solutions made available by e-business solution providers.

2.2.2 Problems of e-commerce

E-commerce sites offer huge potential for online sales, but you can’t just throw up a
website and expect customers to flock to your product. Too many e-merchants fail to
recognize the importance of providing the best e-commerce site possible. With some

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simple (and some not-so-simple) adjustments, an e-commerce site can improve its
profitability significantly
Here are the top five problems with e-commerce websites that can make a huge
difference:
1.Wasting the customer’s time:- Time is the most important commodity in online
shopping. You want your customers to be able to find what they want and buy it as
quickly as possible. Dynamic pages with changing content may look interesting, but they
also make pages take longer to load. When customers have to wait for pages to load, they
often give up and go to a faster-moving site. Additionally, some e-commerce sites make
the mistake of wasting a customer’s time during the checkout process by requiring
registration or asking for unnecessary info. Once a customer decides to buy from your
site you should make the checkout processes as fast as possible with as few clicks as
possible. Otherwise, the customer may fail to complete the sales out of frustration.

2. Lack of compatibility with more than one browser :- While 80% of the market uses
Microsoft Internet Explorer, failing to design your e-commerce site to work with other
browsers is passing up a huge opportunity. You immediately knock out at least 20% of
your potential customer pool, maybe more. Making your website work with a variety of
browsers usually only requires a few minor tweaks, but it can make a big difference in
the amount of traffic you receive.
3. Poor overall web design:- When a website is not well organized or looks
unprofessional, many customers will immediately look elsewhere. Online shoppers have
high standards these days when it comes to how your e-commerce site looks and
functions. Your products should be easy to find and displayed nicely. Customers should
be able to search for what they want and find it. Likewise, shopping cart use should be a
streamlined process. Any hitches in the buying process from start to finish will cost you
customers.
4. Poor customer service options :- All e-commerce sites should make it easy to get
questions about products and purchases answered. Too many sites make finding contact

8
information and accessing company policies challenging for the customer. If customers
can’t find the information they need to feel comfortable about a sale, they will probably
abandon the sale. Make sure all of your merchant policies and contact information are
prominently displayed on multiple pages of your website

2.3 PAPER TICKETING

Paper ticketing are so named because the paper that contain the bus route information
and labeled as coupons in paper form. More or less paper ticketing is a primitive way of
booking tickets in most developed countries. In Nigeria paper ticket is still used in most
new transportation companies, but would be stop due to globalization and technological
development like the introduction of electronic ticketing.

2.3.1 Benefit of paper ticketing

Paper tickets is useful if the bus transport is canceled of a mechanical or another bus line
related problem opposed to faulty buses or bad weather condition, when a client buys
ticket manually using paper ticket and there is a reason for not boarding the bus, it is
easier to make a change in bus or rout than when it booked online.
Paper ticket can also be advantageous in situation that don’t involve cancellation, let’s
say that when checking the schedule to the destination and discover a more convenient or
another bus transport system with a paper ticket, it is possible to be able to switch buses
particularly if it is a domestic ticket(with-in a country). .

2.3.2 Problem of paper ticketing

A lot of people have accidentally misplaced their paper tickets, if a client should
misplaced his /her ticket, a specific fee will be charged to replace or re-book of ticket.
The stress of going to the bus terminal or office to book for ticket. It also reduces the risk
of the customer carrying bulk money for payment of ticket.

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2.4 ELECTRONIC TICKETING
Electronic ticketing can be defined as a paperless electronic documents used for
ticketing passengers/customers. Electronic ticketing has to do with booking of ticket
online through the use of the internet. E-ticketing has easier handling of itinerary changes
and last minute travelling decisions. E-ticketing also increase efficiency in revenue
accounting

2.4.1 Benefit of e-ticketing:-

- Cheaper to issue an electronic ticket; electronic ticketing is cheaper due to the reason
that money that is spent on printing paper tickets is not required in electronic ticketing.
- saves the user from risk of theft; electronic ticketing would reduce the risk of carrying
bulk cash to bus terminals and therefore the issue of theft will be minimized.
- helps the customer by saving them the stress of having to get the travel agency

2.4.2 Problem of electronic ticketing

With an electronic ticket, because you don’t have a physical ticket, you are more at the
mercy of the transport system or company you booked on, and in the case of a non-
weather related cancellation you will be put on the next available bus on the same rout,
even if it is hours later.
Also failure to obtain employee commitment and secure management commitment and
coordination could be a major problem of e-ticketing.

