A.

Reading Cmprehension
What are the Different Levels of Management?
(https://www.easymnotes.in/levels-of-management/ and )

“Sound management is the secret of every successful company.”

I am sure that you must have heard this phrase a lot of times in your life. Every successful company
is built on the hard work of a team. Teamwork and professional collaboration work on different
management levels in companies. These management levels help define authority and
responsibilities within an Organization.

We will be discussing the three levels of Management, which are common in every corporation.
Numerous studies and researches have stated the effectiveness of these corporate structures. We
will be sharing the details along with the functions of each level of Management.

Without any further ado, let’s discuss the levels and their functions –

1. Top-level Management

Top-level Management consists of the senior-most executives and decision-makers in an

organization. Every member of the top Management is responsible for the direction and growth of
the company. Sound top-level management in a company basically defines the success and future of
a company.

All the C-level executives and some other designations fall under this category. To name a few, some
of the top-level designations are –

 Chief Executive Officer

 Chief Marketing Officer
 Chief Sales Officer
 Chief Technology Officer
 President
 Managing Director

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  Vice-president
 Chief Operating Officer
 And a few other designations
The right set of people in the top-management can make or break an organization. We would also
like to enlighten you about the functions that these executives perform within an Organization –

 Top-level Management is responsible for strategizing and making plans for the business.
They form the company’s vision and mission, which helps every employee and the
customers understand the fundamentals of every business.
 They design the functions and responsibilities of middle-level Management. They will assign
tasks and goals for the employees to follow.
 Top-level Management drafts the policy of the company
 They manage the finance and all obligations of the company. In total, they are solely
responsible for the survival and growth of the Organization as a whole.

2. Middle-level Management
Middle-level Management consists of the heads of various departments in an organization. These
executives are responsible for communication between top-level Management and the lower level
of Management. They handle most of the executions and micro-management within an
organization.

Some of the standard designation titles of mid-level management executives are –

 Marketing Manager
 Purchase Head
 Sales Manager
 Operations Manager
 Branch Manager
 Finance Manager
 And similar other designations
There is a basic set of functions and responsibilities which are handled by middle-level executives.
Primary of these are –

 Communicate the policies and the mission set by top-level Management. They are
responsible for handling all the communications and maintaining a healthy business
environment in the office.

 Micro-manage the tasks performed by every member of the lower-level Management. They
are responsible for all the coordination between teams.

 They are responsible for the performance of lower-level executives. Motivating and
encouraging employees to work efficiently is a crucial responsibility.
 Middle-level Management handles all the recruitments and allocations within a team. They
hire the employees and manage company resources for optimum use.

3. Operational/Lower level Management

Operational level management is responsible for managing the coordination between the operative
workforce and middle-level Management. They micromanage specific tasks to operative workers

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and manage teams. Operational level management has very few decision making powers and
generally execute orders of the middle-level management.

Some of the standard designations of operational level management executives are –

 Supervisor
 Foreman
 Clerk
 Junior Managers
 Inspectors
 Sub-department executives

Just like all other levels of Management, their role is critical in the success of an organization. The
difference lies in the fact that they do not make critical decisions, and their efficiency and
performance depend on middle-level Management. Some of the essential roles played by
operational level management are –

 The most critical responsibility of operational level management is to communicate the

challenges and grievances of operative workers.

 They are responsible for training the workers and micro-managing their progress.

 They are responsible for maintaining healthy working conditions for workers and improving
the efficiency of tasks. Operational level workers make sure that all guidelines of operations
are followed in the company.

 These executives manage company resources and also work towards the optimum
utilization of these resources.

 They help the middle-level Management in assessing employee performance and all other
roles of the human resources department in the company.

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B. Grammar
Adjectives and Adverbs

(https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/adjective-order)

Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun and can go in
different positions in a sentence.

We use adjectives to describe nouns.

Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun:

They have a beautiful house.

We saw a very exciting film last night.

or after a link verb like be, look or feel:

Their house is beautiful.

That film looks interesting.

A lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed:

-ing adjectives

The commonest -ing adjectives are:

amusing frightening
annoying tiring
boring shocking
disappointing surprising
exciting worrying
interesting

If you say something is interesting, you mean it interests you:

I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.

If you say something is terrifying, you mean it terrifies you:

That Dracula film was absolutely terrifying.

-ed adjectives

The commonest -ed adjectives are:

annoyed excited
bored frightened
closed tired
delighted worried
disappointed

If something bores you, you can say you feel bored.

We had nothing to do. We were really bored.

If something terrifies you, you can say you are terrified.

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I didn't really enjoy the Dracula film. Most of the time I was terrified.

Two adjectives

We often have two adjectives in front of a noun:

a handsome young man

a big black car
that horrible big dog

Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any
noun:

good nice awful

bad beautiful important
lovely brilliant wonderful
strange excellent nasty

He's a good/wonderful/brilliant/bad/dreadful teacher.

That's a good/wonderful/brilliant/bad/dreadful book.

Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds
of noun, for example:

Food Furniture, buildings People, animals

clever
delicious comfortable
intelligent
tasty uncomfortable
friendly

We usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion:

nice tasty soup

a nasty uncomfortable armchair
a lovely intelligent animal

We usually put an opinion adjective in front of a descriptive adjective:

a nice red dress

a silly old man
those horrible yellow curtains

Adjectives after link verbs

We use some adjectives only after a link verb:

afraid ill
alive ready
alone sorry

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asleep sure
content unable
glad well

Some of the commonest -ed adjectives are normally used only after a link verb:

annoyed
bored
finished
pleased
thrilled

We say:

Our teacher was ill.

My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.
The policeman seemed to be very annoyed.

but we do not say:

We had an ill teacher.

