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Formula Feeds for Channel Catfish

a b
Waldon Hastings & Harry K. Dupree
a
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife , Fish Farming Experimental Station ,
Stuttgart, Arkansas, 72160, USA
b
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife , Southeastern Fish Cultural
Laboratory , Marion, Alabama, 36756, USA
Published online: 09 Jan 2011.

To cite this article: Waldon Hastings & Harry K. Dupree (1969) Formula Feeds for Channel Catfish, The
Progressive Fish-Culturist, 31:4, 187-196, DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[187:FFFCC]2.0.CO;2

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1969)31[187:FFFCC]2.0.CO;2

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 FORMULA FEEDS FOR CHANNEL CATFISH

Waldon Hastings
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160
and
Harry K. Dupree
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Southeastern Fish Cultural Laboratory, Marion, Alabama 36756

LIMITED INFORMATION ABOUT THE in growth and mortality of fish fed the
NUTRITIVE REQUIREMENTS of channel supplemental feed in ponds and in troughs
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catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) has encour- was that pond-reared fish "balanced" or
aged an exchange of tested feed formulas "completed" the nutritionally inadequate
among fish culturists and feed manufac- feed with natural food. Dupree, Green,
turers. These "recipes" reflect regional and Sneed (in press) speculated that as the
availability of ingredients and seasonal fish production in ponds increased because
fluctuations in price. Originally designed of a higher stocking rate or larger stock-
to sell at competitive prices, many such ing size, the nutrient content of a success-
formulas are modified extensively and ful diet would have to approximate that for
soon acquire the high cost of custom or fish raised in troughs and raceways.
fixed-formula feeds.
The main objective in the formulation Ration Composition
of feeds for domestic animals is to supply
minimal quantities of amino acids, vita- In 1963 a formula (ration 4, table 1)
mins, minerals, and energy for optimum was adopted by the Fish Farming Experi-
growth. Frequently these quantities can mental Station as a standard feed for tests
be minimized by allowing for nutrient of comparative growth. This formulation
contributions from natural foods. Dupree, was based on results of experiments on
Green, and Sneed (in press) were unable to purifieddiet (DupreeandSneed,1966•),
show a difference in the production of on literature on fish nutrition (Crawford,
channel catfish fed in ponds a nutritionally 1958; Swingle, 1959; Simco and Cross,
complete formula feed designed for trout 1966), and on unpublished joint studies of
(40 percent protein fortified with vita- Dr. O. W. Tiemeier of Kansas State Uni-
mins and minerals) and a supplemental versity and the senior author (Hastings)
feed that contained four by-product ingre- in 1960. It met the following nutritive
dients (the Auburn No. 2 formula: Swingle, restrictions:
1959). When these same feeds were fed in Crude protein >32.00 percent
troughs, however, the fish receiving the Digestible protein•' -- >28.00 percent
supplemental feed developed symptoms of
1Availabl• in manuscript form in 1963.
nutritional deficiency, lost weight, and 2Coefficieats of digestibility taken
died. Fish fed the complete feed grew from "Feeds and Feeding" by F o B. Morrison
throughout the experiment and displayed and associates, 22d edition, 1959, with
no obvious syndromes of nutritional defi- permission of Morrison Publishing Company,
ciency. The explanation for the difference Clinton, Iowa, U.S.A,

THE PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST 187

 Animal protein ...... >14.00 percent inositol, pyridoxine, and thia-
Fish meal protein--- >7.00 percent mine. The composition of this
Crude fat >6.00 percent vitamin mixture is based on re-
Crude fiber- <20.00 percent suits of channel catfish growth
Total energy >1, 500 kilo- tests in aquariums and troughs
calorie s/pound (Dupree and Sneed, 1966; and
Dupree, 1966).
During 1963 through 1965, the standard 4. Ration 4 lacks supplemental
feed was tested and modified. Most of the vitamins. This is the stand-
changes involved vitamin additives and ard ration adopted at the Fish
protein substitutes (U.S. Bureau of Sport Farming Experimental Station;
Fisheries and Wildlife, 1964, 1965, 1966). it was used in this experiment
In 1966, 12 feeds were formulated to as the control ration for the
evaluate 3 modifications in the standard comparison of fish growth and
formula to test (1)the effect of vitamin- costs.