2.5 Review of existing e-ticketing system

The various forms of e-ticket purchase are reviewed including the information about
the structure and the impact they pose on the economy of our nation Nigeria. The lapse in
the present ticket purchasing system is also reviewed and how e-ticketing bridges the gap.

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2.5.1 CROSS COUNTRY LTD. TRANSPORT SYSTEM
The diagram show the architecture proposed of online ticket booking using Cross
Country Ltd. transportation as case study.

CROSS COUNTRY DATABASE

Figure 2.0 architecture of Cross Country Ltd. transport system.

In Cross Country transport system the customer uses an electronic device (laptops,
desktops) to book for tickets online through the internet, the user chooses the day for
departure and arrival and makes payment either through credit cards or e-transact on the
interface page .the information is sent to the companies database which then give reply
back to the customer. The website of Cross Country Ltd. transport is not attractive

11
enough to catch the eye of the user/customer, due to this may reduce the amount of
people visiting the site.

2.5.2 Delta line road transport

In delta line transport system, the use of paper ticketing is still being practiced, booking
of tickets are carried out by customer going to the bus terminal/park to make physical
payments and booking of travelling tickets. The problem of having multiple staffs,
customer waiting for a long time in order to book tickets and when there is an instance of
misplaced tickets, a specific fee will be charged to replace or re-booking of ticket.

2.6 TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN E-TICKETING SYSTEM

2.6.1 Meaning of Protocol
A protocol is a communication rules that participants must follow for communication to
occur.
Protocols do not live in isolation. Communication is a complex activity, and this activity
could be viewed as consisting of simpler and more basic acts. Protocols are rules of
communication that govern each of these basic actions, and they come as part of a family.
In data communication, the activity is defined as a sequence of simpler action and the
rules that define them are described as protocol layers.

2.6.2 The Internet

The internet often referred to as World Wide Web has it origin traced to the 1960s as a
result of research supported by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) of the
U.S Department of Defense (DOD). They required a network that could exchange data
and be sturdy and reliable in a war-like environment. The DOD initiated finding research
activities this goal. The research was carried out in a landfill of universities throughout
the country.
Today, the internet provides a new technological platform. it is more productive than a
telephone, more interactive than a television, and current than a newspaper.

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2.6.2.1 The Basic Features: The characteristics/features of the internet as a network is as
follows:

2.6.2.2 Data-Centric: The internet was designed exclusively for data communication.
Though there were no plans for voice exchange initially, due to improvement and
sophisticated technology over the years, voice is conveniently exchanged over the
internet.

2.6.2.3 Separation of Communication and Data Processing: Architecturally, the

processing task by a computer was separated from the communication task. The
computers that were limited to processing were called gateways or routers that followed
the same protocol. This concept came to be known as internet-work. Under this scheme,
most gateway computers were under the jurisdiction of the local sites.

2.6.2.4 Packet Switching: The packet switching network includes the following
features:

 The network (Internet) consists of two types of nodes, host and routers. The hosts
are the originators and the destination of the data packets. The routers are
responsible for routing the packets from the originating host to the destination host
via intermediate routers in the network.
 The routing over the Internet is a “connection-less” system; that is, no fixed
routine is maintained between hosts across networks. The routers have their own
routing tables that change according to the networks state. Each packet as it arrives
at the router is directed to another link according to the routine table in use at the
moment. Therefore, as the network state changes due to congestion or link
failures, routes followed by the packets change as well. Packets in the same
session follow different routes and arrive at the 1destination host out of sequence.

