1 Card

 1. The system of secondary education of Great

Britain has a complex structure. Describe in
general.
The educational system of G.B. is extremely complex and bewildering.It is very difficult to
generalize particular types of schools as schoolsdiffer from one to the other. The department of
education and science isresponsible for national educational policy, but it doesn't employ teacher or
prescribe curricula or text books.
Each school has it's own board of governors consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians,
members of local community, businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one
subject is compulsory. It is religious instruction.
Schooling for children is compulsory from 5 to 16, though some provision is made for children
under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education.
The state school system is usually divided into 2 stages (secondary and primary).The majority of
primary schools are mixed.They are subdivided into infant schools (ages 5 to 7),and junior schools
(ages 7 to11). In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their
abilities. Under the pressure of progressive parents and teachers the 11+ examination has now
been abolished in most parts of the country. There are several types of schools in G.B.Grammar
schools provide an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those
children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give pupils a high level of
academic education which can lead to the university.
Technical Schools offer a general education with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are
more mechanically minded. The curriculum includes more lessons of science and mathematics.
Secondary modern schools were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser
attainment. The curriculum includes more practical subjects. Comprehensive schools bring about a
general improvement in the system of secondary education.

2 Card
 2. Some pupils claim the studying to be very
difficult. What can you tell about organizing pupil’s
day? What is the role of out-of-class activities for
students?
Getting organized can make life easier for kids with learning and thinking differences. It might take
some effort in the beginning, but it’s worth it in the long run. Here are tips to help kids improve
organization skills at home, at school, and beyond.
1. Break tasks into chunks.
Help kids break school projects or household chores into smaller, more manageable steps. This will
show them that each project has a beginning, middle, and end, which can make projects feel less
overwhelming. For example, if your child’s nightly chore is to clear the table, explain: First, scrape
any food scraps into the garbage. Then load the dishes into the dishwasher. Then wipe the
counters.
2. Make checklists and to-do lists.
Once kids know all the steps involved with a particular task, help them add it to an overall to-do list.
Include regular homework and chores on the list. Encourage kids to keep the list in a place where
they’ll see it often and can check off accomplishments as they go. Some kids might create their list
using a smartphone app. Others may write it on a dry-erase board in their bedroom or print out a
list to carry around throughout the day.
3. Teach calendar and time management skills.
Encourage kids to write down important tasks on a calendar (digital or paper). Then help them
estimate how much time each task will take. After they complete a task, ask whether the time
estimate was accurate or not. If needed, suggest adjustments for next time. It may also help to
have kids write the due date directly on school assignments.
4. Establish daily routines.
Creating a regular schedule can help kids learn what to expect throughout the day. Use picture
schedules, clocks, and other time management strategies.
5. Introduce idea organizers.
Show kids how to use outlines, graphic organizers, or concept webs to organize ideas for school
projects. Encourage them to take class notes in two columns , using a narrow column on the left for
main ideas or questions and a wide column on the right for all the details. Later, when they’re
studying for a test, they can look at what’s in the narrow column to review the big ideas and see if
they can remember the details.
6. Use color-coding.
Assign colors to each school subject. For example, green folders and notebooks may be for English
and blue for math. Use brightly colored pocket folders for items that need to be signed and
returned. Suggest using pens of different colors to help kids shift from the role of writer to the role of
self-checker and editor.
7. Create fun memory aids.
Show kids how to create their own silly sentences, songs, acronyms, or cartoons to remember
information. (One popular mnemonic, “Never Eat Soggy Waffles,” helps kids remember north, east,
south, and west.) They can use these memory aids for anything from preparing for an exam to
recalling a locker combination.
8. Create an organized work space.
Set aside spaces at home where each child can work without interruption. It might work best if this
is somewhere near you for times when they need your assistance. Keep school supplies and
technology such as calculators, tablets, or laptops nearby.
9. Do regular backpack audits.
Your child’s backpack is a crucial link between home and school, so it’s important to keep it neat.
Schedule a time each week for kids to clean out and organize the backpack .
10. Help kids think ahead.
Before bedtime, sit down together to review plans for the next day. This can make kids feel more
secure. Together you can plan how to handle things if a change comes up in the schedule.
Out-of-class activities can be an explanation for the quicker skill development of some learners,
and they can contribute to achieve learner autonomy. Therefore, research on out-of-class learning
strategies is important to provide the students with better strategy training

3 Card
 3. Some teachers consider corporal punishment as
appropriate form of children’s punishment. What do
you think about this? Prove your point of view.
Corporal punishment is a hot topic that is widely debated by parenting experts, psychologists, and
parents. Fueled by news stories about child abuse, many of those opposed to corporal punishment
question whether or not it should remain legal and what steps could be taken to reduce incidents of
physical abuse to children. Corporal punishment encompasses all types of physical punishment,
including spanking, slapping, pinching, pulling, twisting, and hitting with an object. It also may
include forcing a child to consume unpleasant substances such as soap, hot sauce, or hot pepper.
In the United States, corporal punishment is legal on a federal level, but state laws vary on what
types of physical punishments are allowed.
"The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends healthy forms of discipline, such as positive
reinforcement of appropriate behaviors, limit setting, redirecting, and setting future expectations.
The AAP recommends that parents do no use spanking, hitting, slapping, threatening, insulting,
humiliating, or shaming."
Overall, the AAP recommends that parents, schools, and caregivers refrain from using any type of
physical punishment with children including spanking and paddling in schools. They also indicate
that corporal punishment is ineffective over the long-term and leads to negative outcomes.
Facts
Teaching children acceptable behaviors, including how to make good choices and exercise self-
control, is an integral part of child-rearing. But, many parents rely on physical punishments to
accomplish these goals.
What's more, these parents do not intend to harm their children when using corporal punishment;
but instead, believe it is an effective discipline strategy. The issue is that corporal punishment is
generally more harmful than it is helpful. Here are some surprising facts about corporal punishment
every parent should know.
Exacerbates Behavior Problems
While corporal punishment may lead to immediate compliance, researchers have found that the
changes in behavior may only be short-term. In fact, studies consistently show that over the long-
term, corporal punishment is ineffective and may even cause behavior problems to worsen over
time.2 For instance, spanking children increases aggressive behavior.
A multitude of research studies has found that kids who are spanked are more likely to hit other
people.3 The reason behind this is simple.
Corporal punishment models aggressive behavior, which teaches children to solve problems with
violence.
It also can lead to bullying, dating violence, and other problem behaviors that rely on having power
over someone else.
What's more, spanking is not any more effective than time-out. In fact, research shows that
spanking quickly loses effectiveness over time.4 When children are spanked, they don’t learn how
to make better choices. And eventually, spanking stops being a deterrent.
Corporal punishment also damages the relationship between kids and their parents or caregivers.3
Trust, stability, safety, and security are the keys to helping children develop the skills they need to
manage their behavior. Corporal punishment erodes that relationship and makes behavior
management more difficult.
The 5 Most Common Time-Out Mistakes That Parents Make
Link to Mental Illness
Research has shown that children who are subjected to corporal punishment, such as spanking,
pushing, grabbing, and paddling, are more likely to develop mental health disorders. In fact, a study
published in Pediatrics reported that harsh physical punishment was associated with increased
odds of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and personality disorders.5
Even when physical punishment wasn't considered child abuse, researchers found that corporal
punishment placed children at a higher risk of developing almost every type of mental illness.
Supported by Most Parents
Despite much public opposition to spanking, a survey conducted by the Harris Poll discovered that
81% of Americans privately support spanking children. For instance, the poll found that older
generations are more accepting of spanking with 88% of mature parents, 85% of baby boomers,
82% of Gen X parents, and 72% of Millennial parents approving of corporal punishment.6
Of course, there are a number of different ways in which parents define corporal punishment. For
instance, some parents consider spanking with an open hand on a child's bottom acceptable but
believe that all other forms of physical punishment are unacceptable.
Alternatives
Discipline shouldn't be about controlling kids. Instead, it should be about teaching them to control
themselves. As a result, it is best to use strategies that will help your children learn from their
mistakes while also cultivating better decision-making skills. These skills will help them make better
choices in the future.

