“SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT LOCAL AND FOREIGN STRUCTURES”

ASPEC 3 - Specialization 3 - Sustainable Design

Final Requirement

Prepared by:
Sandra Mae Bitara
Bicol University Institute of Design and Architecture

Mary Aujhen M. Funtelar

Bicol University Institute of Design and Architecture

Mickaela Kassandra P. Paran

Bicol University Institute of Design and Architecture
INTRODUCTION

Sustainable buildings are structures that are designed, constructed, operated, and

maintained in a way that is resource- and environmentally-conscious. They are designed

to minimize their impact on the environment and to encourage social and economic

sustainability.

Sustainable buildings are often built with locally obtained, recycled, or quickly

regenerated eco-friendly materials. They are also intended to minimize waste, pollution,

and water use while increasing energy efficiency.

Sustainable structures frequently have the following attributes:

 High-performance insulation and energy-efficient windows

 HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems that are efficient

 sources of on-site renewable energy, like solar panels and wind turbines

 Water-saving devices, like low-flow toilets and faucets

 Facilities for composting and recycling

 Utilization of nontoxic, low-emitting materials

 Including green spaces, like living walls or roofs, in construction

Overall, sustainable buildings are made to have as little of an effect on the

environment as possible, to save natural resources, and to give residents a safe,

comfortable, and healthy indoor environment.

FIVE LOCAL SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT STRUCTURES

Sustainable building practices are becoming increasingly important in the

Philippines, as the country faces challenges related to climate change, energy efficiency,

and environmental degradation.

In recent years, there have been several sustainable building initiatives in the

Philippines, such as the Green Building Council Philippines, which advocates for the

adoption of green building practices in the country. Additionally, there are several

examples of sustainable buildings in the Philippines, including:

I. Texas Instruments Clark Facility, Clark Freeport Zone

Pampanga, Philippines

Figure 1. Texas Instruments Clark Facility, Clark Freeport Zone

Texas Instruments Philippines (TI), the biggest semiconductor firm in the

Philippines, opened its assembly and test facility in the former USA Clark Air Base in the

Pampanga province in 2009. This $1.5-billion facility occupies about 77,000 square
metres and employs around 3,000 workers. The facility enables the company to assemble

and deliver its analogue and embedded processing chips more rapidly to customers.

Texas Instruments (TI) Incorporated announced the U.S. Green Building

Council® (USGBC) has awarded its new assembly/test facility in the Clark Zone,

Philippines a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold

certification, distinguishing the site as the first Gold-certified facility in the Philippines.

The constructed 780,000 square foot facility is located on the former USA Clark airbase

in the Pampanga province of the Philippines on the northern island of Luzon. TI has had

a manufacturing presence in the Philippines for more than 30 years and earned a LEED-

NC Silver certification on its Phase V expansion project in Baguio City last year. The

Phase V project was the Philippine's first LEED certified building.

The TI Clark facility incorporates many environmental and energy design

features, including a highly reflective roof to reduce heat gain, and a section of vegetative

roofing. TI Clark site's sustainable design and construction features include:

Reducing energy use

The site uses a highly reflective roof to reduce heat gain and is the first TI site to

install a section of vegetative roofing. The 11,000 square foot roof area is covered with

living plants to help reduce heat gain and slow water runoff.

Natural day lighting is used where possible, and efficient lights with sensors and

controls take care of the balance of the lighting needs.

To make the cooling more efficient, TI utilizes a desiccant wheel air handling unit

to provide dehumidified fresh air. Traditional chilled water cooling removes some
moisture and cools the air while the desiccant wheel absorbs the remaining moisture. The

desiccant wheel is dried and regenerated using waste heat.

Environmentally responsible building materials

More than 20 percent of the materials in the building were made from recycled

content, and 40 percent of all construction materials were locally produced.

Low-emitting materials such as paints, adhesives, sealants and carpeting were

used to minimize off-gassing and provide for better indoor air quality.

More than 96 percent of the construction waste was diverted from the landfill

through reuse or recycling. This includes a truck load of waste crating material that was

donated to the Philippines National Apiary Project, which turned the wood into working

beehives for honey production. Construction waste was also donated to neighboring

organizations, including a school, church and local indigenous community group.

Water management

The project was awarded LEED credits in innovation for water efficiency and

process water reuse.

Reclaimed water is used for toilet flushing.

Moisture condensed from the air is used for site irrigation during the dry season.

A site detention pond minimizes runoff and allows for better local rain absorption.

More than 70 percent of the site has been preserved or restored with native

plantings to minimize runoff and reduce landscape maintenance.

Several other water streams are reclaimed for use in cooling towers and scrubber systems.

Efficient commuting

The site is served by two different bus lines. This, combined with use of local

Jeepneys (multi-passenger vehicles), allows most employees to utilize mass transit to

travel to/from work.

Preferred parking is available for low emission vehicles. Bicycle parking,

showers, and lockers are provided for bicyclists.

Developed by USGBC®, LEED provides building owners and operators a

concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green

building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. The TI Clark site

was certified under LEED for New Construction (LEED-NC) version 2.2.
II. Pioneer House CDO

Figure 2. Pioneer House CDO

Pioneer House CDO is a mixed-use commercial and residential building located

in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Here are some examples of how Pioneer House

CDO is designed to be sustainable and resilient:

Energy-efficient design

The building is designed to be highly energy-efficient, with features such as

natural lighting, efficient HVAC systems, and use of renewable energy sources like solar

panels. The building also incorporates green building materials to minimize its

environmental impact. According to Sally Ong-Pac, Pioneer EVP that the Pioneer House

CDO uses efficient LED lights, has an efficient air-conditioning system that does not use

harmful refrigerants, and has its own water-treatment plant for collected rainwater that is

used for flushing toilets and cleaning. It also uses dry-wall partitions that reduce
dampness and mold formations, double-glazed windows to improve thermal comfort and

bring in 75 percent natural light.

