Structural Geology and 3-D Structural Model of Los Calatos, Peru

Structural Geology and 3-D
Structural Model of Los Calatos,

Peru
Prepared for
Compañía Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C.
Prepared by
SRK Consulting (Perú) Inc.

17D74901
March 2018
Structural Geology and 3-D
Structural Model of Los Calatos,
Peru
March 2018
Prepared for Prepared by
Compañía Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C. SRK Consulting (Peru) S.A.

Avenida Benavides 768, Av. La Paz 1227
Oficina 701, Miraflores, Lima, Perú Miraflores, Lima - 18
Perú
Tel: (+511) 267 0073 Tel: +511 206 5900

Web: https:// Web: www.srk.com.pe
Project No: 17D74901
File Name: 17D74901_MH_LosCalatosStructuralReport_20180316_Final
Copyright © SRK Consulting (Peru) S.A., 2018

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Structural Geology and 3-D Structural Model of Los Calatos Page ii
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Scope of Work .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Project Deliverables ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5
2 Methodology...................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Data Provided ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Work Program ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Data Collected .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.3.1 Structural Measurements .................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Hand samples ................................................................................................................... 10
3 Geological Setting............................................................................................................12
3.1 Regional Overview ...................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Magmatotectonic Setting ............................................................................................................ 15
4 Property Geology .............................................................................................................18
4.1 Lithology...................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.1 Toquepala Group volcanics: Upper Cretaceous ............................................................... 18
4.1.2 Diorite-Monzonite (pre-cursor) pluton: Paleocene ............................................................ 18
4.1.3 Porphyritic Diorite to Dacite (Porphyry Complex): Late Paleocene (?) ............................. 18
4.1.4 Felsic to Intermediate Volcanics and Volcaniclastics: Early Eocene ................................ 19
4.1.5 Diatreme Complex: Mid-Eocene ....................................................................................... 19
4.1.6 Late Volcanics/Tuffs: Miocene .......................................................................................... 19
4.2 Mineralization .............................................................................................................................. 19
5 Historical Data ..................................................................................................................21
5.1 Mapping Data.............................................................................................................................. 21
5.2 Drill-hole data .............................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.1 Assay data ........................................................................................................................ 23
5.2.2 RQD data (Rock Quality Designation) .............................................................................. 25
5.2.3 Televiewer ......................................................................................................................... 27
6 Lithology Modelling .........................................................................................................30
7 Structural Geology Interpretation ...................................................................................35
7.1 Lithostructural timing relationships ............................................................................................. 35
7.1.1 D1 Deformation .................................................................................................................. 36
7.1.2 Deformation D2 .................................................................................................................. 37
7.1.3 Deformation D3 .................................................................................................................. 38
JH/RU/WB 17D74901_MH_LosCalatosStructuralReport_20180316_Final March 2018

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Structural Geology and 3-D Structural Model of Los Calatos Page iii
7.1.4 Deformation D4, Thrust Faults........................................................................................... 42

7.1.5 Deformation D5 .................................................................................................................. 43
7.2 3-D Modelling of Fault systems .................................................................................................. 43
7.2.1 Northwest-Southeast Fault system ................................................................................... 43
7.2.2 Northeast-Southwest Fault system ................................................................................... 44
7.2.3 North-South Fault system ................................................................................................. 45
7.2.4 East-West fault system ..................................................................................................... 46
7.2.5 Thrust fault system ............................................................................................................ 46
7.3 Combined 3-D Structural model ................................................................................................. 48
7.3.1 Bounding fault system ....................................................................................................... 48
7.3.2 Bedding model .................................................................................................................. 48
8 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................52
9 Recommendations ...........................................................................................................53
10 References........................................................................................................................56
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Structural Geology and 3-D Structural Model of Los Calatos Page 4
1 Introduction
The company Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C. (Hampton), owned by Los Calatos Holding, is currently
developing the Los Calatos project, located in the Moquegua region/department in southern Peru,
approximately 33 km northwest of the city Moquegua or 80 km southeast of the city Arequipa.
Mineralization at Los Calatos is characterized as a Cu-Mo porphyry-diatreme-breccia complex, that
is emplaced within a larger diorite to monzonite intrusive unit.
1.1 Objectives
SRK was request by Hampton to review the existing data, collect and analyse new structural
geology data, and generate a 3-D structural geology model.
1.2 Scope of Work
The scope of work included in this structural study involved the following:
• Review of available structural and geological data (mapping, drilling etc.), which included
an evaluation of the data provided and an assessment of possible data gaps.
• Site visit to complete structural geology mapping and investigate available drill-core to
provide new data for the development of the structural model. Fault-and-fracture systems
were described and characterized. The focus of the work was concentrated within an area
approximately 2 km by 2 km.
• During the site visit SRK worked closely with some of the site/project technical staff
members in order to enhance the mutual exchange of applicable project knowledge that
would benefit the outcome from the project, and allow the project staff to understand the
work completed by SRK.
• The generation of a 3-D structural model in Leapfrog GeoTM. Structures were modelled
based on an understanding of the structural timing, history, and tectonics of the region with
appropriate structural patterns and relationships, as well as properties and continuity.
1.3 Project Deliverables
SRK agreed to produce and provide the following deliverables:

• Spreadsheets containing mapped and structural data/observations;
• Photographs (digital) exhibiting key/important geological and structural features;
• GIS data files (included in Leapfrog model);
• Leapfrog GeoTM project, including wireframes/meshes of all modelled faults (in .dxf format);
• Final technical memo, which will summarize the work completed in a logical and technical
manner, including discussions on methodology, data acquired,
results/findings/observations, such as any structural analysis conducted, as well as
conclusions and recommendations.
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1.4 Acknowledgements
SRK would like to thank Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C. for the opportunity to work on this project,
and the hospitality and collaboration provided, particularly during the site visit. A special thanks to
Steve Tainton for their continued support and coordination throughout this study. A special thanks
to Carlos Miranda for accompanying and greatly assisting the SRK team on most of our daily
excursions. While on-site Enrique Vega continually help coordinate SRK’s needs.
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2 Methodology
2.1 Data Provided
Hampton provided SRK with a variety of Los Calatos Project data in digital format, summarized as
follows (examples of data provided shown in Figure 2-1 to Figure 2-3):
• Drill-hole data, separated into pre-2017 and 2017 (current) subfolders, and includes
separate files for collar, survey, geotechnical (Geotech), assay (geochemical drill-core
samples), and logging (lithology, alteration, structure, texture, and other information)
(Figure 2-1).
• All drill-core photos were provided. This information was sporadically referred to.
• Geotechnical (drill-hole) data. Note that this data was separated into pre-2017, and 2017
(current) folders due to significantly different data collection procedures.
• Geophysics, 2010 ground magnetic, magnetotelluric, and induced polarization survey
data/images/reports by Quantec Geoscience (Figure 2-2).
• Televiewer data and results over select intervals from a total of 10 drill-holes: CD-97, 98,
100A, 101A, 102, 103, 106, 108, 110, 118 (Figure 2-3).
• Soil geochemistry survey data (not examined).
• Geological maps. A variety of maps subdivided into 2015, pre-2015, and other folders were
provided in at various scales and in a variety of digital format. Some of these images were
incorporated into the Leapfrog structural model.
• Geological reports. A total of 3 summary reports dated to between 2014 and 2015, all
completed by Metminco.
• A Miscellaneous folder contained a variety of geophysical, geochemical, geological, and
GIS data, files, and reports. Some of this data in this folder appears to be duplicated above;
and not all of this data may have been fully evaluated.
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Figure 2-1. Cross-section view showing all RQD data (filtered to <25%, after processing), and Cu
indicator values with variable radius (corresponding Cu %), see legend for colours.
Figure 2-2. Example of magnetotelluric cross-sections, and ground magnetics imported into the
Leapfrog 3-D model (oblique 3-D view).
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Figure 2-3. Cross-section view showing all televiewer data from 10 drill-holes (see legend) provided to
SRK.
2.2 Work Program
The technical team selected to complete this study included: Ron Uken, Jos Hantelmann, Victor
Rivasplata, and Arne Scherrenberg. Dr. Ron Uken of SRK Canada (Vancouver) was involved in all
stages of the study, and responsible for overseeing the technical requirements. Jos Hantelmann,
M.Sc. of SRK Peru was involved in all stages of the study, and was responsible for program
management. Victor Rivasplata of SRK Peru was involved in all stages of the study. Dr. Arne
Scherrenberg of Novaore was contracted independently by Hampton to assist the structural
mapping and reporting stages of the study.
The site visit and field mapping portion of the study was completed between November 13 and 30,
2017, and included 16 days of structural field mapping of each technical team member, excluding
Ron Uken, who’s time in the field included the first 7 days of structural field mapping.
At the end of each day in the field, structural data collected in the field was entered into digital
format, reviewed and imported into Leapfrog GeoTM and integrated with existing/historical data,
such as drill hole data, surface mapping data and the geophysics data, provided by Hampton. This
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method enabled the progressive review of all data throughout the duration of this study, which in
conjunction with discussion that were held with Hampton geologists, provided a means to
continually build, integrate, develop, investigate, and test evolving ideas of the Project geological
setting and history.
Drill-core was not examined extensively during the site visit, despite the time suggested in the
proposal. SRK elected to focus on the field structural mapping, due to the apparent success of
locating good outcrop and structural observations; whereas the lack of oriented drill core would limit
the application of any structural data collected from the existing drill-core. SRK reviewed the
televiewer data provided.
Following the site visit, additional structural data analysis and integration was completed (desk-
based), and variably coincided with the 3-D structural modelling.
2.3 Data Collected
2.3.1 Structural Measurements
As part of this structural study SRK mapped nearly 1,500 locations (Figure 2-4). At each site the
GPS location was recorded along with structural orientation data and descriptions, including
information such as: thickness, damage zone, alteration, mineralization and fill characteristics, and
in many cases photographs were taken of the structure and/or location. Where possible the
kinematics of the structure was also determined as well as timing relationships.
A total of 1,494 planar structural measurements were collected (see Appendix 1) and categorized
according to “structure type”, the 7 main types of structure classes are as follows:
• Faults (n = 520): Including vein-faults (45 duplicated), fault-contacts (10), bedding parallel
faults (6 duplicated), fault-breccia (6), and smaller faults with minimal displacement may be
classified as fault, fracture (21);
• Vein (n = 156): also includes vein-faults (45 duplicated), veinlets (49), and breccias (5);
• Bedding (n = 114): Includes some bedding parallel faults (6 duplicated), and contacts (2);
• Foliation (n = 47): Includes fracture-foliation (2), note that some of these may correspond to
bedding;
• Contacts (n = 27): These are well defined lithological contacts and may correspond to a
particular structure;
• Dikes (n = 72): Comprising of predominantly Pebble dikes, as well as lesser Andesite, Diorite,
and Diatreme dikes;
• Joint (n = 609): Includes fracture (39), cleavage (3), and joint zones (5).
In addition, 86 lineation orientations measured from fault slickenlines were measured. Of these, 73
measurements provided kinematic indicators and were used determine the palaeostress
orientation.
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Figure 2-4. Plan-view of main/central area of interest of the Los Calatos deposit, nearly all planar
structural data collected are shown, and high-lighted by the approximate areas mapped
each day. Stars indicate key outcrop locations that were visited with Los Calatos
personnel to demonstrate structural concepts.
2.3.2 Hand samples
Approximately 100 hand samples were collected from various mapped sites to serve as a visual
record of the lithologies present (Figure 2-5), and may be a useful reference for any future
geological mapping or analysis. Although the focus of this study was on the collection of structural
data, and not lithology, it became apparent that consistent lithological identification/ classification
was difficult to ensure and highlighted the complexity of the intrusion sequence that is linked to the
structural history. Brief hand sample descriptions are included in the structural mapping data
collected (Appendix 1). SRK noted that the sequential history of intrusions are closely linked to a
complex structural history, with the older units being more complex due to overprinted structures
compared to the more recent units, which are less deformed, providing constraints on the
deformation history and timing (See section 5, below).
Each hand sample is labelled according the “location_ID” in the structural data spreadsheet, and
each location description that begins with the notation “HS”, indicates that a hand sample was
collected. The samples were stored in 2 sacks on-site and left in the care of Carlos Miranda.
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Figure 2-5. Photograph of all samples collected by SRK from selected mapped locations. Samples
have been stored on site for future reference.
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3 Geological Setting
3.1 Regional Overview
Southern Peru has been a tectonically and magmatically active since the Late Cretaceous, due to
the subduction of oceanic crust underneath the South American continent (Pardo-Casas and
Molnar, 1987; Somoza, 1998) forming part of the Central Volcanic zone of Andean Volcanic Belt.
Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate producing the Andean orogen
(Figure 3-1). The forearc of the subduction zone comprises a Proterozoic basement consisting of
high-grade metamorphic rocks that formed between 1.2 and 0.9 Ga from 2.0 to 1.8 Ga crustal
protoliths (Wörner et al., 2000a; Martignole and Martelat, 2003; Loewy et al., 2004) (Figure 3-2).
Along the present-day coast, the earliest plutonism developed during collision with the Famatinian
volcanic arc in the Ordovician (~480–440 Ma) (Loewy et al., 2004; Chew et al., 2007). This was
followed by extension in the mid- to Late Carboniferous which produced siliciclastic basins (Pino et
al., 2004) that are conformably overlain by a thick sequence of Permian–Triassic to Early Jurassic
volcanics. Ongoing extension resulted in widening and deepening of the backarc basin as the
magmatic arc migrated to the southwest (Sempere et al., 2002). Mature quartzose sands were
delivered from the South American continent prograding southwest-wards into the backarc basin
from the early Late Jurassic (~160 Ma) represented by the Yura Group (Vicente, 1981; Vicente et
al., 1982). This succession was overlain by continental red beds from ~130 to ~110 Ma and by
shallow-marine carbonates from ~110 to ~90 Ma. The appearance of widespread terrestrial red
beds are considered coeval with the initiation of contraction and the beginning of Andean
orogenesis (Scherrenberg et al., 2012).
Renewed arc volcanism was heralded by the voluminous emplacement in the Coastal Batholith
(Mukasa, 1986) from ~91 Ma until the early Eocene (~50–45 Ma) resulting in volcanic and plutonic
rocks referred to as the Toquepala arc (Mamani et al., 2010). Arc migration led to the development
of the Andahuaylas–Anta arc (~45–30 Ma) some 150 km northward. The onset of back-migration
of the arc system producing in the mid-Oligocene (~30 Ma) resulted in the Tacaza arc (30–24 Ma)
followed by a succession of migrating arcs: the Huaylillas (24–10 Ma), Lower Barroso (10–3 Ma),
Upper Barroso (3–1 Ma), and the current (b1 Ma) arcs (Sandeman et al., 1995; Fornari et al., 2002;
Mamani et al., 2010).
Prior to 45 Ma a dominantly extensional setting produced low relief and elevation (Gregory-
Wodzicki, 2000; Anders et al., 2002; Garzione et al., 2008; Sempere et al., 2008) with arc
magmatism developed in a thin upper crust (Mamani et al., 2010). This was followed by major
crustal thickening in the Central Andean Orocline from the Mid-Eocene to Late Oligocene by
convergent tectonics and oroclinal bending (Roperch et al., 2006). This resulted in at least two
major phases of uplift (Isacks, 1988; Anders et al., 2002; Schildgen et al., 2007; Thouret et al.,
2007; Schildgen et al., 2009; Mamani et al., 2010). This initial deformation phase is considered part
of the Incaic phase of the Andean Orogeny (Mégard, 1984) and occurred in the Mid and Late
Eocene, ending in the Oligiocene (Pfiffner et al., 2013). Incaic deformation, representing the most
significant crustal shortening within the Andean Orogeny, was followed by the Quechua phase of
orogeny. The Quechua phase is characterised by uplift or extension at approximately 10 Ma,
