PEROVSKITE

SOLAR CELLS

1
AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF YUCATAN
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TEAM 4

GERALLDO LANDERO, I.Q.I.

OSKAR HERNÁNDEZ, I.Q.I
SOFIA MEDINA, QA
KATY MOGUEL, I.Q.I

THE 17TH OF NOVEMBER, 2021

2
 RENEWABLE ENERGIES SITUATION

1 PHOTOVOLTAICS TECHNOLOGY
Introduction

LET US START WITH A QUESTION

3
Renewable energies
situation

Natural necessity caused by the

fossil fuels depletion

It is a solution for greenhouse gases

emissions

The most used are solar and wind

energy

Electric energy production based on

renewable energy has increased
from 597 GWh in 2005 to 545 TWh
in 2018 4
 Photovoltaic
technology

It converts solar energy into electricity.

There are three main groups in which
can be divided:

Wafer-based
Conventional thin film
Emerging thin film

5
 Photovoltaic technology

Wafer based Thin film

First-generation crystalline Second-generation Third-generation

silicon conventional thin film emerging thin film

Copper Indium
Quantum dot PV
Monocrystalline Diselenide (CIS)
silicon Dye sensitized

Cadmium telluride Organic PV

Polycrystalline
silicon
Perovskite

6
 Wafer-based
(1st Generation)

This photovoltaic technology (PV) is

well known worldwide, comprising
85% of the market.

It uses silicon as active material.

Furthermore, it has two classifications:
polycrystalline and monocrystalline.
7
Conventional thin-film
(2nd Generation)

The second generation has updated

areas as efficiency, thickness, and
quantity of material used.

Its absorption capacity is remarkable,

thanks to its active materials: CuSe2,
CdTe, among others.
8
 Emerging thin-film
(3nd Generation)

On the other hand, the third

generation is on the way. It is still
under research and development.
They are expected to revolutionize PV
technology.

Quantum dot PV
Dye sesitized
Organic PV
Perovskite
9
LET US START WITH A
QUESTION...

What is the future of solar

panels?

10
Silicon solar panels are not perfect.
Their efficiencies oscillate between 21-22 %
and a restriction in 30-31%.
A lot of heat is required for its production

Conventional thin-film cells

They just cover about 5% of the market
This technology is hard to do, principally because
of its construction materials.

11
 Perovskite

Emerging thin-film technology

Simple manufacturing
Affordable
Great efficiency
Flexibility
A variety of properties and
applications

12
 What is Perovskite?

The word Perovskites comes from a

specific molecular geometry adopted
for many compounds.

These materials have astonishing

properties such as absorption
capacity, superconductivity, magnetic
resistance, ionic conductivity, and
dielectric properties.
13
 BRIEF HISTORY

2
Perovskite GEOMETRY AND COMPOSITION

Solar cells
CLASIFICATION

14
 Replacement of organic colorants
Brief History Synthesize MALI nanoparticles
Replace liquid electrolytes
Replace electron carrying material

15
 The structure of these compounds that allows them to
absorb electromagnetic radiation so well is an ABX3
Geometry and configuration.

composition
Where A and B represent a cation, and X represents
an anion.
16
 Geometry and
composition

For this configuration A represents

small organic cations, such as
methylammonium (MA+ ,CH3 NH3 ).

On the other hand, B represents an

element of the 14 group of the periodic
table, those used are Pb, Sn and Ge.
While the anion X is a halogen, mainly
I-, Br- and Cl-.

17
Geometry and
composition

18
 Clasification

Perovskite

Inorganic oxide perovskite system Halide perovskite system

Intrinsic Doped Alkali halide Organo metal

perovskite perovskite perovskite system perovskite system
system system

19
 Instrisic Perovskite

The most common PSCs in this group

use methylammonium oxide, which
has a high open circuit voltage and
high light absorption.

One example is CaTiO3. Inorganic

structures are unstable.

20
 Doped Perovskite

To improve stability, these systems are

doped with some halides or hybrids
inorganic-organic compounds.

The bandgap of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3,

1.55 eV) or CH(NH2)2PbI3, (FAPbI3,
1.43 eV) .

