NAMA : ANGELINA QOMARA PUTRI PURNOMO

NIM : 22030121140081
KELAS :B
1. Originally, the fat‐soluble vitamin D has been well known as major regulator of calcium
and phosphate homeostasis related to bone metabolism. There is considerable evidence that
vitamin D 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OH)D3) deficiency (concentration < 50 nmol/L) is
associated with osteoporosis and reduced bone health. On the other hand, evidence is
accumulating that vitamin D has much broader nonskeletal roles in the human body than
previously thought. In line, vitamin D–metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D receptors
(VDRs) are expressed in several insulin‐sensitive tissues, suggesting extrarenal metabolism
and activity of vitamin D. (Pramono et al. Diabetes Metabolism Res Rev. 2019).

Initially, Vitamin D has long been beneficial for healthy bone metabolism. There is
evidence that decreased levels of vitamin D in the body can lead to osteoporosis and other
bone health. It turns out that there is also the fact that vitamin D is not only for bones as
vitamin D metabolism protein and vitamin D receptors (VDR) are communicated in several
insulin sensitive tissues, suggesting the extrarenal digestive system, and the action of
vitamin D. (Pramono et al. Diabetes Metabolism Res Rev. 2019).

2. Energy homeostasis is critical for the survival of species. Therefore, multiple and complex
mechanisms have evolved to regulate energy intake and expenditure to maintain body
weight. For weight maintenance, not only does energy intake have to match energy
expenditure, but also macronutrient intake must balance macronutrient oxidation. However,
this equilibrium seems to be particularly difficult to achieve in individuals with low fat
oxidation, low energy expenditure, low sympathetic activity or low levels of spontaneous
physical activity, as in addition to excess energy intake, all of these factors explain the
tendency of some people to gain weight. Additionally, large variability in weight change is
observed when energy surplus is imposed experimentally or spontaneously. (Galgani &
Ravussin. Int. J Obesity, 2008)
 Energy homeostasis is the basis for species resilience. In this way, mechanisms have been
developed to maintain body weight. In addition, in maintaining body weight, energy
balance is also needed. However, in people with low fat oxidation, low energy
consumption, low physical activity this balance is very difficult to achieve. Because even
though energy intake is abundant, these factors can predispose individuals to become obese.
In addition, large fluctuations in weight changes are seen when excess energy is forced
temporarily or immediately. (Galgani & Ravussin. Int. J Obesity, 2008)

3. No effects of Vitamin D Receptor genetic variants on the change of body weight following
weight loss and weight maintenance were observed. Furthermore, there were no effects of
VDR polymorphisms on the change of tissue-specific insulin resistance indexes (HIRI,
MISI, and Adipo-IR) following weight loss intervention and weight maintenance (regain).
(Pramono et al. Int. J Obesity, 2021)

After being observed, there was no impacts of the genetic variant of vitamin D receptor on
changes in body weight after weight maintenance. In addition, the VDR polymorphism did
not impacts changes in tissue-specific insulin resistance indices (HIRI, MISI, and AdipoIR)
after the change of body weight. (Pramono et al. Int. J Obesity, 2021)