Steaks

Roasts
Leather Ground beef
Sports equipment Rennet
Surgical sutures Epinephrine
Soap Thrombin
Cosmetics Insulin
Buttons Heparin
China TSH
Photographic film ACTH
Sandpaper Cholesterol
Violin strings Estrogen
"Camel hair" brushes Thyroid extract
Explosives Oleo stock
Oleo oil
Liver Kidneys Gelatin
Brains Tripe Marshmallows
Tongue Sweetbreads Canned meat
Ox joints Candies
Natural sausage casings
 Content
Chapter 1. Animal Agriculture and the Society
Chapter 2. Farm Animal Genetic Resources
Chapter 3. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm
Animals
Animal Agriculture and the
Society

Objectives:
❑To recognize the importance of animal agriculture
❑To asses the effects of climate change to the physiology and
productivity of animals; and,
❑To relate the significance of sustainable animal agriculture
Introduction
▪ Animals have been a part of human existence since the dawn of time. The
study of animals, particularly behavior, began long before animals were
domesticated.
▪ Animals of various species have become a part of the day to day life of
most humans.
▪ Animal Science is the study of domesticated animals. The study of Animal
Science helps to improve the lives of animals as well as helping animals
improve the lives of humans.
▪ Animal Science has evolved into the study of all aspects of an animal’s life,
including nutrition, reproduction, genetics, behavior, health, physiology
and a multitude of other topics.
DOMESTICATION AND
GLOBAL POPULATION OF
FARM ANIMALS
Domestication of Animals
The Early Man. . .
Depends their living in hunting. . .
Until they realize to establish settlement….
Began cultivating plants. . .
And domesticated animals. . .
To support their expanding population. . .
But, also for other potentially such as for plowing…
 The History of Animal Agriculture tell us that. . .

Hunting & Gathering Settlement Land Cultivation

Propagation Other potentialities Domestication

 Domestication
• Domestication of animals began over 15,000 years ago with the domestication of the dog.

• Dog offered man companionship and protection, while man offered the dog food and
protection.

• The domestication of livestock began around 10,000 years ago in southwest Asia with the
domestication of goats, sheep and pigs.

• In time, breeding programs were started to replace the animals that were used for food.

• The domestication of animals has had a profound impact on the development of civilizations.
The domestication of animals has led to the development of robust economies, aided in
exploration and development of new lands, provided protection and altered the outcome of
numerous wars. Ownership of animals are symbols of wealth and status in many societies.
The Domestication ofAnimals:
 Today , the top five animals with highest population inventory
in the world …

1.0 billion
1 for every 6person
1.7 billion 1.3 billion
2.5 per person 1 for every 5 person

1.0 billion 800 million

1 for every 7 per person 1 for every 6 people
CONTRIBUTION TO THE
LIVELIHOOD AND ECONOMY
 Classification of Animal Production System in the Philippines

▪ Backyard/Smallhold Poultry Farm Commercial Poultry Farm

Farms keeping less than 1,000 heads of broiler Farms keeping more than to what is stipulated under
and less than 100 heads of layers the backyard/smallhold farm.
 Classification of Animal Production System in the Philippines

▪ Backyard/Smallhold Livestock Farm Commercial Livestock Farm

Farms keeping less than 20 heads of adult animals or Farms keeping more than to what is stipulated
less than 41 heads of young animals or a among backyard or small hold farms
combination of less 10 heads adult and 22 young
animals.
Uses of Farm Animals- Food Production
Uses of Farm Animals- Food Production
Uses of Farm Animals- Fiber Production
Uses of Farm Animals- Animal Skin
Uses of Farm Animals- Other Uses
ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
 Contributor to most serious environmental problems.

a. LAND DEGREDATION

- 70% of the agricultural land and 30 %

of the land surface on earth surface is
devoted to livestock farming

- The expansion of livestock farming is

the key factor to forestation

- Land degradation is due to overgrazing,

soil compaction and erosion
 Contributor to most serious environmental problems.
b. ATMOSPHERE AND CLIMATE

✓ Livestock sector is responsible for 18% of

greenhouse gas emissions

✓ Livestock sector accounts for 9% of

anthropogenic CO2 emission due to
expansion of pastures and arable land for
feed crops deforestation

✓ 37% of anthropogenic methane –through

enteric germination

✓ 65% of anthropogenic nitrous oxide- from

manure

✓ 64% of anthropogenic ammonia emission-

manure
 Contributor to most serious environmental problems.

c. Water
✓ The world is moving towards increasing
problems of fresh water shortage, scarcity
and depletion.

✓ By 2025, 64% of the world population is

expected to live in water stressed basin

✓ The major sources of pollution are from:

▪ Animal waste
▪ Antibiotics and hormones
▪ Chemicals from tanneries
▪ Fertilizers and pesticides used for feed for
feed crops
▪ Sediments from eroded pastures
 Contributor to most serious environmental problems.

d. Biodiversity

✓ Livestock account for about 20 % of the

total terrestrial biomass and 30 % of the
earth land surface that they now pre-
empt was once habitat for wildlife.

✓ The loss of diversity was due to:

▪ deforestation- reduction in wildlife
area
▪ resource conflicts with pastoralists
threaten species of wild predators
The future of animal production: improving productivity and
sustainability

ANIMAL AGRICULTURE IN
THE FUTURE
 Future Changes in agriculture may take three forms

▪ FIRST
To meet the current growing demand a rapid and sustainable increased production will
occur over the next 10 years.

▪ SECOND
Alternative uses of farm livestock and poultry will be developed

▪ THIRD
Completely new approached to food production will be implemented.
 Some of the Major Targets for the Future Livestock Production are:

Maximize the number of offspring produced by each female animal

that are also fir for purpose:

▪ This is to increase total number of animals, to maximize development of

appropriate phenotypes and to optimize sex bias to reflect animal usage

▪ This can be done through marker- assisted selection (MAS), improved

fertility, application of genetic modification and assisted reproduction
( e.g. embryo transfer & A.I)
 Some of the Major Targets for the Future Livestock Production are:

Minimize losses of production due to environmental

variables including diseases and stress
▪ This will be done through genetic modification ( transgenesis) and
selective breeding
 Some of the Major Targets for the Future Livestock Production are:

Maximize the welfare of animals

▪ A debatable concept which doing away in battery production or letting the

animals do their natural behavior

▪ There will be the development of rational, quantifiable measurement of

welfare to replace anthromorphic and emotive measures favored by some
welfare advocates.
 Some of the Major Targets for the Future Livestock Production are:
Maximize the efficiency of energy utilization in the generation of
protein commonly among ruminant
▪ Mutation and selection for animals that have substantially reduced methane
production by virtue of both further improvement in food efficiency and altered
rumen environment are therefore possible future path

▪ Ruminants are selected by its weight, conformation, milking ability, fertility, hardiness
and dispositor

Minimize the wastage of animal protein at every stage of production and

utilization
▪ People must reduce food wastage ,imaginative yet safe systems are required to recycle
biological material wasted/ discarded throughout the food chain from farm to fork
 Some of the Major Targets for the Future Livestock Production are:

▪ Minimize the impacts of livestock production on the environment in terms of both

inputs and outputs

▪ Add value to livestock by producing desirable outcomes in addition to food

➢ The production of value added protein products such as biopharmaceuticals in

eggs and milk, nutraceuticals, oral-acting vaccines, and other probable
innovations
Livestock under threat

FARM ANIMALS IN THE MIDST OF CLIMATE

CHANGE
 Sustainable Animal Production

Requirements toward sustainable food production….

• Produce safe healthy products in response to market demands, and

ensure that all consumers have access to nutritious food and accurate
information about food products.
• Support the viability of rural and urban economies and communities
• Enable viable livelihoods to be made from sustainable land management
through the market and through payments for public benefits
• Achieve consistently high standards of environmental performance by
reducing energy consumption, by minimizing resource inputs and use
of renewable energy wherever possible.
Requirements toward sustainable food production….

• Ensure a safe and hygienic working environment and high social welfare and
training for all employees involved in the food chain

• Achieve consistently high standards of animal health and welfare

• Sustain the resource available for growing food and supplying other benefits
over time, except where alternative land uses are essential to meet other needs
of society
 Sustainable Animal Production

Animal Welfare & Stewardship

• The key to animal welfare is stockman ship
➢ Stockman ship plus training and supervision is necessary to achieve
required standards, are the key factors in handling and care of
livestock. A management system maybe acceptable in principle but
without competent ,diligent stockman ship, the welfare of animals
cannot be adequately safeguarded.
 Content
Chapter 1. Animal Agriculture and the Society
Chapter 2. Farm Animal Genetic Resources
Chapter 3. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm
Animals
 Farm Animal Genetic Resources
Objectives:

❑ Study the present status, conversation and management of animal

genetic resources and,

❑ Become acquainted with characterization methods for farm animal

genetic resources
Importance of Diversity
 Why need to be diverse?