coinciding with magmatism and associated mineralization, and is considered ongoing and wide
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spread across Peru, with a general northeast-southwest directed compression (Scherrenberg et al.
2014; 2015).
Figure 3-1. Regional structure of the Andean orogen (Amijo, 2015). Section line is to the South of Los
Calatos along 21°S but has all the same structural elements seen further north in southern
Peru. Note the forearc region from the trench to the active volcanic arc; ages and
distribution of the main deformation events across the orogen. WAT – West Andean
Thrust, EAT – East Andean Thrust.
Figure 3-2. Regional geology of southern Peru and the location of Los Calatos.
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The associated volcanic arc system generated three recognisable Cenozoic metallogenic belts
(Sillitoe, 1988, 1992; Zappettini et al., 2001; Camus, 2003; Sillitoe and Perelló, 2005; Maksaev et
al., 2007). Each belt developed progressively from west to east. The westernmost belt is Paleocene
to early Eocene (62–51 Ma) in age, 30– 50 km wide, and hosts the Los Calatos deposit and other
porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. These included the Peruvian Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa, Cuajone,
Quellaveco and Toquepala deposits and Chilian Mocha, Cerro Colorado, Spence and Lomas
Bayas deposits (Figure 3-3).
The middle Eocene to early Oligocene (43–31 Ma) belt varies in width from 130 km in southern
Peru to 30–50 km in northern Chile, and includes mainly porphyry Cu deposits, with Mo and/or Au,
and skarn deposits (Sillitoe, 1988; Perelló et al., 2003; Sillitoe and Perelló, 2005; Maksaev et al.,
2007). Notable deposits are in Chile (Collahuasi-Quebrada Blanca, Chuquicamata, Escondida and
El Salvador), and are associated with pervasive supergene zones, and exotic Cu deposits
(Münchmeyer, 1996; Sillitoe, 2005).
Figure 3-3.A) Regional setting of southern Peru. B) Cenozoic metallogenic belts of the Central Andes
and the Palaeocene-Eocene belt that hosts the Los Calatos deposit and other porphyry
Cu-Mo deposits (Garcia et al, 2017).
The easternmost Miocene to early Pliocene (20–4 Ma) belt is up to 400 km wide, extends along
Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, and contains a variety of mineralization types, including Cu-Au-
(Ag) and Cu-Mo porphyry deposits, skarn deposits, enargite carbonate replacements, high-
sulfidation Au-Ag epithermal deposits and red-bed copper deposits (Sillitoe and Perelló, 2005).
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3.2 Magmatotectonic Setting
It is well established that magma ascent is driven primarily by buoyancy forces and is dominantly
a fracture-controlled phenomenon (Richards, 2003). As such, crustal stress and strain patterns play
an important role in guiding the ascent of magma from the lower crust. Translithospheric, orogen-
parallel, strike-slip structures have been found to be a primary control on magma emplacement and
ascent. In addition, structural geometries, such as fault jogs, step-overs, and fault intersections,
offer low-stress extensional volumes during transpressional strain and represent vertical conduits
of relatively high permeability, up which magmas will preferentially ascend (Richards, 2003).
The Los Calatos Cu-Mo porphyry system is part of the Paleocene-Eocene porphyry Cu belt (XIII)
hosted within the Atico-Mollendo-Tacna domain, bound by the Iquipi and the Cincha-Lluta-
Incapuquio fault systems to the north and east-northeast, respectively (Figure 3-4). Los Calatos is
spatially related to the Incapuquio Fault System (IFS), a deep-seated, sub-vertical, nearly 400 km
long trench-parallel, left lateral strike slip fault system that forms the boundary between the
Moquegua Basin/Domain (part of the Atacama Bench) to the southwest, and the Western Cordillera
to the northeast (Figure 3-4).
The IFS accommodated the emplacement of many Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene barren
and mineral-bearing intrusions and porphyry systems. The fault zone has been active since at least
the Jurassic, likely as a transtensional basin-bounding fault (Jacay et al., 2002). Transpression is
thought to have dominated the sinistral kinematics from the Late Cretaceous (Jacay et al., 2002)
with the development of positive asymmetric flower structures, and en echelon faulting and folding.
Figure 3-4. The major domain subdivisions and fault systems of the southern Andes showing the Los
Catalos closely associated with the Cincha-Lluta-Incapuquio fault system which links to
the Iquipi fault system.
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A series of faults normal to the IFS and the Peru trench also dominate the strain pattern of coastal
Southern Peru (Figure 3.5). Of these the Rio Tambo Fault Zone (RTFZ) is most prominent, with a
60 km dextral offset (Roperch et al., 2006) that developed since at least the Jurassic (Noury et al.,
2016). The RTFZ forms the southeastern most boundary of the Moquegua basin and intersects the
IFS to the northwest of the study area. It is paralleled by many similar faults to its southeast. The
two major faults systems show different kinematic senses (e.g. Noury et al., 2006; Sempere et al.,
2002; Jacay et al., 2002). The northwest-southeast trend typified by sinistral kinematics, and the
northeast-southwest trending system typified by normal and dextral kinematics. It is important to
note that significant reactivation may be associated with the structures resulting in a complex
kinematic history. Nevertheless, the two major faults system are considered instrumental in
controlling the Late Cretaceous - Paleocene intrusive corridor and associated late Paleocene -
early Eocene porphyry stocks. This is supported by regional lineaments which show a strong
correlation between porphyry deposits within the belt and the intersection of the northwest and
northeast trending structures (Figure 3.6)
Figure 3-5. Simplified geological map with major structures of coastal southern Peru (Noury et al.,
2016). Approximate location of Los Calatos property shown. Note the abundance of
northeast-southwest trending coast normal faults such as the RTFZ that intersect the
extension of LFS towards the Los Calatos area.
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Figure 3-6. Lineaments associated with the Paleocene-Eocene porphyry Cu belt (XIII) and associated
porphyry Cu deposits. Note the dominance of northwest and northweast trending
structures and deposits occurring at lineament intersections (Hampton).
During the mid-late Eocene, the subduction angle of the Nazca Plate underneath the South
American Plate shallowed and plate convergence increased, resulting in arc migration shifting from
the southwest to northeast directed (Noury et al., 2016) and contractional deformation in the form
of thrusting and folding and the reactivation of pre-existing deep-seated structures (Ramos and
Aleman, 2000). However, the observation of such thrust faults is limited to a few trench-parallel
faults that either dip southwest or northeast and bound a nappe or the bivergence in the Andean
orogeny in the Central Andean fore-arc (Noury et al., 2016). Also, these thrust faults may have
originated as part of flower structures that are associated with the formation of the Bolivian Orocline
(e.g., Noury et al., 2016; Jacay et al., 2002). Soon after the initiation of thrusting between ca. 40-
20 Ma, rigid blocks in Southern Peru rotated counter-clockwise around their vertical axis,
accommodating much of the bending seen in the Central Andes (Roperch et al., 2006) and shifting
arc migration back toward the southeast (Noury et al., 2016).
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4 Property Geology
4.1 Lithology
SRK have primarily considered six lithological units within the main/central area around the Los
Calatos deposit, representing Late Cretaceous to Neogene, which appear to define the dominant
the Property lithologies, based largely on Metminco (2015), in chronological order: (1) Toquepala
volcanics, (2) diorite to monzonite (pre-cursor) plutons, (3) porphyritic diorite to dacite (i.e., the
porphyry complex), (4) predominantly felsic (rhyolitic) to lesser intermediate volcanics and
volcaniclastics, (5) diatreme, and (6) late volcanics and ash tuffs (inferred Huaylillas or Sencca
Formation. Refer to the Los Calatos event stratigraphy for lithological correlation (Appendix 6:
Event Stratigraphy); note that there is a lack coherency between models/maps.
4.1.1 Toquepala Group volcanics: Upper Cretaceous
Depending on which geological map is referenced, the Toquepala Group volcanic rocks may be
ubiquitous or sparsely present within the main area of the Property. SRK observed only a few
locations where rocks which may belong to the Toquepala Group were identified; therefore, for this
study the Toquepala Group was not considered or examined in much detail.
4.1.2 Diorite-Monzonite (pre-cursor) pluton: Paleocene
The dioritic to monzonitic plutons are thought to have intruded the Toquepala volcanics; note that
direct evidence for this was not observed. Volumetrically, this group of rocks was the most
commonly observed by SRK, and represents the oldest lithology in this study. From the Metminco
2015 summary report, this lithological unit is described as “a multi‐phased pre‐cursor pluton (diorite,
monzodiorite and monzonite) dated at ca. 60 Ma., that intruded both the lower Toquepala Group
(Upper Cretaceous) to the south and the upper Toquepala volcaniclastic pile (Paleocene) to the
north, along the main northwest-southeast trending Los Calatos structure. It is thought that this pre‐
cursor pluton is a late hypabyssal stage of Paleocene Toquepala regional volcanism. These rocks
consist of medium‐ to coarse‐grained equigranular hypidiomorphic rock with ±40% feldspars
(monzonite) intruded by fine‐ to medium‐grained grained equigranular hypidiomorphic rocks
(diorite)”. This unit may correlate with other granitoid plutons in the region, dated between 58.7 to
65.5 Ma.
4.1.3 Porphyritic Diorite to Dacite (Porphyry Complex): Late Paleocene (?)
The porphyry complex is the most important lithology in terms of relationship with the Cu-Mo
bearing mineralization. For this study SRK has collectively considered multiple porphyritic units of
diorite to dacite composition, which are believed to represent hypabyssal polyphase emplacement
of the porphyry complex (i.e. dioritic porphyry, dacite porphyry). The K-Ar age date reported for the
diorite, 60 ± 3.0 Ma, may apply to the porphyry complex, as the sample analysed reportedly may
have contained hydrothermal brecciation and alteration.
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4.1.4 Felsic to Intermediate Volcanics and Volcaniclastics: Early Eocene
This distinct lithological group/unit has previously either been lumped together with the Toquepala
Group (Hampton, 2012) or as rhyolite-breccia/volcaniclastics-andesite (Hampton, 2008). This
group commonly exhibits well-defined bedding (layering), and has been clearly cross-cut, and
affected by, alteration associated with a relatively younger diatreme. An age date of 55.4 ± 2.2 Ma
(K-Ar) of an andesitic porphyry (Hampton, 2012) appears to be associated with this unit.
4.1.5 Diatreme Complex: Mid-Eocene
The diatreme complex is a visually distinctive lithological unit, and appears to be situated within the
core zone of the porphyry complex. From the Metminco (2015) summary report, this unit is
described as the shallow‐most phase of some of the dacitic porphyries, in which they are rooted.
Several pulses (>4) have been identified which each transition downwards into a dacite porphyry.
All pre‐existing lithologies: diorite-monzodiorite of the pre‐cursor pluton, variably altered and/or
brecciated and/or mineralised felsic porphyries, hydrothermal breccias (including anhydrite
breccias) occur as xenoliths or clasts in the diatreme complex. The size, angularity and density of
these xenoliths/clasts is highly variable, generally becoming more rounded, smaller and less
frequent away from the contact zones. An age date of 46 ± 1.6 Ma (K-Ar) is reported for this unit
(Hampton, 2012).
4.1.6 Late Volcanics/Tuffs: Miocene
Late volcanics, comprising predominantly of felsic ash tuffs, occur sporadically throughout the
property, typically preserved filling small basins or valleys are inferred to belong to either the
Huaylillas or Sencca Formations.
4.2 Mineralization
Mineralization at Los Calatos is characterized as a Cu-Mo bearing porphyry complex. A number