13
 The destination host has to get there packets in the right sequence before passing
then on to the application running at the host.
 The internet is a “best-effort” delivery network attempts to deliver the packets to
the destination host, but if trouble develops, such a s congestion or link failure, the
packets are discarded. It is to the host computer to recognize the communication
failure and to make corrective action. This approach allowed the network protocol
to be simple.

2.6.2.5 Connection to the internet

To connect a computer to the internet, it must connect to a router that is part of the
internet. The router is usually sponsored by a commercial company known as the Internet
Service provider (ISP) providing internet access. The internet consists of a complex set of
networks that spans the world.
These networks belong to various governmental organizations and private ISPs. The ISPs
lease line from telephone companies and microwave and satellite operators to run their
backbone circuits.

The connection between a computer and the internet obtained through the following:
1. A dial-up between a computer and an ISP. Usually, ISPs have local phone
numbers that subscribers can dial. The data traffic from these local phone numbers
arrives at local exchange carrier telephone switches and is then carried over the phone
lines to an ISP. At the other end. The ISP is connected to an Internet-backbone carrier.
The ISP usually leases high-speed digitals lines to carry traffic to an Internet backbone
carrier site.
2. A cable TV line. Data are transferred from the cable TV network to an ISP. In
turn, this traffic is sent out over a high-speed digital line, connecting it to an internet
backbone carrier site.

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3. A router belonging to an ISP and a router that is part of the customer’s network.
Data packets travel from the subscriber’s router to the ISPs router, which gets them to the
internet.

2.6.3 Internet protocol suite

The internet layering model developed independent of the OSI (Open System
Interconnection model. The internet model is known as the TCP/IP protocol suite or
transmission control protocol and internet protocol. The suite can be mapped to the OSI
model with some stretching. The figure below depicts the TCP/IP model and its
relationship to the OSI model.

2.6.4 Server platform in electronic ticketing

Implication of an e-ticketing solution can evolve in numerous fashions from an initial
pilot site to a completely integrated solution. In the simplest form. An e-ticketing website
consists of the following.
 The client with associated hardware and software capabilities (i.e.
communication software and browser)
 The internet
 The routine devices at the boundary of the enterprise
 Extra devices (security measures) that defend the perimeter against potential
backers
 The web (in most case) or/and a ticketing/booking server
 The application servers (in advanced systems) which are intended to integrate the
e-commerce function with other functions
 The back-end transactional software, such as transaction processing (TP) monitors,
which will schedule the transactions; the database management system, which will
support the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of operational data, and the data
warehouse, which support management decision support.

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2.6.5 Web Server
In a typical e-ticketing project, selecting a web server is a critical step. A web server is a
computer and associated software that is attached full time to the internet. The main
software component of the web server is the HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) server.
While it is referred to differently under various platforms, this component is present in all
products to respond to HTTP requests. A web server is usually evaluated for overall
performance and compatibility and interoperability with other components (internal and
external).
The web server is at the heart of most e-commerce platforms. It should support most of
the following attribute or functionality.
 High performance HTTP engine. Four common measurement of web server
performance are connections per second or requests per second; round trip or
response time; and errors.
 Security. With the availability of a stronger encryption technology on a worldwide
basis this item will become a prominent factor on any web server functionality list.
 Interface to the back end. The server is expected to offer integrated with the
backend applications. Among these integrated capabilities are supports for
common gateway (CGI), cross-platform interoperation for internet server
application program.
 Interface (ISAPI) and Netscape server application program interface (NSAPI)
extensions and filters, php server, open database connectivity (ODBC), SQL
Server Express, and so on.
 Publishing capability. Most users also expect authoring and publishing tools for
seamless development. While ad hoc methods can connect Web-authoring tools to
any Web server, the popular Microsoft FrontPage extension or Dream weavers,
better still, facilitates remotely updating a site.