If you currently use corporal punishment with your child, you may want to consider the potential
long-term consequences physical punishment could have on your child's well-being. Instead,
consider alternative discipline strategies that could be more effective. Here are some discipline
strategies you might try implementing.
Take away certain privileges, such as electronics, for 24 hours. That will hurt more than a spanking
will.
Place a younger child in time-out. If your child refuses to go to time-out, take away a privilege.
Use restitution if your children's behavior hurts someone else. Assign an extra chore or have them
perform a duty that will help make amends.
Implement logical consequences that teach life lessons. If your kids break something, make them
do chores to earn money to fix it.
Use positive reinforcement to encourage good behavior too. For instance, establish a reward
system or a token economy system to help your child address specific behavior problems.
A Word From Verywell
If you have concerns about your children's behavior or if they don't seem to be responding to your
discipline strategies, seek professional help. Talk to your pediatrician about what steps you can
take to address misbehavior in a healthy way.

4 Card
 4. There are schools which are neither financed nor
controlled by the government or local authorities in
Great Britain. How can you account for the fact that
independent schools which are not very numerous are
the most significant? Prove your point of view.
If you are a parent, then you understand just how important it is to make sure you are choosing the
right education for your child. Whether that means attending a public, private, or independent
school will of course vary from student to student and family to family, because no one option will
work for everyone.
That said, attending an independent school might be just what your child needs in order to bloom
into an intelligent, confident leader in today’s world. Below, we discuss what we believe are the 10
most important reasons that you should consider an independent school education for your child.
1. High academic standards
While public schools have their academic standards set by state and federal regulations,
independent schools have the freedom to set their own standards when it comes to assessing
student learning and development. These standards are very often higher than what would be
expected from students in a public school setting. By holding all students to a higher academic
standard, independent schools create a culture of academic excellence, encouraging all students to
excel.
2. Excellent teachers, who are free from testing standards
This point is related to the first point discussed above. A major source of stress for both students
and teachers at public schools is the importance that is placed on standardized testing. It is used to
not only evaluate a student’s proficiency in various topics, but to evaluate an educator’s proficiency
in teaching those topics to students.
Because of the importance placed on performing well on these standardized tests, public schools
devote a lot of classroom time and resources to specifically teaching students how to take these
exams. This strategy of “teaching to the test,” though, breeds students who are skilled at
memorization but lack the ability to think creatively and problem solve.
Independent schools are not required to evaluate their students with standardized testing (though
many still do participate). This allows for more freedom in the classroom, which attracts passionate
and talented teachers who want to work somewhere that gives them more autonomy and less
bureaucracy. This allows independent school environments to instill a love of learning, rather than
simple test-taking competency.
3. Personal attention
Independent and private school classrooms typically have a much lower student-to-teacher ratio
than public schools. This allows for more opportunities for student participation, more personal,
one-on-one education and guidance, bolstering student performance and offering a strong support
network for the inevitable challenges that accompany adolescence.
4. Innovative and exciting curriculum
Because independent schools are not as burdened by bureaucracy and regulations as public
schools are, they have more freedom to be nimble and experimental in their educational
approaches. This is especially important in today’s fast-paced, rapidly changing world, where new
technologies and methodologies are popping up all the time. By being nimble, independent schools
are able to better serve their students, offering courses that develop critical thinking, substantial
writing requirements, and hands-on discovery.
5. A community drawn to a mission
While public schools are limited in what and how they can teach their students, independent
schools are much freer to pursue educational practices that align with their core missions,
philosophies, and values, which very often aim to not only educate their pupils, but transform them
into creative, civically minded leaders. By attending an independent school, your child can gain
access to a passionate, mission-oriented community of teachers, parents, and other students.
6. Deep and lasting friendships
At its core, attending an independent school is very different from attending a public school,
especially in terms of the friendships that are made. The idea of “community” is so important to
most independent school cultures that it spurs deep connections. This, plus the depth of an
independent school experience, means that students get to know one another very well. Sharing
the unique experience of attending an independent school together means that friends often stay
friends for years after graduation.

7. Access to teachers and administrators

Independent schools typically offer a partnership between parents, teachers, and school
administrators so that everyone is working together to challenge and support your child. Parents
and teachers are on the same team. This encourages mutual support between parents and
teachers, ensuring that students are challenged academically, assignments are complete, students
are fully engaged, that important values are reinforced at school, and that a child’s happiness and
emotional well-being are valued.
Because teamwork is the name of the game, independent school teachers will typically make
themselves as available as possible to parents for conversation, whether that is a phone call in off
hours, quick turnaround on an email, or a face-to-face meeting.
8. Focus on the whole child
There is no doubt that academics are important—whether your child attends a public or
independent school, a strong academic foundation is essential to a promising and successful
future. And yet, there is more to your child than academics.
Independent school teachers understand that educating your whole child is an important and
essential part of their job as teachers. This is accomplished through the classroom, yes, but also
outside the classroom—in the form of sports, clubs, and extracurricular activities that allow your
child to explore and develop the many facets of their personalities and interests that make them
unique.
9. Invested parents
Something that is often overlooked by parents who are considering enrolling their child in an
independent school is: What will the other parents in my school network be like? When you enroll
your child in an independent school, you join a set of parents who are deeply invested in their
children's experience and the outcome of this investment.
10. Curriculum that is broad and deep
Excellence in core subject areas like math, English, science, and history are essential, but these
subjects should not make up the entirety of your child’s education. Independent schools are more
likely to offer additional and very important subjects like art, music, physical education, health and
wellness, world languages, and more.

Public schools may offer a smattering of these additional courses for your child to choose from, but
the truth of the matter is that they are often limited by resources and budget. Independent schools
typically have more resources to leverage, allowing them to offer these important additional classes
to your child.
Weighing Your Options
Attending an independent school is often described as being a life-changing experience for
graduates, but it ultimately isn’t always the right decision for every student. The points discussed
above are some of the most compelling reasons that parents consider sending their child to an
independent school. Use them as you weigh your options and decide whether or not an
independent school education is right for your child.

5 Card
 5. Many teachers complain of pupils`s lack discipline.
What do you think about this? Prove your point of
view.
 Based on my experience and observations I have learned one or two things about discipline

policies in schools. First, an effective discipline policy is often not mentioned by staff members

because it is a non-issue. An ineffective discipline policy can dominate the complaints and become

a demoralizing factor with any staff. It also does not serve as a model for students to understand

that there are consequences for poor decisions.

 The effectiveness of any discipline policy will rely on the person in charge of enforcing it. This is

often put down as the function of the principal or, on the secondary level, an assistant principal.

The enforcement or interpretation of the policy by that person goes a long way in making the

policy effective or not. For that reason many schools have spelled out the possible infractions, as

well as the escalating consequences for repeat offenses. This limits interpretation making it fair

for all offenders. It also limits the pleading parents pointing out the Johnny did the same thing

and received no punishment, and asking,”Why are you persecuting my child and letting Johnny go

Scott-free?”

 Until recently, most offenses were familiar to administrators. There were enough repetitive

offenses to examine, catalog, and even predict things that kids would do, which would require

consequences. Armed with such a list the best course of action would be to: list them out, assign

consequences, develop a repeat offense clause with escalating consequences, publish the

Discipline Policy, read it to all students, and finally send a copy to the parents, getting a signature

indicating their understanding of the policy. All of that being done, all is right with the world or at

least the world of school.

 The Fly in the ointment; Technology has now arrived on the scene. It brings unpredicted behavior.

It is wrapped in myths and misconceptions. The reality for administrators is that perception is

reality for teachers and parents. If teachers and parents buy the myths than the administrator

often bases the discipline policy on those perceptions, or misconceptions. This accounts for the
 development of other policies: Internet safety, Cyber-bullying, Banning the Internet, and Banning

cell phones.

 I am in not in any way minimizing the dangers of the internet. There is danger in the lack of

understanding and in the misuse and abuse of any technology. But these issues cannot be solely

addressed in one discipline policy. They are as much a matter of teaching and learning as they are

a matter of disciplinary action.

 Cyber bullying is extremely devastating, but it is a modern form of Bullying. It does not have to

be a separate policy. Bullying is something every district should be addressing as early as

possible. Being a good citizen extends to the digital world. We need to teach kids to deal with

those issues that they need to know for their world. When I was a kid the computers we had, took

up a room and ordinary people had no access, but we had bullies. The way it was handled then

was to teach self-defense and tell the kid to stand up to the bully and try to beat the crap out of

him (bullies often thought to be males in those days).

 The issue of Bullying was brought to the forefront of Education after the Columbine massacre. I do

not know if it was Cyber bullying or the regular version that set that into motion. I do not know if

the percentage of cyber bullying exceeds the percentage of everyday intimidation by non-digital

bullies. My point is we need to address the concept of bullying in any form and not concentrate or

address one form over another.