• Livestock have become important cultural elements essential in

maintaining many traditional lifestyle

• Diversity helps in the survival of human kind thru their products

• Genetic diversity enables livestock to adapt to diseases parasites wide

variation in the availability and quality of food and water.
 Origin and History of Livestock Diversity

▪ Started 12000 to 14000 years ago during the agriculture revolution of the early Neolithic with
the domestication of crops and animals.

▪ Furthermore, years of natural and human selection (inbreeding and cross breeding) contribute
to the diversity of AnGR allowing livestock's adapt to changing environments and practices.

▪ AnGR provides the raw material for breeding improvement and for adaptation to changing
circumstances.

▪ Recently, the diversity found in today’s indigenous livestock populations and breeds exceeds
that found their commercial counterparts.
e.g. capacity to adapt, resistance.
Definition of Terms
 Farm Animal Genetic Resources

FAGR- those animal Domesticated animal diversity-

the spectrum of genetic differences
species that are used,
within each breed and cross all
or may be used for the breeds within each domestic animal
production of food species together with the species
and agriculture and differences of interest for food and
the population within agricultural production
each of them.
 CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture, Resources and Environmental Sciences
Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines 5000
https://cpu.edu.ph/
033-329-1971 to 79 local 1096; Fax No.: 033-320-3685
ANIMAL SCIENCE
- is concerned with the science and business of producing domestic livestock species, including but not
limited to beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine. In addition, animal science is
concerned with aspects of companion animals, including their nutrition, care, and welfare.

ANIMAL SCIENTIST
- applies principles of the biological, physical and social sciences to the problems associated with livestock
production and management.

Scientific Names
• Chicken – Gallus gallus
• Mallard duck – Anas platyrhnchos
• Muscovy duck – Cairina moschata
• Goose – Anser domesticus
• Turkey – Meleagris gallopavo
• Pigeon – Columba livia
• Quail – Coturnix coturnix
• Guinea fowl – Numida meleagris
• Pig – Sus scrofa
• Cattle (no hump) – Bos taurus
• Cattle (with hump) – Bos indicus
• Buffalo – Bubalus bubalis
• Sheep – Ovis aries
• Goat – Capra hircus
• Rabbit – Oryctolagus cuniculus

Animal Science Terms

I. Cattle and carabao
• Bull – male breeding ox of any age
• Bull calf – young male under one year of age
• Bullock – a stag for draft purposes
• Calf – young ox of either se , under one year of age
• Cattle – domesticated bovine animals
• Cow – mature female ox one that has already given birth
• Carabull – mature male carabao
• Caracow – mature female carabao, one that has already given birth
• Caraheifer – young female carabao under three years of age, one that has not yet given
birth
• Heifer – young female ox under three years of age, one that has not yet given birth
• Proven sire – a bull that has sufficient information indicating its transmitting ability
• Ox – member of the bovine family, or sometimes the male used for draft purposes
• Stag – male ox castrated after sexual maturity
• Steer – male ox castrated before sexual maturity

II. Horse

PREPARED BY: MS. KRISHNA MAE ALAPAR | all is well

 CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture, Resources and Environmental Sciences
Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines 5000
https://cpu.edu.ph/
033-329-1971 to 79 local 1096; Fax No.: 033-320-3685
• Broodmare – a female horse used for breeding
• Colt – young male horse, usually up to three years of age
• Equtation – horsemanship, the art of horseback riding
• Filly – young male horse, usually up to three years of age
• Foal – young horse of either sex below one year of age
• Gelding – male horse castrated while young
• Mare – mature female horse
• Ridgling – stallion with only one testis or none in its scrotum
• Stallion – mature male horse
• Stud horse – a stallion used for breeding
• Yeld mare or dry mare – a mature female horse that has not produced any offspring
during the breeding season

III. Swine
• Boar – mature intact male pig
• Barrow – male pig castrated while young, before the development of its secondary sex
characteristics
• Gilt – young female pig up to one year of age, usually one that has not yet given birth
• Litter – a group of pigs born in one farrowing
• Litter size – the number of piglets born in one farrowing
• Shote – young pigs of either se weighing approx. 60 kg
• Sow – mature female pig, one that has given birth
• Stag – male pig castrated after sexual maturity
• Suckling – young pigs from birth up to weaning
• Weanling – young pigs weaned from the sow, about five weeks old

IV. Sheep and goat

• Billy goat or buck – male goat of any age
• Doe – female goat of any age
• Ewe – female sheep of any age
• Fleece – wool covering the sheep
• Kid – young goat of either se below one year old
• Lamb – young sheep of either se below one year of age
• Pelt – wool and skin of sheep
• Ram – male sheep of any age for breeding purposes
• Shearling – yearling sheep with two teeth
• Wether goat – male goat castrated before the development of its secondary se
characteristics
• Wether sheep – male sheep castrated while young, preferably between 1 and 3 weeks of
age

V. Poultry (chicken, duck, muscovy, turkey, quail, goose)

• Capon – a caponized male, readily distinguished by undeveloped comb and wattles
• Chick – young chicken while in the down stage
• Chicken – one of the more common poultry species different from turkey, goose, etc.

PREPARED BY: MS. KRISHNA MAE ALAPAR | all is well

 CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture, Resources and Environmental Sciences
Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines 5000
https://cpu.edu.ph/
033-329-1971 to 79 local 1096; Fax No.: 033-320-3685
• Cockerel – a male fowl less than one year old
• Drake – a male duck
• Duck – a female duck
• Duckling – young duck in the down stage
• Poult – the young of the domestic turkey, properly applied until se can be distinguished
• Poultry – collective term for all domestic birds rendering economic service to man; also
refer to dressed fowl carcass
• Plumage – the feathers of a fowl
• Pullet – a female fowl less than one year old
• Rooster – a male fowl one year old or over

Definition of Terms
• Parturition – the act of giving birth
o Calving – in cows
o Farrowing – in sows
o Foaling – mares
o Kidding – in goats
o Lambing – in ewes
• Conception – act of fertilization
• Dam – female parent
• Fecundity/Prolificacy – ability to give birth to offspring frequently or to numerous young
at frequent intervals
• Fertility – ability to produce fertilizable ova and to provide proper environment for and
initiating cell division and embryonic development; ability to produce large number of
sperms capable of fertilization
• Gestation – pregnancy time from conception to birth
• Impotency – failure to copulate
• Puberty – sexual maturity, as exhibited by first heat or ovulation
• Sire – the male parent
• Sterility – inability to produce normal young
• Transmitting ability – the ability of an animal to pass on either good or bad traits to its
progeny
• Weaning – the process of separating the young from its dam
• Weanling – young animal after separation from its dam

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Careers in the Animal Industry
Three steps in choosing an
occupation
• Self -analysis
• Study an
occupation
• Make a
decision
 Career Areas in Animal Industry
• Meat and Dairy • Animal supplies and
Production services
• Poultry • Animal marketing
• Aquaculture
• Equine
• Exotic Animals
• Service Animals
• Agripreneur
 Careers in Food Animal Areas
• Farm or Ranch Worker
– People who want to own & operate their
own farm may start out as a farm or ranch
worker
– Duties: general farm labor (feeding,
sanitation, moving animals) or more
complicated tasks (treating sick animals)
– Requirements: general knowledge of
livestock and work competently with
animals; learn quickly
Careers in Food Animal Areas (cont.)
• Farm Manager
– Carries out everyday operation of the farm
– May include long-range planning and
setting production goals
– Requirements: extensive experience or
combination of experience and education
(often education beyond high school)
– Duties: selecting & marketing animals,
formulating feed, maintaining herd health,
supervising employees
 Careers in Pleasure and Service
Animal Areas (cont.)

• Game and Fisheries Workers

– Wildlife Conservation Officer: educates public
about fish and wildlife and enforces game & fish
laws; work at state and federal agencies
• Duties: conducting workshops on wildlife & environment
– Game Farm Workers: raise & manage different
wildlife species
• Desired qualities: high school diploma, interest in
working with game birds & animals
 Careers in Pleasure and Service
Animal Areas (cont.)
• Service Animal Workers: raise animals that
serve humans
– Train draft animals, companion animals, dogs for
the blind
– Are large producers of service animals, but many
animals are raised by small producers or individuals
 Careers in Pleasure and Service
Animal Areas (cont.)