mineralization types have been documented based on mineralization style, and mineral-bearing
composition.
Four main mineralization types have been suggested (Metminco, 2015):

(1) Cu-bearing porphyry style mineralization which occurs as disseminations and veinlets
associated with a porphyritic diorite (PDI-1);
(2) Anhydrite bearing breccias, including veins-veinlets and stockworks, containing Cu and Mo-
bearing minerals associated with a porphyritic dacite;
(3) Cu- and Mo-bearing mineralization similar to (or same as #2 above), but flanking a distinctive
late stage porphyritic diorite (PDI-3); and
(4) Supergene enrichment, which is described as only affecting the anhydrite breccia
mineralization at or near the surface.
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The structural and lithological controls on mineralization have remained unclear. SRK understands
that one of the main focuses of this study was to understand the structural controls on the anhydrite-
bearing mineralization (type 2 above).
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5 Historical Data
5.1 Mapping Data
Previous work at Los Calatos provided a conceptual model which proposed a northwest-southeast
trending fault system, with a dextral, transtensional jog that controlled the emplacement of the
porphyry and associated mineralization (Figure 5-1; Hampton, 2015). The model has little bearing
on the network of faults and lineaments provided in the geological map (Figure 5-2, Hampton, 2008)
with little structural data to support the structures and structural geometry. The maps are for this
reason considered largely interpretive and the model largely conceptual in nature.
Figure 5-1. Simplified geological map of Los Calatos, with proposed structural framework (Hampton,
2015). Note the interpreted fault pattern suggesting the presence of a major fault jog
which is considered to have controlled the emplacement of the porphyry system.
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Figure 5-2. Geological map with major structures/faults (inferred?) (Hampton, 2008). Note the
dominance of northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest structures. These, however,
show no cross-cutting timing relationships.
5.2 Drill-hole data
Historical drill logs were used to constrain the 3-D model, using lithological contacts, logged fault
intersections, zones of low RQD, and assay grades to define mineralization trends/controls. SRK
understands that much of the pre-2017 drilling data was completed by Metminco.
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5.2.1 Assay data
Assay data from the Los Calatos drill-hole database was incorporated into the Leapfrog 3-D model.
Assay data were used to visualize patterns and trends that may reflect structural controls. Cu- and
Mo-assay data were examined to identify any potential mineralization trends, especially those that
matched mapped faults at the surface. SRK completed an interpolant calculation in Leapfrog GeoTM
for the Cu and Mo assay data (Figure 5-3 to Figure 5-6). Note that no preferential trends or
tendencies were applied to the interpolation. A number of mineralization trends are apparent:
northwest-southeast, northeast-southwest, low-angle (both northeast- and southwest-dipping), and
subvertical. Such trends and/or gaps in the mineralization are suggestive of structural controls (i.e.
faults) on mineralization, and/or may be related to lithology. These apparent trends and /or gaps in
mineralization were in some cases found to correspond to the inferred extensions of observed
faults, and were therefore used to help define modeled faults, see Section 7.2. The observed
northwest-southeast, and northeast-southwest trends were ultimately determined to be 2 key
orientations controlling mineralization (see Section 7.0). A detailed examination of lithology and
RQD will help to further constrain such inferred controls.
Figure 5-3. Plan view; Leapfrog Interpolant of Cu-assay data. Note that no biased trends were enforced
on the model. Note the northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest trends (dashed
black arrows).
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Figure 5-4. Cross-section view, looking northeast; Leapfrog Interpolant of Cu-assay data. Note that no
biased trends were enforced on the model. Mineralization is dominated by subvertical
trends, with low-angle breaks/gaps (dashed black arrows).
Figure 5-5. Plan view; Leapfrog Interpolant of Mo-assay data. Note that no biased trends were enforced
on the model. Note the northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest trends (dashed
black arrows).
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Figure 5-6. Cross-section view, looking NE; Leapfrog Interpolant of Mo-assay data. Note that no biased
trends were enforced on the model. Mineralization is dominated by subvertical trends,
with low-angle breaks/gaps (dashed black arrows).
5.2.2 RQD data (Rock Quality Designation)
The historic geotechnical logging data (i.e., Metminco pre-2017 drilling) required some
modification, prior to being combined with the more recent and comprehensive 2017 data. Once
RQD % was calculated, it was observed that nearly 400 intervals still had values exceeding 100 %.
Some errors appeared to be typographical in origin – which remain in the excel spreadsheet.
Additionally, Leapfrog GeoTM identified 190 cases where intervals overlapped, these remain to be
corrected. Many of the values which only slightly exceeded 100% were due to poor recovery or
RQD is not measured accurately, and numbers were simply rounded-off. Value differences of 5 cm
or less were corrected by SRK, by simply changing the measured recovery to match that of the
interval – however it appears that possibly as much as 20 cm rounding was applied. After these
corrections, still another 304 intervals with recovery exceeding 100% remain – further data analysis
and correction is necessary. Note that these changes were applied and imported into the Leapfrog
GeoTM model; however, SRK recommends that these corrections should be reviewed and applied
to the master database.
There are 20,146 geotechnical depth intervals with the 304 suspect intervals representing only
1.51% of the dataset. As such, RQD values generally appear to be of acceptable or good quality.
RQD values of 25% or less indicate poor rock cohesion, and may correspond to fault zones and
were used to help guide fault extrapolation at depth (Figure 5-7). SRK notes that Hampton has
implemented more comprehensive geotechnical logging protocols since 2017. Hampton has
identified zones of low RQD associated with anhydrite-gypsum filled breccias (Pers. Comm. With
Steve Tainton). Potential correlation of RQD to mineralization may be achieved best through
modelling of mineralized breccias.
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Figure 5-7. Cross-section looking NE; showing all drill-holes with RQD values <25% (see legend for
colours) from geotechnical dataset. Note the abundance of low RQD values generally
restricted to 300 m from the surface (dashed red line/arrow).
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5.2.3 Televiewer
SRK reviewed the televiewer data for the 10 drill-holes provided by Hampton with a total of 20,713
structural measurements and classified as follows (Figure 5-8):
• Lithological contact (n=2)
• Very fine or Undefined (n=6,049)
• Fine (n=3,633)
• Moderately thick (n=295)
• Thick or Fracture (n= 115)
• Vein (n=10,619)
Structures classified as Thick or Fracture, and Moderately thick appear to correspond to fault
structures; whereas Fine and Very fine structures appear to correspond to joints. On reviewing the
data, inconsistencies were noted between the SRK mapping data (faults and joints) and the
televiewer data (Figure 5-9). The poor correlation of the televiewer data to the structural mapping
data is expected because of the strong televiewer orientation bias (see below for further
discussion), and the vague classification of televiewer structures indicates that the two data sets
are not comparable. The SRK data shows a dominance of steeply dipping fault structures and a
set of shallow northeast-dipping structures which plot in the televiewer data gap. Furthermore,
shallow northeast dipping structures observed by SRK are only sparsely observed in the televiewer
dataset and plot within a data gap (“hole”), which are nearly perpendicular to the drill-hole axis
(DA). Note that the orientation of structures nearly perpendicular to the drill-hole axis are commonly
under reported in the televiewer data, as these structures occur as a straight line in the bore hole
image which are miss-interpreted.
The consistent orientation of the drill-holes used to run televiewer surveys (all dipping to
southwest), creates an expected data gap (curved red arrow, Figure 5-8, A) which represents all
potential poles-to-planes that can exist parallel to the drill-core axis. The absence of these potential
orientations from the data set generate a bias in the dataset, and skew the data to different trends.
Another possible explanation is that that the televiewer data, which represents only a small portion
of the deposit, documents a structural pattern from a distinctive structural domain within the deposit.
SRK’s objective was to construct a structural model, focused on identifying and mapping major
structures. The televiewer data set, however, is dominated by minor structures, not investigated by
SRK and the structural trends/patterns may be expected to differ from relatively more abundant
minor structures. Note the factor of difference for quantity of structures between different structure
classes in the televiewer dataset (above); for example, very fine, fine, and vein structures
collectively make up over 98% of the televiewer data.
Since the rock quality and drill core quality is generally good, SRK recommends that structural
logging using oriented core may help resolve these issues and provide more confidence in the
structural data, both of major and minor structures, within the deposit. If possible, the generation of
televiewer data and orientated core data from the same drill hole can be done provide an
understanding of the structures.
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Figure 5-8. A. Stereonet showing all televiewer data as poles to planes; three (3) clusters of
orientations are apparent (i, ii, iii). The curved, dashed red line with arrows indicates the
data gap (“shadow”) expected as all drill-holes share a similar orientation, this “shadow”
path represents all pole-to-plane orientations perpendicular to the drill-core axes (DA);
i.e., all planar structures would be parallel to the drill-hole axis, and therefore will not
intersect the drill-hole. B. Stereonet of all poles of very fine structures. C. Stereonet of all
poles of fine structures. D. Stereonet of all poles of veins. E. Stereonet of all poles of
moderately thick structures. F. Stereonet of all poles of thick structures.
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Figure 5-9. Stereonet showing poles to planes of structural data collected by SRK. Note the mismatch
of SRK data (Green) and the televiewer data indicated by red annotations corresponding
to poor or no data and black circles (i, ii, iii) the dominant structures (Figure 5-8, A).
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6 Lithology Modelling
Although lithology modelling was not part of the scope of work, SRK completed a preliminary
lithological model to help understand and evaluate any related structural controls on the intrusive
contacts. Contacts were evaluated and identified that showed potential planar orientations and a
geometry that can be linked to the structural pattern and structures mapped at surface. Note, drill-
holes CD-43, and CD-48 were ignored in Leapfrog GeoTM; the location of these 2 drill-holes at the
SE margin of the main/central area were found to generate large irregular modelled volumes, due
to the lack of additional data controls in the area.
A review of the lithology logs revealed significant inconsistencies in the lithology between adjacent
drillholes (Figure 6-1) raising concerns on the consistency of the logging and the lithology classes
used and making modelling challenging. As mentioned above, SRK recognizes that much of the
drilling data is from Metminco pre-2017, and inconsistencies have been recognized by Hampton.
SRK understands that the rocks were generated from multiple pulses of intrusive events, often with
very similar composition. Added to this is that alteration is pervasive to varying intensity, often
making lithological classification and protolith identification difficult. SRK suggest that alteration
logs and models may be more effective to model, as opposed to attempting to determine the
protolith and lithology type.
Figure 6-1. Detailed 3-D view of multiple drill-hole intervals demonstrating how different lithologies
were logged in adjacent drill-holes; some holes are logged as diorite (PD, brown), others
as monzonite (MZ, pink). Note that with the exception of CD-108, all these drill-holes were
logged by the same geologist from the pre-2017 Metminco era.
SRK attempted to model the following lithologies in Leapfrog GeoTM, using an unaltered version of
the drill-hole database (compiled on Nov. 19th, 2017). The lithological chronology applied in
Leapfrog was based on the order presented in the Exploration, Geology and Resource Modelling
Report (Metminco, 2015) as follows (Figure 6-2):
I. diorite (DI);
II. monzonite (MZ);
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III. porphyry diorite (PD);

