Print making

INTRO TO PRINTMAKING
“Printmaking is about discovery, about experimentation; art itself is about discovery and
experimentation.” - Brian Jones
WHAT IS PRINTMAKING?
-Printmaking is an artistic process based on the principle of transferring images from a
matrix onto another surface, most often paper or fabric. Traditional printmaking
techniques include woodcut, etching, engraving, and lithography, while modern artists
have expanded available techniques to include screen printing.
-A type of art that uses an inked block or plate to print an image. This allows multiple
printings, unlike drawing or painting.

Printmaking techniques
Woodcut
Woodcuts are some of the oldest types of relief printmaking. The design is carved from
wood and then printed from the raised surface. Woodcuts also refer to the prints made
from a woodcut design.

Engraving
Engraving is an old method of intaglio printmaking that involves carving the metal to
create the design. Artists had to spend years learning how to reproduce high quality
designs without making mistakes. This was an especially difficult method for artists to
master, and soon gave way to etching.

Etching
Etching is also an old type of intaglio printmaking. In this process, a strong acid or
mordant is used to dissolve away parts of the metal surface that were unprotected. This
created the design, and became a much simpler method for artists to utilize.
Lithography
Lithography was a one of the first planographic methods used. A flat stone or metal
plate is used, and some kind of ink resistant material is used to create the non-image
portion of the design. Then it is inked and pressed to a surface to create the image.

Screenprinting
Screenprinting or serigraphy is a type of stenciling that involves designing an image and
then applying the paint or ink through a screen which is typically called a silk screen.
The stenciled image blocks the ink on the other side to create the image.

Monotype
Monotypes are a unique type of printmaking, in that while reprinting is possible, there is
usually only one acceptable printing, that being the first one. Paint or ink is applied to a
smooth surface such as cooper or glass, and then through a printing press, the image is
pressed to a sheet of paper. Most of the paint or ink is removed during the first pressing,
so prints after the first are considered “ghost prints”.

Monoprint
Monotypes and monoprints are very similar and often used interchangeably, but there is
a specific difference between the two. While monotypes use a smooth surface,
monoprints can use a woodcut, lithography plates, or even etched plates. The way they
are painted or inked makes the print unique, which is why monoprints also usually only
produce one acceptable image.

Digital Printing
Digital printing is a type of printmaking that takes a digital image and prints it onto a
surface (paper, cloth, etc.). This type of printmaking is commonly seen in laser or ink jet
printers. This method has become extremely efficient in modern times, as the digital file
acts as the printing plate, therefore saving time and money. Although the quality may be
lacking sometimes due to a corruption in the file or the ability of the printer, adjustments
are constantly being made to improve digital printing.
Foil Imaging
Foil imaging is a more recently developed type of printmaking. Using the same process
as commercial foil stamping, foil imaging creates unique prints using colored foil. Foil
imaging can be used alongside more standard forms of printmaking like relief, intaglio,
lithography, and stenciling.

Four types of print making

1. Relief printmaking- Relief printmaking is one of the simplest types of printmaking,
in which material is carved or taken away from around the protruding design that
is to be printed so that only the design appears. 
2. Intaglio printmaking - Intaglio printmaking is the reverse of relief printmaking, in
that the design is carved in a way to hold the ink, and then printed that way.
3. Plano graphic printmaking - is unlike the last two in which the design is printed
from a flat surface.
4. Stenciling printmaking - involves cutting the design out of a thin material and then
printing the design by rubbing or spraying paint around the areas that are cut out.
Printmaking Tools
*Bench Hook – used to hold linoleum plate in place when carving image into the
plate, as well as for rolling out the printing ink
*Carving Tools – used to carve away the design when making a linoleum print
*Brayer – hand held roller used to spread the printing ink evenly
*Ink – used to coat the plate with pigments to create color for final prints
*Gelli Plate – a simple plate used for monoprinting
*Linoleum – a simple plate used for linoleum printing
Some famous printmakers are:0
- Andy Warhol,1960's
- Albrecht Durer, 1500's
- Chuck Close, 1986
- Katsushika Hokusai, 1800's

Puppets
INTRODUCTION
  Puppets are artificial figures whose movements are controlled by a person. They
are inanimate objects that are manipulated so as to appear to be moving
  Or A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a
person termed as puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his arts with
dramatization to produce the desired effects.

PURPOSE:
 It develops : Effective listening and looking skills.
 Improve group cooperation.
 Enhances feelings of security and confidence
 Maintains self control
 Understand the subject content.
 Creative ability
 Developmental learning in language and in the fine arts
 Self expression.

TYPES OF THE PUPPETS

 Hand puppets
 Finger puppet.
 Shadow puppets
 Marionettes or string puppets

 HAND PUPPETS- The simple hand puppets are those with few or no moving
parts. They can be stiff ,made from a hard plastic or may be more often
flexible ,made from fabric with some stuffing and attached decorations for
eyes ,nose and so on.
-The mouth may be a mere decoration that doesnot open and close or the
thumb may enter a seprate pocket from the rest of the fabric and so simulate a
mandible, allowing the puppet to talk A sock puppet is a particular simple type of hand
puppet made of sock and the glove puppet is slightly complex with an internal division
for fingers.
 FINGER PUPPET: Finger puppets are simple puppets those are which are not
hand puppets as they are used only on a finger. These are round balls painted as
heads with overflowing colorful costumes, which they are worn over fingers,
which control their movements.
- These are operated below the stage.
 SHADOW PUPPETS: These are a special type of flat pictures in which the
shadow is seen through a translucent screen. They may be cut from leather or
some other opaque material as in the traditional theatres of Java,Bali,and
Thailand,in the so called ombres chinoises (French literally” chinese shadow”) of
18th century .
 MARIONETTES OR STRING PUPPETS: These are full length figures controlled
from above. Normally they are moved by strings or more often threads, leading
from the limbs to a control held by the manipulator Movement is imparted to a
large extent by tilting the control,but individual strings are plucked when a
decided movement is required.
-A simple marionette may have nine strings-
 one to each leg,
 one to each hand,
 one to each shoulder,
 one to each ear(for head movements) and
 one to the base of spine(for bowing)
Example : stick puppets

PRECAUTIONS
 Selection of puppets
 Synchronization i.e voice and action
 Way of presentation

ADVANTAGES
 Creates interest
 Gives knowledge in a brief period
 Effective method
 Motivates students

DISADVANTAGES
 Needs group cooperation and coordination
 Requires skills in preparation and supply
 Requires skills in presentation
 Not easy to carry and operate.

RESEARCH ARTICLE Puppets research in the u.k:

 Talking science-engaging science project explored the use of puppets to
engage and motivate children and promote conversations which help their
learning in science.
 Puppets are used with primary school children to capture their interest,
stimulate their thinking about science,challenge their ideas and model learning
conversations.