• Laboratory Animal Workers: raise and keep

lab animals under best possible conditions
– Animals are bred to meet specific qualifications
for research
– Requirements: in-depth knowledge of science,
chemistry, & biology; interest in animal research
 Careers in Science-oriented Areas
• Animal Scientist: study animals & develop
improved methods of production
– Positions: animal nutrition specialists, animal
reproduction specialists, geneticists, chemist, &
biotechnologists
– Animal Research Scientist: advanced college
degree in specialized area of research; need high
interest in scientific inquiry & knowledge of
biology, chemistry, & microbiology
 Careers in Science-oriented Areas
(cont.)
• Research Assistant
– Help with experiments, care
of lab animals, & raise lab
animals
– Requirements: attention to
detail; minimum of high
school diploma w/ emphasis
in animal agriculture; most
have some college
education
Careers in Science-oriented Areas
(cont.)
• Agricultural and Biosystems
Engineer
– Work with animal facilities,
waste management,
environmental impact, &
improving animal products
– Requirements: bachelor’s
degree, ability to assess a
problem & prepare a solution;
knowledge of ag and animal
industry is helpful
 Service Career Areas

• Veterinarian
– Promote animal health; provide care for sick &
injured animals; may specialize or generalize
– Bachelor’s degree in animal sci. or biology,
attendance at school of veterinary medicine
• Sales & Service
– Sell feed, ensure quality products, sell retail
products, service equip., operate stock yards, etc.
– Many sales positions require a college education
 Service Career Areas (cont.)
• Meat Business
– Need to know the industry & consumer demand in a
meat animal
– May work for him or herself or have clients in the
production or packing industry
– Requirements: training in animal selection
– Other beneficial knowledge: training in animal science,
business management, & public relations at
postsecondary level; high school ag, biology, math
 Education, Extension, &
Communication Areas
• “People” side of the animal
industry
• Agriscience Teacher
– Work in public schools, teaching
basic agriculture & specialized
classes
– Requirements: bachelor’s degree in
ag or related area & certification to
teach ag
 Education, Extension, &
Communication Areas (cont.)
• Agricultural Extension
Agent
– Work with local
producers to help
improve production or
solve problems
– Requirements:
bachelor’s degree in ag;
many states require a
master’s degree within a
few years
 Education, Extension, &
Communication Areas (cont.)

• Agricultural Communication Specialist

– Share information about animals; may work with
newspapers, in public relations, & with broadcast media
– Requirements: university degree in agriculture or
communication; need broad animal knowledge &
people-oriented personality
 THE END!!!
• Reference
– Lee/Hutter/Rudd/Westrom/Bull/Mohr/Pollok
(2000). Introduction to Livestock & Companion
Animals (2nd ed.). Danville, Il.: Interstate
Publishers, Inc.
Occupational Categories

Review
 Scientists, Engineers, and Related
Specialists

Perform research to improve the competitive positio

of agriculture in the country.
1. Animal scientist, biochemist, entomologist, food
scientist, geneticist, microbiologist.
2. Agricultural engineer environmental engineer, food
engineer.
3. Nutritionist, veterinarian.
 Managers and Financial
Specialists
Use human relation and communication skills to
provide guidance within an agriculture business.

1. Business manager, food service manager, retail

manager, wholesale manager.
2. Economist, financial analyst, credit analyst.
3. Business owner
 Marketing, Merchandising, and
Sales Representatives
Use communication and technology skills to
trade agriculture products.
1. Marketing manager, livestock buyer, market
analyst.
2. Food broker, grain merchandiser.
3. Sales representative, technical service
representative.
 Education, Communication, and
Information Specialists
Use communication skills to share information
about agriculture.

1. Agriculture education teacher, college faculty

member, extension agent.
2. Public relations specialist, reporter, editor.
 Social Services Professionals
• Use communication skills and technical expertise
to provide information about agriculture.

1. Dietician, nutrition counselor.

2. Food inspector.
 Agricultural Production
Specialists
Use technical skills to produce agriculture
products.

1. Farmer, ranchers.
2. Professional farm manager, feedlot manager.
 By: Ms. Krishna Mae Alapar

ANIMAL
SCIENCE
REMINDER

ENJOY
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PARTICIPATE
HAVE A NOTEBOOK
STUDY STUDY STUDY
LEARN LEARN LEARN
PRAY PRAY PRAY
ARE YOU
READY?
Review Questions
The Science that deals with the
form and structure of all
organisms
a. Embryology
b. Anatomy
c. Physiology
d. Histology
The study of the integrated
functions of the body and the
function of all its parts
a. Embryology
b. Anatomy
c. Physiology
d. Histology
The main structures involved in Angiology
A. heart and blood vessels
B. joints and bones
C. stomach and intestines
D. eyes and nose
In the nervous system there is a tiny gap between two
neurons which nerve impulse can pass and this
cannot normally be bridged unless there is a
conducting medium present. This gap is known as
A. vesicular knob
B. dendrite
C. synapse
D. reflex arc
Did - Domain Over
King For
Philip Great
Come Spaghetti
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Anatomy & Physiology

 Anatomy & Physiology
OVERVIEW
I. External Anatomy VI.Respiratory
II. Skeletal VII.Digestive
III. Muscular VIII.Excretory
IV.Nervous IX. Reproductive
V. Endocrine X. Body Temperature
VI.Cardiovascular
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
FORM AND FAMILIARIZATION FUNCTION
STRUCTURE
 • Morphology, in biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure
of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of
their constituent parts. The term refers to the general aspects of biological
form and arrangement of the parts of a plant or an animal.

• The term anatomy also refers to the study of biological structure but usually
suggests study of the details of either gross or microscopic structure.

• In practice, however, the two terms are used almost synonymously.

ANIMAL SCIENCE

External Anatomy
 External Anatomy
Structures found outside the body with integral part or parts of the organ systems located externally
Generally involved in the following functions:
1. Protection/covering such as feathers, hairs, horns, skin, etc.
2. Digestion like mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, etc.
3. Sensation such as skin, nostrils, eyes, ears
4. Aesthetic like comb, wattles, feathers
 External Anatomy
TERMS IN ANATOMY

• Cranial and anterior - toward the head

• Caudal and posterior - toward the tail
• Dorsal - toward the backbone
• Ventral - away from the backbone
What divides the body into equal left and
right?

What divides the body into up (______) and

down (______)?

What divides the body into head (_____)

and tail (______)?
What divides the body into equal left and
right? Median Plane

What divides the body into up (dorsal) and

down (ventral)? Frontal Plane

What divides the body into head (cranial)

and tail (caudal) parts? Transverse
External Anatomy
External Anatomy
External Anatomy
External Anatomy
 Which one is the sheep?
• BROWSERS • GRAZERS
External Anatomy
 By: Ms. Krishna Mae Alapar

ANIMAL
SCIENCE
REMINDER

ENJOY
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PARTICIPATE
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STUDY STUDY STUDY
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PRAY PRAY PRAY
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Skeletal System
 Skeletal System
Bones – highly specialized supportive
tissue characterized by its rigidity and
hardness

Main functions
1. Mechanical support (ribs)
2. Locomotion (long bones)
3. Protection (skull)
4. Metabolic reservoir of minerals
 Skeletal System
Bone
Skeletal System
 Skeletal System
Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation.
Osteoblasts, which are the parent cells of connective
tissue, accomplish this process by multiplying and
secreting an enzyme called phosphatase.

Phosphatase causes some of the cells to

mature and secrete calcium salts for
ossification.
 Skeletal System
Bone growth is affected by hormones,
vitamins, and other nutrients.
Nutritional deficiencies can make bones
fragile and distorted.
Because of their rigidity, especially in
older animals, bones can break easily.
Bone tissue can also repair itself.
 Skeletal System
Atlas – first cervical vertebrae that forms a
hinge joint with the occipital bone of the
skull and allows the head to move up and
down.
Axis – second cervical vertebrae that
forms a pivotal joint with the atlas and
allows the head to turn from side to
side.
 Skeletal System
Ribs – thin, flat, curved bones that protect
the heart, lungs, stomach, spleen, and
kidneys.
Ribs also assist in respiration by lifting up
and allowing the lungs to expand during
inhalation and by moving down and
squeezing air out during exhalation.
 Skeletal System
Composition:
1. Cells: The bone is composed of four cell types
a) Osteogenic cells – Mesenchymal cells
b) Osteoblast cells – bone secreting cells
c) Osteocyte cells – mature bone cells that stop secreting bone
substance
d) Osteoclasts – remodeling cells

2. Osteoid: a non-mineral organic portion of the

bone matrix made up of collagen and
glycosaminoglycan
3. Inorganic mineral salts deposited within the matrix.
 Skeletal System
• Bone marrow is the spongy
tissue inside some of your
bones, such as your hip and
thigh bones. It contains stem
cells.