21
 Alkali
Perovskite

This type of perovskite has

low energy
loss, wich will lead to
increase in power
conversion efficiency and
high open circuit for
improved response.

22
 (A) inorganic

(B) organo metal

Organometal PSC is one of the innovative technology

developed in recent years because of its light absorption
Organo metal coefficient and direct bandgap, which will increase the
Perovskite carrier mobility and power conversion efficiency of the
system.

Their structure is CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I)

23
organometal lead halide perovskite.
 FEATURES

3
Perovskite ANATOMY
Solar cells

ARQUITECTURES

24
 According to the mechanism of action of the PSCs, the following
characteristics can be defined that must be taken into account for
FEATURES their correct operation:
• The ideal band gap is between 1 - 2 eV.
• The material must have long charge carrier diffusion distances,
high mobility, and lifetime.
• Perovskite films must be highly crystalline.
• Efficient extraction of charge carriers on the external contacts of
25
the device.
The efficiency of a solar cell is determined as the
fraction of incident energy that is converted into
electricity and is defined as:

Within the formulas we find the following symbols, which mean:

•Voc is the open circuit voltage;
•Isc is the short-circuit current;
•FF is the fill factor
• η is the efficiency.

Perovskite solar cell developer Oxford Photovoltaics (PV) has

reported a new perovskite tandem solar cell record, certified by
Efficiency Fraunhofer ISE at a conversion efficiency of 27.3%.*

Oxford PV’s latest record for a 1 cm2 perovskite-silicon tandem

solar, exceeds the 26.7% efficiency world record for a single-junction
silicon solar cell.

*Osborne, Mark (June 25, 2018) Oxford PV takes record perovskite 26

tandem solar cell to 27.3% conversion efficiency. pv-tech.org
 Perovskite solar cells are becoming one of the most promising
technologies for the future. Only in the period from 2011 to 2014,
the efficiency (PCE) of these devices increased from 6.5% to 19.3%.
Currently, a value of 27.3% has been reached

UNIDO has also set up an International Centre for the Promotion and Transfer
of Solar Energy Technology in Lanzhou, China.*
Where various types of solar panels (among them the Perovskita) are being
optimized and studied in order to be promoted in countries with growing
economies.

Efficiency over time,

and international
effort

*Solar energy | UNIDO. (2021, 15 enero). United Nations Industrial

Development Organization. Recuperado 5 de noviembre de 2021, de
https://www.unido.org/our-focus/safeguarding-environment/clean-
energy-access-productive-use/renewable-energy/focus-areas/solar-energy
27
 Is a parameter that, together with Voc
and Isc, determines the maximum
Efficiency power of a solar cell.
The fill factor FF The FF is defined as the ratio of the
maximum power of the solar cell to the
product of Voc and Isc.
29
 Device configuration is one of the most crucial factors in
evaluating the overall performance of perovskite solar cells.
Arquitectures PSCs can be classified as regular (n-i-p) and inverted (p-i-n)
structures depending on which transport material (electron /
and hole) is present on the outside of the cell / found first by incident
light
conformations 30
Regular n-i-p structure: The assembly begins with a clear glass cathode
followed by the electron transport material (ETM). The framework is then
layered with a mesoporous metal oxide containing the perovskite, followed
by the hole transport material (HTM) and covered with a metal anode (Figure
10a).

Inverted p-i-n structure: The structured p-i-n PSC is derived from the organic
solar cell. In the case of the p-i-n planar perovskite architecture, the HTM layer
is deposited first and then the ETM layer. Perovskites were found to be
capable of transporting voids on their own, leading Jeng et al. the
development of the first planar heterojunction PSC with an inverted structural

Regular and
inverted So far researchers have studied six types of perovskite solar cell
conformation architectures, however the most common are (Figure 10): the mesoscopic
nip contact configuration, the flat nip contact configuration, the flat pin
configuration, the mesoscopic pin configuration. (Hussain, 2018)

31
 (A) 2 terminals

(B) 4 terminals

Are the combination of perovskite cells with silicon cells, this

development of tandem solar cells attracts the interest of the scientific
community as an effective approach to overcome the Shockeye-
Tandem Queisser limit formulated for an ideal single cell with a band gap of
1.34 eV and a maximum efficiency of 33.7%.