Figure 3. LED Lights (Pioneer House CDO)

LED lights save on electric power consumption, capable of emitting an

extremely high level of brightness; it also emits electromagnetic energy when light is

electrified to have low radiated heat and also one of the reliable things which can

withstand the impact and vibration.

Figure 4. Natural Lighting (Pioneer House CDO)

 70% of the occupants have access to daylight which in the study according to

Kunwar Rana Sustainability Analyst of LEED Green Associate in Sustainable

Investment Group (SIG), Natural daylight saves the overall energy ranges from 15 to 40

percent.

Figure 5. Energy Monitoring System (Pioneer House CDO)

Figure 6. Energy Monitoring System (Pioneer House CDO)

An Energy Monitoring System keeps track of energy consumption and Energy

saving elevator units.

Water conservation

The building features a rainwater harvesting system that collects and treats

rainwater for non-potable uses such as landscaping and flushing toilets. This helps

conserve water and reduce the building's reliance on the municipal water supply. The

water efficiency category was emphasized since it got a perfect score of 10 out of 10

points. One of the salient features of the buildings’ system is its water recycling

techniques. Pioneer House CDO has its own water-treatment plant for collected rainwater

that is used for flushing toilets and cleaning. Prior to the existence of this building, all the

rainwater on its site was drained to the streets and added to the city’s flood water. Today,

the rainwater harvesting strategy of the building has utilized rain and lessened the

floodwater especially along Velez Street.

Figure 7. Energy Monitoring System (Pioneer House CDO)

Water efficient plumbing fixtures.

 Figure 8. STP Treatment and in House water treatment (Pioneer House CDO)

STP Treatment and in House water treatment plant to treat rainwater for use in

flushing and cleaning the toilets

Resilience to natural disasters

The building is designed to be resilient to natural disasters, such as typhoons and

earthquakes, which are common in the Philippines. It has a robust structural system that

can withstand severe weather events, climate change and includes backup power and

communication systems to ensure continuity of operations during emergencies.

 Figure 9. Double Glazed Windows (Pioneer House CDO)

Generator units with fuel-saving diesel engines and a Noise -efficient muffler

system

Figure 10. Double Glazed Windows (Pioneer House CDO)

Double glazed windows improve thermal comfort, reduce noise, energy cost

saving, cooler in summer which can trap the rays coming causing to have cooler

rooms, it also promotes safety double glaze windows are tight sealed and hard to

break compared to other types of windows.

Waste reduction

The building implements a waste management program that includes recycling

and composting, as well as reducing waste through the use of reusable containers and

biodegradable materials.

Overall, Pioneer House CDO is designed to be both sustainable and resilient,

which helps to promote long-term environmental and economic sustainability while also
ensuring that the building is prepared to withstand potential natural disasters or other

emergencies.

III. Arya Residences

Figure 11. Arya Residences

Arya Residences prides itself as the first LEED Gold Certified Residential

Condominium in the Philippines. Our team played a vital role in ensuring that sustainable

design principles were adopted in the building’s orientation, configuration, façade design,

material selection, engineering systems, and maintenance protocols. As the front-runner,

Arya Residences paved the way for other developments to aim for similar environment-

friendly and green building initiatives, contributing to a healthier planet.

 Figure 12. Arya Residences Interior

The residential development sets two condominium towers on a shared podium.

The taller 44-storey cylinder is designed on an elliptical plan while the other 39-storey

tower adheres to a rectilinear scheme. This move brings together two seemingly

incongruent elements into a pleasingly balanced composition in the same manner that

Arya marries environmental sustainability with refined urban living. The upper podium

terrace features all shared amenities exclusive to the residents including 3 different pools,

function rooms, a fitness facility, an indoor and outdoor children’s play area, and lushly

landscaped gardens. The lower podium plaza features retail and dining spaces that

enliven the streets cape at all times of the day.

Arya Residences is the Philippines’ first residential development undergoing dual

green building certification using the BERDE New Construction v1.1.0 for Residential

development and the LEED rating system. The two-tower residential development is a
project of the ArthaLand Corporation, a member of the Philippine Green Building

Council.

Among the green building features being considered in the project include:

 Close proximity to basic amenities such as hospital, institutions, commercial and

business areas;

 Provision for bicycle racks to encourage bikers;

 maximize natural ventilation and natural daylight;

 Employment of low flow, low flush fixtures which may result of 40% less water

consumption;

 Provision for dual piping for irrigation and flushing;

 Usage of local vegetation that may require minimal maintenance and water

usage

 Usage of low VOC paint and sealants for a healthier home;

 Usage of high-quality, eco-friendly sustainable materials

 Usage of low energy consumption appliances and systems such as energy-

efficient air conditioning units which may contribute to a reduction of at least

14% energy demand.

IV. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

Figure 13. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

Resilient Design Features

The building design adheres to international best practices and to the Philippine

National Structure Code Standard. It is typhoon- and earthquake-resistant. It is also flood-

proof, with an elevated ground floor to mitigate the impact of rain-induced flooding.