The stem cells can develop into

the red blood cells that carry
oxygen through your body, the
white blood cells that fight
infections, and the platelets
that help with blood clotting
 Skeletal System
As the bone ages, the red bone marrow gradually
changes into yellow fatty marrow.
 Skeletal Systec
Epiphysis – refers to either end or extremity
of a long bone.
Proximal epiphysis – end closest to the
main body of the animal.
Distal epiphysis – end farthest from the
main body of the animal.
Diaphysis – the long bone shaft between the
two joint ends.
 Skeletal System
Epiphysial cartilage – layer of cartilage
between the joint ends and the shaft that
allows the bone to increase in length.
Periosteum – fibrous membrane that covers
the exterior of the bone, excluding the joint
ends.
Articular cartilage – thin layer of cartilage
that covers each joint end.
 Skeletal System
LAYERS
• Periosteum
• Outer layer
• Cushions the hard
portion of the bone
• Repair of broken bones
 Skeletal System

Compact Bone
• beneath periosteum
• layer of hard mineral matter
• Calcium
• gives bones strength
 Skeletal System
LAYERS
Spongy Bone
• Inside hard outer layer
• fills ends of bones
• lines hollow portions
 Skeletal System
LAYERS

Red marrow
• inside cavities of spongy
bone
• formation of red blood cells
 Skeletal System
LAYERS
Yellow marrow
• Located inside hollow
portion
• Fat storage cells
• Energy storage
Skeletal System
 Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton – includes all bones
except those of the limbs or
appendages
composed of the skull,
vertebrae and ribs

Appendicular Skeleton – made up

of bones of the limbs
bones in the front (pectoral)
limbs and bones of the hind (pelvic)
limbs
e
 Skeletal System
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
LONG BONES
act as levers; for support and locomotion

Example: Forelimb – humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals,

phalanges, Hind limb – femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

SHORT BONES
No marrow - absorbs concussion

Example: carpals and tarsals

 Skeletal System
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
FLAT BONES
protects vital organs (brain, lungs)
Provide areas for muscle attachment.

Example: Skull, ribs, scapula, pelvic bones

SESAMIOD BONES
reduce friction; change the course of
tendons

Example: patella
 Skeletal System
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
IRREGULAR BONES
protection and support; muscle attachment

Example: Vertebral column, some bones of skull

PNEUMATIC BONES
with air spaces or sinuses that
communicate with the exterior

Example: flying birds, maxillary and frontal

bones
 Skeletal System
• Long Bones
• Longest
• Provide support and
movement
• Levers
• Example -- legs, ribs,
pelvic bones
 Skeletal System
• Short Bones
• Smaller than long
• Joints
• Comfort and mobility
• Example -- feet and
hands
 Skeletal System

• Irregular Bones
• Have an irregular shape
• Support and protect
• Example -- vertebrae
 Skeletal System

• Flat Bones
• Thin and flat
• Protect organs
• Example -- skull
Skeletal System
 By: Ms. Krishna Mae Alapar

ANIMAL
SCIENCE
 Muscular System
FUNCTIONS:
• creates movements;
• protects vital organs;
• cardiac muscles pump blood;
• smooth muscles aid digestion
• and ensure blood flow

The varied functions of the muscular system are all

based on the ability of the fibers of muscle tissue
to contract or shorten.
Muscular System
 Muscular System
KINDS OF MUSCLES
Skeletal muscle is the muscle tissue we are most familiar
with as the flesh or meat of our domestic animals.
The striated fibers of skeletal muscle tissue are grouped
into distinct organs of variable size called muscles.

These muscles are usually attached to the

bones of the skeleton (hence the term
skeletal – muscles), and are under voluntary
control of the animal.
 Muscular System
KINDS OF MUSCLES
Skeletal Muscle- striated and voluntary

Photo from U.S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia.

Muscular System
KINDS OF MUSCLES
Smooth muscle (also called involuntary or
unstriated muscle) is composed of muscle
cells (or fibers) which have no striations
visible with a microscope.

Smooth muscle is found in systems of the

body that are automatic in their function.
Thus, smooth muscle is also a major
component of the wall of organs of the
digestive and urogenital systems, as
well as most blood vessels.
• Layers of smooth muscle in the walls of the stomach and
intestines contract to mix and propel food along
gastrointestinal tract.
• Smooth muscle layers in the walls of blood vessels control the
distribution of blood, which is propelled by the contraction of the
cardiac muscle of the myocardium.

• In the eye, smooth muscle fibers adjust the diameter of the

pupil and thickness of the lens for optimal vision.
• In the skin contraction of the smooth arrector pili
muscles causes the hairs to stand up.
 Muscular System
KINDS OF MUSCLES
Smooth Muscle–unstriated (not striped) and involuntary

Photo from U.S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia

 Muscular System
KINDS OF MUSCLES
Cardiac muscle is characterized by fibers with visible
striations, so it is considered a type of striated muscle
(along with skeletal muscle). However, cardiac
muscle - like smooth muscle – contracts intrinsically
and is not under voluntary control.
Cardiac muscle is sometimes called involuntary
striated muscle.

Cardiac muscle is restricted to the heart, where

it constitutes most of the thickness of the wall
(myocardium), and its rhythmic contraction is
responsible for blood circulation.
 Muscular System
KINDS OF MUSCLES
Cardiac Muscle – striated, involuntary

Photo from U.S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia

ANIMAL SCIENCE

Nervous System
Basic unit of the nervous
system
The nerve cells or neurons - specialize in
impulse conduction or the relay of
messages from effector organs to the
nervous system and vice versa

Synapse – a gap between two neurons,

where nerve impulses are transmitted
from one nerve cell to another.
A neuron has three main parts:
Action potential – brief electrical event
typically generated in the axon that signals • dendrites,
the neuron as 'active’. • an axon, and
• a cell body or soma
An action potential travels the length of
the axon and causes release of
neurotransmitter into the synapse.
• A useful analogy is to think of a neuron as a tree. A neuron has three main
parts: dendrites, an axon, and a cell body or soma, which can be represented as the
branches, roots and trunk of a tree, respectively. A dendrite (tree branch) is where a
neuron receives input from other cells. Dendrites branch as they move towards their
tips, just like tree branches do, and they even have leaf-like structures on them
called spines.
• The axon (tree roots) is the output structure of the neuron; when a neuron wants to
talk to another neuron, it sends an electrical message called an action
potential throughout the entire axon. The soma (tree trunk) is where the nucleus lies,
where the neuron’s DNA is housed, and where proteins are made to be transported
throughout the axon and dendrites.

• Axon – The long, thin structure in which action potentials are generated; the
transmitting part of the neuron. After initiation, action potentials travel down axons to
cause release of neurotransmitter.
• Dendrite – The receiving part of the neuron. Dendrites receive synaptic inputs from
axons, with the sum total of dendritic inputs determining whether the neuron will fire
an action potential.
• A dendrite (tree branch) is where a neuron receives input from other cells.
Dendrites branch as they move towards their tips, just like tree branches do, and
they even have leaf-like structures on them called spines.
• The axon (tree roots) is the output structure of the neuron; when a neuron wants to
talk to another neuron, it sends an electrical message called an action
potential throughout the entire axon. The soma (tree trunk) is where the nucleus
lies, where the neuron’s DNA is housed, and where proteins are made to be
transported throughout the axon and dendrites.
Nervous System
 Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System

1. The Central Nervous System (CNS)

- the main processing unit of the body
- includes the brain (enclosed by the
skull) and the spinal cord (enclosed
by the vertebral column)

2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

- composed of nerves emerging from
the CNS

The PNS can be divided into two pathways

 Nervous System
The PNS can be divided into:

1. Afferent path way (sensory neurons)

– transmit nerve impulses from the
effector organ to the spinal cord or
brain

2. Efferent pathway (motor neurons) –

transmit nerve impulses away from
the brain or spinal cord or towards
muscles or glands