mixture additives, (2) the effect of quan- B. Fiber variations. These formulas
tity and texture of fiber, and (3) the effect are similar to ration 3 except for
of replacement of fish meal with soybean the quantity and texture of the fiber
meal supplemented with lysine, roethio- used as a low-cost filler. Fiber
nine, and/or dried fish solubles. These was increased from 8 percent in
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feeds were fed to age group I channel cat- the control ration to 12 percent in
fish in ponds and in aquariums. Diets rations 5 and 6.

were evaluated on the basis of fish growth 1. Ration 5 contains ground rice
and feed cost per pound of fish gain. hulls described by the supplier
as passing through a No. 16
Formulation. --Ingredient proportions but retained on a No. 30 Tyler
used in rations 1 through 12 are shown in sieve.
table 1. Diet variations are summarized 2. Ration 6 contains a rice hull
as follows: by-product described as pass-
ing 100 percent through a No.
A. Vitamin formula variations. For- 80 Tyler sieve.
mulas are identical except for the C. Protein substitutions. These for-
vitamin additives. Detailed com- mulas are similar to ration 3 ex-
position of the vitamin premixes is cept that soybean meal was used
shown in table 2. instead of fish meal and supple-
1. Ration 1 contains a vitamin mented with lysine, methionine,
4
premix designed primarily for and/or fish solubles.
fortifying poultry-growing feed. 1. Ration 7 contains an additional
2. Ration 2 contains a higher lev- amount of soybean meal calcu-
el of most vitamins contained in lated to equal the crude protein
the poultry-growing premix and content of the fish meal for-
is further fortified with folic merly used.
acid. This vitamin mixture is 2. Ration 8 is identical to ration
commonly used in the poultry 7 except that lysine was added
layer-breeder feeds. to equal the amount contained
3. Ration 3 contains a higher lev- in ration 3.
el of vitamins than that used in 3. Ration 9 is identical to ration

either poultry feed premix, and 7 except that methionine was

is further enriched with biotin, 4From "Estimated Available Amino Acids
SEnergy calculations are based on the of CommonFeed Ingredients," prepared by
assumption that kilocalories per gram pro- the Extension Poultryman in cooperation
tein, carbohydrate, and fat equal 4, 4, and with the Department of Animal Science, Uni-
9, respectively. versity o• Arkansas, 1966.
188 OCTOBER 1969
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THE PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST 189

 TABLE 2.--Composition of vitamin premixes

[Amounts shown, added per ton of feed, diluted with sufficient dried brewer's yeast and
whey to give a total weight of •0 pounds]

No, 1 No. 2 No. 3

Chick Layer- Special
Nutrient Unit Grower Breeder Fish

Vitamin A (millions of units) U.S. P,-~-- 9 12 20

Vitamin D3 (millions of units) I.C.U.-~-- 4 4 2
Riboflavin Gram, 6 8 20
d-Pantothenic acid -- do...... 12 24 60
Niacin ........ --do ....... 70 100 90
Choline chloride --do ...... 800 1 ,400 1,500
Vitamin B12 Milligram- 20 25 27
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol)--- Gram...... 30 100 100
Menadione sodium bisulfite- -- do...... 2 4 100
Folic acid, --do ...... 1 1.8
Inositol-- -- do............ 100
Pyridoxine hydrochloride-- --do ............ 20
Thiamine hydrochloride--- --do ...... 20
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Biotin ........... Mill igram........ 400