A double facade provides buffer from the wind and rain, and protects the interior

where people will congregate. The perimeter ramp and external circulation allow for a

large number of people to rapidly enter and exit the building, and in particular provide

equitable access for people with disability. A ventilated room can store fuel and an

emergency generator.

The aerodynamic building shape reduces the impact of strong wind uplift and

flying debris. The symmetrical building shape mitigates the impact of seismic activity
 The design of the community evacuation centre includes inputs from The Sphere

Project International Humanitarian Standards, the DSWD Guidelines on Evacuation

Centre Coordination and Management, and the natural environment, climate, hazards,

local cultural practices, community demographics and capacity of the existing

community.

The site of the community evacuation centre has the capacity to support additional

shelter and services (e.g., communal kitchen, laundry, psychosocial support, recreation,

and women-and-children-friendly spaces), and provide a nominal 30 sqm living space per

person.

Community Evacuation Centre Template

 Open floor plan for multi-purpose functions during normal times and

emergency.

 Strong sightlines throughout the open plan to improve passive surveillance and

security, and mitigate gender-based violence and bullying.

 Wash facilities adhere to the minimum standards in humanitarian response and

consider local needs and customs.

 Corrugated galvanized iron (cgi) roofing on steel structure with additional wire

mesh layer protects from damages caused by flying debris. It has framing and

fixing details to endure sustained wind speeds up to 300 kph.

 Parapet wall and reinforced roof fixings protect roof from strong winds and

mitigate wind uplift.

  Stairs and perimeter circulation facilitate a large number of people entering and

exiting the building rapidly, and provide a buffer to the interior of the building.

 Ramps and handrails improve accessibility for people with special needs

including children, the elderly and persons with disability

Key Disaster Mitigation Design Features

Structural Engineering Best Practice

Figure 14. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

The building design adheres to international best practices and to the Philippine

National Structure Code Standard. It is typhoon- and earthquake-resistant. It is also flood-

proof, with an elevated ground floor to mitigate the impact of rain-induced flooding.
Exterior Circulation

Figure 15. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

A double facade provides buffer from the wind and rain, and protects the interior

where people will congregate. The perimeter ramp and external circulation allow for a

large number of people to rapidly enter and exit the building, and in particular provide

equitable access for people with disability. A ventilated room can store fuel and an

emergency generator.
Building Shape

Figure 16. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

The aerodynamic building shape reduces the impact of strong wind uplift and

flying debris. The symmetrical building shape mitigates the impact of seismic activity.

Site-Specific Adaptability

Figure 17. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

 The building is oriented to enhance civic presence at the main pedestrian entry

and maximize access to natural light and ventilation. The foundations are engineered

specifically to the condition of the site.

Natural Light And Ventilation

Figure 18. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

Ample natural light and ventilation improves the thermal comfort and well-being

of the occupants, and minimizes the need for electrical power that often fails in disaster.
V. Arthaland Century Pacific Tower

Figure 19. Arthaland Century Pacific Tower

Arthaland is a publicly listed company in the Philippines and the pioneer

developer for premium green and sustainable projects. At the heart of every Arthaland

project is sustainability, exceptional and innovative design, and high quality construction

standards. All the company’s residential and office projects adhere to global and national

standards for green buildings through the US Green Building Council’s Leadership for

Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system and the Philippine Green

Building Council’s Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE)

rating system.

Arthaland is the world’s first developer to earn the International Finance

Corporation’s (IFC’s) Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies (EDGE) Zero

Carbon certification for its flagship office building, the ArthaLand Century Pacific Tower
(ACPT). The building reduces energy use by 45%, water use by 64% and embodied

energy in materials by 34%. It is the only triple-certified project in the Philippines,

having received, in addition to the EDGE Zero Carbon certification, the LEED Platinum

rating and BERDE 5-star certification, the highest and most prestigious categories in

green building rating standards.

The sustainability concept of the project first involves studying the characteristics

of the location to maximize the natural resources, and creating an energy efficient

building envelope in order to reduce the energy demands of the building. The next step

involves using energy efficient systems to lower the total energy requirements of the

development. When complemented with a purely renewable source, the project will result

in an operational carbon neutral building.

ACPT has been designed to achieve its exemplary sustainable energy

performance by means of the following:

 The building is designed with triple- and double-glazed curtain wall systems

strategically oriented to insulate the building from heat while allowing natural

light to be transmitted in, thereby reducing the energy required to cool and light

the spaces.

 The mechanical systems of the building were also designed to optimize thermal

zoning to consider the different cooling requirements of the interior spaces. This

further minimises the amount of energy required for air conditioning.

  The building uses of a top of the line heating, ventilating and air conditioning

(HVAC) system, with an average energy efficiency rating (EER) of 15, resulting

in lowered electrical consumption required for cooling.

 The building is designed with an Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) system to

recover the cool air from the exhaust system, transferring it by treating the

incoming outdoor air, thereby lessening the energy needed by the cooling

system;

 The building’s ventilation system is designed with a Variable Speed Drive

(VSD) to communicate with the carbon dioxide sensors located in the regularly

occupied spaces. The sensors identify the density of a space at a given time and

allows the VSD to appropriately function only at the required speed, avoiding

unnecessary energy wastage when the space is not fully occupied;

 The lighting system of the building uses intelligent design such as daylight and

occupancy sensors. The lamps are then able to accommodate the needs of the

space by adjusting the lux level of the lighting fixtures to compliment what is

naturally available, and shut off when the space is unoccupied;

Other sustainable features include the low flow and water efficient plumbing

fixtures to reduce the water demand of the building, as well as the harvesting, treatment

and reuse of greywater such as rainwater and condensate water for landscaping and toilet

flushing demands. A substantial amount of the building materials was locally available,

such as the in-situ reinforced concrete construction. These materials were manufactured

and constructed through low embodied energy processes.