✓ Interneurons – conduct impulses from an

afferent neuron within the central nervous
system
 Nervous System
Sensory
Afferent
Sensory-
Afferent
Motor Towards the
Brain and spinal cord
Efferent
 Nervous System
The motor pathway can be divided according to whether the response is voluntary
(somatic) or involuntary (autonomic):

1. Somatic
▪ supplies and receives nerve fibers (neurons) to and from the skin,
skeletal muscles, joints and tendons
▪ brings about quick adjustments of the muscles to changes in the
environment

2. Autonomic/Visceral
▪ supplies and receives nerve fibers to and from smooth muscles,
cardiac muscle and glands

2 Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System:

1. Parasympathetic (Cranio-Sacral) division
2. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) division
– important
for the
control of
‘normal’ body
functions e.g.
normal
operation of
digestive
system; “rest
& digest”

Parasympathetic
(Cranio-Sacral)
division

– important in
helping cope
with stress;
“fight or flight”
Sympathetic
(Thoracolumbar)
division
Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
• The nervous system can be broken down into several sub-divisions:
• Firstly, the nervous system can be separated into the central nervous
system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• The PNS can be divided into the sensory (afferent) pathway or the
motor (efferent) pathway
• The motor pathway can be divided according to whether the
response is voluntary (somatic) or involuntary (autonomic)
• Finally, the autonomic division can be split into sympathetic (‘fight or
flight’) or parasympathetic (‘rest and digest’) responses
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Cardiovascular System
Prepared by: Ms. Krishna Mae Alapar
 Cardiovascular System
Functions:
• conveys nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the tissues
• carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from
the tissues to the lungs
• removes waste products of metabolism and takes them to the
excretory organs for disposal
• transports hormones from one part of the body to another
• helps in maintaining water equilibrium in the body
• helps in keeping the normal temperature of the body
• regulates hydrogen ion concentration in the body
• helps in overcoming diseases by the antibodies contained in the
blood
 Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular
system includes the
• heart
• blood vessels
✓Artery – Away
✓Vein – To
✓Capillaries
• blood
 Cardiovascular System
Heart
Location: middle mediastinal space in the thoracic cavity between the right and the left lungs
Function: organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body
Layers of the heart:
Four Chambers
Cardiovascular System
UPPER
Right Atrium
• Receives blood into heart from body, from veins
Left Atrium
• Receives blood into heart from lungs
LOWER
Right Ventricle
Pumps blood out to the lungs
Left Ventricle
Pumps blood out into body via arteries
 Cardiovascular System
• Valves of the Heart
1. Tricuspid Valve – with three
cusps; separates the right
atrium from the right ventricle
2. Bicuspid Valve or Mitral Valve –
has two cusps; separates the
left atrium from the left
ventricle;
3. Semilunar valve – found in the
aorta and pulmonary arteries;
 Cardiovascular System
Types of Blood Circulation
Pulmonary
Carries deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs
and returns oxygenated blood
back to the heart.
 Cardiovascular System
Types of Blood Circulation
Systematic
Blood flows from the lungs to the
left atrium, then to the left
ventricle and to the aorta that
distributes blood to the arteries
and the capillaries of the different
organs, and back to the heart
through the venules and the veins Coronary – supplies blood to the heart
that carry blood to the right Hepatic – supplies blood to the liver
atrium Cerebral – supplies blood to the brain
Renal – supplies blood to the kidneys
Splanchnic – supplies blood to the digestive tract
 Cardiovascular System
The Blood Circulation
 Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels
1. Artery
Carries oxygenated blood away from the
heart to all organ-systems of the body
except the pulmonary artery that carries
deoxygenated blood to the lungs

• Arterioles – small arteries

• Pulmonary artery – carries
unoxygenated blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs
• Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium of
the heart
 Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels
2. Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood from all
organ-systems, except the
pulmonary vein that carries
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart
Equipped with valves to prevent
backflow of blood
Venules – small veins

3. Capillaries
Site of exchange of materials between
the surrounding tissues
 Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Cycle
• the atrial contraction and ventricular contraction
• Systole (contraction), Diastole (relaxation)
• As the atria contracts, blood is pushed to the
ventricles
• When the ventricles contract, blood is pushed to
the arteries
• All of these events occur in one heartbeat
• These contraction and relaxation create heart
sounds
Sino-atrial Node (SA Node)
• Cardiac pacemaker
• rate of discharge determines the rate at which the
heart beats
 Cardiovascular System
Purkinje fibers are part of the
specialized conduction network of
the heart that ensures that the
wave of excitation spreads rapidly
and almost synchronously to the
ventricular muscle mass.

The bundle branches, or

Tawara branches, are offshoots
The bundle of His, formed of a group of heart muscle of the bundle of His in the
cells, transmits the electrical impulses generated at heart's ventricle.
paced intervals by the atrioventricular node (AVN), to the
right and left ventricles.
 Cardiovascular System
Heart Sounds or Heart Beats • Lub - first sound caused by the closure of the mitral
Pulse
and tricuspid valves
Species
rate/minute
Location
• Dub - second sound caused by the closure of the aortic
Auscultation method
Chicken 200-400 using stethoscope at the and pulmonary valves
chest region
Auscultation method
Pig 70-120 using stethoscope at the
chest region Sequence:
External maxillary
Horse 38 artery; about the middle 1. Atrial systole - contraction of atria
of the
lower jaw 2. Ventricular systole - contraction of ventricles
Goat 78 Femoral artery
3. Diastole - relaxation of heart muscles
External maxillary
artery slightly on the 4. Pulse or Pulse Wave-the arterial palpation of a
outer surface of the
Cattle and carabao 54 lower jaw, and at the heartbeat is determined to measure the rate of
coccygeal artery at the
base of the underneath heartbeat
of the tail
 Cardiovascular System
Blood
A thick suspension of cellular elements in an aqueous solution of
electrolytes and some non-electrolytes
Composition: blood cells (erythrocytes or RBC and leukocytes or WBC),
blood plasma, platelets and other dissolved substances
Characteristics of blood
• red in color
• pH ranges from pH 7.35 to 7.45
• three to five times thicker (viscous) than water
Plasma
• the fluid portion of the blood that contains blood cells, plasma proteins,
hormones and respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), metabolic
wastes and electrolytes
•makes up to 52%-62% of the total volume of blood
•is 91% water
•normal volume is about 3%-5% of the body weight
 Cardiovascular System
The Three Blood Cells
1.Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
• Biconcave disks manufactured in the bone
marrow
• Packed red blood cells is referred to as
Hematocrit
• Carries oxygen to all parts of the body
Hemoglobin –protein in red blood cells
containing iron responsible for its oxygen-
carrying capacity
 Cardiovascular System
2.White blood cells (Leukocytes)
• Involved in defense against infection and cancer
Classified into three:
a) Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils) – most numerous; main function is to
phagocyte
b) Monocytes – large and non- nuclear; actively
phagocytic
c) Lymphocytes – mostly formed in the lymph
nodes, spleen and thymus; produce antibodies
and counteract toxins
3.Thrombocytes (Platelets)
• produced from cytoplasmic fragmentation of large
cell megakaryocyte
• essential for blood clotting
If an animal had an allergic response, what
kind of white blood cells will increase in
number in respond to the allergens?
A. neutrophils
B. lymphocytes
C. eosinophils
D. basophils
White blood cells
1. Granulocytes – contain granules within the cytoplasm that are
easily stained
• neutrophils – first line of defense against infection and
constitute the greatest number of all the white blood cells
• eosinophils – increases in number during allergic reactions
• basophils – mast cell formation
2. Agranulocytes – these are cells that do not contain or contain
very little granular material in their cytoplasm
• monocytes – largest white blood cells and involved in
phagocytosis
• lymphocytes – it produces antibodies, neutralize or fix toxins
The cardiovascular system is composed of the blood
vessels together with the heart, the following are the
functions of this system except:
A. carries oxygen to the lungs from the different
tissues
B. transports hormone
C. assists in overcoming diseases
D. helps maintain water equilibrium in the body
Blood is being oxygenated in the lungs and it
goes back to the heart and passes to the
following structures except?
A. caudal vena cava
B. left atrium
C. bicuspid valve
D. aorta
Structures of the heart
 Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system is a network of
tissues and organs that help rid the
body of toxins, waste and other
unwanted materials
• composed of lymph nodes, lymph
vessels and lymph carry fluid from
the tissue space into the blood

a defense mechanism by way of

transporting lymph, a fluid containing
infection-fighting white blood cells
throughout the body
 Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system also helps defend
the body against germs (viruses, bacteria,
and fungi) that can cause illnesses. Those
germs are filtered out in the lymph nodes,
small clumps of tissue along the network
of lymph vessels. Inside the lymph nodes,
lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells
help the body fight infection. B cells
make antibodies — special proteins that
stop infections from spreading by trapping
disease-causing germs and destroying
them.
 Lymphatic System
Lymph Nodes
• Ovoid or bean-shaped tissues located in strategic points of the
body where lymph passes on its way to the bloodstream

