Physicis Et Principiis Originis Particula

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS
PARTICULA
(ORIGIN AND PRINCIPLES OF PARTICLE PHYSICS)
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING AND
THE ELEGANT STANDARD MODEL
SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES
DARK MATTER PARTICLES
MAGNETIC MONOPOLES
QUIRKS OF NATURE
INCLUDING:
“c” ASYMPTOTICALLY APPROACHES ∞ KPS
DARK MATTER’S ZEROTRON, DARKTRON,
NEUTRALTRON, NUON & SIGMA
BOSON MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION
MATTER—ANTIMATTER IMBALANCE
LEFT-HANDED ORIGIN OF MATTER
VACUUM & HIGGS FIELD SOURCES
“10120 ERROR” RESOLUTION
FERMION 2nd & 3rd GENERATIONS
MATTER & DARK MATTER COMPOSITES
BLACK HOLES—BLACK STARS
“MICRO-BANG” UNIVERSES
Q & Q–1/3 ASYMMETRIES
+2/3
THE “X17” BOSON…?

CONFINEMENTS
AND ...
!
DR. ALLEN VAN HOOZEN, MSEE
PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA
(ORIGIN AND PRINCIPLES OF PARTICLE PHYSICS)
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING AND
THE ELEGANT STANDARD MODEL by Dr. Allen L. Van Hoozen, MSEE
Self-Published by Allen L. Van Hoozen

1074 W. Pastora Peak Drive, Green Valley, AZ 85614
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© 2021 Cover design by Allen L. Van Hoozen

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IN MEMORIAM
Laine, my wife
Ann, my wife
L. Dexter, my father
&
Dr. Ulrich Kruse

Department of Physics
University of Illinois
Dr. Gilbert Haight

Department of Chemistry
University of Illinois

GREETINGS!
At high risk during the still ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, I self-published
without delay, so some illustrations exhibit inconsequential “quantum jitters.” As
compensation, I adapted and unified several favorite sayings into this greeting:
May The Forces Be With You,

The Odds Ever In Your Favor,
With Today And All Tomorrows
Filled With Love, Hope,And Joy,
As You Live Long And Prosper!
———Allen Lee Van Hoozen———
P.S. The ink colors represent the three ECD colors and anticolors, and
their arrangement previews the alternating proton-neutron or darktron-
neutraltron compositions found within matter or dark matter nuclei. --A.

CHAPTERS
INTRODUCTION WITH REFERENCE TABLES
PROLOGUE: BEFORE THE BIG BANG & THE ARROW OF TIME
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING, THE ELEGANT STANDARD MODEL
& THE QUIRKS OF NATURE
THE 1st BUILDING-BLOCKS OF MATTER AND DARK MATTER
& THE HIGGS BOSON INTERACTION
“S” & “𝚺” STRUCTURES & GLUON EXCHANGE INTERACTION
U/D 0
Z & W–/+ INTERACTIONS; e–1, e0 , Q+1, Q+2/3, 𝝂q/𝝂q, 𝝂P/𝝂P, and 𝝂d/𝝂d;
β+/–/0/0-DECAYS; AND ANTIMATTER
Q–1/3 AND THE “EPHEMERAL EXOTICS” & NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS
P+1, N0, ⅅ0, AND ℕ0 STRUCTURES & 1VH
U/D
GRAVITON AND U/DPHOTON INTERACTIONS, “c” ASYMPTOTICALLY
APPROACHES ∞, THE (NEARLY) IMPOSSIBLE TO RECREATE
SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES, INSIDE FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS,
& THE EPR PARADOX
BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OF MATTER AND DARK MATTER
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND SUPERNOVAE CREATION
OF MATTER AND DARK MATTER & α- AND α0-DECAYS
DARK MATTER IONS AND MOLECULES
CONSERVATION OF MASS, BLACK HOLES—BLACK STARS,
& “MICRO-BANG” UNIVERSES
VERIFICATIONS OR FALSIFICATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS & TESTIMONIALS
CURRICULUM VITAE
ADDITIONAL READING AND LECTURE COURSES

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS
PARTICULA
(TO HONOR SIR ISAAC NEWTON)
Logic will get you from A to Z;

Imagination will get you everywhere.
—Unknown
INTRODUCTION
Paraphrasing my Physics 106 professor, Dr. Ulrich Kruse, “It is
intuitively obvious to the most casual observer that ...” one of Physic’s
grandest goals is the Theory of Everything (“TOE”). However, my quest
began with the modest goal to model the Standard Model’s “non-
fundamental” particles, in my opinion, with fundamental ones having
+1/3, –1/3, or 0 electric charge and N, S, or 0 magnetic charge. Melding
Occam’s Razor with Wheeler’s philosophy to be “radically conservative,” I
relied on verified data and several theories proposed by acclaimed
physicists, then applied them straightforwardly. As the model evolved,
more and more concepts fit precisely into it—in analogy, it was like an
expanding, giant, tightly interlinked, crossword puzzle. Upon
completion, it produced the TOE and Eloquent Standard Model.
Briefly, from Loop Quantum Gravity, the universe evolved from a

Planck-sized, primordial “spacetime bubble” volume that continued to
expand. From M-Theory, a quantum fluctuation distorted its energy
distribution, creating a Calabi-Yau geometry with ten entangled spatial
axes: 3-D: “X Y Z,” Color: “R B G,” Magnetic: “M,” Electric: “E,” Weak: “W,”
and H(iggs): “H.”
As the bubble expanded, its energy, over time, created contiguous

bubbles. The each axis gained its spin quantum of +½ or –½ within

specific entangled axes subsets that created a summed spin of zero in
two mirrored ways:
XYZ RBG M E W H
–½ –½ –½ +½ +½ +½ –½ –½ +½ +½
+½ +½ +½ –½ –½ –½ +½ +½ –½ –½
A quantum fluctuation disrupted the universe’s ground state by
inverting the X Y Z and H spins, creating a summed spin number of +2/–2
and potential energy within each bubble. So spacetime consists of
uniformly distributed “positive” and “negative” energy bubbles.
As the universe expanded, the four forces of nature froze out

sequentially, creating quantum fields, sfermions, bosoninos, bosons, and
fermions. During the final freeze-out phase transition, a quantum
fluctuation caused a time lag between the M-axis inversions of the
bosonino virtual pairs. That asymmetry created non-annihilating
fermion real pairs, the Asymmetric Magnetic Monopoles consisting of a
quirk and antiquirk. From those, two more real pairs followed: the
Electromagnetic and Energy-Balancing Monopoles. Those three massive
quirks and antiquirks are the fundamental particle components for all
matter, dark matter, antimatter, and antidark matter. All matter has a
dark matter analog, including the Dark Matter Periodic Table.
The concepts contained herein include:

 Planck volume spacetime bubbles;
 Loop Quantum Gravity and M-Theory unified;
 Entropy and the arrow of time;
 The ten spatial axes’ spin and charge;
 The universe’s potential energy;
 Table of events for the freeze-out of each force of nature;
 Primordial conservation of Energy but not spin and charge;
 Boson spin pairs and quirk/antiquirk virtual pairs;
 Contributors to the vacuum energy of space;

 The 10120 error;
 Supersymmetric particles;
 Inflation;
 Energy-Balancing, Asymmetric Magnetic, and Electromagnetic
monopoles;
 Evolution of quantum fields, bosons, quirks, and antiquirks;
 The “X17” boson…?;
 Contributors to The Higgs Field energy;
 Creation and conservation of matter and antimatter;
 Six Triplets: building-blocks of matter and dark matter;
 “Big TOE,” “Middle TOE,” and “Pinky TOE” attractions;
 White Pair, White Triplet, and Partial White bonds;
 Higgs Boson handedness change mechanism;
 Gluon exchange mechanism;
 Particle confinement;
 U/D 0
Z and W–/+ mechanisms;
 Mass creation;
 Zerotron: dark matter’s electron analog;
 β+/–/0/0-decays;
 The Antimatter Epoch;
 Neutrino and antineutrino oscillations;
 2nd and 3rd generations: matter and dark matter composites;
 The g−2 muon anomaly;
 The “Ephemeral Exotics;”
 Gell-Mann, Feynman, and Everett quarks;
 Serber, Wheeler, and Leavitt quarks;
 Dark matter’s Rubin, Slipher, and Zwicky quarks;
 Dark matter’s 2nd and 3rd generation zerotron: Nuon and Sigma;
 Alphysy: Physics’ analog to Chemistry’s alchemy;
 Lepton number conservation misidentifications;
 Dark matter’s nucleons: Darktron and Neutraltron;
 Proton and darktron decay;
 Matter and dark matter quantum tunneling;

 Graviton mechanism, Gravity attraction, and “Bending light”;
 Photon mechanism and EM attraction and repulsion;
 “Dark photons” and “Dark Magnetic Force”;
 “c” asymptotically approaches ∞;
 Revisit EPR?
 Matter and dark matter isotope nuclei structures;
 Dark matter’s Periodic Table, molecules, and aggregations;
 α- and α0-decays; and,
 Black Holes, Black Stars, and “Micro-Bangs.”
REFERENCE TABLES
EVENT CHRONOLOGY
TIME →
FREEZE- Gravity Strong <- - - - Electroweak - - - ->
OUT: (Inflation & Reheating)
Weak Electromagnetic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AXIS: XYZ H(iggs) RBG Weak Magnetic Electric

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOSON: Graviton Gluon Photon W–/+ Z0 Higgs

< - - - - - - - - - - Squirks & antiSquirks - - - - - - - - - - - >
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FIELD: Gravitational Strong Weak EM Higgs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHARGE: None H/H R/R B/B G/G W/W E/E M/M

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FERMION: Massless quirks & antiquirks | Massive ones

< - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bosoninos - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->

AXIS SPIN TRANSFORMATIONS
AXIS: “X Y Z” “R B G” MAGNETIC ELECTRIC WEAK H(iggs)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P. B.: 0 each 0 each 0 0 0 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. S.: –½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½

+½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ –½
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q. F.: +½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ –½

–½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ +½
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
G. F.: 0 each +½ each –½ –½ +½ 0

0 each –½ each +½ +½ –½ 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FINAL n/a +½ –½ +½ +½ –½ +½ –½
G. S.: n/a –½ +½ –½ –½ +½ –½ +½
P. B.: Primordial Spacetime Bubble G. S.: Initial Ground States
Q. F.: Post-Quantum Fluctuation G. F.: Post-Gravity Freeze-out
FINAL: Post-Strong Force Freeze-out and Electroweak Force Dissolution

DURING THE SEQUENTIAL FREEZE-OUTS: AFTER ALL FREEZE-OUTS:
FORCE, SFERMIONS BOSONINOS BOSONS FERMIONS
FIELDS SPINS & CHARGES SPINS & CHARGES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Other allowed charges = 0 “!”: Defined within the text

GRAVITY Squirk/Squirk:1 U/DGravitonino !
U/D
Graviton quirk/quirk:1
+/–2 +/–½ +/–2 +/–½
U/D H H
Gravi- H,X,Y,Z q H (H^) q *
H H
tational H,X,Y,Z q H (H^) q *
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U/D U/D
STRONG Squirk/Squirk:2 Gluonino ! Gluon quirk/quirk:2
+/–1 +/–½ +/–1 +/–½
RBGH RBGH
RBG (H=0) q RBGH q *
U/D RBGH RBGH
Strong RBG (H=0) q RBGH q *
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EM Squirk/Squirk:3 U/DPhotonino !
U/D
Photon quirk/quirk:3
0/0 –/+½ +/–1 +/–½
U/D H
Elec. (H=0) * q * H*(HME/HM) H(ME/M)q *
U/D H
Mag. (H=0) * q * H*(HME/HM) H(ME/M)q *
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEAK Squirk/Squirk:4 U/DW–/+ino W–/+

! quirk/quirk:𝕙
0/0 –/+½ +/–1 +/–½
HWE RBGHWME
HWE * q * HWE * q
HWE RBGHWME
HWE * q * HWE * q
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Squirk/Squirk:5 U/DZ0ino !
U/D 0
Z quirk/quirk:𝝂
0/0 are also the +/–1 +½/+½
RBGHWM
HW * post-EW HW * q *
U/D RBGHWM
Weak HW * quirk/quirk:𝝂 HW * q *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U/D
! Higgs | quirk/quirk:α
0/0 | +/–½
HW * | RBGHWq *
U/D
Higgs HW * | RBGHWq *

THE MASSIVE QUIRKS OF NATURE
“α” “𝝂” “𝕙”
C1C2C3HW0
qL0 C1C2C3HWN
qL0 C1C2C3HWN
qL–1/3
C1C2C3HW0
q R0 C1C2C3HWN
bR0 C1C2C3HWS
qR+1/3
C1,C2,C3: ANTICOLOR CHARGES
C1,C2,C3: COLOR CHARGES
“RED” QUIRKS AND “ANTIRED” ANTIQUIRKS