 The new debate is the removal of the barriers of walls, time, and distance. Technology allows

bullies to intimidate students in other buildings and after school hours. This is not an easy issue

for many administrators to handle. For others it is as simple as any other bullying issue. The

student’s safety and security in the learning environment are paramount. If a student is being

bullied by someone face to face or digitally because of their contact within the learning

environment it must be dealt with by the administrator. That is one of the many things they are

suppose do.

 Another issue is the banning of all cell phones because students text during class. To me it is

another short-sighted policy which can easily be addressed in a discipline policy. First, I taught on

the secondary level for 34 years and for every class during each of those years, I established rules

for the classroom. If I was teaching that level today, I would address the proper use and etiquette

of the Mobile Learning Devise in the classroom. I teach college now and the first question I would

ask myself if I have a student texting during my class is “what am I not doing to engage this kid

in learning? It would be on me initially. If it continues after my adjustments then a discipline

 policy should cover a continued infraction. I would never ask an administrator to enact a school-

wide policy because I could not enforce rules in my class.

 Finally, my soapbox issue, the banning of the internet because students may access inappropriate

material is another knee-jerk policy. I have discussed this issue in many previous posts. In this

post however, it is purely from a discipline point of view. It is my contention that we must educate

our students about the internet from early on. They need to be taught what is appropriate and

what is not. We need to teach them good digital citizenry and then we may hold them

accountable. Appropriate use of technology should be a part of any discipline policy today. The

rub comes in kids understanding of appropriate use. As it is now many kids get their internet

experience “from the Streets” because we are not addressing it in the schools at age-appropriate

times. We cannot hold them responsible for what we refuse to teach.

 Of course there is also the perception that children will be lured from the schools and be molested

by an internet lurking child predator. This has happened and there is no denying that. It is also

probably one of the biggest fears parents have in regard to their children. When we look at the

real numbers of child molestation however, we need to understand it is more likely (about 90%

likely) that a child will be molested by a family member or a close family friend. Are we

addressing this in schools? I think it is not possible to Ban families.

 Without a safe and secure teaching environment we cannot expect the level of learning we need

to happen the way we expect. It requires thought and consideration to address the real issues to

protect and discipline kids. This is a topic close to the hearts of many educators, and as such I

expect a great many comments. I also realize that one’s position in the system will affect the

perspective on this issue. I expect administrators’ comments to be different from teachers’

comments. Have at it folks, or should I say, have at me!

6 Card
 6. The system of education in Great Britain is complex
and bewildering. In what institutions can children get
pre-school education? Describe it in general.
Education in Great Britain (5)      
Twelve million children attend about 40.000 schools in Britain. Education in Great Britain is
compulsory and free for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. There are many children
who attend a nursery school from the age of 3, but it is not compulsory. In nursery schools
they learn some elementary things such as numbers, colours, and letters. Apart from that,
babies play, have lunch and sleep there. Whatever they do, there is always someone keeping
an eye on them.
Compulsory education begins at the age of 5 when children go to primary school. Primary
education lasts for 6 years. It is divided into two periods: infant schools (pupils from 5 to 7
years old) and junior schools (pupils from 7 to 11 years old). In infant schools children don't
have real classes. They mostly play and learn through playing. It is the time when children just
get acquainted with the classroom, the blackboard, desks and the teacher. But when pupils
are 7, real studying begins. They don't already play so much as they did it in infant school.
Now they have real classes, when they sit at desks, read, write and answer the teacher's
questions.
Compulsory secondary education begins when children are 11 or 12 and lasts for 5 years.
Secondary school is traditionally divided into 5 forms: a form to each year. Children study
English, Mathematics, Science, History, Art, Geography, Music, a Foreign language and have
lessons of Physical training. Religious education is also provided. English, Mathematics and
Science are called "core" subjects. At the age of 7,11 and 14 pupils take examinations in the
core subjects.
There are 3 types of state secondary schools in Great Britain. They are:
1) comprehensive schools, which take pupils of all abilities without exams. In such schools
pupils are often put into certain sets or groups, which are formed according to their abilities for
technical or humanitarian subjects. Almost all senior pupils (around 90 per cent) go there;
2) grammar schools, which give secondary education of a very high standard. Entrance is
based on the test of ability, usually at 11. Grammar schools are single sexed schools;
3) modern schools, which don't prepare pupils for universities. Education in such schools
gives good prospects for practical jobs.
After five years of secondary education, at the age of 16, pupils take the General Certificate of
Secondary Education (GCSE) examination. When they are in the third or in the forth form,
they begin to choose their exam subjects and prepare for them.
After finishing the fifth form pupils can make their choice: they may either leave school and go
to a Further Education College or continue their education in the sixth form. Those who stay at
school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for "A' (Advanced) Level Exams in two or three
subjects which is necessary to get a place at one of British universities.
There are also about 500 private schools in Great Britain. Most of these schools are boarding
ones, where children live as well as study. Education in such schools is very expensive, that's
why only 5 per cent of schoolchildren attend them. Private schools are also called preparatory
(for children up to 13 years old) and public schools (for pupils from 13 to 18 years old). Any
pupil can enter the best university of the country after leaving this school. The most famous
British public schools are Eton, Harrow and Winchester.
After leaving secondary school young people can apply to a university, a polytechnic or a
college of further education.
There are 126 universities in Britain. They are divided into 5 types:
The Old ones, which were founded before the 19th century, such as Oxford and Cambridge;
The Red Brick, which were founded in the 19th or 20th century;
The Plate Glass, which were founded in 1960s;
The Open University It is the only university offering extramural education. Students learn
subjects at home and then post ready exercises off to their tutors for marking;
The New ones. They are former polytechnic academies and colleges.
The best universities, in view of "The Times" and "The Guardian", are The University of
Oxford, The University of Cambridge, London School of Economics, London Imperial College,
London University College.
Universities usually select students basing on their A-level results and an interview.
After three years of study a university graduate get the Degree of a Bachelor of Arts, Science
or Engineering. Many students then continue their studies for a Master's Degree and then a
Doctor's Degree (PhD).
7 Card
 7. Some people consider that the quantity of
compulsory subjects should be decreased to less
number. Do you approve this idea? Prove your point of
view.
There should be no compulsory school subjects. Students often complain about the number of
compulsory school subjects. Most of them want to study optional subjects. They choose the
area, where students will work in future. So, should be there compulsory subjects or not? On
the on hand, some students might only choose "easy" path and don’t select any subjects that
won’t help in real life. For example, a student might choose only physical education, music,
drawing, and other arts without taking Math, Physics, foreign languages, and chemistry classes.
If students choose all the subjects the study, they don’t get proper education. On the other hand
that can be useful will take concentration which does not require knowledge of other science.
Also, that can be useful when students want to select a profile subject or subject they are
interested in. Students will be motivated, school will be enjoyable for them. If the school is
enjoyable for them, they do better progress in those areas, they had chosen. In addition,
optional subjects prepare student to pass special exams for some universities. To sum up,
students should be allowed to choose the subjects they want to study because in this case they
will probably be more enthusiastic about their school work. But in my opinion they should
choose only elective subjects.