Functions: produce lymphocytes and stop foreign materials that

come to them; become swollen or inflamed during severe
bacterial infections

Lymph Vessels
• A system of vessels draining from the lungs and from the rest
of the body tissues, ending in the venous system
• Also contains valves that prevent the back flow of its contents
(like the veins)

Lymph
• an interstitial fluid derived largely from the blood and in similar
composition with blood plasma flow in the lymph vessels is
unidirectional, from the tissues toward the heart
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Digestive System
Prepared by: Ms. Krishna Mae Alapar
 Digestive System
Prehension – the seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth

Species Prehensile organ Mastication – chewing

the mechanical breakdown
Tongue and lower incisor
Cattle of feed into finer particles
(dental pad)

Horse Lips and teeth importance: finely divided

feed presents a greater
Sheep Lips and teeth (dental pad)
surface area for the action
Pig Teeth of digestive enzymes and it
Horse Teeth allows the feed to be well-
mixed with the saliva to
facilitate swallowing
 Digestive System
Insalivation – the mixing of feed with saliva
Digestion – the breakdown of feed
• Mechanical digestion
• Chemical digestion
Enzymes – complex proteins produced in living cells that cause changes in
other substances/ Hastens the process

Salivary amylase – starch to maltose; begins the initial digestion of sugars

and starches
Amylase – starch to volatile fatty acids and lactic acid
Protease – protein to amino acids and NH3
Urease – urea to CO2 and NH3
 Digestive System
Mechanical digestion - the physical breaking down of
food into smaller particles to increase the surface
area for chemical digestion and mixing food and
secretions

Chemical digestion - the breaking down of large

molecules that cannot be absorbed, into smaller
pieces that can be taken into the body; usually
accomplished by enzymes
 Digestive System
Parts of the Digestive System
1. Mouth and buccal cavity
for prehension, mastication and insalivation
used in bolus formation in ruminants
with 3 accessory organs:
a) tongue – grasping food
b) teeth – mastication of food
c) salivary glands – produce saliva that contains water to
moisten food, mucin to lubricate foodfor easy swallowing,
bicarbonate salts to bugger (regulate pH), salivary amylase to
start carbohydrate digestion
 Digestive System
2. Pharynx
common passage for air and feed: the inspired air crosses
the pharynx to enter the larynx while the feed crosses the
pharynx to enter the esophagus

3. Esophagus
a muscular tube that connects the stomach to the mouth,
allows passage of food from mouth to stomach

4. Stomach
a muscular organ which is the site for feed storage,
grinding and mixing, absorption, enzymatic action and
microbial fermentation

3 major functions:
1. storage of ingested feed
2. mechanical breakdown of feed
3. production of HCl enzyme and mucus
 Digestive System
5. Small intestine
• has 3 divisions
a) Duodenum – active site of digestion receives secretions from the pancreas and intestinal walls
b) Jejunum – middle section involved in nutrient absorption
c) Ileum – last section, also involved in nutrient absorption

Digestion in the small intestine is enhanced by:

• Proteolytic enzymes continue protein hydrolysis
• Pancreatic amylase converts starch to maltose
• Peptidase enzymes reduce dipeptides to single amino acids

Bile is produced by the liver and stored and secreted by the gall bladder (absent in the horse).
Bile aids digestion in the small intestine by emulsifying fat particles.

Absorption – transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to

the circulatory system (blood, or lymph)
 Digestive System
6. Large intestine

has 3 sections

a) Cecum – first section that is relatively

large in the horse and rabbit; contains
many bacteria that produce enzymes
that digest fiber

b) Colon – middle section that is involved

in reabsorption of water; length is
related to amount of water reabsorption
6. Large intestine
Has 3 sections
c) Rectum
• last section
• The last stages of chemical digestion occur in the large
intestine through bacterial action; no enzymes are secreted
by the colon
• Bacteria ferment any remaining carbohydrates and release
hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane
• Bacteria also convert the remaining proteins to amino acids
and simpler substances
• Some vitamins are synthesized by bacteria, including some B
vitamins and Vitamin K
• The large intestine absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins
• The chyle has become feces which consists of water,
inorganic salts, epithelial cells, bacteria and undigested food

• The large intestine absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins

Types of Animal Based on Stomach Structure
A. Monogastric (human, swine, horse)
simple stomached, one compartment stomach
eg. swine and horses
Herbivorous monogastric
horses and rabbits; characterized by
enlarged cecum which allows for the
microbial fermentation of plant materials
In horses, the large intestine, especially the
cecum, is highly developed, which allows
microbes to flourish (similar to the reticulo-
rumen of ruminants) and for most of the
digestion of forages to occur
RABBIT is a representative animal species that
conducts coprophagy, i. e. the production and
reingestion of soft feces. It may seem gross,
but rabbits normally eat some of their feces
once a day, either early in the morning or late
at night.

These special feces are called cecotropes, or

“night feces.” They are produced through
fermentation of food in the part of the rabbit’s
digestive tract called the cecum. Cecotropes
are soft feces that are nutrient-rich and are
passed out of the body like normal stool but
then are re-ingested later by the rabbit so that
important nutrients can be reabsorbed. These
feces have more protein, less fiber and higher
levels of certain vitamins, such as B vitamins,
than the typical hard bunny fecal pellets you
might see in the litterbox or around your
rabbit’s cage.
 digestive pathway:
Types of Animal
Based on Stomach mouth – esophagus – crop – proventriculus
Structure (stomach) – gizzard – small intestine – large intestine
(and ceca) – cloaca – vent

B. Modified
Monogastric
digestive tract
of poultry
species, with
the following
modifications:
gizzard, crop
and
proventriculus
The koilin membrane, formed by the secretions of the
ventricular and pyloric glands, functions as a
protective layer in the gizzards of most bird species.
 Digestive System
Types of Animal Based on Stomach
Structure
C. Complex Stomach (Cattle, goat)
a) Rumen
Large muscular compartment that
fills the left side of body cavity; the
largest of the four compartments
Covered by projections called papillae
which are required for the absorption
of nutrients
Main site of microbial fermentation of
feeds; the muscular walls secrete no
enzymes
• This is the first compartment in the 4 compartment stomach system. In this compartment, fermentation
occurs; which allows for the digestion of fibre and other feeds.

• Fermentation overall takes place in the rumen and reticulum (which is the second
compartment). Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids and gases; in
terms of the cow, it allows the conversion of cellulosic fibre (found in plants) into energy that can be used
for growth, production or metabolism.

• The rumen is the largest compartment and can hold up to 40-50 gallons/150-200 litres of digested food.
• The first thing to note about the rumen is that it is also home to a wide range of other microbes – such as
bacteria and protozoa. The number of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen is astronomical; in 1ml of rumen
fluid there is approximately 10-50 billion microbes and 1 million protozoa. These microbes are the
organisms which actually digest the feed taken in by the cow.

• Because bacteria digest by working on the outside of the food particles first, increasing the surface area of
the food particles overall will increase the bacterial digestion. In simple terms, instead of having one large
clump of food to digest, if that clump is smashed into tiny little pieces, the bacteria are more efficient at
digesting it.

