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Topic: Procrastination and Self-efficacy

Literature review:

There are a number of research articles that have been written on this topic. Some of the ones

that are really helpful in developing an understanding of it are as follows:

An article titled, “Academic Self-Efficacy and Postgraduate Procrastination: A

Moderated Mediation Model” by Guoqing Liu, Gang Cheng, Juan Hu, Yun Pan, and Shouying

Zhao talks about how Academic Self-Efficacy and Postgraduate Procrastination. The research

presented in the article has been focused upon the responses that were collected from a total

number of 577 full-time postgraduate students. Amongst these 351 were females, while 226 were

males. All these participants were asked to fill in questionnaires that were made to explore what

procrastination and self-efficacy meant to them. The results of this study showed that there was a

great difference in academic self-efficacy between males and females. The results also showed

that academic self-efficacy was positively related to academic self-control while it was

negatively correlated to academic procrastination. This study explained what Self-Efficacy and

procrastination are similar to what impact they can have on people (Liu et al., 2020).

The next article that helped in understanding the topic in greater detail is

called“Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts

higher levels of procrastination”, by Robert M.Klassen, Lindsey L.Krawchuk, and

SukainaRajani. This research article has focused on what academic procrastination is and how it

impacts undergraduate students. The research study was conducted upon 261 undergraduate

students from a public university in Western Canada. These participants were asked different

questions that were recorded and helped in the research data collection. The results of this study
showed that both procrastination and self-efficacy played a vital role in the daily lives and the

academic performances of the participants. This article helps in developing a better

understanding of how these two things affect people in their lives (Klassen et al., 2008).

One more study that helped in understanding the topic is called“Study Habits and

Procrastination: The Role of Academic Self-Efficacy” by Frode Svartdal, Rannveig Grøm Sæle,

Tove I. Dahl, Efim NemtcanDepartment and Thor Gamst-Klaussen. This article talks about how

study habits and procrastination are related. This study was conducted in three parts, the first

study was based upon 89 participants, the second one was based upon the results obtained from

483 participants whereas, and the third one was based upon the data collected by 183

participants. All the participants were students in all these studies. The research concluded that

academic skills are very important for academic success and procrastination can be a hurdle in

this process. This study helped in developing an understanding of how both procrastination and

self-efficacy can build or ruin the academic grades of the students(Svartdal et al., 2021).

Another article called, “Self-efficacy, procrastination, and burnout in post-secondary

faculty: An international longitudinal analysis” by Nathan C. Hall, So Yeon Lee, and Sonia

Rahimi helps in gaining knowledge of the effects of these two things is on the post-secondary

faculty. The study had been focused upon data that had been collected from 69 different

countries via social media. The study used Facebook for 57.9% of data collection, Twitter for

40.2%, and blogs/web/email for a total of 1.9% of its data collection. The results of the study

showed that there was a stronger relationship between the increase in self-efficacy,

procrastination, and burnout over time. This article helped in understanding how procrastination

and self-efficacy can lead to burnout (Hall et al., 2019).

The next article titled, “Relationships Between Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Procrastination in

Undergraduate Psychology Students”, by Nader Hajloo explains the relationship nature that is

present between Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Procrastination. The students from an

undergraduate psychology class have been focused upon in this study. There were a total of 140

students who were all enrolled in Mohagheg Ardabili University located in Ardabil, Iran. The

results of this study showed the relationship of procrastination with self-esteem as well as self-

efficacy among these undergraduate psychology students (Hajloo, 2014).

Methods

Participants

We selected 500 students from a university in Saudi Arabia and used random cluster

sampling technique to select 500 full time graduate level students. We sent questionnaire to them

and collected the responses from the students when they completed their responses. Before

sending the questionnaires, consent latter was sent in to each of the student in order to seek

consent from them for the responses. The age range of the students was 21 to 26 and average

age of the students was 24.25. Out of 500 respondents, 280 were male and 220 were female. 300

students were from the second year and 200 were from first year.

Materials and Process

We have generated a questionnaire that contains seven questions. The questionnaires

were sent to the respondents and they had to select one of the five responses for each question.

The questions are shown below.

#. Questions Strongly Agree Neutra Disagree Strongly

Agree l Disagree
 1 I feel pressure when I have to work on

urgent tasks.
2 I find it difficult to meet the deadline

when I leave the task for last minute.

3 I have to start the tasks early so that I

can complete it on time.

4 I have compromise some of the tasks to

complete other urgent tasks.

5 My performance reduces when I do the

rushed tasks.
6 Sometimes I do it late to increase my

motivation.
7 My concentration is when I do a rushed

task.

Each of the respondents was give the above questionnaire and after filling the above

questionnaire, the responses were collected from the students. We talked to the students and

explained them about each question what each of the question exactly means and how they

should respond to each of the questions so that no ambiguity remains about the questions and

realistic and accurate responses can be collected.

Results

We used the responses from the students and calculated the percentage of each type of

questions and found that what most of the students believe about each of the question. 95% of

the students believe that their performance is negatively affected if they have to an urgent task

short deadline. 92% of the students believe that they cannot complete the task on time if they

leave it to last minute. Only 5% students believe that they do it better if they leave the task for

the last time because their motivation and concentration is increased. 95% students believe that
their concentration is weak if they have to complete the task in rushed situation. 91% students

believe that their performance is not good if they are working on a lot pressure to meet the

deadline. So in concluding the above results we can say that the procrastination and self efficacy

of the students are negatively correlated with each other.

References:

Liu, G., Cheng, G., Hu, J., Pan, Y., & Zhao, S. (2020). Academic self-efficacy and postgraduate

procrastination: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in

Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01752

Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of

undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of

procrastination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(4), 915-

931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001

Svartdal, F., Sæle, R. G., Dahl, T. I., Nemtcan, E., & Gamst-Klaussen, T. (2021). Study habits

and procrastination: The role of academic self-efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Educational

Research, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2021.1959393

Hall, N. C., Lee, S. Y., & Rahimi, S. (2019). Self-efficacy, procrastination, and burnout in post-

secondary faculty: An international longitudinal analysis. PLOS ONE, 14(12),

e0226716. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226716

Hajloo, N. (2014). Relationships between Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Procrastination in

Undergraduate Psychology Students. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 8(3), 42–

49. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359724/