RBGHW0
qL0 RBGHWN
qL0 RBGHWN
qL–1/3
RBGHW0
q R0 RBGHWN
bR0 RBGHWS
qR+1/3
“BLUE” QUIRKS AND “ANTIBLUE” ANTIQUIRKS

RBGHW0
qL0 RBGHWN
qL0 RBGHWN
qL–1/3
RBGHW0
qR0 RBGHWN
bR0 RBGHWS
qR+1/3
“GREEN” QUIRKS AND “ANTIGREEN” ANTIQUIRKS

RBGHW0
qL0 RBGHWN
qL0 RBGHWN
qL–1/3
RBGHW0
q R0 RBGHWN
bR0 RBGHWS
qR+1/3
“α”: ENERGY-BALANCING MONOPOLES
“𝝂”: ASYMMETRIC MAGNETIC MONOPOLES
“𝕙”: ELECTROMAGNETIC MONOPOLES

MATTER & DARK MATTER ANALOGS
NAME SYMBOL
ELECTRON ZEROTRON e –1 e0
MUON NUON e
M –1
e
N 0
TAU SIGMA e
T –1
e
S 0
UP QUARK ZEROTRON U
Q+2/3 e0
CHARM QUARK RUBIN QUARK Q
C +2/3
Q
R 0
TOP QUARK SLIPHER QUARK Q

T +2/3
Q
S 0
DOWN QUARK RUBIN QUARK D

Q–1/3 R
Q0
STRANGE QUARK SLIPHER QUARK Q
S –1/3
Q
S 0
BOTTOM QUARK ZWICKY QUARK Q

B –1/3
Q
Z 0
GELL-MANN QUARK ZEROTRON Q+1 e0

FEYNMAN QUARK RUBIN QUARK Q
F +1
Q
R 0
EVERETT QUARK SLIPHER QUARK Q

E +1
Q
S 0
SERBER QUARK ZEROTRON 2 Q+1 e0

WHEELER QUARK RUBIN QUARK W
2 Q+1 Q
R 0
LEAVITT QUARK SLIPHER QUARK L

2 Q+1 Q
S 0
PROTON DARKTRON P +1 ⅅ0
NEUTRON NEUTRALTRON N0 ℕ0
β-DECAYS β–/+ β0/0

α-DECAYS α α0

MATTER ANTIMATTER
ELECTRONS POSITRONS
–1 –1 +1
Le Re R e L e+1
–1/3
Nq = Nb0 Sb
–1/3
= Sq0 Sq
+1/3
= Sb0 Nb
+1/3
= Nq0
–1/3
Sb = Sq0 Nq
–1/3
= Nb0 Nb
+1/3
= Nq0 Sq
+1/3
= Sb0
–1/3
Nq = Nb0 Sb
–1/3
= Sq0 Sq
+1/3
= Sb0 Nb
+1/3
= Nq0
ZEROTRONS ANTIZEROTRONS
0 0 0 0
Le Re Re Le
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq Sq = Sb Sb = Sq Nq = Nb
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sq = Sb Nb = Nq Nq = Nb Sb = Sq
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq Sq = Sb Sb = Sq Nq = Nb
Zerotrons have only paired “𝝂” components:
0= 0 0= 0
Le Le and Re Re
GELL-MANN QUARKS ANTIGELL-MANN QUARKS

+1 +1 –1 –1
LQ RQ RQ LQ
0 +1/3 0 +1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
Nq = Sq Sb = Nb Sq = Nq Nb = Sb
0 +1/3 0 +1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
Sb = Nb Nq = Sq Nb = Sb Sq = Nq
0 +1/3 0 +1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
UP QUARKS ANTIUP QUARKS

(LUQ+2/3) (RUQ+2/3) (RUQ–2/3) (LUQ–2/3)
0 +1/3 0 +1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 Nb
+1/3
= Sb0 Nq
–1/3
= Sq0 Sb
–1/3
= Nb0
NEUTRINOS ANTINEUTRINOS
𝝂p 𝝂d 𝝂q 𝝂p 𝝂d 𝝂q
0 0 0 0 0 0
Lp Ld Lq Rp Rd Rq
0 0 0 0 0 0
Lp Ld Lq Rp Rd Rq
0 0 0 0 0 0
Lp Lp Lq Rp Rd Rq
(CONTINUED)

DOWN QUARKS ANTIDOWN QUARKS
(LDQ–1/3) (RDQ–1/3) (RDQ+1/3) (LDQ+1/3)
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 Rq0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0 F Lq0 = Sq+1/3 = Sb0 Lq0 = Nb+1/3 = Nq0
R
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ Nb
+1/3
= Sb0 ^ ^ Nq
–1/3
= Sq0 ^ Sb
–1/3
= Nb0 ^
q0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0 Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 C Lq0 = Nb+1/3 = Nq0 Lq0 = Sq+1/3 = Sb0
R
^ (none) ^ (none) ^ ^ (none) ^ (none) ^
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 Rq0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0 B Lq0 = Sq+1/3 = Sb0 Lq0 = Nb+1/3 = Nq0
R
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ Nb
+1/3
= Sb0 ^ ^ Nq
–1/3
= Sq0 ^ Sb
–1/3
= Nb0 ^
F → FRONT C → CENTER B → BACK
^ … ^ → UPPER LAYER ˅ … ˅ → LOWER LAYER
RUBIN QUARKS ANTIRUBIN QUARKS

( Q0)
L
R
(RRQ0) (RRQ0) (LRQ0)
Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 F Nb0 = Nq0 = Rp0 0 0
Sq = Sb = Rp
0
^ Nb0 = Nq0 ^ 0
Sq = Sb
0
^ ^ 0
Sb = Sq
0
^ Nq0 = Nb0 ^
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp Sb = Sq = Lp C Sq = Sb = Rp Nb = Nq = Rp
^ Sq0 = Sb0 ^ 0
Nb = Nq
0
^ ^ 0
Nq = Nb
0
^ Sb0 = Sq0 ^
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp Nq = Nb = Lp B Nb = Nq = Rp Sq = Sb = Rp
^ Nb0 = Nq0 ^ 0
Sq = Sb
0
^ ^ 0
Sb = Sq
0
^ Nq0 = Nb0 ^
MATTER (LEFT-HANDED) DARK MATTER

CHARM QUARK SLIPHER QUARK
C +2/3 S 0
L Q L Q
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 F F ˅ Sq0 = Sb0 = Lp0 ˅