Ethoxyquin ............................... Gram....... 130 180 200

Cost of premix per ton of feed $2.00 $2.50 $12.50

added to equal the amount con- At biweekly intervals during the test
tained in ration 3. period, 12 formulaswere madeinto 1/8-
4. Ration 10 contains soybean inch-diameter pellets. The pellets were
meal and dried fish solubles in processedat the Fish Farming Experi-
place of fish meal. mental Station. Soft feed was conditioned
5. Ration 11 contains lysine, me- with steam to assist in the extrusion of
thionine,and fis• solublesin l pellets andto providebindingactionby the
the amounts added to rations 8, gelatinizationof raw starchpresentin the
9, and 10. These additives cereal products.
restored a combination of in-
gredients supplied by fish meal. Experimental Design
D. Rice by-product substitution.
1. Ration 12 is identical to ra- PondExperiment.-- Twenty-four 0.25-
tion 3 except that all rice by- acre ponds filled with surface water were
products were replaced with stocked with 1,500 10-gram channel cat-
sorghum grain. fish per acre on April 4, 1966. Duplicate
pondsof fish werefed rations1 through12
The entire seasonal requirements for at the rate of 3 percent of body weight
animal protein concentrates, distiller's daily on 6 daysa week. At the start of
solubles, sorghum grains, and special the experiment and periodically there-
additives were purchased at one time to after, samples of the fish that received
achieve product uniformity. Vitamin mix- ration 1 were taken from the ponds and
tures were stored at 0ø F. Dehydrated those weightswere used as the basis for
alfalfa, rice by-products, and soybean calculatingfeedallowancesfor all lots of
meal were obtained as needed from local fish. Water was added to replace that
producers. lost by evaporationand leakage. After
190
OCTOBER 1969
 179 days of feeding, ponds were drained premixes increased the cost of rations 1,
and the fish harvested. 2, and 3 by $2.00, $2.50, and $12.50,
respectively, per ton of feed. The feed
Aquarium Experiment .- - Twenty-two 4- cost per pound of fish gain for rations 1
cubic-foot aquariums were supplied with and 2, however, was approximately 1.5
water at the rate of 0.2 gallon per minute. cents less than that of fish given the un-
The water was from a fish-free, unfertil- supplemented ration 4. The feed conver-
ized pond. Temperature ranged from 72ø sion of fish that were fed ration 3, which
to 92 ø F. during the first 27 weeks of the contained the more expensive vitamin pre-
experiment and averaged about 62 øF. dur- mix, was better than the feed conversion
ing weeks 28 to 30. Each aquarium was of fish fed rations 1 and 2; but the better
stocked with 150 grams of fish (approxi- conversion was not sufficient to offset the
mately 110 individuals) on April 18, 1966. higher vitamin costs.
Fish in randomly paired aquariums were Significantly different gains were noted
offered rations 1 through 11 at the rate of in those groups that were fed diets con-
3 percent of body weight per day 6 days taining texturized rice hulls and rice hull
a week. At the end of each 3-week period, dust (table 3). Fish fed the control diet
allowances of feed were recalculated on which contained 25 percent rice hull dust
the basis of average weight of the heaviest and supplemental vitamins (ration 6) made
paired lot of fish. During week 18, the an average gain of 402 grams, whereas
fish in all aquariums were halved by num- the fish given the same ration but '•vith
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ber and weight; one half was restocked and texturized rice hulls (ration 5) gained only
the other half discarded. Weight gain, 332 grams.
mortality, and feed consumption reported Average weight gains of fish fed diets
from week 18 to the termination of the containing amino acid-supplemented soy-
experiment at week 30 were obtained by bean meal instead of fish meal were, for
doubling actual measurements, an action the most part, statistically less than the
which assumed that both halves of fish gains of fish fed rations containing fish
would have grown at the same rate. meal. In this group of diets, the best
weight gain (400 grams) was obtained by
suit s feeding ration 11, which was supplemented
with lysine, methionine, and fish solubles
Pond Experiment.--The average weight (table 3). Results obtained by feeding
gains of fish fed rations 1 through 12 are ration 11 compared favorably with results
shown in table 3. Of the 12 diets tested, obtained by feeding rations 1 and 6 (aver-
the best gain (438 grams per fish) was age gains, 416 and 402 grams), which con-
obtained with the special fish vitamin-pre- tained fish meal. Poorest gain in this
mix-supplemented standard diet (ration 3). group of diets (346 grams) was obtained
The poorest gain (291 grams per fish) with ration 7, in which unsupplemented
was obtained with the same formula but soybean meal was substituted for fish
with no vitamin supplementation (ration 4). meal. Intermediate gains were achieved
The slower gain did not become apparent by fish fed rations 9, 8, and 10, in which
until the July sampling, at which time the soybean meal additive was supple-
both paired ponds of fish began to show mented with methionine, lysine, and fish
a reduced growth rate which continued solubles, respectively.
throughout the test period. Significant Good growth was also obtained with
gains, 416 and 421 grams, respectively, ration 12. This ration, identical to ra-
were also obtained with rations 1 and 2, tion 3 except that rice by-products were
which contained, respectively, a poultry- replaced with sorghum grain, resulted in
grower vitamin premix and layer-breeder an average gain of 420 grams per fish as
vitamin premix supplement. compared to a gain of 438 grams for fish
The economic feasibility of vitamin given ration 3.
additives is shown in table 4. Vitamin