Figure 20. Arthaland Century Pacific Tower Interior

Figure 21. Arthaland Century Pacific Tower Interior

FIVE FOREIGN SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT STRUCTURES

There are many examples of sustainable buildings around the world, and here are

a few notable ones:

I. The Crystal, London, UK

Figure 22. The Crystal, London, UK

The Crystal's crystalline structure, which stands for complexity and challenge,

was inspired by the many facets of metropolitan life. The Crystal has two parallelogram

structures and features triangular glass panels. To produce a dynamic visual impression

on the waterfront, the reflective material on the facade was chosen.

Each wing has a similar external geometry, with walls and roofing made of

several triangular planes to symbolize the complexity of urban life and various aspects of

sustainability. The Crystal is a structure that houses a number of different activities,

including exhibition rooms, a conference center with a 270-seat auditorium, office

spaces, and a cafe, thanks to a partnership with interior architects Pringle Brandon

Perkins + Will.

The expansive public display areas are located to the north of the main circulation

area. The Siemens Global of Competence Cities utilize the private offices and conference

rooms. The building has two distinct "crystals" inside of it, one for offices and

conferences and the other for exhibitions.

Building Structural System

Figure 23. Roof Structure (The Crystal)

Roof Structure

One of the main attraction of the Crystal building is the unique form that consist

of two parallelogram of sustainable steel structure in the form of 'crystal' that made out of

triangulated facets and connected by an internal street. The steel structure was designed

in a complex geometric pattern with irregular coordination of each columns and beams
where all of them having different size, height and span. These creates few options on the

design of the roof where the team considering on using spider web or fanning in the

structure before at the end, finally they settling on seven portals of diagonal solution.

The roof plate are shaped to coordinate with the stress demands on different areas

of the structure. Hence, some areas needed the roof plate to be deeper while another areas

needed to be shallower or stronger when necessary. These determined the amount of roof

plate used and the box girders that holds, bolted and prefabricated the roof plate together.

85% of the steel structure were build and welded on site while the main rafters

approximately 72 meter long was brought in two pieces.

Construction Method

Figure 24. Construction Method (The Crystal)

 The foundation was laid with the 21 meter deep of 160 contiguous flight au

continuous piles along with the reinforced concrete piles that embedded with plastic U-

pipes that act as one of components for geothermal heating system in the building.

After that, building frame was composed using fabricated box section steel in all

the main steel work including the roofs, columns and ridge beams. The steel frames were

arranged based on the roof ridge which positioned in different top, bottom and axes. The

reason is to maximize the span and column free space between the columns. The usage of

steel in frame design were minimal and the fast for erection since almost all steel work

were forged, welded, connected on site.

The Crystal building is wrap with three types of glass panels that made of double

glazed unit. First, is translucent panels that allow desirable light into the spaces but

opaque insulated panels are added to control the solar gain. Second, is the transparent

panels that covers 39% of the building facade, facing the main views that capable to

provide a wide astonishing views and daylight into the building. Third is the parallel

opening panels that could maximize air volume per opening for achieving full natural

ventilation and temperature control.

Lastly, the building was built with smart renewable technologies that covers from

the top to the bottom. Few noticeable and impressive technologies are the geothermal

pipes located at the bottom part of the building. next, is the photovoltaic and solar

thermal sit on top part while energy center that convert energy for heating and cooling

located at rear of building. These technologies are few main components that make the

building to operate efficiently.

Materials

Figure 25. Glass Cladding (The Crystal)

1. Glass Cladding

Glass Cladding Self shading facades use high performance solar glass which

allows around 70% of visible every space in the building has access to natural daylight,

meaning minimal artificial light is needed. There are three types of double glass glazed

panel used. first, translucent panels that allow desirable light into the spaces. second,

transparent panels that covers 39% of the building facade, to provide a wide astonishing

views and daylight into the building. third, parallel opening panels that could maximize

air volume for achieving full natural ventilation and temperature control.
 Figure 26. Steel Structure (The Crystal)

2. Steel Structure

Structurally elegant that minimized the amount of material and optimized

construction time by prefabrication and modularization as much as possible. Steel

structure framework build in complex geometry. The steel _structure used a CNC-cut

minimum weight pre-fabricated. To maximize the efficiency of the steel and thereby

ensured that the sustainable approach had a direct impact on the building fabric.

Figure 27. Reinforced Concrete (The Crystal)

3. Reinforced Concrete

The reinforced concrete are used in the 160 continuous flight auger foundation

piles that supported the building. the floors also used concrete material to create a sturdy

and clean base.

Sustainable Technologies

Figure 28. Sustainable Technologies (The Crystal)

1. State of the Art Building Management

The Crystal implements an integrated, state of the art building management

system where everything can be managed from one or many locations. Total integration

means the building can be managed by one man or remotely from anywhere in the world.

The building can be controlled from the smallest light fitting for comfort or to match the
requirements of the National Grid when Energy use is critical. Features include

intelligent analytic (CCTV), advanced fire sensors, occupancy detection and comfort

sensors. During off peak time the smart node technology in the building stores electricity

in a battery and uses it during peak times. Total room control enables the space to be

adjusted for maximum comfort (heat, light, ventilation) plus minimum energy

consumption.