2.6.6 Application Servers and Database Servers

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Advanced e-ticketing website solution includes additional layers elicited either by the
middleware/application server or the database server. A database management system
often acts as a buffer between the front-end processing linked by the Internet and the
back-end functionality focused on administration, accounting, and logistics.
Application server is just a recent additional architecture to e-ticketing. An application
server is designed to make it easier for developers to isolate the business logic in their
project as well as to develop multitier applications with flexible connections. The
functionalities offered by the application is quite diverse. Answering the following
questions could delimit the purchase of the application server for the e-ticketing.
 What platforms are supported by the software NT, Unix, etc
 Who makes the application server?
 What programming language interface does the application server supports? It
should support a native interface to a number of programming languages such as.

2.6.7 DEVELOPING AN E-TICKETING PLATFORM

Once the technology involved in creating an e-ticketing website is understood, the project
can start. The issue of building, buying or booking e-ticketing solution should be
addressed initial site construction and in site upgrade, as well as part of site management.
i. Factors facilitating the building of the site
 Portability of the site
 Bandwidth of the host
 Maximum number of items in the catalogue, restriction could be either technical
or monetary
 Type of servers used
 Support and backup system offered.
ii. Factors that Enhance the Image of the Vendor
 Flexibility of the site-building process
 Look and feel of the site; vendors’ template, background , images and looks

17
 Promotional capabilities
iii. Factors that expedite transactions
 Orders notification. The method used could be e-mail or faxing depending on the
merchandise.
 Administration security
 E-mail capabilities. A number of accounts are provided. Standard, forwarding, and
broadcast capabilities should be such that they would support the transactions.

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 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS
3.1 BACKGROUND THEORY OF THE CASE STUDY

Cross Country Limited is incorporated on May 2, 2001, with RC: 409063 to carry on the
business of proprietors and carriers of goods and passengers both in public conveyances  
and in private vehicles.

The company commenced operations of intercity and intracity transportations in

December 2002 with fleet of 132 vehicles.Our principal office is located at; 345
Muritala Mohammed way, Yaba - Lagos.

The company obtained its license of Practice Number 160 from the Courier Regulatory
Department in Nigeria (CRD) and has since been providing logistics support services to
several organizations in the country.

The company has gone extra distance to add value to its services to satisfy its numerous
existing and potential clients with the following initiatives:

Next Day Deliveries: They guarantee next day deliveries – their well maintained
vehicles are poised to deliver on this promise.

Efficient Services: Their team of dedicated staff is responsive to your every need. They
treat all their consignments with an uncommon diligence.

Door to Door Delivery: They are flexible enough to shoulder the responsibility as they
pick from your door step and deliver to your choice of destinations.

 3.2 OPERATION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

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This system includes:
 Manual system operations, which involves: The several paper works where each
customer
has to book for seat in the transport or book for the whole bus or car seat for some
set of peoples that need to use it for traveling.
 The booking was usually made 3 days at least a day before such reservation can be
granted.

3.3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The system analysis involves the input to the system output from the system and the
processing task.

3.3.1 OUTPUT FROM THE SYSTEM

The output from the system was only the receipt of payment the receipt will be
issue after the customer has boo ked or pay for the transport or buses that want to be
used for traveling and the sample is below;

CROSS COUNTRY LIMITED

345 Muritala Mohammed way, Yaba - Lagos.
Customer Name: Adeoye seun
Sex: Male
Address: No 5, Akande street, sango, Ibadan
Phone No: 08033251827
Date: 12/10/2012
Destination: From Ibadan to Lagos
Amount paid 5000
dejay T.J
Customer Sign Cashier Sign
3.3.2 INPUT TO THE SYSTEM

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The input to the system are has below;
1.The customer information
2. The transport information
3.The amount of transport

3.3.3 THE PROCESSING TASK.

The processing involves are;
1.Customer visiting the company to inform the company about the time of traveling
2.Customer confirming and knowing the amount of the transport
3.Customer booking for transport
4.Customer paid the said amount to the company
5.A receipt is being issued out as a result of successful booking

3.4 THE PROBLEM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

1. Manual operation of existing system which results to consumption of customer’s
time and human effort.
2. The existing system has no structured database.
3. Due to the manual way of operating, files of the existing system can be misplaced
or lost.
4. There is no central control of the existing system.
5. The Cross Country Transport is being restricted to only where the branch, that is
not known worldwide.