THE PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST 191

 TABLE3.--Average weight gain of individual channel eatfish fed • rations in ponds

[Rations listed in descending order of statistically different weight gains]

Average
weight 8sin 8%atlstical •
Ration Composition• .... (grams) •i•nifieance
3.... Control ration plus Special Fish vitamin •temix• •38 A
2.... Control ration plus Layer-Breeder •hiekan vl•amin •21 AB
premix.
12 .... Control ration with sorghum grain substituted for •20 ABC
rice by-products, plus Sp•ial Fish vl•amin
premix.
1.... Control ration
plus Chick-Grower vitamin premlx, •16 BCD
6 .... Control ration with
high level of •ic-• •il dust, •02 CD
plus Special Fish vitamin pram•,
11.... Control ration with soybean m•al •ub•tl%•ted •ot •00 DE
fish meal, plus lysine, m•thion•n•, •[sh solu-
bles and Special Fish vitamin promix,
9.... Control ration with soybean meal •b•l•ed for 382 EF
fish meal, plus methionine and Special •i•h
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vitamin premix,
8 .... Control ration with soybean meal sUD•%ituted for 373 F
fish meal, plus lysine and $l•etal Fiõh vita-
min premix.
10.... Control ration, with soybe.
an meal •ub•tt%•%ed fo• 369 F
fish meal, plus fish soluble• and •p•elai Fish
vitamin premix.
Control ration with soybean meal õub•tltu%ed for 3•6 G
fish meal, plus Special Fish vitamin piemix.
Control ration with high level o• •t•e hulls, plus 332 G
Special Fish vitamin preaut•,
• .... Control ration (vitamin carrier oœ dried btewe•'s 29• H
yeast and dried wheyb•t n• vt•min •uppiem•nt.),
•Detailed compositionof ration• •'how••-"•abl•'•'
2Averageweight gain values representedby the sameletter are not statistically dif-
ferent. Values followed by different letters are statistically different from each other
at the 5-percent level.

Aquarium Experiment.--Weight gain les• than that of fish fed the supplemented
and mortality of fingerling channel catfish rations. This reduced growth continued,
fed rations 1 through 11 are ahow•l in and total mortality occurred during weeks
figures 1- 3 and table 5. 19 tO 21. Little difference in weight gain
Vitamin supplementsapparently are or mortality occurred in the fish that were
essential for growth and survival of cat- fed vitamin-supplemented rations 1, 2,
fish in aquariums(figure 1). For a period and 3 through week 30.
of 15 weeks, weightgain and mortality of Weight gain of fish fed ration 6, which
fish fed ration 4 without supplemental contained rice hull dust, appeared to be
vitamins were essentially the same as greater than the gain of fish fed ration 5,
those of f.ish fed rations 1, 2, and 3, which which contained texturized rice hulls (fig-
contained Chick-Grower, Layer- Breeder, ure 2). Though statistically insignificant,
and Special Fish vitamin premixes. Be- visual inspection of the data warran*s
tween weeks 15 and 18, however, the gain further studies on the effect of texture and
of fish fed unsupplemented ration 4 was level of low-cost fillers in fish feeds.