8 Card
 8. There have been reasonable changes in the system of
education of Ukraine recently.
 What is your attitude to this, as a pre-service teacher?
 While visiting schools in Ukraine, especially village schools, it is hard to
believe that the state spends 6 percent of GDP on education - one of the
highest rates of public spending on education in the world. Ukrainian
schools often lack adequate facilities, modern equipment or quality
textbooks. Rural schools may sometimes lack indoor restrooms, to speak
nothing of their outdated classrooms. But this is only the tip of the iceberg;
crumbling infrastructure is just the most obvious challenge.
 The problems facing the country’s education system go deeper – namely
outdated teaching methodologies and low morale among teachers. Both
the approaches towards teaching and towards learning are out of date,
with students practicing rote recitation without knowing how to use this
knowledge in everyday life.  Lessons are overburdened with theoretical
knowledge and lacking in practical application, while textbooks are
academically dry and overburdened with secondary factual materials –
dampening motivation and curiosity among students.
 In addition, unofficial payments are common in education. It is not a secret
that many schools collect money from parents for classroom remodeling
and flowers or gifts for teachers. Some parents also pay bribes to get their
children accepted to a school, for better grades, or for mandatory tutoring.
These practices adversely affect students’ understanding of fair
competition and the need to study.
 Further, the teaching profession’s low social status and even lower salaries
demoralize hard working men and women. A lack of opportunities for
personal and professional growth stifle creativity, dynamism and,
ultimately, motivation.
 As a result, not all Ukrainian citizens enjoy equal access to the quality
education that has been guaranteed by the constitution. In fact, too many
of the country’s schools deepen what is becoming an entrenched cycle of
poverty: children from poor families fail to receive the necessary skills and
human capital necessary to get a good job and realize real social mobility.
 Fortunately, Ukraine recognizes this challenge and appears committed to
address it. The new Law “On Education” was a promising start. The critical
and longer-term test will be aligning the country’s education policies with
its changing demographics, skills required to compete in the 21st century
and allocating scarce budget resources efficiently and effectively. 
Between 2013 and 2017, budget financing for education shrank from 7.2 to
6.0 percent of GDP. After the steep devaluation of the hryvnia, public
education spending declined by 35 percent in real terms over two years.
This decline brought Ukraine closer to international benchmarks, though
spending on education still remains amongst the highest in the world.
Given the aforementioned problems, this is poor value for money.
 While visiting schools in Ukraine, especially village schools, it is hard to
believe that the state spends 6 percent of GDP on education - one of the
highest rates of public spending on education in the world. Ukrainian
schools often lack adequate facilities, modern equipment or quality
textbooks. Rural schools may sometimes lack indoor restrooms, to speak
nothing of their outdated classrooms. But this is only the tip of the iceberg;
crumbling infrastructure is just the most obvious challenge.
 The problems facing the country’s education system go deeper – namely
outdated teaching methodologies and low morale among teachers. Both
 the approaches towards teaching and towards learning are out of date,
with students practicing rote recitation without knowing how to use this
knowledge in everyday life.  Lessons are overburdened with theoretical
knowledge and lacking in practical application, while textbooks are
academically dry and overburdened with secondary factual materials –
dampening motivation and curiosity among students.
 In addition, unofficial payments are common in education. It is not a secret
that many schools collect money from parents for classroom remodeling
and flowers or gifts for teachers. Some parents also pay bribes to get their
children accepted to a school, for better grades, or for mandatory tutoring.
These practices adversely affect students’ understanding of fair
competition and the need to study.
 Further, the teaching profession’s low social status and even lower salaries
demoralize hard working men and women. A lack of opportunities for
personal and professional growth stifle creativity, dynamism and,
ultimately, motivation.
 As a result, not all Ukrainian citizens enjoy equal access to the quality
education that has been guaranteed by the constitution. In fact, too many
of the country’s schools deepen what is becoming an entrenched cycle of
poverty: children from poor families fail to receive the necessary skills and
human capital necessary to get a good job and realize real social mobility.
 Fortunately, Ukraine recognizes this challenge and appears committed to
address it. The new Law “On Education” was a promising start. The critical
and longer-term test will be aligning the country’s education policies with
its changing demographics, skills required to compete in the 21st century
and allocating scarce budget resources efficiently and effectively. 
Between 2013 and 2017, budget financing for education shrank from 7.2 to
6.0 percent of GDP. After the steep devaluation of the hryvnia, public
education spending declined by 35 percent in real terms over two years.
This decline brought Ukraine closer to international benchmarks, though
spending on education still remains amongst the highest in the world.
Given the aforementioned problems, this is poor value for money.

9 Card
 9. During an inter-universities debate, the system of
education in Ukraine is considered to be one of the
most successful in the world. However, you don’t quite
agree with this, and you want a few areas to be
 improved. Which areas would you recommend and
why?
 The public educational system is free and includes 11 years of obligatory schooling.
The four year primary school for students aged six to ten years is followed by two
levels of the secondary school.
 There is a wide range of universities in Ukraine that provide both free of charge and
fee-paying education. Ukraine has a long and proud history in terms of education.
More specifically, , the country has a long tradition in the field of
mathematics. Ukrainian universities provide students with strong fundamental
knowledge as they teach to look at the problem widely and find solutions
conceptually. At the same time, curricula are left behind the needs of IT-companies
and industry in general. Teachers do not always have the practical experience and it
also affects the quality of education. In addition, current financial motivation does
not allow universities to attach practicing professors to teaching for a long time.
 One more problem of Ukrainian education is that students often choose majors that
are not in demand on the market. Thus, almost 45% of graduates have to master a
new profession to get a decent job. IT is one of the industries that develops
aggressively and requires a lot of new talents.  Therefore, university graduates are
ready to go an extra mile and complete courses that will help them acquire skills
and knowledge required to join IT industry. They are the ones whom BrainBasket
offers new knowledge. Students who have already completed their studies and who
have proved to be capable of acquiring knowledge.
 Today, all major Ukrainian IT companies employ IT-specialists who originally were
educated in highly specialized areas like rocket science and astrophysics.
 By supporting BrainBasket, you take Ukraine to a new level of knowledge and help it
use resources that traditional educational system provides correctly.

10 Card
 10. The trend (tendency) of extra- curricular activities
is becoming more important as they develop “social
 skills”. Do you agree with this fact? Give reasons to
your answer.
 Evidence of Effectiveness
 There is strong evidence that extracurricular activities increase self-esteem and
positive social behaviors among children and adolescents. Extracurricular activities
are also a suggested strategy to increase social support systems, develop social
skills and relationships, and enhance neighborhood cohesion. There are a variety of
these types of activities and programs, however, and some are more effective than
others.
 Creative extracurricular activities such as music, dance, drama, and visual arts can
increase participants’ self-confidence, self-esteem, and positive behaviors 7. After-
school activities appear to improve school belonging, motivation, and academic
achievement among immigrant high school students. Elementary school students
appear to have greater social engagement benefits when they are highly engaged in
after school programming than when they are less engaged.   
 Extracurricular activities with academic components can modestly improve grades,
test scores, and academic proficiency along with social benefits. Some studies
indicate that participation in extracurricular activities may decrease problem
behaviors such as alcohol use, risky sexual activity, and delinquency, while others
suggest no effect on such behaviors.
 Students’ attendance at extracurricular activities may be enhanced by supportive
environments, age-appropriate structures, positive relationships between
participants and staff, and diverse activities that foster child development and
engage participants. These characteristics can also improve student outcomes.

11 Card
 11. Geographically, English is the most wide-spread
language on Earth, second only to Mandarin Chinese
in the number of people who speak it. Give reasons
why it has become as global language?
 If you are learning English right now, chances are it’s probably something to do with
getting your degree, advancing in your career, or maybe for personal reasons like having
an English-speaking partner. Nowadays it seems like everyone is learning English, and it
is becoming the world’s most widely spoken language. It is used in business and trade
all over the world, and in places like Europe, it is spoken widely outside of business. But
why? What makes English the magic catch-all language that everyone wants to speak
fluently? How did it become so important and widespread? The answer lies not just in
the history of the language, but politics, culture and technology!
 Here are 5 Reasons Why English Has Become Today’s Global Language:
 1)   The British Empire. The first, and most obvious reason that English became
widespread in the first place is because of the British Empire. Before colonizing around
a quarter of the planet (!), Britons were the only ones speaking English, and the
language was confined to the British Isles. But once they started doing trade with places
like Asia and Africa, colonizing and settling around the globe, the language naturally
spread. However, it was mainly used in administration and business dealings—locals
were still speaking their native languages for the most part. But when it came to getting
an education, that was done in English.  So English then became an elitist language of
sorts, spoken by those who were educated in literature, philosophy and poetry, much
like French was back when it was the most widely spoken language. So how did English
take over French as the most spoken language? Well there’s more to the story than the
Brits.
 2)   Post-war USA. The world after the first two world wars was a vulnerable and
changing one. American businesses were booming and started doing trade all over the
world, much like Great Britain had done in the previous century. This bolstered the use
of English as the language of global trade. But at the same time, American culture was
being exported heavily through music and film. The advent of jazz, rock n’ roll and other
popular music from both the USA and UK infiltrated the culture of people everywhere,
making English more than just the language of business, but the language of
entertainment for the masses.  Hollywood was also booming with popular films
exported worldwide, and then in the 1960’s the counter-culture movement arrived with
social change and the hippie movement sweeping across the USA and Europe. Which
brings us to the next point:
 3)   The coolness factor. English is used across the world to signify a certain lifestyle or
culture linked to American-style success or entertainment, or sometimes to signify a
certain British quality. Advertisers use it all over the world in multi-national markets to
sell their products in this way. But, it is also the most common language used in the film
and music industry. Big-budget movies and everyone’s favorite classic films are mostly
produced in English. In music, if a band wants to become popular or famous, they will
produce their work in English as well. Maybe it’s because English will reach a wider
audience, or maybe because English is taken more seriously as an element of good pop
music. And then there are sports—American-invented sports today like BMX and
skateboarding, and even basketball, have an entire vocabulary in English, and many of
the best athletes in those fields are English-speaking—even if they have been recruited
from abroad!
 4)   Technology. At the same time that the USA was becoming the world’s business
superpower, the internet was also invented in the USA. This created an entire lexicon for
computers and technology that was invented in English. Computer keyboards are suited
for writing languages using the Latin alphabet, and the hardware for all our smart
technology uses English words that have become commonly used around the world, as
there was no other alternative in place when the technology spread like fire to the
corners of the Earth. The world of science is also dominated by English for much the
same reason: historically, universities publishing important research were doing so in
English, and as a scientist today, any serious publication must be done in English. With
 science and technology playing such a big role in our lives today, English won’t be going
anywhere soon.
 5)   The snowball effect. Now that English is so widespread across the internet, on the
radio, in schools and in the business world, it is hard to escape. It is well known that in
order to get a good job in today’s global market, speaking English is becoming a
requirement more often than not. That’s why students and more adults than ever are
taking private lessons, taking language immersion holidays and studying English to
become as fluent as they can. It is not a guarantee of success, but it certainly does help!
 Some people cite other reasons for the popularity of the English language, such as that
it is “easy to learn” or that is evolves with our changing times. Some people long for the
days when every country spoke their own language, and English was an eccentricity for
language experts. But one thing is fairly certain: English will continue to grow as the
world’s dominant language. But for how long?