Multi-junction solar cells have already achieved a high PCE of 32.8%

for dual-function cells and 37.9%. 32
 OVERVIEW

4 STEP BY STEP
Mechanism

I-V CURVES

33
Overview The photons strike the surface of the crystal substrate,
pass through this layer, reaching the transparent
electrode, subsequently reaching the active material
belonging to the perovskite family.

34
Overview These photons are absorbed, generating excitons that
subsequently propagate into the electron carrier
material, at this interface electrons and holes are
separated.

35
 This PV effect, which was the principle of producing
PV effect electricity from solar radiation, was first observed in 1839
by Alexandre Becquerel.

The PV effect is a process that, when sun lights strike on the

boundary layer of semiconductor materials, electric current
can be generated. 36
 Solar cells have crystalline structures, hence, in order to
Band gap understand the charge transport phenomena we use
quantum mechanics.
theory
Energy bands are energy states available to be occupied by
electrons, they are distanced by energy regions not
available to electrons. are spaced by regions of energy not 37
available to electrons.
 Step by step

1. Photons are absorbed throughout

the volume of the semiconductor
leading to the excitation of electrons
and holes.

2. Charge carriers are separated due

to the low exciton energy and diffuse
through the material.

4.

38
 Step by step

3. When the photogenerated charge

carrier reaches the n- or p-junction it is
removed by the corresponding
selective carrier material and
energetically conducted to the
respective electrode.

4. Charge carriers arriving at the

wrong contact are blocked and
extracted as holes arriving at the n
material or electrons arriving at the p
material. 39
 Curves I-V

The voltage (potential) and current values ​

of a photovoltaic device in operation are
obtained from curves I-V.

This is recorded under illumination using a

solar simulator (ABET-Sun 2000), with a
coupled filter that ensures a spectral
distribution of incident radiation of AM1.5G
and a cell temperature of 25 ° C. The light
intensity is 100 mW / cm2 (1 sun)

40
 Curves I-V

The IV curves are obtained by applying a

potential sweep and recording the
photocurrent obtained by the device under
illumination from the IV curve, the
characteristic photovoltaic parameters of
the device can be obtained.

a) I-V curves of a perovskite solar cell by

forward (Red) and reverse scan (Blue).

b) Scheme of the measured highest

efficiency record for various kinds of new
type solar cells

41
 SOLUTION PROCESSING-BASED
TECHNIQUES

5 ROLL-TO-ROLL PRINTING
Manufacturing
Techniques
VAPOR-BASED TECHNIQUES

42
 Manufacturing
Techniques Spin coating
technique

Solution based
techniques

Roll to roll
compatible
In the case of PSCs, one such difficulty is Manufacturing techniques
to control the morphology of perovskites techniques
over a large area. Depending on Physical
manufacturing technique, layer
roughness also gets affected. Hence, Vapor assisted
manufacturing technique needs to be deposition
selected carefully.
Chemical

43
 Solution based
techniques

Solution processing-based technique is the

most widely used technique for depositing
perovskite thin films. However, solution-
process techniques offer limited control over
film morphology and crystallinity.

Solution-processed deposition is carried out

using various techniques such as spin coating,
dip coating, spray coating, ink-jet printing,
among others.

44
 Spin-coating
technique

Spin coating is a procedure used to apply

uniform thin films to flat substrates. A typical
process involves depositing a small puddle of
a fluid resin onto the center of a substrate
and then spinning the substrate at high
speed. Centrifugal force will cause the resin
to spread to, and eventually off, the edge of
the substrate leaving a thin film of resin on
the surface.

45
 Drop-casting
technique

The impingement of a solution drop onto a

substrate in a simple process called drop
casting, usually results in spreading of the
liquid solution and the formation of a non-
uniform thin solid film after solvent
evaporation.

46
 Roll to roll
techniques (R2R)

R2R printing is one of the best solution

processing techniques used for the
manufacturing of PSCs. This is a highly
reproducible technique with an enormous
potential of producing flexible PSCs at large
scale with high throughput. It includes
different coating methods which are used to
form a thin film on moving substrate by using
rotating rolls.