IV. porphyry dacite (PDA);
V. porphyry monzonite dikes (PM);
VI. diatreme (DIA); and
VII. “magmatic hydrothermal” (?) breccias (see below for further discussion).
Figure 6-2. 3-D view, inclined looking to the NW with the following lithologies shown: porphyry diorite
(PD, orange), porphyry dacite (PDA, green), diatreme (DIA, brown); including the
“hydrothermal” (?) breccia overprinting the existing lithologies. Note that the diorite (DI)
and monzonite (MZ) are generally ubiquitous at this scale and appear to form the
surrounding host rock.
Hampton geologists explained to SRK that the anhydrite-bearing breccias, veins and stockwork
(type 2, see Section 4.2 above) are associated with Cu-bearing mineralization. Given the lack of
oriented structural logging data tied to any geological or mineralogical observation, direct evaluation
of the structural controls was found to be limited.
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Based on the drill-hole database, breccias (coded: Bx) within the structure column from the logging
data file are lump together regardless of composition or origin (Figure 6-3). Since the diatreme was
also commonly identified as a breccia, SRK separated the diatreme breccias from inferred
“hydrothermal” breccias, and modelled these as a new class in Leapfrog GeoTM.
Figure 6-3. Cross-section view, looking NE; all drill-hole intervals coded as Bx (breccia, blue), with the
modeled diatreme (brown) inferred “hydrothermal” breccias (purple).
Comparing mineralization to the different structure types logged: breccia (Bx), veins (V1 or V2),
and stockwork (W), it is clear that the logging classification does not identify the relationship
between structures and mineralization (Figure 6-4). Since all breccias and stockwork veining are
lumped together regardless of whether they are related, SRK has found limited application of the
data in it’s current state. Furthermore, it was explained to SRK that there is no actual consistent
definition of or distinction between veins V1 and V2; making any correlation to either of these units
meaningless.
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Figure 6-4. Detailed 3-D view of multiple drill-hole intervals demonstrating the variable distribution of
Cu-grade (Red) associated with different structure types breccia (Bx, purple), vein 1 (V1,
green), vein 2 (V2, yellow), stockwork (W, orange).
Hampton personnel explained to SRK that the diatreme (DIA) post-dates mineralization, and should
therefor cut the mineralisation, yet modelling of the breccias and lithologies, based on the data
provided, indicates that Cu-bearing mineralization also occurs within the modelled diatreme
lithology. This was considered by Hampton to be due to brecciated clasts of previously mineralized
material being incorporated into the diatreme. Other inconsistencies were also noted such as
mineralization occurring within the porphyry diorite (PD) and the late stage (i.e., post-mineralization)
porphyritic diorite which requires further explanation. Mineralisation was also found to extend into
the porphyry dacite unit (PDA), which is considered to be the root of the diatreme, and most likely
coeval with the diatreme (Figure 6-5).
Figure 6-5. Cross-section view, looking NE; showing the modelled diatreme (DIA) (brown) and
porphyry dacite (PDA) (green). Note how the diatreme geometry tapers downwards and
abruptly ends/transitions into the porphyry dacite.
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Furthermore, a spatial relationship between Cu-mineralization and the diatreme was noted with the
Cu-mineralization more abundant at or near the diatreme contacts, either within or outside the
modelled diatreme boundary (Figure 6-6). This suggests that the anhydrite-bearing breccias, and
associated Cu-mineralization occurring around the diatreme, are genetically associated with the
emplacement of the diatreme (Figure 6-7).
Figure 6-6. A) Long-section view; looking NE; showing the modelled diatreme (DIA) and Cu indicator
values with variable radius (corresponding Cu %). B) Cross-section view of (A), looking
NW. Note the general tendency of Cu-grades to be higher and more concentrated at or
near the diatreme contact, occurring either within or outside the diatreme body.
Figure 6-7. Plan view; showing the modelled “hydrothermal” breccia (BxHydro) (purple) and the
diatreme (DIA) (brown), with Cu indicator values with variable radius (corresponding Cu
%). Note the approximate bulls-eye geometry to the mineralisation, with the core of the
diatreme surrounded by the most significant Cu-grades, which are generally associated
with the “hydrothermal” breccia (BxHydro) (purple).
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7 Structural Geology Interpretation

7.1 Lithostructural timing relationships
Structural data were evaluated according to their associated/host lithologies (Figure 7-1), as well
as to their relative structural timing and orientations. Since each respective host lithology represents
a distinctive event, analysis of structural data from each unit should provide temporal constraints
on the structural history. However, also consider that structures may have been re-activated
multiple times throughout their history, which complicates structural interpretation. Such fault
reactivation has been confirmed by field observations, whereby different orientations of slickenlines
are preserved within a single fault structure. Furthermore, kinematic indicators within a single
lithology may exhibit contradicting paleostress due to the fact that multiple deformation events can
potentially be preserved within a single lithology. SRK attempted to re-construct the relative timing
of deformational events and to reconcile these with the generalized tectonic history, as such a
structural analysis is useful to define fault cross-cutting relationships. A summary of the interpreted
deformational events with their respective characteristics are included in Table 7.1.
Figures 7.2 to 7.6 show all structures (A) and all structures with kinematic indicators (B) for a given
lithology. The data shown have not been separated into each distinctive deformation event, but can
be deciphered from select structural patterns.
Figure 7-1. Central/main area of the Los Calatos showing all planar structural data as disks colour
coded according to their associated lithology (see legend).
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Table 7-1. Summary of Deformational events.
Diorite- Felsic- Late

Deformation Principal Stress (1) Monzonite (pre- Porphyry Intermediate Diatreme Volcanics
Event Structural Trends Orientation cursor) pluton Complex Volcanics Complex / Tuffs Inferred Age
northwest- Pre-Late
southeast, east-west Paleocene (>60
D1 subvertical (?) yes Ma)
north-south,
subvertical, northwest- re-activated Pre-Early Eocene
D2 sinistral southeast yes yes re-activated (?) (?) (>55 Ma)
northeast- Post-Early to Mid-
southwest, Eocene (<55
D3 subvertical, dextral east-west yes yes yes yes and/or <46 Ma)
Pre-Late Miocene
northeast- (>6.5 Ma) or >14
D4 Thrust system southwest minor minor yes yes yes Ma (Pre-uplift)
re-
northwest- re-activated activated
D5 southeast, normal Vertical (?) re-activated (?) re-activated (?) (?) (?) <14 Ma
7.2 Preliminary Paleostress Analysis