3.5 SOLUTION TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM.

The solution suggested solving the problems method above are:
1. Online booking system
2. Creation of a structured database that will store customer information for future
purpose.
Advantages

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1. It provides means by which customer can book for ticket.
2. It lessens stress
3. Customer can make enquiries by logging in to the company’ website while
at their home (s)

22
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN
The web base booking system is a web based system designed for Cross Country Limited

for issuing of ticketing for their passengers. This involves creating process to translation

requirement and constraint into information system.

In system design, system is well planned and structured for effective system. Also, the

content of the involved and its layout are outlined and designed.

System design produce a detail web based design and specification for the new system.

These specification include the input specification which shows the detail of information

needed for processing in the subsequent process and output specification which show the

detailed of information require from the processing.

The system design phase entails the specification of the new or proposed system or

technical content, while the output will be the design specification. It is necessary to note

the require output has to be designed and agreed upon before the input will be designed.

4.1 OUTPUT DESIGN

The output design produces the result that would be generated from the system, which

would be tendered before the use of the all booked online, summary of output result that

will be generated by the online system include:

 Registered Customer

 E-Ticket

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a. REPORT TO BE GENERATED: Registered Customers

b. SCREEN FORM OF REPORTS

c. FILE USED TO PRODUCE REPORT

Name of Table: tblcustomer.mdb

Storage Media: Hard disk

Record Length: 90bytes

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a. Report to be generated: E-Ticket
b. SCREEN FORM FOR BOOKING REPORT

c. FILE USED TO PRODUCE REPORT

Name of Table: tblticket.mdb

Storage Media: Hard disk
Record Length: 90bytes

4.2 INPUT DESIGN

The input design allows/provide the data or information needed to be entered into the
system in order for the customer or guest to register the payment and perform the
booking. The input design serves as a pre-requisite to the input design.
4.2.1 BOOKING
a. Input Item Required for Booking
Surname
Othername
Bank Name
Account Number
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 Depositor
Bank Branch
Payment's date
Teller Number
Amount Paid
Confirmation Order
b. DATA CAPTURE OF INPUT OF BOOKING

c. FILE USED TO RETAIN INPUT: tblbooking

a. Input Item Required for Customer

Surname
Othername
Address
Phone No

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 Service
Departed
Place
Destination

b. DATA CAPTURE OF INPUT OF CUSTOMER

c. FILE USED TO RETAIN INPUT: tblcustomer

4.3 PROCESS DESIGN

This stage comprises three steps that is inputting of data, process of data and
outputting of processed data inform of reports. Data to be processed by the computer has
to be fed into the computer in a form, which will be readable and acceptable, by the
system.
This process is called data preparation

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a. LIST OF PROGRAMMING ACTIVITIES NECESSARY
The list is as follows:
 Home page for linking to other web pages
 The services page contains the details about various services rendered by the
organization
 Registration of the payment online
 Contact address of the company
 Reports: Which is the out produced by the system, in which in this project there are
three reports which is already list above.

b. IDENTIFIED PROGRAM MODULES

The new system is made up of different modules. These modules work like sub row that
is coordinated under one main program. Basically, in the design of this new proposed
system, as can be seen in the flowchart for the program.
These are:
I. Home Module
II. Our Services
III. About Us
IV. Booking
V. Contact Us

c. VISUAL TABLE OF CONTENT (VTOC)

Cross Country

HOME

HOME 28
Our Services About Us Admin Contact Us
Transport Courier Service Car Rental
Payment report Registered Customers