!92 OCTOBER 1969

 TABLE 4.--Feed conversion, feed cost per ton, and feed cost per pound of fish gain for
rations 1 through 12 used in ponds

Feed Feed s Feed cost

Ration Composition 1 conver- (cost per pound
sion m per ton) fish gain 4

1.... Control ration plus Chick-Grower vitamin premix. 1.46 $s6.00 $0.062s
2 .... Control ration plus Layer-Breeder chicken vitamin 1.45 87.00 .063t
premix.
3 .... Control ration plus Special Fish vitamin premix. 1.40 96.50 .0676
4 .... Control ration (vitamin carrier of dried brewer's 2.08 84. O0 .0875
yeast and dried whey but no vitamin supplement).
5.... Control ration with high level of rice hulls, plus 1.82 83.00 .0755
Special Fish vitamin premix.
6--- Control ration with high level of rice hull dust, 1.48 83.00 .0614
plus Special Fish vitamin premix.
7.... Control ration with soybean meal substituted for 1.68 79.00 .0664
fish meal, plus Special Fish vitamin premix.
8 .... Control ration with soybean meal substituted for 1.61 88.00 .0708
fish meal, plus lysine and Special Fish vita-
min premix.
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9 .... Control ration with soybean meal substituted for 1.71 84ø00 ,0718
fish meal, plus methionine and Special Fish
vitamin premix o
10 .... Control ration with soybean meal substituted for 1•73 86.00 .0744
fish meal, plus fish solubles and Special Fish
vitamin premix.
11 .... Control ration with soybean meal substituted for 1061 101000 .0813
fish meal, plus lysine, methionine, fish solu-
bles, and Special Fish vitamin premixo
12 .... Control ration with sorghum grain substituted for 1.70 86.00 .0731
rice by-products, plus Special Fish vitamin
premix.

1Detailed composition of the rations presented in table 2.

2Conversion equals weight of feed offered per wet fish gain.
STotal cost based on price of ingredients and estimated commercial feed preparation.
4Total cost (dollars) of the ration offered replicated ponds of fish per total gain
(pounds) of fish.

Judged on the basis of weight gain, Discussion

it appeared that fish meal could be re-
placed in the formula feeds with various For more efficient weight gain in ponds
kinds of supplementation of soybean meal. and for survival in aquariums, supple-
Rations 1, 2, and 3, containing fish meal, mental vitamins should be included in
resulted in better growth than ration ?, feeds of channel catfish. The response
which contained non- supplemented soy- to vitamin additives as shown in table 3
bean meal instead of fish meal (figure 3). resulted in significant increased produc-
Rations 8 through 10, containing lysine, tion. Although somewhat better produc-
methionine, or fish solubles, respec- tion was obtained by using a highly forti-
tively, and ration 11, which contained fied fish premix, it was not economically
all three supplements, resulted in growth feasible (table 4) to replace the standard
that was intermediate between ration ? poultry feed premixes currently inven-
and rations 1, 2, and 3. torted by feed companies.
THE PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST 193
 4J .•I
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ß 0

iI
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194 OCTOBER 1969

 jJ
I000-

800 -

6O0-

500-

400-

200-

[00-
SO-

80-

70-

80-

o o RATION I CONTROL RATION WITH CHICK GROWER PRIMiX

•----o RATION 2 CONTROL RATION WITH LAYER-BREEDER PREMIX

ß .........
RATION •: CONTROL RATION WiTH SPECIAL FISH PREMIX
ß RATION 4• CONTROL RATION WI7H NO VITAMIN PREMIX
'/ ...........
--•RAT,O..
CO"TROL
RAT,O.
.•.
W•TH
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....
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•s
T
Downloaded by [] at 08:32 02 February 2015

WEIGHING PERIODS (WEEKS)

WEIGHING •RIODS (WEEKS)

FIGURE 1.--Effect of vitamin supplementa- FICURE 2.--Effect of bulE texture o• the

tion on the weight gain of fingerling weight gain of fingerling channel cat-
channel catfish in aquariums. Quantity fish in aquariums. Quantity of feed
of feed offered during each weighing offered during each weighing period is
period is shown in figure 3, shown in figure 3.