12 Card
 12. English as a world language is involving all people
on Earth. Explain its global influence.
 In today’s world, multilingualism is becoming more and more important. In addition to
opening up employment opportunities, being able to speak a foreign language helps to
make a real connection with people and to know more about diverse cultures, places and
lifestyles. The more proficient you are, the better you can express yourself.
 Out of the 6 500 spoken languages in the world today, why choose to learn English?
As the third most widely spoken language in the world, English is widely spoken and
taught in over 118 countries and is commonly used around the world as a trade
language or diplomatic language. It is the language of science, aviation, computers,
diplomacy and tourism. Last but not least, it is the language of international
communication, the media and the internet.
 Whether it is for professional or personal reasons, understanding the importance of
English will help you reach your goals. Here are a few reasons why you should keep
learning and practising your English language skills.
 1. English is the Language of International
Communication
 Although English is not the most spoken language in the world, it is the official
language in 53 countries and is spoken as a first language by around 400 million
people worldwide. But that’s not all, it is also the most common second language in
the world. According to the British Council, by 2020 about two billion people in the
world will be studying English.
 Therefore, it is highly likely that if you meet someone from another country, you will
both be able to speak English. It gives you an open door to the world and helps you
communicate with global citizens.
  2. English gives access to more entertainment and
more access to the Internet
 Nowadays, many films, TV shows, books and music are published and produced in
English. By understanding English, you won’t need to rely on translations and
subtitles anymore. By accessing these media, you will also continuously improve
your English listening and reading skills.
 English is currently the language of the internet. An estimated of 565 million people
use the internet every day and about 52% of the world’s most visited websites are
displayed in English. Therefore, learning this language gives access to over half the
content of the internet, which might not be available otherwise. Whether it is for fun
or for work, if you understand English, you will be able to exchange information with
more people online and use many more materials.
 3. English makes it easier to travel
 As highlighted before, since English is spoken as a first language in 53 countries
and as a second language in over 118 countries, learning the language makes it
much easier to travel anywhere. Indeed, airport announcements, train timetables,
emergency information and street signs are often available in English, including in
countries where the native language uses a different type of alphabet. It goes
without saying that, when travelling to a country where you don’t speak the
language, you are practically guaranteed to find someone who understands at least
some English.
 4. English can make you ‘smarter’
 Learning a foreign language enhances your cognitive and analytical abilities.
Learning a new language can be difficult and it involves a lot of mental exercises.
Research from a 2012 Swiss Study shows that learning a new language changes
the brain structures, impacting the parts of the brain responsible for memory,
conscious thought and it can make you more creative. In the long term, bilingualism
can keep the brain strong and healthy into old age and supports concentration and
memory skills. On an individual level, it improves personality and increases sense of
self-worth. In simple words, learning a foreign language makes the brain stronger
and more versatile.
 Learning English is not only useful, but it also gives a lot of satisfaction and making
progress will make you feel great. Why not make it even more tangible by taking a
standardised test to certify your proficiency! 

13 Card
 13. English as a global language is considered to be
suitable for a lot of different situations. Give some
examples to support this fact.
In the twenty-first century, the entire world has become narrow, accessible, sharable and familiar for all
the people living on this earth as English is used as a common language even though there are some
variations in habits, cultures, traditions, regions and idiosyncratic aspects. As English has got the
common qualities, it has been accepted as the global language among the speakers of thousands of
different languages. Since science and technology is progressing, there are tremendous changes taking
place in the lives of the human beings everywhere in the world. As a result, the whole world has become
a global village and the people have to maintain good relationship with the others. Moreover, business,
trade and commerce have become international and most of the business organizations have their
offices in most of the countries. In order to maintain international relationship in science, technology,
business, education, travel, tourism and so on, English serves the purpose as a common language and a
global language. It is the language mostly used not only by the scientists, business organizations and
the internet but also in higher education, and tourism sectors. As English plays a dominant role in
almost all the fields in the present globalized world, there is a need to discuss its role as a global
language. The present paper highlights the importance of English as a global language as most of the
world's communications is done in English. It also reveals how English is being widely used in scientific
research, business and education. This paper also throws a light on how travel and tourism and
entertainment fields are benefitted by adopting English as their principal language of communication.
This paper also highlights the importance of English in education and employment. Finally, some useful
suggestions are also given in order to extend the use of English into several other fields. Introduction
With the ever-growing levels of interconnectivity and globalization around the world, the significance of
immediate and appropriate modes of communication has been increasing very rapidly in this modern
world. It is an undeniable fact that there is a need for a common language to communicate with the
present growing commerce and trade between companies from all over the world. With the
development of informatization as well as globalization, it is evident that most people all over the world
are communicating with the people of other regions in only one internationally recognized language,
that is, English. English is the language that is almost used between an agent and an international
company. English, being the first world language, is said to be the first global lingua franca and it is the
most widely used language in the world in international trade, diplomacy, mass entertainment,
international telecommunications and scientific publications as well as publishing newspapers and
other books.

14 Card
 14. Environmental protection is a national concern.
Share your opinion about the statement given above.
Why do we need international environmental law?

The environmental challenges facing individuals, communities, private companies and governments

throughout the world are numerous and complex. Most governments, companies and civil society

organisations now recognise that environmental issues are intertwined with social, cultural and economic

issues.
Promoting economic growth with environmental, human health and cultural safeguards in place seems to be

the path forward for most governments, but decades of environmental mismanagement have created severe

legacy issues in most countries.

Two huge challenges are determining how to clean up legacy problems, restore natural resources, and

achieve human health protection and health ecosystems; and designing strategies to enable future growth

while protecting the environment, maintaining biodiversity, safeguarding human health, and preserving

cultural and social values. This results in a very complex set of decisions for government at all levels, and a

regulatory framework that is supportive, facilitating and enabling is essential.

A very summarised list of global environmental issues includes:

 air and water pollution

 climate change
 deforestation
 depletion of non-renewable energy sources
 environmental impacts of reservoirs and water abstraction
 impacts of mining
 invasive species
 land and soil degradation
 loss of biodiversity and habitat fragmentation and degradation
 non-sustainable depletion of natural resources
 nuclear risks and waste management
 ocean and freshwater deoxygenation
 ozone depletion
 persistent toxins
 population pressure
 waste management

Many of these problems and issues traverse national and other administrative boundaries, and many of the

natural resources affected are examples of a global commons. Such transboundary challenges highlight the

need for decision-making processes, management agreements and procedures for dispute resolution that go

beyond the borders of individual nation states. They illustrate the necessity of creating administrative and

legal structures capable of enabling ecologically sustainable and socially acceptable development.

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND GLOBAL SEARCH FOR

SOLUTIONS (ccsu.edu)
15 Card
 15. Contamination is a problem of every nation.
 What are the steps undertaken by the governments of
any countries to protect environment?