2. Extensive Use of Natural Light

There is extensive use of natural light throughout the architecture and the

exhibition. Natural daylight is utilized wherever possible and features include constant

light control with automatic adjustment of each and every lamp and LED for brightness

and colour, according to time of day and occupancy detection. For the majority of spaces,

artificial light during the day is not required and when it is, there is no waste. Glazing is

placed strategically for maximum daylight and minimum unwanted solar gain.

3. Low Energy Mixed Mode Ventilation

The building operates with a low energy, intelligent mixed mode ventilation

strategy. Where seasonally possible, it will be naturally ventilated in both the office and

exhibition crystals, using motorized opening vents in the facades and roofs. The building

management system maximizes free cooling, avoiding the use of air conditioning where

possible. The air conditioning cooling is primarily taken from the surrounds via the

ground source heat pump. During hot days, it takes the heat from the building and puts it

back into the ground keeping the building cool and returning the energy to the ground for
reuse later. During cold days it takes heat from the ground and puts it into the

building to keep it warm.

4. Intelligent All Electric Building

A significant part of the electrical power produced in this all electric building will

be generated by Photovoltaic roof panels, which collect the sun’s energy producing

electricity converted with Siemens Inverters to match the building needs. An intelligent

Energy Centre manages heat recovery and the sun’s energy will also be used to heat the

water used in the restaurants and WC’s using solar thermal panels. Energy in the Crystal

is monitored so extensively that every kW of electricity used for heat and cooling and

every litre of water consumed/generated can be measured from inside the building and

compared with performance of other buildings across the world to ensure that efficiencies

are maintained. Battery storage balances load and demand to intelligently control when

power is taken from the grid or exported any surplus. E-car charging stations extend that

efficiency to Electric Vehicles for maximum mileage at minimum cost.

5. Rainwater Harvesting and Recycling

Rainwater will be harvested and treated for use as drinking water. The Crystal

will utilize water efficient appliances, low use taps and sanitary fittings. A connection to

the city’s water system ensures a sufficient supply in dry seasons.

6. Black Water Recycling

A black water recycling plant will reuse 100% of the water used in the building

(including toilet flushing) to re-flush the toilets and for watering the landscaping around
the building. Smart irrigation detects moisture in the soil to minimize water needs. Water

used for irrigation will be replenished with surplus water from the rainwater tank.

7. Heating Designed for Maximum Efficiency

Ground source heat pump provides 100% of the heat used to warm the building

and condition the fresh air. Heat is pumped from the ground to the building on cold days

(heating season) and from the building to the ground on hot days (cooling season).

External glazing and insulated roofing also keeps heat in during winter and heat out

during summer. The glass is angled away from the sun in some areas to shade the

building where suns heat is not wanted, and towards the sun in other areas where we want

to use the sun for heating the building.

8. Multifaceted and Sustainable Landscaping

Landscaping at the Crystal is multifaceted. An ecological corridor or linear strip

of vegetation provides a strong buffer along the viaduct of the adjacent Silver Town Way.

Plant and tree species have been selected to withstand more drought tolerant conditions

typical of many urban environments reducing the amount of water required for

maintenance. A Community Garden will provide a series of gardens to promote

community involvement for cultivation and education. Even paving and tarmac materials

have been chosen to reduce street light energy use. Finally, the Centre uses a sustainable

urban drainage system that minimizes discharge into the sewer and prevents excess run

off to the adjacent dock.

II. Pixel Building, Melbourne, Australia

Figure 29. Pixel Building, Melbourne, Australia

Located on a key site at the former CUB Brewery, Pixel Building is one of

Melbourne's most significant and ambitious developments. It sits perfectly between the

popular inner-city suburb of Carlton and the bustling, yet easily accessible CBD. Located

at a key urban site, the project has been the subject of long discussion and speculation,

culminating in the multi-faceted and multi-authored scheme now underway.

 Figure 30. Pixel Building Elevations

The most publicly visible element is Pixel's colorful facade. A simple but intricate

assembly of zero waste, recycled color panels providing maximized daylight, shade,

views and glare control. The panels are supported by the Living Edge spandrels which

create shading and grey water treatment as well as providing immediate personal

greenery to every office floor. The facade wraps continuously around Pixel creating a

vibrant and unique identity.

 Figure 31. Pixel Building Interior

In addition to providing quality office and retail accommodation, Pixel has been

specifically designed and built as a 'Future Office' that will thrive the increasing demands

for energy and workplace efficiencies. Enjoying a prominent corner location with a

unique facade design, this landmark holding is being offered to the market for the first

time and can be summarized by the following key attributes:

 Bicycle storage and shower facilities 

 Significant ceiling heights and optimum levels of natural light

 Ground breaking sustainability features delivering a significant reduction in

daily running costs

 Four level building with rooftop garden fully serviced by a dedicated elevator

 1,136 square meters of column-free office and retail accommodation

 Optional secure car-parking available

 The Pixel Building was created as a dynamic work environment that will support

changing business practice and improve the working environment for the staff. Global

sentiment also suggests that green buildings provide staff with a more comfortable,

productive and engaging work environment. With a range of ESD (Environmentally

Sustainable Design) features and intelligent design practices. Pixel is a sustainable,

innovative and contemporary office space.

Ecologically Sustainability Design Initiatives

1. Carbon Efficient

Pixel was designed to be carbon neutral. Water Balance given that Melbourne

returns to the 10 year rainfall average 1999-2009. Pixel could be disconnected from the

mains supply and would be self sufficient for water supply.