Texturized rice hulls were somewhat (table 3); however, the substitution was
less economical than rice by-product dust uneconomical (table 4). Also, better
as a low-cost filler in feeds for pond- gains were obtained by using lysine- and
and aquarium-reared fish. Organic dust methionine- supplemented soybean feeds
containing starch has a binding effect on than by using unsupplemented ones.
dry solid particles conditioned with steam Use of sorghum grain to replace rice
and compressed into pellets. This fac- bran and by-product dust was adequate as
tor, plus the inter-locking properties of far as growth was concerned, but was un-
fine dust with other ingredients, improves economical in view of local market costs.
stability of the pellets in water. The Where transportation costs are low and
effect of a coarse filler versus a fine- sorghum grains are plentiful, this grain
texturized one in the digestive tract of may be used to replace rice by-products
fish is yet to be studied. as a filler and source of carbohydrate.
In ponds, ration 11, which contained
soybean meal supplemented with lysine, Literature Cited

methionine• and dried fish solubles, pro-

vided growth comparable to that obtained Crawford, Bruce.
with ration 1, which contained fish meal 1958. Propagation of channel catfish
THE PROGRESSIVE FISH-CULTURIST 195
 Dupree, Harry K., O. L. Green, and K. E.
Sneed.
In press. Growth and survival of fin-
IOO0- gerling channel catfish fed dietary
BOO- "complete" and "incomplete" feeds in
ponds and troughs. U.S. Bureau of
600-
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Techni-
500-
cal Paper.
400-

•00-
Dupree, HarryK., and Kermit E. Sneed.
•'50-
1966. Response of channel catfish fin-
gerlings to different levels of major
200-
nutrients in purified diets. U.S. Bu-
15o- reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Technical Paper 9, 21 p.
I00-
•0-

BO-
Simco, Bill A., and Cross, Frank B.
TO- 1966. Factors affecting growth and
$0-
production of channel catfish, Icta-
o
e ..........
o RATIONS I,•
RATION 7
AND • WITH FISH MEAL
SOYBEAN SUBSTITUTEO WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTATION
lurus punctatus. University of Kansas
Publications, Museum of Natural His-
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•----o RATION B SOYBEAN WITH LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION

RATION S SOYBEAN WITH METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION

•--4 RATIONIO SOYBEAN,WITH

FISHSOLUBLESSUPPLEMENTATION tory, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 193-256.
X....... X RATIONIi SOYBEAN WITH LYStNE, METHIONINE ANO FISH
SOLUBLES SUPPLEMENTATION

Swingle, H. S.
1959. Experiments on growing finger-
(el) (104) (ISO),
WEIGHING PERIOns (WEEKS)
(172) (216) (263) (•46) (450) (600) (720)
ling channel catfish to marketable size
in ponds. Proceedings, 12th Annual
Conference (October 1958) of South-
FIGURE 3.--Effect of soybean substitution eastern Association of Game and Fish
and supplementation on the weight gain Commissioners, p. 63-72.
of fingerling channel catfish in aquari-
ums. Numbers in parentheses represent U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
the grams of dry feed offered during life.
each growth period.
1964. Progress in sport fishery re-
search, 1963. Bureau of Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife, Division of Fish-
ery Research, Circular 178, p. 84-89.
(Ictalurus lacustris) at a state fish
hatchery. Proceedings, 1 lth Annual 1965. Progress in sport fishery re-
Conference (October 1957) of South- search, 1964. Bureau of Sport Fish-
eastern Association of Game and Fish eries and Wildlife, Division of Fish-
Commissioners, p. 132-141. ery Research, Circular 210, p. 52-54.

Dupree, Harry K. 1966. Progress in sport fishery re-

] 966. Vitamins essential for growth of search, 1965. Bureau of Sport Fish-
channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. eries and Wildlife, Division of Fish-
U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and ery Research, Resource Publication
Wildlife, Technical Paper 7, 12 p. 17, p. 46.

196 OCTOBER 1969