Hotel reservation

4.4 STORAGE DESIGN

These are the devices used to store the table created in the database of MySQL used and
the description are as below;
a. DESCRIPTION OF DATABASE USED
The database used for the website is MySQL used for the creation of tables in the
database design.
b. DESCRIPTION OF FILES USED
The files used for the storage are two files that contain two tables which was created for
the storage of the customer registration and payment
c. RECORD STRUCTURE OF ALL FILES.
Each file is structure in such a way that will be able to accept more data to be inputted,
and be able to print out any information stored into the database.
RECORD STRUCTURE FOR BOOKING
Field Name Data Type Field Length
Surname Text 50
Othername Text 50
Bank Name Text 50
Account Number Integer 50
Depositor Text 50
Bank Branch Text 50

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 Payment's date Date/Time 30
Teller Number Integer 20
Amount Paid Integer 20
Confirmation Order Text 20
Total 390byets

RECORD STRUCTURE FOR CUSTOMER

Field Name Data Type Field Length
Surname Text 50
Othername Text 50
Address Text 50
Phone No Integer 20
Service Text 50
Departed Text 50
Place Text 50
Destination Text 50
Total 370bytes

4.5 DESIGN SUMMARY

a. SYSTEM FLOWCHART
This is the graphical representation that shows the processing procedure designed.

START

Display Homepage

Menus
1. Ticket Booking
2. Our Services
3. Print Ticket
4. Admin
5. About Us
6. Contact Us
7. Exit

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 If option=1? Yes Do Booking of ticket

No
If option=2? Yes Do Our Service

No

If option=3? Yes Do Print Ticket

No

If option=4? Yes Do admin

No
Yes
If option=5? Do about us

No
If option=6? Yes Do contact us

No
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
If option=7? No

Report 1
Yes

STOP OUTPUT (HIPO) CHART

b. HIERARCHY INPUT-PROCESS
It is a tool for program design and documentation. It consists of the visual table of
content, an overview and a detailed diagram for each of the modules.

INPUT PROCESSING
OUTPUT Report 2

CUSTOMER
INFROMATION CHECK SERVICES CUSTOMER
REGISTERED
REPORT AND
PAYMENT
REPORT

Data Collection
REGISTRATION

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 BOOKING TICKET

Keyboard

BOOKING OF
TRANSPORT

CHAPTER FIVE

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

The objectives of system development are to produce a system with the following
qualities:
i. Which is a working, reliable system within bounds specified by the business?
ii. Which will do what the user requires i.e. what is required to meet hall booking
objectives and the customers
iii. The system, which the price can be, justified, which are expected to accrue from the
new system, must be offset against the cost of developing and implementation of the
system.
Implementation is the process whereby a new online system to replace the manual system
of transport booking system in the Cross Country Ltd. would be implemented. Therefore,
a full information and meaning of every aspect of the new system.

5.1 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY

5.1.1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE USED

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The programming language used for the database system is SQL(Structural Query
Language) Software for creation of website including web forms is Dreamweaver, this is
used because:
1. It has the graphic user interface that is attractive
2. Its flexibility will allow for modification for further expansion.
3. Its IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is easy to use.
4. It is one of the suitable software for the creation of website.

5.1.2 ENVIRONMENT USED FOR DEVELOPMENT

The environment used in the development of the website is Dreamweaver environment
with PHP environment. The environment entails Graphic picture to make more of the
main menu more attractive

5.1.3 SOURCE CODE

This entails the codes used in the development of the website and the codes used in
storing the table created. The source code was shown in Appendix B.

5.1 PROGRAM TESTING

The aspect of program tested in this project work is:
 Error free of the inputs for production of output
 Ability to store
 Ability to easy access of web pages
 Easy Online customer transport booking of seat and online booking of buses

5.2.1 CODING PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

Some problems were encountered during the coding of this program. The problems are
identified below:
1. Syntax Error: it occurs in a situation that I declared something to the integer and
later in the running aspect inputted text like names.

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2. Parse Error: This usually occur when some of the rules that govern the declaration
of variable is go against or violated.
3. Over flow Error: This error usually associated with wrong variable declearation.