Note that this structural analysis is preliminary and exploratory in nature and will require
additional data and analysis to improve. It is included here as example of the thought
processes that can help derive cross-cutting relationships when building a structural model.
7.2.1 D1 Deformation
As the precursor diorite-monzonite lithology represents the oldest lithology extensively observed
and mapped at Los Calatos, this rock type is also expected to represent the most extensive
structural history recorded. By completing a backward analysis comparing prominent structural
trends between each relatively younger lithology it was observed that the population of steeply
dipping, northwest-southeast striking structures is generally restricted to the diorite-monzonite
rocks, and there likely represent the oldest apparent structures (Figure 7-2, A).
Note that the kinematic history of fault structures within the diorite-monzonite was not fully
evaluated (Figure 7-2, B); as many of the structures appear to accommodate re-activation
throughout the tectonic history.
These D1 northwest-southeast trending structures are parallel to the Andean trend, and the IFS,
which is inferred to be a lithospheric-scale fault active since at least the Late Cretaceous (Peruvian
phase deformation), and is believed to exhibit primary controls on regional magmatic emplacement.
Such an interpretation is consistent with observations at Los Calatos, as a northwest-southeast
orientation appears to exhibit a primary control on the geometry of porphyry complex, and diatreme
emplacement, as well as Cu-mineralization.
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Figure 7-2. A. All structures filtered to diorite-monzonite lithology. A. A population of steeply dipping,
northwest-southeast trending structures appear to be distinctive to this lithology, and are
therefore inferred to represent the oldest deformation event observed at Los Calatos. B.
All structures with kinematic indicators (dots represent slickenline trend and plunge)
within the diorite-monzonite pre-cursor pluton, demonstrate that a number of inferred
stress fields have been generated, and reactivated fault structures over time.
7.2.2 Deformation D2
Within the porphyry complex a series of north-south trending, subvertical structures, including
sinistral strike-slip faults, are believed to represent the earliest deformational event affecting this
lithological unit (Figure 7-3, A). These structures are inferred to have formed in response to
northwest-southeast compressional stress. A series or pattern of structures with kinematic
indicators within the porphyry complex are compatible with northwest-southeast compression are
as follows (Figure 7-3, B):
• NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW, sinistral (n=5)
• N-S to NNE-SSW, sinistral-reverse (n=2)
• E-W, reverse/thrust (n=2)
• NW-SE/N-S, normal (n=2)
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Figure 7-3. A. All structures filtered to porphyry complex lithologies. A population of subvertical to
steeply dipping, north-south trending structures (i), including many sinistral strike-slip
faults (B). Steeply dipping northeast-southwest trending structures (ii), including dextral
faults (B), appear to be consistent with east-west compression associated with the D3
deformation event (below). B. All structures with kinematic indicators (dots represent
slickenline trend and plunge) within the porphyry complex lithologies, demonstrate that
a number of inferred stress fields have been generated, and reactivated fault structures
over time.
Correlating D2 northwest-southeast oriented compression with regional tectonics is not immediately

obvious. It may be possible that this deformation event is temporally restricted, occurring shortly
after, possibly associated with the porphyry complex emplacement, which may correspond to the
gap between (or transition from) the Peruvian and the Incaic deformation events. Note that no other
lithological unit exhibits a similar stress regime. This event is age bracketed by the felsic to
intermediate volcanics and volcaniclastics (>55 Ma) and the inferred emplacement of the porphyry
complex (<60 Ma).
A nearly east-west compressional deformational event is believed to be primarily manifested as

northeast-southwest trending, subvertical to steeply southeast-dipping structures, including dextral
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strike-slip faults; identified within both the porphyry complex (Figure 7-3, A, ii), and the relatively
younger felsic to intermediate volcanics/volcaniclastics (Figure 7-4, A, i a).
Structures with kinematic indicators observed within the porphyry complex rocks compatible with
east-west compression are as follows (Figure 7-3, B):
• N-S to NNE-SSW, reverse (n=3)
• NE-SW, dextral (n=2)
• WNW-ESE, sinistral-reverse (n=2)
• ENE-WSW, dextral-normal (n=2)
• ENE-WSW, normal (n=1)
• NNW-SSE, thrust (n=3)
Additionally, within the felsic to intermediate volcanics/volcaniclasitcs are antithetic/conjugate west

northwest-east southeast trending, subvertical dextral strike-slip faults (Figure 7-4, A, i b).
Structures within the felsic to intermediate volcanics/volcaniclastics with kinematic indicators
compatible with east-west compression are as follows (see Figure 7-4, B):
• NE-SW, dextral (n=8);
• NNE-SSW, dextral-reverse (n=1)
• WNW-ESE, sinistral (n=6) and sinistral-normal (n=1)
• NNW-SSE, reverse (n=2)
• NW-SE, sinistral-reverse (n=2)
• E-W, normal (n=2)
Structures trending west northwest-east southeast and subvertical within the diatreme lithology are
commonly observed, and may be indicative of the sinistral strike-slip fault system observed in the
felsic to intermediate volcanics/volcaniclastics (Figure 7-5, A); however no kinematic indicators
were observed to further support this interpretation (Figure 7-5, B).
The east-west to east northeast-west southwest orientation of many pebble dikes may also be an
indication of an approximately east-west compressional stress regime; i.e., dilation parallel the axis
of principal stress (Figure 7-6, A). Structures within pebbles dikes with kinematic indicators
believed to be compatible with east-west compression are (see Figure 7-6, B):
• NE-SW, dextral (n=1)
• ENE-WSW, dextral-normal (n=1
• NE-SE (?), dextral-normal (n=1)
• E-W, normal (n=1)
• NW-SE, dextral-reverse (n=1)
• NNE-SSW (?), reverse (n=1)
The multiple lithologies that show expressions of east-west compression, may be an indication of
repeated compressive events, which could correlate with multiple compressive events during the
Incaic period (59 – 22 Ma?). For example, the D3 deformation event defined by approximately east-
west oriented compression may correlate with the Incaic II deformation period (~46 Ma).
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Figure 7-4. A. All structures filtered to felsic to intermediate volcanics and volcaniclastics, exhibit a
conjugate set of northeast-southwest dextral and west northwest-east southeast sinistral
strike-slip faults. B. All structures with kinematic indicators (dots represent slickenline
trend and plunge) within felsic to intermediate volcanics and volcaniclastics,
demonstrate that a number of inferred stress fields have been generated, and reactivated
fault structures over time. Note the predominance of steeply dipping northeast-south
trending dextral faults, and west northwest-east southeast trending sinistral faults.
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Figure 7-5. A. All structures filtered to diatreme. Subvertical west northwest-east southeast trending
structures within the diatreme appear to be the most dominant structural trend within this
lithology. B. All structures with kinematic indicators (dots represent slickenline trend and
plunge) within diatreme preclude an accurate relationship of west northwest-east
southeast trending structures and the associated stress field as there were no kinematic
observations on these structures. It is possible that the west northwest-east southeast
trending structures are compatible with nearly east-west compression (A).
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Figure 7-6. A. Pebble dike orientations. Note the cluster of nearly east trending pebble dikes, which
are consistent with east-west oriented compression (i.e., north-south extension). B. All
structures with kinematic indicators (dots represent slickenline trend and plunge)
associated with pebble dikes.
7.2.4 Deformation D4, Thrust Faults
A northeast-southwest oriented compressional deformation event (D4) is best characterized by