The Role of Government in

Environmental Protection
The final controlling authority in most of the issues related to environment is the
government itself. For example, most of the thermal power plants are owned by the
government and also only the government can build dams, roads, railways, etc. Industrial or
any other related activity cannot start without the approval of the government. Therefore,
the government has to apply various checks and controls so that the environment is
managed properly.
How can the government establish incentives that would lead industries to choose the
efficient amount of pollution control in their own best interest, even if they do not face all
the social costs of residual emissions?

1. Direct Regulation
Direct regulation of polluting activity (i.e., setting a legal limit for pollution) frequently
comes to mind. The government could, for example, simply limit the industry’s pollution to
R units by decree. Direct regulation of this sort was popular in the United States shortly
after the setting up of Environmental Protection Agency, a government organization tasked
to regulate any practice that may have an adverse effect on the environment. Created in
1970, the EPA became the US government’s answer to increasing qualms about the wanton
disregard of some industries and their unsafe practices that pose hazards to human health
and the environment in general.  Aside from safeguarding human and environmental
health, the EPA is also empowered to craft and enforce regulations under existing
environmental laws. It is also responsible for researching various methods to  protect the
environment.  Since its creation, the EPA took the lead in implementing changes to make
the United States a better place to live in. Armed with existing and new laws like the
amended Federal Water  Pollution Control Act,  Safe Drinking Water Act, the amended
Clean Air Act, Federal Environmental  Pesticide Control  Act, and other federal
environmental statutes, the EPA set out to build a new and better horizon for the citizens of
the US and the world as a whole. The EPA, in partnership with the US Department of Energy
(DOE), expanded the coverage of the  ENERGY STAR program  in 1996 to promote the
reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.
Through this program, the agency made it possible for people to save 180 billion kilowatt-
hours in 2007 alone, or the equivalent of around 5% of the total electricity demand in the
US.

2. Effluent Fees
Effluent fees offer governments a second approach to pollution control. An effluent fee is a
unit price that a polluter must pay to the government for discharging waste. The idea
behind the imposition is that they can bring the marginal private cost of polluting faced by
firms closer to the true marginal social cost of their emissions.

Effluent fees often have one major advantage over direct regulation. It is, of course, socially
desirable to use the cheapest way to achieve any given reduction in pollution, and a system
of effluent fees is more likely to accomplish this result than direct regulation. To see why,
first consider a particular polluter facing an effluent charge. It would find it profitable to
reduce its discharge of waste to the point where the (marginal) cost of reducing its
emissions by 1 unit equalled the fee. The effluent fee would be the same for all polluters.
And it is a simple matter to show that the total cost of achieving the corresponding
reduction in total emissions across all of the polluters would thereby be minimized. To that
end, suppose that the cost of reduction waste discharges by an additional unit were not the
same for all polluters (as might be the case if they were given individual quantity limits).
The cost of achieving the same amount of total pollution control could then be reduced by
allowing polluters whose marginal control costs were high to increase their emissions (and
lower their marginal control costs) while encouraging polluters whose marginal control
costs were low to reduce theirs (by and equal amount).

Effluent fees do not however, guarantee the same constant level of total emissions that
could be expected if a set of individual quantity limits were issued. Why not? Because firms
will pay for the right to more or less pollution as they increase or decrease their outputs.
So, although direct regulation would restrict total emissions regardless of business
conditions, and equivalent effluent fee could, at best, guarantee that the expected value of
equivalent effluent fee could, at best, guarantee that the expected value of total emission s
over along period of time would correspond to the same total. Variation in the level of total
pollution can be harmful in some cases, and not in others. The point here is that preference
for effluent fees is not quite so clear-cut when the reality of uncertainty is brought to bear
on the discussions.

3. Transferable Emission Permits

Governments have recently learned that they can work the trade-off between the certainty
of direct regulation and the efficiency of effluent charges by issuing a fixed number of
transferable emissions permits – permits that allow the holder to generate a certain amount
of pollution. The total number of permits can be limited, so that total pollution can be held
below any targeted level. The economically efficient amount might be the pollution target,
but there could be others (especially if it were difficult to collect the information necessary
to identify the efficient level or it there were an emissions threshold beyond which damage
would be severe). In any case, allowing permits to be bought and sold would mean that
firms whose marginal control costs were high would probably try to but some (so that they
could their emissions) and firms whose marginal control costs were low would try to sell
some (and make money even thought they would have to reduce their emissions). In fact,
the market would work to bring the marginal cost of pollution control at each firm equal to
the market price of permits, and so it would bring the marginal cost of pollution control at
every form in line with the marginal cost at every other firm. Notice that this is exactly the
condition for minimizing the cost of holding total emissions to a particular level.
16 Card
 16. Every action to protect environment is important!
What role should mass media play in protection of
environment?
The media does not simply represent environmental crisis, it plays a pivotal role in shaping
attitudes to the environment and leads the way on producing knowledge of the human dimension of
environmental change and the motivation for constructing a sustainable future.
People are using social media nowadays to support environmental campaigns and to connect
people locally and globally on minor to major environmental issues. It also provides ordinary
people with the ability to track the quality of the air, water, climate around them, and then share
this data with others.
Social media can absolutely help to save the environment, and it's actually one of the best ways
of advertising to the next generation about keeping the planet sustainable for years to come.
The public also get to know ways to prevent environmental pollution, and learn how to curb
environmental degradation. Media can pass various educative information to the public through
various means such as newspapers, magazine, journals, and various aspects of electronic mass
communication.

17 Card
 17. There are different types of pollution. What are
they? Tell about the different aftereffects of such
environmental pollution and nature destruction.
What Causes Pollution
When it comes to pollution, there isn’t just one cause. There are lots of them.
However, before we can break down what causes pollution and the types of pollution,
it’s important to look at what pollution is. In simple terms, pollution is the
introduction of harmful chemicals into some areas of the environment. This could be
the toxic gases released from the burning of fossil fuels, or it could be the ash created
by a natural volcano eruption. As you can see, pollution can have natural causes or be
caused by humans.
The 7 Different Types of Pollution
When you think of environmental pollution, it typically comes in seven different
types. These include air, water, land, radioactive, thermal, light, and sound pollution.
Air Pollution
In some cities, the air is dangerous to breathe. Why? Well, air pollution of course. Air
pollution is when noxious gases and chemicals get suspended in air. Think about the
smog covering some areas of California and New York. Dirt, grime, exhaust fumes,
and other aerosols go into the air. These pollutants can go up in the atmosphere and
infect our clouds creating acid rain, or they can just hang out like smog does and
make it harder for people to breathe.
Water Pollution
Humans need water to survive. That is a fact. However, trash and chemicals can get
thrown into the ocean and lakes. This is called water pollution. Not only can they
affect fish and other marine life, when pollutants get into the water, they have a
devastating effect on the water cycle. Natural causes of water pollution include algae
blooms and volcanos. However, humans also cause water pollution through trash and
wastewater from factories.
Land Pollution
Land pollution is another one of the big three pollution types affecting the human
population. Land pollution happens when the soil gets contaminated by fertilizers or
chemicals being dumped. The pollution in the land can seep into the ground water or
run into lakes and streams creating a vicious pollution cycle.
Radioactive Pollution
When you think of radioactive pollution, you might think of Chernobyl or Fukushima.
Both of these nuclear power plants used fission of radioactive materials, uranium and
plutonium, to create electricity, and both failed. Their failure led to toxic chemicals
and radiation being leaked out into the environment, which is radioactive pollution.
Noise Pollution
Have you ever needed to wear earphones for loud noises? If so, you were
experiencing noise pollution. Noise pollution is caused by loud noises that can hurt
the human ears. Types of noise pollution can include explosions, jet engines, and even
concerts (if you are close to the speakers). Noise pollution is dangerous because it can
cause hearing loss.
Light Pollution
Have you ever noticed that in a big city with a lot of lights, it is impossible to see the
stars and galaxies? Light pollution, using electric lights to light up the sky, is the
cause. While lights are great for helping us to see at night, too many lights cause light
pollution blocking out the night sky. Light pollution can also be harmful to animals.
For example, the lights of big cities can confuse migrating birds.
Thermal Pollution
While most pollution types are straightforward, thermal pollution is a bit tricky. Many
times, nuclear power plants and factories use water to cool things. However, if they
put that warmed up water back into the environment, it wreaks havoc on the fish and
wildlife because it has less oxygen. This is called thermal pollution. Thermal
pollution can be caused by natural forces too like soil erosion giving water more
sunlight.
Different Types of Pollution
Pollution is all around us. However, there are different measures you can take to
reduce the pollution you have. For example, you might recycle or take your bike
more. You can also use renewable energy sources.