2. Pixelcrete Environmental Concrete

Grocon has developed a new structural concrete design which halved the

embodied carbon within the concrete mix. This product has a very significant potential

worldwide impact. 

3. Free Night Cooling

The Pixel facade includes smart technology that automatically opens the windows

of the facade on cool nights to enable the night air to flood into the building and cool the

structure.

4. 100% Fresh Air

All of the air being distributed and used in the Pixel building is 100% fresh air.
5. Gas Fired Absorption Chiller

The gas fired absorption chiller is the first of its kind in a commercial building in

Australia. As a consequence of this technology the carbon emissions from the energy are

dramatically lowered.

6. Tracking and Fixed Photovoltaic Panels

Pixel has implemented an extensive photovoltaic array on the roof of the building,

which orient the panels towards the sun at all times of the year.

7. Daylight Glare Control

Pixel is designed to provide 100% daylight penetration into the office space whilst

allowing screen based technologies to be deployed without the need for blinds.

8. Water Sensitive Design; Irrigation, Building Use, Reed Bed Irrigation

Water falling on the Pixel Building as rainwater will be collected after it has been

used to irrigate the living roof.

9. Vacuum Toilet Technology

Pixel is the first project in Australia to implement small scale vacuum toilet

technology. Vacuum toilet systems reduce the water consumption to an absolute

minimum.
10. Anaerobic Digester

A tank system on the ground level of the Pixel Building holds all of the black

waste from toilets and kitchen facilities. Methane is extracted from the waste and used for

the hot water heaters on the roof of the Pixel Building.

III. Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China

Figure 32. Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China

The Shanghai Tower officially opened its doors to the public in 2016. It heralded

the dawn of environmentally-friendly buildings in China. Any talk of the Shanghai

Tower is bound to be punctuated by superlatives. 

Although the Burj Khalifa is taller, its topmost floor stands 1,917 feet off the

ground. On the other hand, the top floor of the Shanghai Tower is at 1,927 feet.

Additionally, the tallest building in China has an observation deck 1,841 feet above the

ground, making it the highest.

 The Shanghai Tower never runs short of superlatives. It has the quickest elevators

in the world. These elevators will get you to the top of the building at up to 50 miles an

hour. Few cities have faster speed limits.

The Chinese government owns the Shanghai Tower. In 2020, 57% of China’s

energy comes from burning coal. But with new goals of creating more sustainable energy

consumption, it is determined to prove its commitment to environmental protection.

Green building technology is one of the ways they intend to change their relationship

with the environment. The Shanghai Tower marked a bold first step.

Sustainability

The Shanghai Tower is the most sustainable super tall skyscraper. It utilizes

technologies including smart sensors, wind turbines, rainwater harvesting, and energy-

efficient HVAC systems. It has been awarded the LEED Platinum certification.

Figure 33. Shape Of The Shanghai Tower

1. Shape Of The Shanghai Tower

The shape of the Shanghai Tower has the most notable impact on its

sustainability. The building is a triangle that twists by 120 degrees from the bottom as

you move upwards. Also, it is much wider at the base than at the tip.

The benefit of this shape is a wind load reduction of up to 24% compared

to skyscrapers of the same height. The reduced wind load enabled the contractors to use

only 75% of the structural steel a traditional building would need. Additionally, its

rounded corners help it withstand rainstorms without requiring reinforcement.

Overall, the design choices of the Shanghai Tower reduced the costly materials

required by at least 50 million dollars.

Figure 34. Double-Skin Facade On The Shanghai Tower

2. Double-Skin Facade On The Shanghai Tower

The surface of the Shanghai Tower consists of two layers of glass. The outer glass

is fully laminated to bring in as much natural light as possible while reducing heat.
Therefore, the double-skinned facade also reduces the cooling cost of the Shanghai

Tower.

Natural light reduces the building’s power consumption while improving its

occupants’ emotional well-being. Additionally, in between the two layers of glass is a

landscaped atrium where the occupants can escape to be close to nature.

3. Shanghai Tower Climate Control System

Though the tower has excellent passive climate control, it still needs artificial

heating and cooling. First, the building uses different sensors to track the temperature and

available light. It also has carbon monoxide sensors to turn on the garage fans. All these

sensors work in tandem to minimize the use of artificial air conditioning.

The Shanghai Tower has a variable air volume A/C system. It self-regulates based

on the readings it gets from the sensors.

Figure 35. Electricity Generation Using Wind Turbines

4. Electricity Generation Using Wind Turbines

The Shanghai Tower has more than 200 wind turbines installed on the roof. At

1,900 feet, there is more than enough wind to generate electricity. These turbines

generate more than 1-gigawatt hours of electricity per year. It keeps the lights going and

serves other non-essential parts of the building to complement the grid-based electricity.

5. Location Of Water Tanks, Chillers, And Treatment Plants

The water storage tanks in the Shanghai Tower are carefully positioned to

improve water pressure and reduce pumping costs.

6. Water Control Valves In The Shanghai Tower

The Shanghai Tower has the highest number of water control valves of any

building. The 6,700 valves in the building make the tower’s HVAC system one of the

most efficient in the world.

Valves automatically regulate the pressure and temperature of water in the piping

system that is many miles long. People in the building get good water pressure and

temperature regardless of where they are.

The Shanghai Tower uses more than half of its power consumption on heating.

