Bismonte, Charlette G.

Organic Chemistry

April 25, 2011

Assinment #3

1. What is Hybridization?
2. What are the 2 types of Hybridization for carbon?
a. How are each type formed?
b. Give the shape or geometry and bond angle for each.
c. Give 2 sample molecules for each. Write the MF, SF, IUPAC and the common name.
3. What are the different types of HC?
a. Give the formula for each
b. Give 2 examples for each. Write the MF, SF, IUPAC and common name.

Answers:

1. Hybridization is the phenomenon of mixing up of different orbitals of same energy level of an

atom to produce equal number of hybrid-orbitals of same energy and identical properties is
known as hybridization. A hybrid orbital contains maximum two electrons with opposite spin.
2.

sp3 hybridization

Atomic orbitals Number of hybrid Number of atoms

Type of hybrid Diagram Geometry
used orbitals formed bonded to the C

sp3 s, p, p, p 4 4 tetrahedral

The first is the sp3 hybridization that we have already talked about. sp3 hybridization results from the
combination of the s orbital and all three p orbitals in the second energy level of carbon. It results in four
hybrid orbitals and occurs when a carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms. The geometric
arrangement of those four hybrid orbitals is called tetrahedral.

Examples:

CH4 methane CH3[CH2]10CH3 dodecane

CHCl3 trichloromethane

sp2 hybridization
 Atomic orbitals Number of hybrid Number of atoms
Type of hybrid Diagram Geometry
used orbitals formed bonded to the C

sp2 s, p, p 3 3 flat triangular

Another kind of hybridization uses the s orbital and two of the p orbitals from the second energy level of
carbon to form three hybrid orbitals. This kind of hybridization is called sp2 hybridization. It has three
hybrid orbitals and there is also an unchanged p orbital that is not shown here. The geometric
arrangement of these three sp2 hybrid orbitals is in a flat plane with 120 degree angles between them.
The leftover p orbital lies at a 90 degree angle to the hybrid orbitals. If it had been included in this
diagram, its two lobes would be pointing directly at and away from you. This kind of hybridization occurs
when a carbon atom is bonded to three other atoms. If it is a very simple molecule with just the carbon
atom and the other three atoms, it would be a flat triangular molecule. If this is part of a larger molecule,
this part would have a flat triangular shape.

sp hybridization

Atomic orbitals Number of hybrid Number of atoms

Type of hybrid Diagram Geometry
used orbitals formed bonded to the C

sp s, p 2 2 linear

There is still a third type of hybridization, it is sp hybridization. In it the s orbital and one of the p orbitals
from carbon's second energy level are combined together to make two hybrid orbitals. Those hybrid
orbitals form a straight line. There is a 180 degree angle between one orbital and the other orbital. They
are exactly opposite one another from the center of the carbon atom. Because this type of sp
hybridization only uses one of the p orbitals, there are still two p orbitals left which the carbon can use.
Those p orbitals are at right angles to one another and to the line formed by the hybrid orbitals. If they
were shown in this diagram, one would go straight up and down and the other would go straight toward
and away from you. This kind of hybridization occurs when a carbon atom is bonded to two other
atoms.180 degrees

3.

1. Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species and are
composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. The general formula for
saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2 (assuming non-cyclic structures). Saturated hydrocarbons are
the basis of petroleum fuels and are either found as linear or branched species. Hydrocarbons
with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural
isomers. As given in the example of 3-methylhexane and its higherhomologues, branched
hydrocarbons can be chiral. Chiral saturated hydrocarbons constitute the side chains of
biomolecules such as chlorophyll and tocopherol.

Example:

Butane, C4H10 
 Pentane, C5H12 

Common name: n-pentane

IUPAC name Pentane
2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
Those with one or more double bonds are called alkenes. Those with one double bond have the
formula CnH2n (assuming non-cyclic structures). Those containing triple bonds are called alkynes,
with general formula CnH2n-2.
Examples:

ethylene ethene

propylene propene
3. Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one
or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are
attached. The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon containing one ring is C nH2n.

Examples:

Cyclopropane

Molecular formula C3H6

Structural formula

Cyclobutane

Molecular formula C4H8

Structural formula
4. Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic
ring.