5.2.2 USE OF SAMPLE DATA

The sample data are created for easy inputting of customer details to the order and easy
viewing of the web Pages.
Easy online Payment Registration
5.3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation of the new website requires one to conduct a run data or program, so as
to ensure the system at achieve its defined objectives and purpose. The system design that
is the website must be subjected to trial running with test data consisting of valid data so
as to prove its error free.
5.3.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The new system requirements are the hardware and software requirement.
5.3.2 TASK PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION
The task that has to be implementing are basically the hardware and the software
requirement.
5.3.2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
The absolute total implementation of the new system requires the following hardware in
order to ensure proper running of the program.
 PENTIUM IV Dell Product
 1GB SD RAM
 A hard disk of 60GB
 A Logitech Keyboard
 Compact Disc
 LCD Monitor for proper display of the graphics

5.3.2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

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The software required in the implementation of the new system for effective and efficient
operations are below:
 Operating system: Window XP, Win 7, Win Vista etc.
 Microsoft Office 2003-2010
 Dream waver 8
 Hosting Saver: Wamp Server, Xamp, Amp, Lamp etc.
 Nero software
5.3.3 PROGRAM INSTALLATION
This involves how the designed website can be installed and the steps are below:
Since the website was design by using PHP and dream waver, so to start with the WAMP
Package will be install first before anything, after this, the design website will then be
copy inside the wamp folder precisely in the www folder, after this the icon of the wamp
will appear at the task bar of the system, this icon will be clicked and select the local host
inside the local host will the address of the website be type like the http:\\localhost\cross
country\index.php .
The simple install of the website on individual system is just copy and paste the designed
internet explorer so this will show on any system that has internet explorer.
The proper way of installing the website is by hosting it through the ISP Subscriber
through this, it will have a domain name and email address so that anybody can see it.

5.3.4 STAFF TRAINING

This is the training of the users to the new system, if it’s to be operated correctly and full
benefit of new system to be obtained.
The personnel should functionally support to assist in the training of the necessary staff
within the CROSS COUNTRY LTD. Company. By the time the system is ready to be
fully implemented all the personnel involved with the system should be competent to
operate the system effectively. They should be competent to operate the system
effectively. They should also have sufficient knowledge to access it effectively.

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5.3.5 CHANGING OVER
This is the process of changing from one system to another especially from existing
manual system to automated system.
There are four different method of changing from the existing system to a new system
and they are:
a. Direct Changeover:
This is the means that the system in use is discarded and removed with the new system,
this approach is risky since the old system will be no longer be available if the new
system , the merit of this method is non duplication of resources.
b. Parallel Changeover
This provide the old system and the new system to be use concurrently the old system is
then discontinue immediately the new system is satisfied to be working well. The demerit
is that it can be expensive in running the two together; there is also duplication of
resource since both are doing the same thing. The main merit of this method is that if the
new one fails, the old one will still e available as backup.
c. Phased Changeover: The new system is divided into phases, the first phase is
introduced, tested and made operational. If it is working well the next phase is made
operational, the main disadvantage is that it takes a long time before all the phases are
fully implemented. It’s merit is that there is avoidance of problems associated with too
many changes.
d. Pilot Changeover: The new system is implemented in a specific area of the
organization. It is brought into another area of the organization immediately it is
successful in the first area.
Manager of the Cross Country Ltd. is hereby advised to use direct method of changeover
while implementing the new system. When using the direct method, the system currently
being used will be discarded and the new system is replaced immediately.

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 CHAPTER SIX
6.0 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION
At this stage it becomes necessary to give a detailed narrative on how to access the
website since we have the system design objectives for the newly adopted system.
Though any staff can also use the new system as well as experts in computing field but
much cannot be achieved without having documentation of the system so that the
interested users can know what the whole website entails.
At this stage we can therefore define documentation as the “act conveying in acceptable
manner”. Also the documentation must be up to standard by the use of suitable and
effective media.
This media are:
a. Reports
b. Flow charts
c. Web Pages
d. System Manual

FUNCTION OF DOCUMENTATION
a. It aids communication between analyst and the web designer.
b. It aids work completely.
c. It is a tool of training
d. It aids system design

6.1 FUNCTION OF PROGRAM MODULES

HOME PAGE: this module shows the web page that entails the designer title page
which includes the banner of cross country, and also link to other pages.
SERVICES: This module contains the e-payment module, registration module and the
receipt module
E-PAYMENT MODULE: This module entails the registration of the payment
information that has been paid in the bank.