Therefore, the control valves help save up to 20% of this energy. The intelligent water

management system by Danfoss ensures that no pump, compressor, or fan ever runs

faster than necessary.

7. Rain Water Harvesting

The top of the Shanghai Tower is a rainwater harvesting zone. Harvested

rainwater irrigates the greenery in the building and also goes into the underground wash

area.

In addition to harvesting water, the building reclaims water from the hotels for

watering and use in toilets. Recycling and water harvesting are not enough, though. All

faucets and toilets installed in the building save water with efficient smart technology.

These combined water-saving efforts reduce the water requirement of the

Shanghai Tower by more than 50%.

Figure 36. Earthquake resistant

8. Earthquake resistant

Shanghai is located on a seismic belt, and with a shallow water table level, given

its proximity to the Huangpu River. Underpinning the base of this skyscraper was

essential. To firm up the ground, engineers first put 980 foundation piles underground to
a depth of 85 meters and concrete was then poured in to anchor the main building, which

weighs 850,000 tons.

The Shanghai Tower is capable of withstanding earthquakes up to a magnitude of

9 on the Richter scale, classified as "devastating in areas several thousand miles across".

Figure 37. Shanghai Tower

IV. CopenHill, Copenhagen, Denmark

Figure 38. CopenHill, Copenhagen, Denmark

CopenHill is the cleanest waste-to-energy power plant in the world. BIG searched

for a way to express this into its architecture and came up with the crazy idea to combine

an energy plant with a ski slope on the roof and the tallest climbing wall in the world on

the corner. Bjarke Ingels sees the project as BIG’s manifestation of social infrastructure:

“a piece of public utility with premeditated positive social and environmental side

effects”.

Aluminium cassettes by Spiral

The 30,000 square meters facade is made from large aluminium bricks in a

checkered pattern. The 1.2 meters tall and 3.3 meters wide bricks double as planters. The

facade is made up out of two layers. A concrete inner layer of fiber reinforced polymer

(FRP) with ventilation louvres and the outer layer of folded natural aluminium.
 Figure 39. Translucent structural sandwich panels

Translucent structural sandwich panels by Kalwall

In between the bricks glazed windows allow natural light to enter the facility. The

panels work to vent pressure in the event of an explosion. Allowing the structure to

withstand the blast without collapsing roofs or floors. In line with the project’s

environmental aim the panels were developed to have exceptional thermal and day

lighting performance that reduce heating costs and artificial light usage.

Figure 40. Dry ski slope

Dry ski slope by Neveplast

Neveplast developed a custom surface for the 450 meters long CopenHill slope

with five different color nuances.The aim was to make the slope look like a natural

mountain field. By populating the roof with hundreds of indigenous trees, bushes, grasses

and flowers, the landscape architects of SLA tried to turn the alpine park into a natural

extension of the Copenhagen topography.

Figure 41. Concrete hollow-core slabs and walls

Concrete hollow-core slabs and walls by Consolis

1,700 square meters of walls and 21,000 square meters of slabs fill the steel

structure with concrete surfaces. As many of the floor slab inclinations varied, BIM was

key in ensuring a seamless assembly. The BIM model provided the steel supplier with the

exact location of the slabs.

Fire safety insulation - ProRox PS 960, Wired Matts WM 960 and WM 960 ALU

by Rockwool

The Rockwool stone wool was applied around pipes and insulation walls. Its

insulating properties contribute to thermal efficiency as well as protect workers from hot

surfaces.

Figure 42. Lighting

External lighting - Platea Pro floodlight and Platea Pro wall mounted by iGuzzini

Platea Pro flood lights illuminate the slope after dawn. The lights are installed on

the roof and chimney coupled in groups of five to illuminate the slope evenly and ensure

visibility on the piste.

V. Mjøstårnet by Voll Arkitekter

Figure 43. Mjøstårnet by Voll Arkitekter

Mjøstårnet is an 18-storey timber building which is currently under construction.

Ground works started in April 2017. Installation of timber structures started in September

2017, and the building will be structurally topped out in June 2018. The building will be

completed and opened in March 2019. The net area is 11300 m2 , and there will be

offices, hotel, apartments, restaurant and a roof terrace. Next to the tower there will be a

large indoor swimming arena. “Mjøstårnet” is Norwegian and means “The tower of lake

Mjøsa”.

The initiative to build Mjøstårnet comes from Arthur Buchardt. His vision is that

the project will be a symbol of the green shift, and a proof that tall buildings can be built

using local resources, local suppliers and sustainable wooden materials.

Structural System

The main load bearing consists of large scale glulam trusses along the façades as

well as internal columns and beams. The trusses handle the global forces in horizontal

and vertical direction and give the building its necessary stiffness. CLT walls are used for

secondary load bearing of three elevators and two staircases. The CLT does not

contribute to the building’s horizontal stability.

Mjøstårnet has many similarities with the 14-storey timber building Treet in

Bergen, which was completed in December 2015. The two most significant differences

are that Mjøstårnet will be about 30 m taller, and that the building modules used in Treet

are exchanged with prefabricated floor and wall elements. Building modules restrict the

flexibility of the areas, and this was not compatible with the mixed functions required for

Mjøstårnet. The large prefabricated façade elements are attached to the outside of the

timber structures and make up the envelope of the building. These sandwich type

elements come with insulation and external panels already fixed. Wall elements do not

contribute to the global stiffness of the building. In total there are about 2600 m3 of

timber structures in Mjøstårnet.