+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ 0
Nb = Nq
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp C ^ Sq = Sb = Lp ^
0 0 0
^ (none) ^ C ˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅
0 0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp B Sb = Sq
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ ^ 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp
0
^
0 0 0
B ˅ Sq = Sb = Lp ˅
0 0
Nb = Nq
0 0 0
^ Sq = Sb = Lp ^
(CONTINUED)

MATTER (LEFT-HANDED) MATTER
TOP QUARK STRANGE QUARK
T +2/3 S –1/3
L Q L Q
˅ N q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅ F ˅ L p0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅

+1/3
Sq = Nq0 0
Rq = Nq
–1/3
= Nb0
0 0 0 +1/3
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^ ^ Sq = Nq0 ^
0 0 0 0 0 0
˅ Sb = Sq = Lp ˅ C ˅ Lp = Nb = Nq ˅
0 –1/3
(none) Rq = Sb = Sq0
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^ ^ (none) ^
0 0 0 0 0 0
˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅ B ˅ Lp = Sq = Sb ˅
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 0
Rq = Nq
–1/3
= Nb0
0 0 0 +1/3
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^ ^ Sq = Nq0 ^
BOTTOM QUARK ZWICKY QUARK
B –1/3 Z 0
L Q L Q
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S ˅ F ˅ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0 0
Nb = Nq
0
0 +1/3 0 0 0
^ Nq = Sq ^ ^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
0 0 0 0 0 0
^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^ ^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^
0 0 0 0 0 0
˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅ B ˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅
0 –1/3
Sq = Sb = Rq0 0
Sq = Sb
0
0 0 0
^ (none) ^ ^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^
0 0 0 0 0 0
^^ Lp = Sq = Sb ^^ ^^ Lp = Sq = Sb ^^
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
S C ˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
S
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0 0
Nb = Nq
0
0 +1/3 0 0 0
^ Nq = Sq ^ ^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
0 0 0 0 0 0
^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^ ^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^
˅ … ˅: LOWER LAYER ^ ... ^: UPPER LAYER ^^ … ^^: TOP LAYER
(CONTINUED)

MUON NUON
M –1 N 0
L e L e
Nb0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0 F q0 = Nb0 = Lp0

N
0 0 0
^ Sq = Sb = Lp ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
0 –1/3
Sb = Sq = Rq0 C 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp
0
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^ ^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0
Nb0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0 B q0 = Nb0 = Lp0

N
0 0 0
^ Sq = Sb = Lp ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0
TAU SIGMA
T –1 S 0
L e L e
˅ Sq0 = Sb0 = Lp0 ˅ F ˅ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅

0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq = Rq Nq = Nb = Lp
0 0 0
^ Sq = Sb = Lp ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
0 0 0
˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅ C ˅ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Rq Sb = Sq = Lp
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^ ^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^
0 0 0
˅ Sq = Sb = Lp ˅ B ˅ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq = Rq Nq = Nb = Lp
0 0 0
^ Sq = Sb = Lp ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
˅ … ˅: LOWER LAYER ^ ... ^: UPPER LAYER
(CONTINUED)

MATTER
(LEFT-HANDED)
FEYNMAN QUARK
(LFQ+2/3)
^ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^
N
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 FRONT
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
+1/3
* Nb = Sb0 CENTER
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 BACK
WHEELER QUARK
(LWQ+2/3)
* q+1/3 = Nq0
S CENTER
EVERETT QUARK
(LEQ+2/3)
˅ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0
N ˅
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 FRONT
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
0 0 0
˅ Sb = Sq = Lp ˅
+1/3
* Nb = Sb0 CENTER
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^
0 0 0
˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 BACK
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
LEAVITT QUARK
(LLQ+2/3)
* S q+1/3 = Nq0 CENTER
˅ … ˅: LOWER LAYER ^ ... ^: UPPER LAYER

MATTER AND DARK MATTER
NUCLEONS
(LEFT-HANDED)
PROTON DARKTRON
( LP+1) (Lⅅ0)
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ˅ ˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq = Rq FRONT Sb = Sq = Lp
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^ ^ Nb0 = Nq0 ^
------------------------------- -------------------------
0 +1/3
˅ Sb = Nb ˅ ˅ Sq = Sb0
0
˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Sq = Sb = Rq CENTER Nq = Nb = Lp
0 +1/3
^ Sb = Nb ^ ^ Sq0 = Sb0 ^
------------------------------- -------------------------
0 +1/3
˅ Nq = Sq ˅ ˅ Nb = Nq0
0
˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq = Rq BACK Sb = Sq = Lp
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^ ^ Nb0 = Nq0 ^
NEUTRON NEUTRALTRON
(LN0) (Lℕ0)
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ˅ ˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq = Rq FRONT Sb = Sq = Lp
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ˅ ^ Nb0 = Nq0 ^
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
^^ Nb = Nq = Rq ^^ ^^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^^
------------------------------- -------------------------
0 +1/3
˅ Sb = Nb ˅ ˅ Sq = Sb0
0
˅
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
Sq = Sb = Rq CENTER Nq = Nb = Lp
0 +1/3
^ Sb = Nb ^ ^ Sq0 = Sb0 ^
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
^^ Sq = Sb = Rq ^^ ^^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^^
------------------------------- -------------------------
0 +1/3
˅ Nq = Sq ˅ ˅ Nb = Nq0
0
˅
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0 BACK 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp
0
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^ ^ Nb0 = Nq0 ^
0 –1/3 0 0 0 0
^^ Nb = Nq = Rq ^^ ^^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^^
˅ … ˅: LOWER LAYER ^ ... ^: UPPER LAYER ^^ … ^^: TOP LAYER

PROLOGUE:
BEFORE THE BIG BANG
& THE ARROW OF TIME
I believe our universe is part of an eternal something; that nothing is
an “absolute” absolute—no energy, space, time, dimensions, singularity,
or other conceivable or inconceivable concepts. So, something cannot
originate from nothing. Since something currently exists, there has
always been something. What is it? “Eternal Energy,” from which
derived the energy to create the singularity that began our universe.
The abundant energy expanded the singularity to Planck volume

size. From Loop Quantum Gravity, this is spacetime’s quantum, the
primordial “spacetime bubble.” As its expansion continued, a quantum
fluctuation altered its energy distribution. From M-Theory, the higher
energy density regions created a Calabi-Yau geometry with ten mutually
orthogonal spatial dimensions to which entangled “strings” attached.
The primordial bubble had an initial entropy derived from its

microstates. As the primordial bubble continued its expansion, a second
bubble formed within it. As expansion and bubble creation continued,
“quantum jitters” created contiguous ones. The originating energy was
enormous but finite, over time creating a finite number of bubbles.
The number of microstates grew exponentially with each bubble

created unless somehow offset; perhaps the energy distributions
smoothed, but that has limited capabilities. So, while the primordial
bubble is likely our universe’s lowest entropy state, that undoubtedly
occurred with the creation of just a few bubbles. The Past Hypothesis
states that our universe’s arrow of time emerged at that lowest entropy
state. Time is the 11th dimension of M-Theory.

THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING,
THE ELOQUENT STANDARD MODEL
& THE QUIRKS OF NATURE
(Columbia theorist Robert) Serber mentioned why a fundamental triplet did
not appear in Nature. According to Serber, Gell-Mann's immediate reply was,
"That would be a funny quirk!" —Physics Folklore by Lynne Zielinski
https://ed.fnal.gov/samplers/hsphys/folklore.html
From the Anthropic Principle, we know information about our

universe because we exist to repeatedly experience, measure, and
eventually accept them as truths. These truths include the existence of
mass, matter, antimatter, gravity, the four forces of nature, positive and
negative electric charges, three color and anticolor charges, the spins of
the bosons and fermions, and many others. That knowledge is the
foundation for this model.
There are two Laws of Nature in our universe from which the others
emerge, the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics. Energy cannot be
created or destroyed, and energy seeks its ground state, acting to convert
potential energy into “waste” energy, unable to perform work. Other
conservation laws followed the electroweak force’s dissolution, but
quantum fluctuations broke spin and charge conservations beforehand.
A quantum fluctuation redistributed the energy within the

primordial spacetime bubble, creating energy “strings” within a Calabi-
Yau geometric structure with ten orthogonal spatial axes.
GROUND STATE
AXIS: XYZ RBG MAGNETIC ELECTRIC WEAK H(IGGS)
SPIN: 0 each 0 each 0 0 0 0

The bubble’s energy began to vibrate its axes. Picture a taut string.
An energy quantum strums it, creating spin’s fundamental harmonic
vibration. An orthogonal strum by an energy quantum of greater
magnitude creates the charge’s fundamental harmonic vibration. So,
spin occurs before charge, and charge may not occur. Only if charge
occurs can additional energy quanta create higher-order harmonic
vibrations. 180o phase-shifted quanta zero the harmonics: higher-order
resonances first, then charge’s and, lastly, spin’s fundamental resonance.
Geometry changes also zero them.
Fermions have spin magnitudes of ½ or odd-number integer

multiples of it, gravitons, 2, Higgs bosons, 0, and all other bosons, 1. So,
the quantum spin magnitude is ½. The laws of nature work to achieve a
lowest energy, ground state, so the axes acquired a balanced,
symmetrical, zero summed spin. The Calabi-Yau geometry and quantum
entanglements grouped specific axes. There are two equal possibilities,
and spacetime consists of uniformly distributed “U/DBubbles.”
SPIN ENERGIZED GROUND STATES

AXIS: X/X Y/Y Z/Z R/R B/B G/G M/M E/E W/W H/H
SPIN: –½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½
+½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ –½
DEFINITIONS: Top spin row: “spin-up,” bottom spin row: “spin-down”;
“#/#” and “#/#” denote the “top spin row/bottom spin row” axes;
“#”(+½): #-axis “positive” spin and charge energies;
“#”(–½): #-axis “negative” spin and charge energies.
Observations:
 Entanglements with each triad and those of the H-related axes with
all other axes are robust; “Pseudo”: robust but not interchangeable;
 The groups trend from pseudo-quartet (“X Y Z” & H; “R B G” & H) to
“true” triads (“X Y Z”; “R B G”) to pseudo-triad (M-E-W) to pseudo-
pairs (M-E; W-H) to individuals (M, E, W, H);

 Symmetries enable interchange between “X Y Z” and between the
“R B G” charges, so the axes within a “true” triad have identical
energy quantum requirements for spin and charge;
 The quantum energy for axis spin or charge is different between the
triads, the individual axes, and each triad and each individual axis;
 Summing the axis spins with a group, each one has potential energy.
A quantum fluctuation broke symmetry by causing 180 o phase-

shifted inversions from H/H to H/H and X/X, Y/Y, Z/Z to X/X, Y/Y, Z/Z.
In analogy, now picture the string as looped with fixed ends and energy
flowing clockwise around it, entering from the left: → Ω. The quantum
fluctuation inverted the looped portion, creating spring-like potential
energy with energy flowing counterclockwise: → ℧. Alternatively, picture
the loop portion twisted left-side to right-side, creating spring-like
potential energy, with energy flowing counterclockwise. The U/DBubbles
had summed spins +/–2. Sequential force freeze-outs worked to
eliminate those potential energies.
ASYMMETRIC HIGHER ENERGY STATES

SPIN: –½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½
+½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ –½
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPIN: +½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ –½
–½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ +½
(EVENT CHRONOLOGY shown on the next page)

EVENT CHRONOLOGY
TIME →
FREEZE- Gravity Strong <- - - - Electroweak - - - ->
OUT: (Inflation & Reheating)
Weak Electromagnetic
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AXIS: XYZ H(iggs) RBG Weak Magnetic Electric

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOSON: Graviton Gluon Photon W–/+ Z0 Higgs

< - - - - - - - - - - Squirks & antiSquirks - - - - - - - - - - - >
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FIELD: Gravitational Strong Weak EM Higgs

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHARGE: None H/H R/R B/B G/G W/W E/E M/M

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FERMION: Massless quirks & antiquirks | Massive ones

< - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bosoninos - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->
The evolving table of particle properties by force freeze-out:

FORCE, SFERMIONS, BOSONINOS, POST-EW TRANSITION:
FIELDS SPINS,CHARGES SPINS,CHARGES BOSONS FERMIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Other allowed charges = 0