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REGISTRATION MODULE: this module is used to register the customer information
with the company
TICKET MODULE: this module shows the receipt of the successful booking of the
transport.
SERVICE: this module contains the various services that are available at the Cross
Country Ltd.
BOOKING: this module is used to register the booking information which entails the
type of bus to use and the destination of the transport.
CONTACT US: This web page includes the contact address of the case study

6.2 USERS MANUAL

This comprises of all descriptive materials necessary for the user to participate in the
running of operational system. They include principally instructions and schedule for the
collection and preparation of data, prior to submission of data processing operation.
The user documentation for this research entails the following:
STEP1: Connect the computer cable with the source power then boot the system. By
boot the system we mean putting on the central processing unit (CPU) and screen monitor
(VDU- Visual Display Unit), also the printer must be put on before or after finish work
because the output.
STEP2: After the system has been put on, the next thing is to watch out for some seconds
till the start menu bar appears, then hold the mouse and click on start button, there
another dialogue box will show up. So, click on any package you wish to work on e.g.
Microsoft Access, Dream Waver, Microsoft word e.t.c. this will display a new sheet or
the environment of the particular you click on, where you can start inputting or typing or
designing or developing a software, after which you use a name to save the document or
file for future reference of continuity of the work.
STEP3: If the user has finished all the work, you can then choose to the close option and
then exist or use ALT+F4 Key to shut down the system after which it will display “It is
now safe to shut down the system” then finally turn off the system.

38
Having followed the above explanation, the user, whose consideration was in the mind of
the designer from the inception to the conclusion of this project, can start exploring the
use of the system.

39
 CHAPTER SEVEN
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
7.1 SUMMARY
The Cross Country Transport Ltd. is one of the best transport company in Nigeria due to
the provision of social and comfort it offers to it passengers. This has led to a continuous
and alarming in-flux of people to the using buses to travel from one destination to the
other within the shortest time.
Using an online booking of transport makes traveling convenient for any of their
customers; by just with a use of the booking online the receipt printed out from it will be
shown to the manager of the company on the day of traveling. And this design software
will help in quick processing of buses ready for their customer before the day of
traveling. It will be bad if manual operation is still in use for the customer booking of
transport by bus or car in the Cross Country Transport Ltd.. However, there will be a
need for more room if improvement is made on all identifiable problems facing the
booking system is rigorously tackled.

7.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the task performed in the Cross Country Company and the operations
performed for booking of transport, has help in achieving maximum efficiency in usage
of computer compare to manual system.
1. It has a fast accessing and easy method of viewing customer records
2. It saves time and space
3. It has security check in confidential of the entire process against unauthorized user.
4. It greatly reduces the possibility of error in writing

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 7.3 RECOMMENDATION
The transport booking department of the Cross Country Ltd. should be networked not
only the front office so that the program can be access by other departments for easy
processing of the customer data and correct booking of the transport and avoiding
clashing in booking of transport on the same day for different customers.
There should be constant maintenance of the system and updating of program due to the
dynamic of nature of information system to meet up the challenges of working
environment. There should be restriction of unauthorized personnel to only perform the
Electronic payment before the use of the system. In order to avoid tampering with file
which may lead to loss of information or bad corruptible practice in the department and
too much data in the database
Also, it is recommended that a back-up system is needed in case of system failure and
UPS in case of power failure.

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Balanced Transport.
5. Needle, Jerome A. (1997), Transportation Security Board and cob, improving
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6. Newman P.J (1999), Substabability and Cities Overcoming Automobile
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3112655
8. Paul Marston (2004), Cars are more fuel-efficient than trains, claim study. The
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9. Fredric Luna (2009), Design Issue for the World Wide Web, public domain.
10. Abud Micah (2008), Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

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