When he heard the news he was a very glad uncle.
He seemed to be a very annoyed policeman.

Three or more adjectives

Sometimes we have three adjectives in front of a noun, but this is unusual:

a nice handsome young man

a big black American car
that horrible big fierce dog

It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives.

Adjectives usually come in this order:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

General Specific
Size Shape Age Colour Nationality Material
opinion opinion

Adjectives in front of nouns

A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun:

north northern countless indoor

south southern occasional outdoor
east eastern lone
west western mere

We say:

He lives in the eastern district.

There were countless problems with the new machinery.
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but we do not say:

The district he lives in is eastern.

The problems with the new machinery were countless.

Adverbs
(https://www.ef.com/wwen/and english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs/)
Adverbs are a very broad collection of words that may describe how, where, or when an
action took place. They may also express the viewpoint of the speaker about the action,
the intensity of an adjective or another adverb, or several other functions. Use these
pages about the grammar of adverbs in English to become more precise and more
descriptive in your speaking and writing.

Using adverbs in English

Adverbs modify, or tell us more about, other words. Usually adverbs modify verbs,
telling us how, how often, when, or where something was done. The adverb is placed
after the verb it modifies.
Examples
 The bus moved slowly.
 The bears ate greedily.
 The car drove fast.

Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives, making them stronger or weaker.

Examples
 You look absolutely fabulous!
 He is slightly overweight.
 You are very persistent.
Some types of adverbs can modify other adverbs, changing their degree or precision.
Examples
 She played the violin extremely well.
 You're speaking too quietly.
Comparative and superlative adverbs

With adverbs ending in -ly, you must use more to form the comparative, and most to
form the superlative.

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Adverb Comparative Superlative

quietly more quietly most quietly

slowly more slowly most slowly

seriously more seriously most seriously

Examples
 The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
 Could you sing more quietly please?

With short adverbs that do not end in -ly comparative and superlative forms are
identical to adjectives: add -er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative.
If the adverb ends in e, remove it before adding the ending.

Adverb Comparative Superlative

hard harder hardest

fast faster fastest

late later latest

Examples
 Jim works harder than his brother.
 Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all.
Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Adverb Comparative Superlative

badly worse worst

far farther/further farthest/furthest

little less least

well better best

Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. Adverbs of place are usually placed
after the main verb or after the clause that they modify. Adverbs of place do not modify
adjectives or other adverbs. Some examples of adverbs of place: here, everywhere,
outside, away, around
Examples
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 John looked around but he couldn't see the monkey.
 I searched everywhere I could think of.
 I'm going back to school.

 Come in!
 They built a house nearby.
 She took the child outside.
Here and there
Here and there are common adverbs of place. They give a location relative to the
speaker. With verbs of movement, here means "towards or with the speaker" and there
means "away from, or not with the speaker".

Sentence Meaning

Come here! Come towards me.

The table is in here. Come with me; we will go see it together.

Put it there. Put it in a place away from me.

The table is in there. Go in; you can see it by yourself.

Here and there are combined with prepositions to make many common adverbial
phrases.
Examples
 What are you doing up there?
 Come over here and look at what I found!
 The baby is hiding down there under the table.
 I wonder how my driver's license got stuck under here.
Here and there are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations or when
emphasis is needed. They are followed by the verb if the subject is a noun or by a
pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
Examples
 Here comes the bus!
 There goes the bell!

 There it is!
 Here they are!
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Adverbs of place that are also prepositions
Many adverbs of place can also be used as prepositions. When used as prepositions,
they must be followed by a noun.

Used as an adverb of place,

Word Used as a preposition
modifying a verb

The marble rolled around in my I am wearing a necklace around my

around
hand. neck.

behind Hurry! You are getting behind. Let's hide behind the shed.

John made his way carefully down

down Mary fell down.
the cliff.

in We decided to drop in on Jake. I dropped the letter in the mailbox.

The wind blew the flowers off the

off Let's get off at the next stop.
tree.

on We rode on for several more hours. Please put the books on the table.

He turned over and went back to I think I will hang the picture over
over
sleep. my bed.

Adverbs of place ending in -where

Adverbs of place that end in -where express the idea of location without specifying a
specific location or direction.
Examples
 I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.
 Is there anywhere I can find a perfect plate of spaghetti around here?
 I have nowhere to go.

 I keep running in to Sally everywhere!

Adverbs of place ending in -wards
Adverbs of place that end in -wards express movement in a particular direction.
Examples
 Cats don't usually walk backwards.

 The ship sailed westwards.

 The balloon drifted upwards.

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  We will keep walking homewards until we arrive.
Be careful: Towards is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed by a noun or
a pronoun.
Examples
 He walked towards the car.

 She ran towards me.

Adverbs of place expressing both movement & location
Some adverbs of place express both movement & location at the same time.
Examples
 The child went indoors.

 He lived and worked abroad.

 Water always flows downhill.
 The wind pushed us sideways.

Relative adverbs

The relative adverbs where, when & why can be used to join sentences or clauses. They
replace the more formal structure of preposition + which used to introduce a relative clause.

More common stucture using a relative

Formal structure, preposition + which
adverb
That's the restaurant in which we met for the That's the restaurant where we met for the
first time. first time.
That picture was taken in the park at which I That picture was taken in the park where I
used to play. used to play.
I remember the day on which we first met. I remember the day when we first met.
There was a very hot summer the year in which There was a very hot summer the year when
he was born. he was born.
Tell me the reason for which you came home Tell me (the reason) why you came home
late. late.
Do you want to know the reason for which he Do you want to know (the reason) why he is
is angry with Sally? angry with Sally?

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