U/D U/D
Gravity Squirk/Squirk:1 Gravitonino Graviton quirk/quirk:1
+/–2 +/–½ +/–2 +/–½
U/D H H
H H
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
With gravity’s freeze-out, two quantized fields, U/DGravitational,

entangled with the U/DBubbles. This force freeze-out released the largest
quantity of latent heat over the shortest time, and each successive one
would release less heat over a more extended period. Picture the
rapidity and heat of combustion released from igniting mixed hydrogen
and oxygen gases versus the sequentially slower and lesser releases of
latent heat as the water vapor condenses into liquid water and then
solidifies into ice.
The releasing latent heat initially energized Squirk/antiSquirk:1
“spin pairs” with their U/DBubble spin (summed spin +/–2) and charged
the freed H/H, X/X, Y/Y, and Z/Z axes.
The X/X, Y/Y, and Z/Z axes, due to triad symmetry, equivalently
have same-charge repulsions that add to their potential energy. The heat
reverted two axes, say, X/X and Z/Z into X/X and Z/Z, reducing the triad’s
summed spin –/+½ potential energy. That additional released heat freed
one end of the X/X, Y/Y, and Z/Z axes, extending them, and their released
spin and charge energies enhanced their U/DBubble expansions.
The remaining seven axes had summed spin +/–½ and H/H charges
creating U/DGravitonino pairs. Note that “q” and “q” denote Bosonino
constituents (or, as this chapter will show, their quirk and antiquirk
counterparts) with charge-related superscripts:
H H
q and q
The peaking heat then altered the Calabi-Yau geometry and zeroed
H/H spin and charge. This chapter will show that each freeze-out’s
released latent heat alters the C-Y H-axis geometry, creating different
spin and charge energy quantum requirements from the preceding ones.
The energies released from the extended axes are spacetime’s

vacuum energy. Vacuum energy density is NOT uniform per cubic
centimeter; the “10120 error” correlates to the non-uniform U/DBubble
volumes. When a bubble contains a particle, it has less energy available
to expand and does so at a lesser rate than non-particle ones. Various
forces attract and hold particles together, forming compacted regions of
particle and “empty” bubbles, such as protons, nuclei, atoms, matter,
dark matter, stars, etc. In those regions, empty bubbles have adequate
energy densities to create virtual pairs. However, interstellar and
intergalactic bubbles, which comprise nearly the entirety of the universe,

have expanded to the extent that their densities can create them only
exceedingly rarely.
After all the freeze-outs ended, U/DBubble have these spins:

X/X Y/Y Z/Z R/R B/B G/G M/M E/E W/W H/H SUMMED
0 each +½ –½ +½ +½ –½ +½ –½ +½
0 each –½ +½ –½ –½ +½ –½ +½ –½
Note that the pseudo-triad M/M, E/E, W/W (electroweak force,

summed spin +/–½) mimic the triad R/R, B/B, G/G (electrostrong force,
+/–½), but H/H (spin –/+½) opposes them. The pseudo-quartet, R/R, B/
B, G/G, and H/H, and pseudo-pairs, M/M and E/E, W/W and H/H, have
summed spin 0. Since U/DBubble have summed spin +/–½, the universe
has potential energy stored within each bubble.
Present-day “latent” bosons lurk in U/DBubble. For U/DGraviton, the

quantum fields create and energize a quirk/antiquirk:1 virtual pair with
the U/DBubble summed spins +/–½ and H/H charge identical to their U/
D
Gravitonino predecessors. The U/DHiggs field (discussed later in this
chapter) then energizes them to summed spins +/–2 via a double sine-
wave H/H spin resonance. In its interaction (see the U/DGRAVITON & ...
chapter), it presents as:
H^
q and H^q
^ → Higher-order charge
This chapter will show that every particle acquires the spins of its
spacetime bubble at its creation. Also, that the U/DHiggs field energizes
the H/H axes of latent U/DGluon, U/DPhoton, U/DZ0, W–/+, and U/DHiggs spin
pairs to sine-wave spin resonance, and the U/DMagnetic field energizes
the M/M axes of U/DHiggs spin pairs to 1½ sine-wave spin resonance. So,
U/D
Gravitons and U/DHiggs have more arduous activations.

AFTER GRAVITY FROZE-OUT
SPIN: –½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½
+½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ –½
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPIN: +½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ –½
–½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ +½
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPIN: 0 each +½ each –½ –½ +½ 0
0 each –½ each +½ +½ –½ 0
FORCE, SFERMIONS, BOSONINOS, POST-EW TRANSITION:

FIELDS SPINS,CHARGES SPINS,CHARGES BOSONS FERMIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Other allowed charges = 0

U/D U/D
Gravity Squirk/Squirk:1 Gravitonino Graviton quirk/quirk:1
+/–2 +/–½ +/–2 +/–½
U/D H H
H H
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U/D U/D
Strong Squirk/Squirk:2 Gluonino Gluon quirk/quirk:2
+/–1 +/–½ +/–1 +/–½
RBGH RBGH
U/D RBGH RBGH
(INFLATION)
The strong force’s freeze-out freed the R/R, B/B, and G/G triad
axes, creating the three quantized field pairs that together comprise the
U/D
Strong field. The released latent heat energized Squirk/antiSquirk:2
spin pairs with summed spin +/–1. (R/R, B/B, G/G, W/W: +/–½; M/M,
E/E: –/+½; and H/H: 0) The lesser heat did not detach an end of those
axes to extend, so they gained RBG and RBG charges. Due to triad

symmetry, those are equivalently three same-charges whose repulsions
add to the potential energy.
The heat reverted and recharged the H/H axes to H/H with spin +/–
½ and, due to entanglement with the R/R, B/B, and G/G axes, inverted
one, say, B/B to B/B. Those events reduced the triad potential energy
and created U/DGluonino with summed spin +/–½ (B/B, M/M, E/E: –/+½;
R/R, G/G, W/W, H/H: +/–½), and RBGH and RBGH charges:
RBGH
q and RBGHq
The peaking heat created C-Y geometry changes that re-zeroed the
H/H spin and charge. Those additionally released energies enabled the
universe’s inflationary expansion.
In activating a latent U/DGluon, the quantum fields energize a quirk/

antiquirk:2 virtual pair (summed spin +/–½) and RBGH and RBGH
charges. It completes when they obtain H/H sine-wave spin resonances
from the U/DHiggs field. In its interaction (see the “S” & “𝚺” … chapter), it
presents as:
RBGH
q and RBGHq
Each U/DGluon spin pair component has three color-related charges.