18 Card
18. Nature has a great influence on our lives. Tell about
your personal attitude to nature. How does it influence
you?
Nature will always be a part of our lives . It's up to us to make the environment clean
and safe for future generation.
Imagine a world without Nature . Without trees. Clouds . Season . Snow . Green
grass . Beautiful flowers and everything what have nature be . What would the
meaning of life be ?
Nature is very importance of humans have needed to survive and thrive, was
provided by the natural world around us : food, water, medicine, materials, for shelter,
and even natural cycles such us climate and nutrients .
Nature is our sole supplier.
Nature is very important because if there was no nature we wouldn't be alive.
Especially trees, they give us the oxygen to live and breathe. Nature is also important
because we have comfortable clothes, right? Some of your own clothes are made out
of animals.
Some animals give us food. For example, cows give us milk and pigs give us bacon.
Plants also give us food like corn, peas, barley and beans!
Trees are the most important of all the stuff that we talked about because they give us
oxygen to survive.
There is a lot of talking going on right now about nature preservation, green living
and fighting global warming. All things I myself am a great partisan of. But why
exactly is it that nature is so very important for us? Is it just because it’s pretty to look
at, or makes us feel good? I think it goes even further than that. I think nature is the
most intense connection we haven in this world with our own true nature. You don’t
have to be a meditator or a spiritual practitioner to experience this, anyone can quite
easily experience this in nature.

19 Card
 19. Many people try to stop pollution themselves. Do
you belong to such group of people? Why? Tell about
your personal actions.
In this era of globalization, our mother earth is facing serious pollution resulted from
inconsiderable deeds of mankind. Therefore, there are four ways to reduce pollution
on earth such as, practicing the 3Rs concept, reduce the usage of vehicles on road,
creating awareness among citizens, and enforcing the laws.
The first way to reduce pollution is to practice the 3Rs concept namely reduce,
reuse and recycle. Citizens should reduce the usage of air-conditioners as it will
release harmful gases , for instant ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons which will
result in reducing air pollution. One may make no difference, but when carried out
together, massive changes can be made. Moving on, reuse reusable items like plastic
bags, bottles, boxes and more is also one of the way to reduce pollution, For example,
instead of throwing away a worn out tire, it can be used as a plantation plot. The next
way to reduce pollution is to recycle recyclable items such as glass, cans, and
newspapers. The recycled newspapers can be reproduced as toilet papers which will
reduce extra waste on earth indirectly contributing in reducing land pollutions.
Therefore, practicing the 3Rs is one of the most effective ways to reduce pollution on
earth.
 Reducing the usage of vehicles on road will also help in reducing air pollution
on earth. The more the usage of vehicles, the more the harmful gases released into the
air such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and sulfur dioxides
which will cause serious air pollutions. The usage of cars, lorries and motorbikes
should be drastically reduced as the gases released by these vehicles can also
contribute in green house effect. However, these pollutions can be reduced when
citizens practice the habit of car-pooling and the usage of public transport like bus,
trains, monorails and many more. In addition, citizens can walk or cycle to near
destinations instead of driving which will lead to lesser air pollution. Therefore,
reducing the usage of vehicles by no doubt can reduce air and sound pollutions.
Another way to reduce pollution on earth is to create awareness among the
citizens. Awareness about the importance on reducing pollution on earth can be
created through campaigns for example, the “ Go Green” campaign which encourages
the citizens to plant more trees and to use recyclable items in their daily lives. The
“Earth Hour” is also one of the activity conducted world widely which requires
everyone to turn off every lights for one hour so as to create awareness on the
importance of reducing pollution on earth by reducing the usage of electronic items.
Awareness can be implanted through education for example, advertisements on
televisions and articles in newspapers which are related to topics like “How to reduce
pollutions”, “The consequences of pollutions” and so on. Therefore, pollution can be
reduced by creating awareness among the citizens.
The government plays an important role by enforcing the laws of the country
which is one of the way to reduce pollution on earth. Heavy penalties can be set to
offenders such as increasing fines and extending jail periods which will force them to
think twice before they pollute the environment indirectly setting a warning to those
who are not involved yet soon to be involved in polluting the environment. Besides,
strict monitor on factories by the government can also contribute in reducing pollution
as they are the ones who causes most of the air pollution and water pollution on earth
when disposing toxic gases into the air and harmful waste into the water. Therefore,
pollution can be reduced by enforcing the laws.
In conclusion, there are many ways to reduce pollution on earth namely
practicing the 3Rs concept, reduce the usage of vehicles on road, creating awareness
among citizens, and enforcing the laws which will create a better environment for the
benefits of both mankind and our mother earth. Therefore, we should buck up our
shoes and be ready to reduce pollution in everything we do and anywhere we go for a
better future ahead of us.
20 Card
 20. You have an opportunity to speak to people from
different countries. Tell them about the main problems
of environment in Ukraine.
Air pollution is at the top of the list of the ecological problems of Ukraine. The
amount of enterprises’ harmful emissions increases on average by 8% each year.
However, the financial administration of implementing the solutions for the main
modern ecological problems in the regions is not efficiently used.
The main ecological problems of the environment in our native land:
Piped drinking water pollution.
Air pollution (in industrial areas, in particular).
Destroying land (dark rich soil degradation).
The destruction of green vegetation.
Contamination of water resources (Black Sea whole, surface water).
Dangerous geological works.
Enormous household waste.
Outdated military installations.
Consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.
The main relevant problems of the modern regional ecology or, rather its deterioration
appear as a result of the huge plants’ refusal to use natural gas. Both enterprises and
population started using cheaper but more harmful solid fuel. All the companies that
pollute the atmosphere with their industrial outputs are the contributors to the fund of
the environmental tax. The latter should outweigh any potential harm resulting from
their activity. As has been reported, the range expressed in the Ukrainian hrivnas is
approximately ₴4.2B. However, even that amount of money is not a panacea to solve
ecological problems of Ukraine. There are several opinions about how to implement
solutions that can protect the environment.
When dealing with the important relevant ecological problems, waterlogging by the
river Dnipro and salinization of the large territories of the agricultural soils should be
mentioned in addition to those points. Negligent use of water resources led to the
surface water pollution of the Carpathians – a mountain pearl of Ukraine.
The local ecological problems of our country were born mostly because of the flawed
and outdated coal industry. The terricones are usually formed after underground coal
mining that leads to permeable soil’s disaster and the progressive deterioration in the
quality of groundwater. The ecological problems have always been prior for Ukraine
and their new solutions are found every day.

21 Card
 21. Environmental policy of the EU – describe the
major strategies.
In 2013, the Council and Parliament adopted the 7th EAP for the period up to 2020,
under the title ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’. Building on a number of
strategic initiatives, the programme sets out nine priority objectives, including: the
protection of nature; stronger ecological resilience; sustainable, resource-efficient and
low-carbon growth; and the fight against environment-related threats to health. The
programme also stresses the need for better implementation of EU environment law,
state-of-the-art science, investment, and integration of environmental aspects into
other policies. carbon-emission trading is a market-based instrument and can be
applied in the form of voluntary markets or in a mandatory framework. Most trading
schemes are based on a cap-and-trade model. A central authority puts a cap on the
overall carbon emissions allowed in a country or region. Within that cap, emission
rights are allocated to the polluters, and emissions produced beyond those rights are
penalized. The idea is that polluters choose between investing in emission reductions
or emission permits. By lowering the cap over time, total emission reduction can be
achieved. The trade of permits will ensure that emissions reduction is achieved at the
lowest costs.

22 Card
 22. The role of theatre in the contemporary Ukrainian
society. Is there any?

23 Card
  23. The spread of cinematography. Regional
peculiarities at origins.
The history of film in the last period of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st
was shaped in part by new technologies and the expansion of media culture that such
technologies fostered。 In the 1980s, for example, the widespread adoption of the
videocassette recorder (VCR) opened up new possibilities for the distribution of films
as videocassettes, giving wider circulation and easier access to works made
throughout the world.
Before the invention of photography, a variety of optical toys exploited this effect by
mounting successive phase drawings of things in motion on the face of a twirling disk
(the phenakistoscope, c. 1832) or inside a rotating drum (the zoetrope, c. 1834). Then,
in 1839, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, a French painter, perfected the positive
photographic process known as daguerreotype, and that same year the English
scientist William Henry Fox Talbot successfully demonstrated a negative
photographic process that theoretically allowed unlimited positive prints to be
produced from each negative. As photography was innovated and refined over the
next few decades, it became possible to replace the phase drawings in the early optical
toys and devices with individually posed phase photographs, a practice that was
widely and popularly carried out.

