NAME: KYAMBADDE SIMON PETER.

STUDENT NUMBER: 1900718319.

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 19/U/18319/PS

1 B 11 D
2 D 12 B
3 A 13 A
4 A 14 A
5 D 15 A
6 C 16 B
7 B 17 B
8 A 18 A
9 D 19 A
10 A 20 A

SECTION B

(21a)(i) A thorn is a hard straight pointed structure that arises from the bud and normally has vascular
bundles.

(ii) A spine is a modified superficial leaf with a sharp pointed tip and has vascular bundles

(iii) A prickle is a sharp pointed vascular structure arising on stems, petals and inflorescence

(B)(i) Protoderm. It is well provided with persistence root hairs whose role is water absorption. It grows
into the epidermis.

(ii) Procambium. It gives rise to vascular tissue in dicotyledonous plants. The outermost procambium
differentiates into pericycle.

(iii) Ground meristem. It gives rise to root ground tissues, cortex and endodermis

(22)(a) Protonema. Is a filamentous green structure formed as a result of germination of the spores
whereas prothallus is a flat heart shaped structure formed from already germinated spores and grows to
form sex organs

(b) An isogametes are the gametes which are different in form, size, structure and behavior eg in
humans whereas isogametes are those that are similar in size and structure.

(c) Scalar form conjugation occurs between two filaments whereas lateral conjugation occurs between
two adjacent cells on the same filament.
(d) Isomorphic algae have both diploid and haploid life forms with similar body plans whereas
heteromorphic algae have their diploid sporophyte different from the haploid gametophyte.

(e) Zoospores are motile spores whereas aplanospores are non-motile spores.

(23)(a) What is a perigynous flower?

It is a flower whose receptacle forms a hypanthium which encloses the ovary and on it, the sepals and
petals are attached.

(24a)(i) Both liverworts and ferns have heteromorphic alternation of generations.

Both have flagellated motile male gametes and non-motile female gametes.

(ii)Liverworts have no vascular tissues whereas ferns have vascular tissues.

Liverworts have gametophyte as dominant stage whereas ferns have sporophyte as dominant
stage.

Anchorage in liverworts is by rhizoids whereas ferns use true roots.

(b) Bryophytes serve as bio indicators for example of heavy metals, in air pollution and as aquatic bio
indicator

Serve as medicines and food sources

In nitrogen fixation

In treatment of wastes

Used in making pesticides

SECTION C

25) The following are the modifications of roots with their respective examples.

Roots modified for support. Some roots have been modified to offer support to the plants for
example

(a) Prop roots. e.g. in maize, these are adventitious roots and grow above the ground
(b) Buttress roots for example in silk, cotton; these roots start as epiphytes, send down their
roots which eventually reach the soil. Some of these roots grow around the stem of the
supporting plant.

Roots modified for storage. Such roots are always underground and become thickened
for storage for example in cassava, sweet potatoes.
 Modification for aeration. These are usually found in plants growing in water logged soils
for example in mangroves. The roots give rise to vertically growing branches that have well
developed parenchyma tissues

Modification for reproduction. Some roots produce adventitious buds which develop
into reproductive structures e.g. the sweet potatoes.

Modification for photosynthesis. Such roots are exposed to sunlight; develop chlorophyll
in their cortex for example epiphytic orchids

Roots modified for climbing to offer support. The roots produce sticky a substance for
example faces pumila, hedera helix, piper (black pepper).

(28) How the structure of the following tissues is related to their functions

(a) Parenchyma;

Have got large cell vacuoles which enable their cells to store and regulate ions wastes and water

Parenchyma tissues have got air spaces thus allow gaseous exchange to occur between the external
environment and the living cells

Cells are spherical to fairly elongated and have flexible cell walls enabling them to fill spaces more in
specialized tissues hence form packing like

Chlorenchyma of the leaves have chloroplasts to enable the cells carryout photosynthesis thus
avoid food for the plant

The cells have thin flexible cell walls, allow water exchange and when they become turgid, they offer
support to herbaceous plants

The thin cell wall also allows the apoplast water pathway to occur and mineral salt transport.

The cells are large and have fairy large spaces between cell wall and membranes to store food in
roots tubers, seed endosperm.

Succulent parenchyma found in has large stores of water and function as water storage tissue

Parenchyma tissues contain numerous mitochondria for large production of energy inform of ATP,
this makes them metabolically active and are sites of many metabolic activities of the cell

(c) Collenchyma;

Their cells have thickened cellulose cell walls which are lignified to provide support and mechanical
strength to the plant in which they occur

The cells are flexible, so provide tensile strength to the plant where they occur
 Collenchyma can grow and stretch without limiting growth of other cells hence performing its
functions without any interference

It is the supporting tissue of leaves, young and growing stems that is; it is a strengthening tissue that
is living

(d) Sclerenchyma;

Sclerenchyma tissues are dead and therefore cannot damaged by metabolic

poison

Sclerenchyma is divided into two;

1) fibers; these are elongated and polygonal with tapering end sclerenchyma cells , made up of dead
cells and cell wall deposited with lignin cellulose , pectin and hemicellulose to provide extra
strength to the mature plant

2) Scleroids (stone cells)

Scleroids are generally scattered singly or in groups almost anywhere in plant body especially in
cortex, pith, phloem of stems and leaves fruits and seeds to provide protection of those organs