I designate each set of three as follows:
RBG: “Red” RBG: “Blue” RBG: “Green”

RBG: “AntiRed” RBG: “AntiBlue” RBG: “AntiGreen”
Particles with color-related charges attract to create sets of charges

(see the “S” & “𝚺” ... chapter) with these combinations:
“White Triplet”: Red+Blue+Green or AntiRed+AntiBlue+AntiGreen

“White Pair”: Red+AntiRed, Blue+AntiBlue, or Green+AntiGreen

AFTER COMPLETION OF ALL PHASE TRANSITIONS
SPIN: –½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½
+½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ –½
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPIN: +½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ –½
–½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ +½
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPIN: 0 each +½ each –½ –½ +½ 0
0 each –½ each +½ +½ –½ 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPIN: 0 each +½ –½ +½ +½ –½ +½ –½
0 each –½ +½ –½ –½ +½ –½ +½

DURING THE SEQUENTIAL FREEZE-OUTS: AFTER ALL FREEZE-OUTS:
FORCE, SFERMIONS BOSONINOS BOSONS FERMIONS
FIELDS SPINS & CHARGES SPINS & CHARGES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Other allowed charges = 0 “!”: Defined within the text

GRAVITY Squirk/Squirk:1 U/DGravitonino !
U/D
Graviton quirk/quirk:1
+/–2 +/–½ +/–2 +/–½
U/D H H
H H
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U/D U/D
STRONG Squirk/Squirk:2 Gluonino ! Gluon quirk/quirk:2
+/–1 +/–½ +/–1 +/–½
RBGH RBGH
U/D RBGH RBGH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EM Squirk/Squirk:3 U/DPhotonino !
U/D
Photon quirk/quirk:3
0/0 –/+½ +/–1 +/–½
U/D H
Elec. (H=0) * q * H*(HME/HM) H(ME/M)q *
U/D H
Mag. (H=0) * q * H*(HME/HM) H(ME/M)q *
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEAK Squirk/Squirk:4 U/DW–/+ino W–/+

! quirk/quirk:𝕙
0/0 –/+½ +/–1 +/–½
HWE RBGHWME
HWE * q * HWE * q
HWE RBGHWME
HWE * q * HWE * q
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Squirk/Squirk:5 U/DZ0ino !
U/D 0
Z quirk/quirk:𝝂
0/0 are also the +/–1 +½ /+½
RBGHWM
HW * post-EW HW * q *
U/D RBGHWM
Weak HW * quirk/quirk:𝝂 HW * q *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U/D
! Higgs | quirk/quirk:α
0/0 | +/–½
HW * | RBGHWq *
U/D
Higgs HW * | RBGHWq *

The electroweak force’s phase transition had the least latent heat
released over the longest time. First came Squirk/antiSquirk:3 spin pairs
with summed spin 0 (B/B, M/M, E/E: –/+½; R/R, G/G, W/W: +/–½; H/H:
0) and no charges.
Due to the lesser but prolonged heat, spin and charge for H, W, M,
and E-related axes came sequentially. The H-related axes reverted to H/
H with spin –/+½ and U/DHiggs field charged them, creating U/DPhotonino
pairs (summed spin –/+½) with H and H charges:
H
q and Hq
The pseudo-pair W/W and H/H (summed spin 0) achieved ground

state. The heat would enable the pseudo-pair E/E and M/M (summed
spin –/+1) to invert M/M, which required a lesser energy quantum than
E/E, achieving ground state.
The initiation of C-Y geometry changes to the M-related axes

delayed their charging. The U/DWeak and U/DElectric fields charged the
W/W and E/E axes, creating W–/+ino pairs (summed spin –/+½):
HWE HWE
q and q
Then the geometry changes zeroed the M/M spin, creating

Squirk/antiSquirk:4 spin pair with summed spin 0 (B/B, H/H, E/E:
–/+½; R/R, G/G, W/W: +/–½; M/M: 0) and charges HWE and HWE.
Identical to the H-related axes zeroing, the energy quantum needed to
resonate the M-related axes changed from its previous value.
Before M/M inversion progressed, a quantum fluctuation disrupted

it, mimicking an extended U/DHiggs spin pair interaction (see The 1st …
chapter). As a result, the Squirk’s M-axis inverted to M, but the
antiSquirk’s remained M. Also, due to the E/E and M/M pseudo-pair
entanglement and ongoing C-Y geometry changes, it zeroed the E/E

charge. That created the asymmetric Squirk/antiSquirk:5 spin pair with
summed spin 0 (B/B, H/H, E/E: –/+½; R/R, G/G, W/W: +/–½; M/M: 0)
and charges HW and HW.
The M/M axes gained spin +½/+½ and, having a lesser energy
quantum requirement than the E/E axes, charged first and the U/DStrong
field charged the R/R, B/B, and G/G axes. The resulting asymmetrical
pair do not annihilate, which requires identically opposed axes (see “S” &
“𝚺” ... chapter). That created real U/DZ0ino pairs, which are also the quirk/
antiquirk:𝝂 pair (“Asymmetric Magnetic Monopoles”), with summed spin
+½/+½ (B/B, H/H, E/E: –/+½; R/R, G/G, W/W: +/–½; M/M: +½/+½)
and RBGHWM and RBGHWM charges:
RBGHWM RBGHWM
q and q
Then the antiSquirk’s M-axis inverted, re-zeroing the M-related axes

charge and creating the quirk/antiquirk:α pair (“Energy-Balancing
Monopoles”) with summed spins +/–½ (B/B, H/H, E/E: –/+½; R/R, G/G,
W/W, M/M: +/–½) and RBGHW and RBGHW charges:
RBGHW RBGHW
q and q
The pseudo-triad W/W, E/E, and M/M (summed spin +/–½),

pseudo-pair E/E and M/M (summed spin 0), U/DBubbles (summed spin
+/–½), and each U/DField (summed spin magnitude ½) achieved ground
state.
During the epoch of freeze-outs, there was a range of U/DBubble

energy densities. The bubbles were not created simultaneously or in
identical localized environments and so expanded unequally. The
Squirk/antiSquirk: 1 & 2, U/DGravitonino, and U/DGluonino constituents
decayed or annihilated, returning their energies to the bubbles. Inflation
thrust the bubbles outward, mixing them and creating micro-regions
with higher energy densities. Squirk/antiSquirk:3 &4, U/DPhotonino, and

W–/+ino decays and annihilations further enlarged the bubble energy
spectrum. Only those with sufficient energy density could create “𝝂” real
pairs during that transitory period.
Afterward, the E/E axes charged, creating “𝕙” virtual pairs, the
“Electromagnetic Monopoles” with summed spin +/–½ and all seven
axes charged by their respective U/DField:
RBGHWME RBGHWME
q and q
With all the known forces of nature released and axis and field
relationships in ground state, new particle type creation ended—
although experiments are ongoing to verify a proposed new massive
boson, “X17,” and possible fifth force of nature.
If there is a fifth force, it would require, minimally, that there be

twelve spatial axes, with the two additional ones creating an entangled
pseudo-pair with opposed spins and charges. For example:
“X Y Z” “R B G” MAG. ELE. WEAK H Ω π

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 each 0 each 0 0 0 0 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
X/X Y/Y Z/Z R/R B/B G/G M/M E/E W/W H/H Ω π
–½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½ –½ +½
+½ each –½ each +½ +½ –½ –½ +½ –½
The massive “X17” requires the fifth force freeze-out to occur post-
electroweak dissolution. To date, the only observed effect is a
“protophobic” one occurring for specific nuclei α-decay. That seems too
limited to be a force of nature. It is, instead, an artifact related to specific
nuclei geometry. (See 8Be and 114Ba synthesis and α-decay discussions in
the MATTER & DARK MATTER ELEMENTS … chapter.)