47
 Spray coating
technique

Most spray-coating processes can be

broken down into four stages, namely (i)
the generation of the ink-droplets, (ii) the
transport of the droplets to the substrate,
(iii) the coalescence of the droplets into a
wet film, and (iv) thin-film drying.

48
 Screen printing
technique

Screen printing is a widely used film deposition

technique for which a mesh (screen) is used to
transfer paste (ink) onto a flat substrate.

The reproducibility may be affected by the

properties of the paste and the variation in the
tension of the screen. Besides the above
advantages, screen printing is also a low-cost
and low consumption technique that can
provide PSCs with low production cost.

49
 Vapor-Based
Techniques

Gas phase deposition techniques are

traditionally divided into two categories:

Physical vapor deposition methods, such as

evaporation or sputtering, in which there is
a net transfer of matter from a solid
reservoir to a film.
Chemical vapor deposition methods, where
the film is formed as the product of the
chemical reaction involving one or more
species in the gas phase.
Atomic layer deposition
In ALD, the film growth takes place in a cyclic
manner. In the simplest case, one cycle consists of
four steps: (i) exposure of the first precursor, (ii)
purge or evacuation of the reaction chamber, (iii)
exposure of the second precursor, and (iv) purge or
evacuation.
50
 6
Printing strategies for
scaling-up perovskite solar
cells

51
 Scalable methods for
PSCs deposition

The transition from research to

commercialization requires advancements
of scalable deposition methods for both
perovskite and charge transporting thin
films.

In this regard, there have been endeavors

to develop scalable coating/printing
techniques, such as blade coating, slot-die
coating, inkjet printing (IJP) and spray
coating for high-efficiency perovskite
solar modules.

52
 Scalable methods for
PSCs deposition

More recently, Rolston et al. reported

scalable and fast open-air manufacturing
of perovskite modules by combining the
open-air spray and plasma deposition
technique. High performance modules
(5.9 cm^2) comprising 17 sub cells with a
stable power out put of 15.2% were
achieved, showing great potential toward
large-scale in-line integration of
perovskite solar technology.

53
 REFERENCES

1.Bai, Y., Dong, Q., Shao, Y. et al. (2016). Enhancing stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells with crosslinkable silane-functionalized and doped fullerene. Nat Commun 7, 12806.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12806
2.Bhattacharya, Sayak; John, Sajeev (2019). Beyond 30% Conversion Efficiency in Silicon Solar Cells: A Numerical Demonstration. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 12482–. doi:10.1038/s41598-
019-48981-w
3.Bravo, A. (2020). Automatización del método de drop-casting para el depósito de películas poliméricas sensibles. (Tesis de maestría en física aplicada). BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD
AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA, Puebla. Recuperado de: https://repositorioinstitucional.buap.mx/bitstream/handle/20.500.12371/10328/20201218133416-4622-T.pdf?sequence=1
4.Bishop, J.E.,Routledge, T.J. andLidzey, D.G. orcid.org/0000-0001-7392-4915 (2018) Advances inSpray-Cast Perovskite SolarCells. Journal ofPhysical Chemistry Letters,9 (8). pp. 1977-
1984.ISSN 1948-7185
5.Bonomi, S., Marongiu, D., Sestu, N. et al. (2018). Novel Physical Vapor Deposition Approach to Hybrid Perovskites: Growth of MAPbI3 Thin Films by RF-Magnetron Sputtering. Sci Rep 8,
15388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33760-w
6.Cota Lea, M., Bouttier Figueroa, D., & Sotelo Lerma, M. (2015). Celdas Solares de Perovskita: ¿Lejos o cerca de su comercialización? https://redsolar.ier.unam.mx/wp-
content/uploads/2017/11/ART1.pdf
7.Smith, A. (2020). Perovskitas el santo grial de la energia solar. El periodico de la energia. Recuperado 17 de octubre de 2021, de https://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/perovskitas-el-
santo-grialde-la-energia-solar/
8. Eslamian, M., Soltani-Kordshuli, F. (2018). Development of multiple-droplet drop-casting method for the fabrication of coatings and thin solid films. J Coat Technol Res 15, 271–280.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-9975-9
9.Flores, S. (2019). “Celdas solares basadas en compuestos híbridos de yoduros de tetrabutilfosfonio, metilamonio y plomo.” [Tesis de maestría, no publicada]. Universidad Autónoma
de Nuevo León.
10. Im, J., Lee, C., Lee, J., Park, S., & Park, N. (2011). 6.5% efficient perovskite quantumdot-sensitized solar cell. Nanoscale, 3(10), 4088-4091. doi: 10.1039/c1nr10867k.
 REFERENCES