ubiquitous shallow angle, northeast-dipping thrust planes and associated thrust fabric. This
structural orientation is commonly observed all lithologies spanning from and including the diorite-
monzonite to the diatreme. Within the felsic to intermediate volcanics/volcaniclastics, bedding, and
thrusting planes (bedding parallel) were commonly observed (Figure 7-4, A). A number of
northwest-southeast trending, moderately southwest-dipping faults, some of which exhibit a
reverse shear sense are believed to represent back-thrusts associated with D4 deformation.
In a few locations, relatively later stage north-south trending dextral strike-slip faults have also been
observed, which are both compatible with northeast-southwest compression, and in terms of their
apparent relative timing (i.e. cross-cutting pebble dikes).
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This event appears to be age bracketed by the Late Volcanics, Sencca Formation (>6.5 Ma?), and
the diatreme complete (<46 Ma); however, it is also inferred to have occurred prior to the Andean
uplift (>14 Ma). The D4 event may be the local manifestation of the Bolivana Orocline bending
(counter clockwise rotation) reportedly occurring between 40-20 Ma.
A late extensional re-activation on some northwest-southeast trending structures was noted. This
timing of this event is not established but may be associated with the Altiplano stage regional
tectonics (uplift).
7.3 3-D Modelling of Fault systems
SRK has primarily defined faults from surface mapping; these are extrapolated to depth and further
constrained by low RQD intervals (<25%), as well as trends in mineralization. Inferred faults
generally based largely on mineralization and/or geophysical trends may be further supported by
low RQD intervals.
To better understand the relationship between structure and mineralisation, Cu assay data were
used together with the structural data collected by SRK to identify structural geometry of the fault
system in relation to the distribution of the Cu assay data and most importantly to determine the
main bounding structures to the mineralization.
Faults surfaces were modelled from the SRK surface mapping data and linked to the drill hole data.
Workflows involved modelling the faults surfaces to logged fault intersections, zones of low RQD
and assay data.
Surface mapping identified five major fault set orientations. Each of the five fault set orientations
were modelled independently. These include the northwest-southeast-, northeast-southwest,
north-south, and east-west trending fault systems and the Thrust system (Appendices 2 to 5).
Displacement along the faults were difficult to discern based on the lack of off-set markers. Some
fracture patterns may have only a few centimeters displacement; however, displacement on the
order of meters is inferred. Based on mineralization trends, thrust faults may off-set mineralization
at depth on the order of 100 to 200 m; however, this would require additional investigation to
confirm.
7.3.1 Northwest-Southeast Fault system
Seven (7) faults were modelled (NWSE_7, NWSE_8, NWSE_11, NWSE_10, NWSE_12, NWSE_1,
NWSE_3). The NW trend has strongly controlled the mineralisation with the fault NWSE_11 forming
the southwestern boundary to the mineralisation (Error! Reference source not found.). From the
analysis of structures within each successive lithology, these structures appear early in the
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deformation history, and are considered part of the D 1 deformation. This orientation parallels the
main Andean trend and the IFS and is considered of lithospheric-scale that has been active since
at least the Late Cretaceous. The trend parallels porphyry belt and the successive volcanic arcs
which controlled magmatic emplacement and associated Cu-mineralization. The trend is
considered to have seen continued reactivation throughout its history.
7.3.2 Northeast-Southwest Fault system
Ten (10) faults were modelled (NESW_10, NESW_13, NESW_12, NESW_11, NESW_6, NESW_1,
NESW_7, NESW_5, NESW_3, NESW_4). This fault set has controlled mineralisation, bounding
the mineralisation along the northwestern and southeastern margins of the deposit (Figure 7-8).
NE-SW trending faults are typically subvertical to steeply SE dipping with dextral strike-slip
kinematics. These faults are identified within porphyry complex and are interpreted as representing
E-W directed compression.
Figure 7-7. Cu assay data and NWSE fault system. A) horizontal slice, looking down and B) Side view
looking towards the NW. Note high grade copper is strongly bounded by Fault NWSE_11
and NWSE_10.
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Figure 7-8. Cu assay data and NESW fault system. A) horizontal slice, looking down and B) Side view
looking towards the SW. Note high grade copper is strongly bounded by Fault NESW_11
and NESW_5.
7.3.3 North-South Fault system
These faults vary from a NNW to NS strike. 7 faults were modeled, (NS_5, NS_1, NS_15, NS_13,
NS_14, NS_11). In comparison to the NWSE and NESW trending fault system, the NS system
does not appear to have been a dominant control on the mineralisation. Some control is associated
with NNW trends (Figure 7-9). As mentioned in Section 5, these faults are typically subvertical
structures, sinistral strike-slip faults and most likely are associated with D2 deformation.
Figure 7-9. Cu assay data and NS fault system. A) horizontal slice, looking down and B) Side view
looking towards the South. Note some control on the mineralisation along fault NS_ 14 is
evident.
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7.3.4 East-West fault system
The EW fault system includes steeply dipping faults ranging in trend from ENE to WNW. Nine faults
are modelled (EW_6, EW_7, EW_10, EW_11, EW_2, EW_12, EW_3, EW_4, and EW_5a). Faults
show some control on the Cu mineralisation, mainly displayed by the WNW trends, such as fault
EW_11 and EW_12 (Figure 7-10). Sub-vertical WNW trending structures were the dominant fault
orientation within the diatreme however, unfortunately, no kinematics were observed and
established.
7.3.5 Thrust fault system
A number of low angle reverse faults and thrust faults were identified in the field and these were
modelled as 3-D wireframes (Figure 7-11). Thirteen surfaces were modelled which included both
thrust and back thrusts. The thrust system strikes approximately NW and dips towards the NE, with
back thrust dipping towards the SW. The thrust system is supported by the magnetotelluric cross-
sections which show well developed shallow dipping anomalies and is also represented in the
topographic expression (Figure 7-12). Thrusts were found to offset earlier steep structures, such
as pebble dykes and are also developed in the younger volcaniclastic cover sequence (Huaylillas
or Sencca Formations). For this reason, the thrust faults are considered late in the structural
evolution of the belt and may potentially displace the mineralisation and are interpreted as D4 stage
structures.
Figure 7-10. Cu assay data and the EW fault system. A) horizontal slice, looking down and B) Side view
looking towards the East. Note some control on the mineralisation along fault EW_ 11
and EW_12 is evident.
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Figure 7-11. Cu assay data and the thrust fault system. Note the control on the mineralisation along
the modelled Main thrust fault with a mineralised footwall.
Figure 7-12. Modelled thrust system with magnetotelluric cross-sections 188w3 and 196w. Note the
well developed shallow dipping structure present in the geophysics sections. This
correlates well with the modelled thrust system with potentially further deeper level
thrusts present.
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7.4 Combined 3-D Structural model
7.4.1 Bounding fault system
To develop a fault model that integrates the main fault systems into a single fault model that
controlled the mineralisation, only the major faults from each of the faults systems that were found
to bound the Cu-mineralisation were used. The model clearly shows the dominance of the NWSE
and NESW faults systems in controlling and bounding the mineralisation (Figure 7-13 and Figure
7-14). Four major NESW faults were found to influence the deposit geometry resulting in three
distinct fault domains in the deposit. The NESW fault system was interpreted to cut the NWSE, one
of the earliest recognisable fault systems.
Secondary faults internal to the domains that offer some control on the mineralisation are NS or
NNW trending faults and some EW faults.
7.4.2 Bedding model
All bedding data, mostly from the SRK mapping were used to generate a bedding surfaces model
in Leapfrog GeoTM. These indicate that the Los Calatos deposit is located within a broad anticlinal
structure (Figure 7-15) that may also have played a part in controlling the emplacement of the
porphyry system. The fold axis is mainly NW trending, parallel to the main orogenic trend. Fold
development relative to the porphyry is not clear.
The association of an anticline controlling porphyry emplacement was recently also suggested for
the Potrerillos porphyry, within the Late Eocene–Oligocene porphyry copper belt in Chile.
Structurally, the porphyry was emplaced at the intersection between the northeast-oriented
Potrerillos fold-and-thrust belt, and a system of northwest-trending strike-slip faults of the Ciénaga
fault system. Both structural elements are related to a sinistral regional transpression that was
active during the Middle to Late Eocene. The associated anticline was modeled as a fault-
propagation-fold developed under ductile conditions within a transpressional regime (Niemayer and
Munizaga, 2017). A similar setting may be seen at Los Calatos with porphyry emplacement
associated with the intersection of two dominant structures and an associated anticline (Figure
7-16).
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Figure 7-13. Horizontal sectional view of the modelled major fault system with Cu assay data. Note the
dominant NESW trend that subdivides the deposit into four domains. NW, NNW (NS fault
set) and WNW (EW fault set) faults bound the southern and northern margin of the
deposit. Each of the main faults appears to consistently conform to the proposed
deformation order in Section 7.1.
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Figure 7-14. Oblique view of the modelled bounding and major fault system.
Figure 7-15. Sectional view of the Los Calatos modelled bedding surface model with Cu assay data
and the open upright to gently plunging anticlinal structure. Los Calatos appears to
occupy the core of the fold structure.
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Figure 7-16. Structural controls for the Potrerillos porphyry showing NW and NE trending faults and a
NNW trending anticlinal structure (from Niemayer and Munizaga, 2017).
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8 Conclusions
SRK have completed a structural investigation of the Los Calatos Project generating a detailed
structural dataset from surface mapping. The structural data were used to develop a 3-D structural
model of the fault system integrating surface mapping data with historic drill hole data using logged
fault intercepts, low RQD intercepts and the Cu- assay data to guide the fault surfaces. In addition,
televiewer data were used wherever the surfaces intersect the televiewer drillholes.
As part of the modelling process SRK reviewed the historical data. This included not only the
relevant structural data (televiewer data and RQD data) but also the available geological surface
maps and lithological logs. A preliminary lithological model was generated to further evaluate the
data and determine the lithological and structural controls on the mineralisation to support the
structural modelling process.
Five major faults sets were identified from mapping and orientation analysis. Each of the five fault
set orientations were modelled independently. These are represented by NWSE-, NESW-, NS-,
and EW-trending fault systems and a Thrust system. Each fault system was used to determine the
relationship to the mineralisation. This showed that the dominant controls to the mineralisation are
linked to a NW fault system (also included here are NNW trends and WNW trends) and a NE fault
system.
An attempt was made to develop an understanding of the timing relationships between the five
respective fault orientations using the sequence of intrusive events with the oldest unit recording
the highest intensity of structural deformation and the youngest unit recording only the most recent
structural events. This analysis, although not conclusive, provided some constraints on developing
a structural model for the deposit in which the oldest deformation is characterised by the NNW to
WNW trend which is cut by a NE trend. A final late thrust event was found with limited displacement,
but was supported by the geophysical data, and may potentially offset the mineralisation at depth.
The structural patterns and domains should form a basis for mine design and pit slope optimization.
A geotechnical study can reveal critical zones related to the structural model, but would also require
input such as mine design, alteration-, RMR-, and block-models.
From an exploration perspective, the intersection of structures appears to be important for porphyry
emplacement and controls on mineralization. In a regional sense, essentially all porphyries appear
to be focused on sites of intersecting NWSE and NESW structures (Figure 3-6).
To further investigate the controls on the mineralisation, a bedding model was developed from the
bedding data. This highlighted the existence of an anticlinal structure with the Los Calatos porphyry
occupying the core of this structure.
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9 Recommendations
From the review of the existing historical data, SRK recommends the following:
• Logging procedures should be revised and standardized to ensure consistency.
• Specifically, the following lithologies will need further clarification:
o Porphyry monzonite dikes (PM) and the Late-stage porphyritic diorite (PDI-3). For both the
relative timing relationships to other lithologies needs to be established.
o The lithological difference between the mineralized (PD) and barren (PD-5) porphyritic
diorite needs to be investigated and determined.
• A structural log should be introduced into the logging procedures.
• The structure descriptions in the lithology log need to be addressed and revised. For example;
the various breccias, veins/veinlets, and stockwork should be separated and classified
according to their matrix and not lumped together.
• The mineralization requires further investigation to established mineralisation types and their
respective relationship with host lithologies.
• The sample intervals should be addressed. Consider changing the sample interval from every
1 m to every 2 m outside the highly mineralized zones, however all significant mineralogical
and lithological boundaries should be respected.
• A more detailed investigation into the alteration types would benefit the project and logging
procedures should form the basis to developing a 3-D alteration model.
• Further petrographic studies may be required to assist with the understanding the distribution
of the protoliths as well as absolute dating techniques to help develop a more confident
lithological model.
• The relationship between the orientation of the mapped structures and the televiewer data will
need to be addressed further. This is most likely due to drilling orientation bias and any further
televiewer data should be collected from holes drilled in different directions. In addition, a
combination of televiewer data and oriented core from the same hole would be useful in
clarifying and adding confidence to the structural data. Once an adequate understanding of the
faults and kinematics is achieved, the data are valuable, particularly in identifying fault core and
damage zones.
• SRK also recommends further oriented core logging especially since the rock is of a good
quality with good core recoveries. Oriented core can be guided by the structural model, and
the final pit slope, with drill holes targeting the area behind the pit. SRK can provide input into
the design of suitable drill-holes.
• Re-evaluate the current drillhole orientations (NESW) considering that NESW trending
structures exhibit strong controls on mineralization.
To keep the existing structural model up to date, SRK recommends the following:
• The structural model will require further revision and updating as new drilling data or further
mapping and geophysical data become available. SRK recommends that detailed structural
logging in combination with continued field mapping, should be used to generate high-quality
data that can be used to build and update the lithology and structural models. To integrate the
logging data with the field data, SRK have designed logging procedures that address this and
recommends that these are considered for future drilling campaigns.
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• Finally, once the data are suitable, the lithological model, alteration model and the structural
model should be integrated to develop a single geological model.
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This report, Structural Geology and 3-D Structural Model of Los Calatos, Peru, was prepared by
Jos Hantelmann, M. Sc.