 Figure 44. Structural System

The building has a footprint of about 17 x 37 m2 . The huge concrete slab on the

ground floor is supported by piles that are driven to the bedrock below. These piles can

handle compression and tension forces. The largest axial forces occur in the four corner

columns.

The concrete floors are a composite of a prefabricated bottom part which acts as

formwork for a cast in place upper part. Replacing wood with concrete in the upper floors

means that the building will be heavier towards the top. This building is slender in its

weak direction, so the extra mass is necessary to comply with comfort criteria for

apartments. The concrete decks also make it somewhat easier to get a high standard

acoustic performance in the apartments. Each floor acts as a diaphragm.

Materials

Figure 45. Glulam

The glulam in the building has been produced by Moelven Limtre. The CLT is

produced by Stora Enso. Untreated Norway spruce is the main species used for structural

timber parts. Exposed timber in the pergola is made of CU-impregnated Scots pine.

Figure 46. Metsa Wood

 The wooden floor elements are a combination of glulam from Moelven and LVL

from Metsä Wood. The elements are insulated with Rock wool and are fitted with a

diffusion open sheeting on top. Most elements have a 50 mm concrete screed on top.

Powder coated S355 steel is used in connections combined with acid-proof steel dowels.

The wooden cladding is supplied by Woodify and has fire retardant properties.

Fire Design

The fire strategy report for this project states that the main load bearing system

must be designed to withstand 120 minutes of fire. Secondary load bearing such as floors

must withstand 90 minutes of fire. The fire resistance can be obtained by calculating the

remaining cross section after charring according to Eurocode. In this way the large

glulam sections will be visible inside the building.

Loading

Eurocodes with national annexes for Norway determine the design loads. Wind

loading turned out to be the dominating load in the design combinations. The wind load is

aplied as a static load. Wind tunnel tests were not found to be necessary because of the

structure’s regular geometry.

Seismic design is rarely decisive for buildings in Norway. The ground

acceleration in Brumunddal is small compared to most other countries. According to

Norwegian regulations, earthquake loads were not necessary to incorporate in the design

because wind prevails.

Trä8 Floor Elements

Figure 47. Floor Element Layout

Moelven’s Trä8 floor elements are used in Mjøstårnet. These are based on Metsä

Woods RIPA deck system. The main difference is that the girders and flanges are made

of glulam instead of LVL.

The LVL top plate is glued to the girders as shown in Figure 7. To obtain R90 fire

resistance the Rockwool is kept in place by steel brackets. Max span in Mjøstårnet is 7,5

m.

These elements use less wood materials compared to CLT decks. They are light

and quick to assemble. Moelven has done many tests of different build-ups in Sweden

and Norway. The floors become very stiff and perform well. They can handle both

acoustic requirements and fire requirements. This increases flexibility compared to other

timber based floors. The Trä8 building system can be combined with stabilizing concrete

cores, steel trusses, CLT shear walls and glulam trusses.

Dynamic Design

Accelerations are critical for timber highrises. Mjøstårnet is a tall building with

low structural weight. Its natural frequencies lie in the domain where wind can cause
annoying motions or nausea. The stiffness and mass properties for glulam and concrete

are well known, and based on calculations and measurements done at Treet in Bergen we

can predict the structural damping of a glulam truss system quite well.

Figure 48. Mjøstårnet by Voll Arkitekter

REFERENCES

Five Local Sustainable And Resilient Buildings/Structures

I. Texas Instruments Clark Facility, Clark Freeport Zone

II. Pioneer House CDO

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/national-university-philippines/legal-research-
bibliography/pioneer-house-cagayan-de-oro-philippines-study-material-tropical-design-
architecture/53624851

III. Arya Residences

https://www.aidea.com.ph/projects/arya-residences

http://philgbc.org/tag/arya-residences/

IV. Sirungan Ha Guiuan

https://www.unicef.org/philippines/media/476/file/Building%20Safe%20Spaces%20for
%20the%20Community.pdf

V. Arthaland Century Pacific Tower

https://worldgbc.org/case_study/arthaland-century-pacific-tower/
Five Foreign Sustainable And Resilient Buildings/Structures

I. The Crystal, London, UK

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/2021/05/19/a4224-the-crystal-by-wilkinson-eyre-
architects-a-pavilion-in-a-park/

https://issuu.com/farahimakbar/docs/assignment_4_-_group_2

II. Pixel Building, Melbourne, Australia

http://civilarchitectureconstruction.blogspot.com/2019/03/pixel-building-studio505-
australia.html

https://www.marlohydroponics.com/spotlight-pixel-australias-first-carbon-neutral-
building/#:~:text=The%20company%20Grocon%20designed%20a,waste%2C
%20recycled%20or%20reclaimed%20material.

III. Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China

https://smart-cre.com/shanghai-tower-the-most-sustainable-skyscraper/#:~:text=The
%20Shanghai%20Tower%20is%20the,awarded%20the%20LEED%20Platinum
%20certification.

https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/projects/shanghai-tower/

IV. CopenHill, Copenhagen, Denmark

https://archello.com/news/specification-case-study-amager-bakke-copenhill-by-big?
fbclid=IwAR3uQXCS7TGzftCPnqiIVBf73bLS8pnXksp1esOVOfZciTG-G5Yo2jr249o

https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/copenhill_o

V. Mjøstårnet by Voll Arkitekter

https://bk-wood.nl/mjostarnet-the-tower-of-lake-mjosa-voll-arkitekter/

https://vollark.no/portfolio_page/mjostarnet/