24 Card
 24. New times call new songs. How can we interpret
contemporary art?
Contemporary art is the art of the present, produced by living artists in the twenty-first
century. Contemporary art provides an opportunity to reflect on today social issues
relevant to humanity, and the world around us. Contemporary artists work in a
globally influenced, very culturally diverse, and advanced technological world. This
art is a dynamic combination of materials, concepts, methods, and subjects that
challenge traditional boundaries and defy easy understanding or definition. Eclectic
and diverse, contemporary art entirely is distinguished by the basic lack of a uniform,
ideology, organizing principle. This art is a cultural dialogue that concerns contextual
frameworks such as personal or cultural identity, social problems, and issues,
community and nationality - that is how at present the World define contemporary art
The talent to look at art is no lesser than the talent for producing it. It requires not
only some analysis but a serious experience that allow understanding of the context
and the background of any piece.‘Training an eye’ isn’t the simplest thing, especially
when you find yourself in the situation when ‘Cool’ / ‘Not-Cool’ verdicts are not
enough. The trick of the contemporary art is in motivating the public to get into the
dialogue with the author, interpret and react. When dealing with classic art the joy of
contemplating the work is enough for us to feel ourselves arbiter elegantiarum
without putting much effort into it, such an attitude isn’t efficient with contemporary
art. It is meant to be a ‘bedcrumb’ that wakes us and makes us move.

25 Card
 25. Explain the notion of “cyber English”. Does it
possess any specific features? Does it have any
positive/ negative influence upon general level of
people’s literacy, spelling, culture as a whole?

26 Card
 26. Great Britain faced a number of ecological
problems, but succeeded to find a way to solve them.
Describe the environmental situation in Great Britain.
Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical
environment. For the past decade, the state of the environment in the UK has
significantly deteriorated both in urban and rural areas. With a population of almost
67 million, such a highly populated and technologically advanced nation grows the
environmental suffers. According to the UK NEA, grazing air pollution and the forces
of climate change have significantly affected the mountainous regions of the UK. Due
to climate change; rising seawater temperatures and exploitation of marine resources
led to a serious loss of quality in UK marine ecosystems.[1] Air pollution, climate
change, litter, waste, and soil contamination are all a part of the human activity that
create these environmental issues in the UK.
Air Pollution
Air pollution is known as a mixture of natural and man-made substances in the air we
breathe. Some examples of natural substances that contribute to air pollution in the
UK are dust and pollen while examples of man-made substances contributing to the
problem are gases that come from cars and truck exhaust.
Climate change
Climate change occurs when the Earth's climate system changes, resulting in new
weather patterns for an extended period of time. Climate change has a profound effect
on both marine and terrestrial biodiversity. In the waters of the United Kingdom,
climate and ocean changes can also affect and have a major impact on threatened
species by influencing the efficacy of measures designed to protect them.
Litter
Littering is the act of improperly disposing of any kind of waste material, littering in
the United Kingdom is an especially significant problem.
Waste
Waste is a natural part of the life cycle; waste occurs when any organism returns
substances to the environment. Humans produce an excessive amount of waste
material residue that overloads the capacity of natural recycling processes.

27 Card
 27. Trends of art. Provide a brief overview of major
trends of art and outline their peculiarities.
There is simply a huge variety of trends and styles in the visual arts. Often they do not
have any pronounced boundaries and can smoothly move from one to another, while
being in continuous development, opposition and confusion. Most of the directions in
painting coexist at the same time precisely for this reason - there are practically no
"pure styles".
Impressionism
Impressionism got its name from the painting "Impression, soleil levant" by Claude
Monet. Impressionism is a painting style that tends to focus on outdoor work. Painting
in this direction is intended to convey the light sensation of the master.
The key characteristics of impressionism are: thin, relatively small, barely visible
strokes; accurately rendered lighting change; open composition; the presence of any
movement; unusual vision of objects.
Prominent representatives of impressionism: Pierre Renoir, Edgar Degas, Claude
Monet.
Expressionism
Expressionism is one of the modern trends in art that originated in Germany around
the first half of the 20th century. At the beginning, Expressionism encompassed only
poetry and painting.
Expressionists usually portray the world around them only subjectively, completely
distorting reality for even greater emotional effect. Thus, they make their viewer
think.
Bright representatives of Expressionism: Amedeo Modigliani, Edvard Munch, Ernst
Ludwig Kirchner.
Modernism
Modernism demonstrates the totality of different cultural trends, as well as a number
of united areas of art that originated in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Painters call modernism "another art", the goal of which is to create unique, unlike
anything else, paintings, that is, they show a special vision of the artist.
Outstanding representatives of modernism: Henri Mathis, Paul Signac, Kazimir
Malevich.
Realism
Realism emerged as a reaction to academicism and romanticism, first manifesting
itself in the 1850s in France. Realist artists usually tried to portray various objects
through the prism of worldly rules. They were devoid of any explanation or
embellishment.
Realism believed only in the existence of objective reality, therefore it protested
against the strong emotionality of romanticism. Precision and truth were the main
goals in the work of most representatives of this style.
Outstanding representatives of realism: Ilya Repin, Ivan Shishkin, Jules Breton,
Edouard Manet.
Other styles:
Surrealism, Symbolism, Pop Art, Neoclassicism, Cubism

28 Card
 28. You are fond of art, aren’t you? Dwell upon the
outstanding work of your favourite artist.
Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Las Meninas, or The Family of King Philip
IV
A painting of a painting within a painting, Velázquez masterpiece consists of different
themes rolled into one: A portrait of Spain’s royal family and retinue in Velázquez’s
studio; a self-portrait; an almost art-for-art’s-sake display of bravura brush work; and
an interior scene, offering glimpses into Velázquez’s working life. Las Meninas is
also a treatise on the nature of seeing, as well as a riddle confounding viewers about
what exactly they’re looking at. It’s the visual art equivalent of breaking the fourth
wall—or in this case, the studio’s far wall on which there hangs a mirror reflecting the
faces of the Spanish King and Queen. Immediately this suggests that the royal couple
is on our side of the picture plane, raising the question of where we are in relationship
to them. Meanwhile, Velázquez’s full length rendering of himself at his easel begs the
question of whether he’s looking in a mirror to paint the picture. In other words, are
the subjects of Las Meninas (all of whom are fixing their gaze outside of the frame),
looking at us, or looking at themselves?
29 Card
 29. British school of painting and its major
representatives.
In the late-19th century, contact with French Impressionist ideas meant that British
artists' discontent with academic Victorian art became transmuted into a new concept
of the role of art and the artist. In a new awareness of painting, disparate artists
merged and refined their ideas on colour, light and form into an Impressionistic style
that is distinctly British.British Impressionism isn’t so much a movement as an
attitude toward painting and a set of liberating tools. Many painters employ
Impressionist approaches, such as painting en plein air, painting at twilight or at night,
and depicting scenes of ordinary life, without calling themselves Impressionists.
Painters like Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne. Éduard Manet and Camille Pisarro
gravitated toward Provence where they could paint outside, capturing the vibrant
colours and stark contrasts of light and shade provided by sun-drenched landscapes.
English school, dominant school of painting in England throughout the second half of
the 18th century and the first half of the 19th. Its establishment marked the rise of a
national tradition that began with the emergence of native artists whose works were
no longer provincial but rivaled continental art in quality and ended by exercising
considerable influence on the course of European painting.

30 Card
 30. Distant learning: advantages and disadvantages.
Prospects of distant learning incorporation in UA.
Online learning offers teachers an efficient way to deliver lessons to students.Another
advantage of online education is that it allows students to attend classes from any
location of their choice.Since online classes can be taken from home or location of
choice, there are fewer chances of students missing out on lessons.Another advantage
of online learning is reduced financial costs. Every student has a different learning
journey and a different learning style.
But for many students, one of the biggest challenges of online learning is the struggle
with focusing on the screen for long periods of time. Another key challenge of online
classes is internet connectivity. And in an online class, there are minimal physical
interactions between students and teachers. Many parents are concerned about the
health hazards of having their children spend so many hours staring at a screen.