• The microbes in the rumen digest cellulose and hemicellulose (i.e. Fibre). They also produce high
quality protein, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and B vitamins. As well as these actions they also detoxify
toxic compounds
 Digestive System
• Functions of Rumen
• provides favorable environment for protozoa
and bacteria
• these bacteria are responsible for pregastric
fermentation which produces:
• enzymes that breakdown fiber, starch and
protein
• water-soluble vitamins and Vitamin K
• bacterial synthesis of amino acids and protein
• storage
• soaking
• physical mixing and breakdown
 Digestive System
Functions of Rumen Microorganisms
• enable ruminants to utilize fiber
• synthesize AA and CHON from non-
protein N
• synthesize all water-soluble vitamins
including Vitamin K
 Digestive System
Three major benefits of
microbial fermentation:
1. Conversion of cellulose from Favorable Conditions Provided in
vegetative materials to the Rumen
volatile fatty acids as sources
• Anaerobic environment
of energy
2. Production of microbial • Constant warm temperature
protein from feed proteins • Moisture
and non-protein nitrogen • Constant food supply
sources that provide the • Mixing
essential amino acids
3. Synthesis of Vitamin K and
the B- vitamins
 Digestive System
b) Reticulum•
• moves food from the rumen to
the omasum
• collects dense particles of food
and helps regurgitate ingesta
during rumination (chewing the
cud)
• regulates the passage of feed
from the rumen to the
succeeding compartments
• aids in the regurgitation of feed
back to the mouth
• a site of microbial fermentation
 Digestive System
c) Omasum
• round muscular organ that contains many muscular
laminae (sometimes called many plies)
• possible functions:
• controls the passage of ingesta to lower tract (acts as
pump), reduces particle size of ingesta and absorption

d) Abomasum
very similar to the true gastric stomach
general characteristics are identical to the gastric
stomach of non-ruminants
 Digestive System
Accessory glands
• Pancreas – secretes into the duodenum
Trypsin – protein to peptides and
amino acids
Chymotrypsin – protein to
peptides and amino acids
Carboxypeptidase – protein to
peptides and amino acids
Liver – secretes bile needed for the
emulsification of fat in the small intestine
 Digestive System
Additional Unique Features of Ruminants

Rumination
• the process that permits an animal to forage and ingest feed rapidly, then complete chewing at a
latter time; feed in the stomach is regurgitated, reinsalivated and reswallowed; controlled
vomiting/contractions of the esophagus, reticulum and rumen allow ingesta to be regurgitated
back up to the esophagus where fluids are swallowed again and additional remastication and
reswallowing of solids occur

Eructation (belching of gas)

• allows for removal of large volumes of gas produced in the rumen; contractions of the upper part
of the rumen force the gas up the esophagus and from there, the gas penetrates into the trachea
and lungs
 Digestive System
Additional Unique Features of
Ruminants
Esophageal Groove
• begins at the base of the
esophagus and when stimulated by
sucking, forms a tube that empties
into the abomasum
• function: directs milk obtained from
sucking to escape microbial
digestion in the rumen
This is considered as the first glandular
portion of the ruminant digestive system
A. rumen
B. omasum
C. reticulum
D. abomasum
Compartment of the ruminant stomach
1. rumen (paunch) – largest part in adult and serves as a
fermentation vat, organ of maceration, site of bacterial
digestion and organ of absorption
2. reticulum (honeycomb) – smallest and it receives heavy
matter in food and act as a liquid reservoir to soften these
materials
3. omasum (manyplies) – spherical organ filled with muscular
laminae and this grind roughage before it enters the
abomasum
4. abomasum (true stomach) – secretes gastric enzymes and
hydrochloric acid
Which is not true about the digestive
system of chicken?
A. prehension is a function of the beak
B. the crop serves as temporary storage
for
food
C. there are two cecae and no rectum in
chicken
D. the stomach is divided into a glandular
and muscular portion
The avian digestive system
• Prehension is a function of the beak
• The tongue is hard and relatively inflexible
• The esophagus dilates near the thoracic inlet to form
the crop that serves as a temporary storage for food
• The stomach is divided into two parts: the glandular
stomach (proventriculus) and the muscular stomach
(ventriculus or gizzard)
• Small intestine does not differ in function and
structure as in mammals
• There are two cecae and the rectum is short and
straight and expands rapidly to form the cloaca
Rennin is an enzyme that coagulates milk
and reduces its rate of passage through
the gastrointestinal stomach. It is
secreted in the stomach of what animal?
A. pig
B. dog
C. horse
D. cow
In newborn ruminant, the largest
compartment of its stomach is the:
A. omasum
B. rumen
C. abomasum
D. reticulum
This condition results when gas in the
rumen of ruminants is not eliminated by
eructation or belching
A. emphysema
B. tetany
C. bloat
D. colic
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Endocrine System
 Endocrine System
Endocrine System, group of specialized
organs and body tissues that produce,
store, and secrete chemical substances
known as hormone

Functions
1. regulating the body's growth and
development,
2. controlling the function of various
tissues,
3. supporting pregnancy and other
reproductive functions, and Endocrine organs are sometimes called
4. metabolism (catabolism and ductless glands because they have no ducts
anabolism) connecting them to specific body parts
 Endocrine System
Endocrinology – a branch of physiology that deals with the coordination of various body
tissues by chemical mediators produced by restricted areas of the body and transported
through the circulatory system to the organ or tissue on which they exert their effects.

Hormone - substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the blood
to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effect.

Classification of Hormones According to Chemical Composition

1. Polypeptides – chains of amino acid, each less than 100 amino acids long
2. Glycoproteins – polypeptide chain, longer than 100 amino acids, attached to a carbohydrate
Ex. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
3. Amines – hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.
Ex. Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), which are often secreted in response to stress
4. Steroids – lipids derived from cholesterol
Ex. Corticosteroids secreted from the adrenal gland balance solutes such as glucose and salt in the body
 Endocrine System
Components of the
Endocrine Systems

The primary glands that

make up the endocrine
system are the
hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, pineal body, and
reproductive glands—the
ovary and testis.
 Endocrine System
The Pancreas
Location: Abdomen; adjacent to the small intestine
Function: produces insulin (decreases blood glucose concentration) in its
beta-cells and glucagon (increases blood glucose concentration) in its
alpha-cells
Facilitate transport of blood glucose into the cells, thereby increasing its
utilization and to the adipose cells (stored fats).
It is both an exocrine and endocrine gland.

Alpha cells = glucagon

Beta cells = Insulin
 Endocrine System
Diabetes mellitus is perhaps the best-known endocrine disorder
It is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin
in target tissues
It is marked by elevated blood glucose levels Disorders: Diabetes mellitus
Type I –insufficient insulin secretion
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) is an Type II –tissues resistance to insulin action
autoimmune disorder in which the immune
system destroys pancreatic beta cells

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent)

involves insulin deficiency or reduced response
of target cells due to change in insulin receptors Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells = Insulin
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis is done by paired hormones, insulin and glucagon

Insulin
Beta cells of
pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.

STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level rises
(for instance, after eating a
carbohydrate-rich meal).

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(70–110 mg/100 mL)
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis is done by paired hormones, insulin and glucagon

Body cells Insulin

take up more Beta cells of
glucose. pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.

Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it STIMULUS:
as glycogen. Blood glucose level rises
Blood glucose
level declines. (for instance, after eating a
carbohydrate-rich meal).

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(70–110 mg/100 mL)
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis is done by paired hormones, insulin and glucagon

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(70–110 mg/100 mL)

STIMULUS:
Blood glucose level
falls (for instance, after
skipping a meal).

Alpha cells of pancreas

release glucagon into
the blood.
Glucagon
Maintenance of glucose homeostasis is done by paired hormones, insulin and glucagon

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(70–110 mg/100 mL)

STIMULUS:
Blood glucose Blood glucose level
level rises. falls (for instance, after
skipping a meal).

Alpha cells of pancreas

release glucagon into
Liver breaks the blood.
down glycogen Glucagon
and releases
glucose into
the blood.
 Endocrine System
Destruction of ____ cells of the _____ will lead into a disease condition
known as diabetes mellitus

a. alpha, pancreas
b. beta, pancreas
c. alpha, liver
d. beta, liver
 Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis
Location: base of the brain in a concavity of the sphenoid
bone called Sella turcica which protects it from outside
pressure

The hypothalamus receives information from

the nervous system and initiates responses
through the endocrine system

Attached to the hypothalamus is the pituitary

gland, composed of the posterior pituitary,
intermediate pituitary, and anterior pituitary
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea. Although
located at the base of the brain and often considered to be part of the brain, the pituitary
gland is in fact a separate organ, and is not part of the brain.
Hypothalamus – part of the brain that has a vital role in controlling many bodily
The hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems
Functions including the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
Functions:
1. control of the autonomic nervous system
2. reception of sensory impulses from the viscera
3. intermediary between the nervous and endocrine systems
4. control of body temperature
5. regulation of food intake
6. thirst center
7. part of the limbic system – emotions, aggression
8. part of reticular formation
While the pituitary gland is known as the master endocrine gland, both of its lobes are under
the control of the hypothalamus:
 Endocrine System
composed of 3 lobes:
1. Anterior (adenohypophysis) which secretes the following hormones:
• Somatotrophic Hormone (STH) – promotes growth of long bones
• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) – stimulates the adrenal cortex
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (STH) - stimulates the thyroid gland
• Luteotrophic Hormone (LTH) - stimulates milk secretion
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - stimulates development of ovarian follicles and influences the
formation of spermatocytes
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
 Endocrine System
2. Intermediate (pars intermedia)