Senior Consultant, Geology
Ron Uken, Ph.D, Pr. Sci. Nat.

Principal Consultant, Geology
And reviewed by
Wayne Barnett, PhD, P.Geo, Pr.Sci.Nat.

Principal Consultant, Geology
All data used as source material plus the text, tables, figures, and attachments of this document
have been reviewed and prepared in accordance with generally accepted professional engineering
and environmental practices.
Disclaimer—SRK Consulting (Canada) Inc. has prepared this document for Compañía Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C.. Any
use or decisions by which a third party makes of this document are the responsibility of such third parties. In no circumstance
does SRK accept any consequential liability arising from commercial decisions or actions resulting from the use of this
report by a third party.
The opinions expressed in this report have been based on the information available to SRK at the time of preparation. SRK
has exercised all due care in reviewing information supplied by others for use on this project. Whilst SRK has compared
key supplied data with expected values, the accuracy of the results and conclusions from the review are entirely reliant on
the accuracy and completeness of the supplied data. SRK does not accept responsibility for any errors or omissions in the
supplied information, except to the extent that SRK was hired to verify the data.
SRK Consulting
10 References
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Appendix 1: Structural Mapping Data Collected

(electronic format)
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Appendix 2: Modelled Faults (.dxf) (electronic

format)
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Appendix 3: Modelled Faults Intersection with

Topography (.shp) (electronic format)
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Appendix 4: Fault Properties (electronic format)

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Appendix 5: Modelled Faults with control points

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Northwest-Southeast Fault system
North-South Fault system

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Northeast-Southwest Fault system
East-West Fault system

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Thrust Fault system

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Appendix 6: Event Stratigraphy (electronic format)

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Appendix 7: Selection of Field Photographs

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Structural Geology and 3-D

Structural Model of Los Calatos,

Compañía Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C.

SRK Consulting (Perú) Inc.

Prepared for Prepared by

Compañía Minera Hampton Peru S.A.C. SRK Consulting (Peru) S.A.

Tel: (+511) 267 0073 Tel: +511 206 5900

Project No: 17D74901

File Name: 17D74901_MH_LosCalatosStructuralReport_20180316_Final

Copyright © SRK Consulting (Peru) S.A., 2018

JH/RU/WB 17D74901_MH_LosCalatosStructuralReport_20180316_Final March 2018

7.1.4 Deformation D4, Thrust Faults........................................................................................... 42

JH/RU/WB 17D74901_MH_LosCalatosStructuralReport_20180316_Final March 2018

1.2 Scope of Work

1.3 Project Deliverables

SRK agreed to produce and provide the following deliverables:

2.2 Work Program

2.3 Data Collected

2.3.1 Structural Measurements

2.3.2 Hand samples

3.2 Magmatotectonic Setting

4.1.1 Toquepala Group volcanics: Upper Cretaceous

4.1.2 Diorite-Monzonite (pre-cursor) pluton: Paleocene

4.1.3 Porphyritic Diorite to Dacite (Porphyry Complex): Late Paleocene (?)

4.1.4 Felsic to Intermediate Volcanics and Volcaniclastics: Early Eocene

4.1.5 Diatreme Complex: Mid-Eocene

4.1.6 Late Volcanics/Tuffs: Miocene

Mineralization at Los Calatos is characterized as a Cu-Mo bearing porphyry complex. A number

Four main mineralization types have been suggested (Metminco, 2015):

5.2 Drill-hole data

5.2.1 Assay data

5.2.2 RQD data (Rock Quality Designation)

III. porphyry diorite (PD);

7 Structural Geology Interpretation

Table 7-1. Summary of Deformational events.

Diorite- Felsic- Late

7.2 Preliminary Paleostress Analysis

Correlating D2 northwest-southeast oriented compression with regional tectonics is not immediately

A nearly east-west compressional deformational event is believed to be primarily manifested as

Additionally, within the felsic to intermediate volcanics/volcaniclasitcs are antithetic/conjugate west

7.2.4 Deformation D4, Thrust Faults

A northeast-southwest oriented compressional deformation event (D4) is best characterized by

7.3 3-D Modelling of Fault systems

7.3.1 Northwest-Southeast Fault system

7.3.2 Northeast-Southwest Fault system

7.3.3 North-South Fault system

7.3.4 East-West fault system

7.3.5 Thrust fault system

7.4 Combined 3-D Structural model

7.4.1 Bounding fault system

7.4.2 Bedding model

Jos Hantelmann, M. Sc.

Ron Uken, Ph.D, Pr. Sci. Nat.

Wayne Barnett, PhD, P.Geo, Pr.Sci.Nat.

Hampton, 2012. Geological map, Calatos Project, 1 map.

Hampton, 2015. Geological map, untitled, no author, 1 map.

Vicente, J.C., 1981. Elementos de la estratigraphia Mesozoica sur Peruana, Cuencas

Appendix 1: Structural Mapping Data Collected

Appendix 2: Modelled Faults (.dxf) (electronic

Appendix 3: Modelled Faults Intersection with

Appendix 4: Fault Properties (electronic format)

Appendix 5: Modelled Faults with control points

Northwest-Southeast Fault system