11.Jimenez, Maria. (2017). Fabricación y caracterización de celdas solares orgánicas basadas en Perovskita. [Tesis, publicada]. Universidad de Sonora.
2.Kajal P., Ghosh K., Powar S. (2018) Manufacturing Techniques of Perovskite Solar Cells. In: Tyagi H., Agarwal A., Chakraborty P., Powar S. (eds) Applications of Solar Energy. Energy, Environment, and
Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7206-2_16
3. Li, C. (2021). Roll-to-Roll Compatible Methods and Outlook for Perovskite Solar Cells. E3S Web of Conferences.https://www.e3s-
conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/18/e3sconf_icret2021_01005/e3sconf_icret2021_01005.html
4. Mitzi, D., Kosbar, L., Murray, C., Copel, M. and Atzali, A. (2004), “High mobility ultrathin semiconducting films prepared by spin coating”, Nature, 428, 299-303.
5.Nande, A., Raut, S., & Dhoble, S. (2021). Perovskite solar cells. Energy Materials, 249–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823710-6.00002-9
6. Pasquarelli, R., Ginleyb, D., & O’Hayre, R. (2011). Solution processing of transparent conductors: from flask to film [Conjunto de datos]. Chemical Society Reviews.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/CS/c1cs15065k
7. Pérez, J. (2019). Fabricación de células solares de perovskita en condiciones ambientales [Libro electrónico]. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena.
8.Ramos Terrón, S. (2018). Fabricación y caracterización de celdas fotovoltaicas de perovskita de nueva composición. [Tesis de maestría, publicada]. Universidad de Sevilla.
9. Rong, Y., Ming, Y., Ji, W., Li, D., Mei, A., Hu, Y., & Han, H. (2018). Toward Industrial-Scale Production of Perovskite Solar Cells: Screen Printing, Slot-Die Coating, and Emerging Techniques. The Journal of
Physical Chemistry Letters, 9(10), 2707–2713. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00912
10.Sahoo, S. K., Manoharan, B., & Sivakumar, N. (2018). Introduction. Perovskite Photovoltaics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812915-9.00001-0
 REFERENCES

1. Seshan, K. (2002). Handbook of Thin Film Deposition Techniques Principles, Methods, Equipment and Applications, Second Editon (Materials and Processing Technology) (English Edition) (1.a ed.). CRC
Press.
2.Mitchell, D. C., Knight, C. A., Hockenberry, J., Teplansky, R., & Hartman, T. J. (2014). Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 63, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.042
3.Brown, J. (2017). Solar Cell Efficiency. Pveducation. Recuperado 22 de octubre de 2021, de https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/solar-cell-efficiency
4. Sun, Y., Chen, W., & Sun, Z. (2021). A mini review: Constructing perovskite P-N homojunction solar cells. Chinese Chemical Letters. doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.055
5. Wang, Y., Duan, C., Lv, P., Ku, Z., Lu, J., Huang, F., & Cheng, Y. B. (2021). Pringting strategies for scaling up perovskite solar cells. National Science Review.
6.Watthage, S. C., Song, Z., Phillips, A. B., & Heben, M. J. (2018). Evolution of Perovskite Solar Cells. Perovskite Photovoltaics, 43–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812915-9.00003-4
7.Yaghoobi Nia, N., Saranin, D., Palma, A. L., & di Carlo, A. (2020). Perovskite solar cells. Solar Cells and Light Management, 163–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102762-2.00005-7