3. Posterior (neurohypophysis) which secretes the following hormones:

• Antidiuretic hormone – promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys
to prevent excessive dehydration
• Oxytocin – stimulates uterine contraction and milk-ejection
 tropic hormones = target endocrine glands
hypothalamus

thyroid-stimulating
hormone posterior antidiuretic
(TSH) pituitary hormone
Thyroid gland (ADH)
anterior
pituitary Kidney
tubules

Muscles
of uterus
gonadotropic
hormones:
Adrenal follicle-
cortex
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
& luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Melanocyte
in amphibian

Bone Mammary
and muscle glands
Testes Ovaries in mammals
Hormones as Endocrine System
homologous What does this tell you about these hormones?
structures
How could these hormones have different effects?

prolactin same gene family growth

gene duplication? hormone
mammals birds fish amphibians

milk fat salt & metamorphosis growth

production metabolism water & maturation & development
balance
 Endocrine System
____ this hormone helps in reducing urine volume by increasing
reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of kidney
a. Adrenalin
b. Oxytocin
c. Vasopressin
d. Prolactin
 Endocrine System
____ this hormone helps in milk ejection
a. Adrenalin
b. Oxytocin
c. Vasopressin
d. Prolactin
 Endocrine System
____ is a hormone that stimulates ovulation of mature ovarian follicles
a. LH
b. GH
c. PRL
d. FSH
 Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
Located at the neck area below the Larynx, the two lobes
connected by a bridge of tissue called Isthmus.
Secretes hormone thyroxine(T4) and trixodothyroxine(T3)
Disorders:
Function: Excess thyroid secretion – body wasting, nervousness, excess
secretes T4, thyroxine, increases the basal metabolic rate; heat production, thyrotoxicosis (over activity of the gland - high
secretes T3, trixodothyronine T4 secretion)
Stimulates O2 consumption of most of the cells Hypothyroidism – simple goiter; lack of thyroxine secretion due

Helps regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism to iodine deficiency (lack of the T4 secretion, due to lack of

Necessary for normal growth and maturation Iodine)

 Endocrine System
The Parathyroid Gland
Location: dorsal to the thyroid gland
Functions:
1. produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) – increases the level of calcium in the blood by the
mobilization of calcium from the bones, and enhances Ca and P absorption from the intestinal
tract
2. stimulates Calcitonin (lowers calcium level) secretion in the thyroid gland in response to
increasing calcium level in the blood

Disorders
Hyperparathyroidism = hypersecretion of PTH, resulting to
hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciura and hyperphosphaturia.
The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating blood calcium levels in mammals.

PTH

Parathyroid
gland (behind
thyroid)

STIMULUS:
Falling blood
Ca2+ level

Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
Increases Ca2+ Active
uptake in vitamin D Stimulates Ca2+
intestines uptake in kidneys

PTH

Parathyroid
Stimulates gland (behind
Ca2+ release thyroid)
from bones
STIMULUS:
Blood Ca2+
Falling blood
level rises.
Ca2+ level

Homeostasis:
Blood Ca2+ level
(about 10 mg/100 mL)
 Endocrine System
Adrenal Gland
Location: cranial to the kidneys
consists of:
• Adrenal Medulla
✓Epinephrine = Adrenalin
✓Norepinephrine = Noradrenalin

• Adrenal Cortex
✓Aldosterone = reabsorb Na from Kidney tubules.
✓Glucocorticoid = stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
 Endocrine System
Multiple hormonal pathways/effects during “fight or flight”

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

• Trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood
• Increase oxygen delivery to body cells
• Direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and away
from skin, digestive system, and kidneys
• The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine occurs in
response to involuntary nerve signals
 Endocrine System
Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, influence glucose metabolism
and the immune system
Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, affect salt and water
balance

The adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of steroid

hormones that function as sex hormones
 Endocrine System
Effects of stress on a body Stress

Nerve Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
signals
(cross section) Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
Nerve cell
Adrenal cortex
& norepinephrine secretes
ACTH
mineralocorticoids
Adrenal & glucocorticoids
gland
Kidney

(A) SHORT-TERM STRESS RESPONSE (B) LONG-TERM STRESS RESPONSE

Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: Effects of Effects of

mineralocorticoids: glucocorticoids:
1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood
glucose 1. Retention of sodium 1. Proteins & fats broken down
2. Increased blood pressure ions & water by & converted to glucose,
3. Increased breathing rate kidneys leading to increased blood
4. Increased metabolic rate glucose
2. Increased blood
5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased volume & blood 2. Immune system suppressed
alertness & decreased digestive & kidney activity pressure
 Endocrine System
Pineal Gland
Location: near the center of
the brain Function:
• secretes melatonin which is
responsible for
photoperiod-related
behavior of animals (e.
Circadian rhythm, seasonal
breeding & egg production)
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Respiratory System
Prepared by: Ms. Krishna Mae Alapar
 Respiratory System
The lungs are a vital part of the 2 major functions:
respiratory system, 1. supplies oxygen to the blood
• which allows you to breathe 2. removes carbon dioxide from
• the structure involved in the the blood
exchange of gases between
the blood and the lungs and
other organ systems
• an air pump that draws fresh
air through the air tubes to
smaller air sacs
Parts
Respiratory System
1. Nose
• the external nares (nostrils) are the
external openings of the respiratory tract
2. Paranasal Sinuses
• air-filled cavities found in cranial bones
that provide protection and insulation to the
head
3. Pharynx
• common passage of food and air
• openings of the pharynx include two caudal
nares, two auditory tubes from the middle
ears, oral cavity, larynx and esophagus
4. Larynx
• the gatekeeper to the entrance of the
trachea
• regulates the size of the airway and
protects it by closing to prevent substances
other than air from entering the trachea
• of phonation, hence, the name voice box
 Respiratory System
5. Trachea and Bronchi
• extends from the caudal end of the larynx to the bronchi
• divides into two principal bronchi
• principal bronchi branch into secondary, then tertiary;
subsequent branches become smaller and smaller
• when the diameter is less than 1mm, the airways are called
Bronchioles
• eventually branches into alveolar ducts
• terminates in a cluster of air sacs called alveoli, where the
exchange of gases with the blood occurs
6. Lungs
• pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on each side of the
chest
• the medial aspect of each lung features an indentation called
hilus where the principal bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics
and nerves enter and leave the lung
• lobes of the lungs are defined by the presence of secondary
bronchi
7. Pleura
• thin tissue layer covering of the lungs
• they expand and contract during breathing
 Respiratory System
Respiration
• involves inspiration, where the oxygen from the environment is taken in, and expiration,
where carbon dioxide, a metabolic product, is expelled
• the surface of the pleura is lubricated with serous fluid which allows the lungs to slip
smoothly
➢ Eupnea – normal, quiet respiration Dyspnea – difficult breathing
➢ Apnea – cessation/stopping of respiration
➢ Hyperpnea – increased rate/depth of breathing, or both
➢ Polypnea – rapid, shallow breathing

Diaphragm – separates the abdominal and the thoracic cavities, which contains the lungs and
the mediastinal organs

Vital Capacity
• maximum volume of air an animal can expel from its lungs after maximum inhalation
• function of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, respiratory reserve volume
Muscles of the diaphragm contract
causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge
and a vacuum to be created.
The lungs to expand and air is drawn
into them.

The diaphragm muscles relax, causing

contraction of the chest muscles, which
decreases the thoracic cavity size,
resulting in the retraction of alveolar
elastic fibers.
Respiratory System
 Respiratory System

The same sort of gas exchange takes place in the lungs,

but they have several independent air sacs that can briefly
hold or store air.
Respiratory System
Respiration rate per
Species
minute

Fowl 15 - 30
Pig 29 - 33
Horse 27 - 28
Sheep 35 - 38
Cattle 27 - 28
Carabao 24 - 27
The respiratory system is a complementary system of
the cardiovascular system which is involved in the
following functions except:
A. supply oxygen to the blood and remove
carbon dioxide from the blood
B. temperature regulation
C. elimination of water
D. overcoming diseases