Similar to latent U/DGraviton and U/DGluon activations, U/DPhoton
begins with the quantum fields energizing a quirk/antiquirk:3 virtual
pair (summed spin +/–½ and H/H charge) and finishes with H/H sine-
wave spin resonance acquisition. U/DPhoton and U/DGraviton only have H/
H charge and are the only U/DBoson that propagate. In its interaction (see
the U/DGRAVITON & U/DPHOTON chapter), it presents as:
H(ME/M) H(ME/M)
q and q
Latent W–/+ activation begins with the quantum fields energizing a

quirk/antiquirk pair:α (summed spin +/–½, W/W and H/H charges) and
then gains E/E charge. It completes with H/H sine-wave spin resonance.
In its interaction (see the U/DZ0 & W–/+ … chapter), it presents as an
“Electromagnetic Monopoles” quirk/antiquirk:“𝕙” pair:
RBGHWME RBGHWME
q and q
Likewise, latent U/DZ0 activation begins with energizing a

quirk/antiquirk pair:α and completes with H/H sine-wave spin
resonance. In its interaction (see the U/DZ0 & W–/+ … chapter), it presents
as a quirk/antiquirk:“pre-”𝝂 pair:
RBGHWM RBGHWM
q and q
As will be learned in THE 1st ... chapter, a U/DHiggs interaction with

the antiquirk creates an “Asymmetric Magnetic Monopoles”
quirk/antiquirk:𝝂 pair, with the antiquirk in a higher energy state:
RBGHWM RBGHWM
q and q
Latent U/DHiggs activation begins with the quantum fields energizing

a quirk/antiquirk pair:α and completes with H/H sine-wave and M/M
1½ sine-wave spin resonances. In its interaction (see THE 1st BUILDING
… chapter), it presents as:

RBGHWM^ RBGHWM^ RBGHWMÊ RBGHWMÊ
q and q or q and q
Highlighting The Elegant Standard Model’s Explicit Particle Evolution
The leftmost two columns are “DURING THE SEQUENTIAL FREEZE-

OUTS,” aka “The Supersymmetric Epoch,” and the rightmost two are
“AFTER ALL FREEZE-OUTS,” aka “Present-Day Epoch.” Picture the Present-
Day Epoch data shifted down to begin at the “ !U/DHiggs | quirk/quirk:α”
location and disregard those “----” separators. That picture highlights the
chronology of the force freeze-outs with the associated supersymmetric
particle and quantum field creations during the Supersymmetric Epoch. The
Present-Day Epoch follows with boson spin pair and fermion virtual pair
creations not ordered or sequenced but occur as each event dictates. (It is
quirk/quirk:pre-𝝂 virtual pair creations and not quirk/quirk:𝝂 real pairs. See
the U/DZ0 & W–/+… chapter.)
In magnitude, the ordering of axis energy quanta for their spin and
charge are X=Y=Z>R=B=G>E>M>W>H. (The last four are in the reverse
order of their appearance had the M-axis inversion not occurred.) The X,
Y, and Z-related vacuum energies expand their U/DBubble. The following
U/D
Field energies, in summation the presently-defined “The Higgs Field”
energy for U/DBubble, impart spin and charge to the particle types
created within each bubble:
R(+½) + B(–½) + G(+½) + E(–½) + M(+½) + W(+½) + H(–½)

R(–½) + B(+½) + G(–½) + E(+½) + M(–½) + W(–½) + H(+½)
Hereafter, “Higgs field” refers to the U/DHiggs field. N(orth) and

S(outh) typically replace M and M. Knowing that neutrinos are left-
handed and antineutrinos right-handed, then quirks, “q L,” which have N
spin, are left-handed, and antiquirks, “qR,” with S spin, are right-handed.
“bL” denotes the higher energy state of the asymmetric “𝝂” antiquirk.

THE MASSIVE QUIRKS OF NATURE
CHARGES
FERMIONL or R SPIN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
“α”: ENERGY-BALANCING MONOPOLES

RBGHW
qL +½
RBGHW
qR –½
“𝝂”: ASYMMETRIC MAGNETIC MONOPOLES
RBGHWN
qL +½
RBGHWN
bL +½
“𝕙”: ELECTROMAGNETIC MONOPOLES
RBGHWN –1/3
qL +½
RBGHWS
qR+1/3 –½
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOTES:

THE 1st BUILDING-BLOCKS OF
& THE HIGGS BOSON INTERACTION
Many “𝝂” real pairs bonded their quirk and antiquirk components
together to create dark matter’s first building block. Some “𝝂” quirks
bonded with “𝕙” virtual pair antiquirks and “𝝂” antiquirks with “𝕙”
quirks, creating real “𝕙” components, to create matter’s first two building
blocks. “𝝂” pairs existed before “𝕙” pairs, resulting in more dark matter
than matter. Each of those three building blocks bonded an “α” virtual
pair component to balance their “positive” and “negative” energy
constituents , creating real bonded and unbonded “α” components.
When a “𝝂” quirk bonds to a “𝝂” antiquirk, the antiquirk has a

higher-energy state (as discussed below), so an “α” quirk bonds. When a
“𝝂” quirk bonds to an “𝕙” antiquirk, the antiquirk’s E-axis has charge
energy, so an “α” quirk bonds. When a “𝝂” antiquirk bonds to an “𝕙”
quirk, the E-axis charge energy is greater than bR’s higher-energy state,
and so an “α” antiquirk bonds.
The designations, “q”/“q,” “d”/“d,” and “p”/“p,” differentiate the “α”

particles. Define a left-handed triplet as having a left-handed “𝝂” or “𝕙”
quirk (and right-handed triplets a right-handed “𝝂” or “𝕙” quirk):
THE LEFT-HANDED TRIPLETS

RBGHWN
bL = RBGHWNqL–1/3 = RBGHWqR
RBGHWN
qL = RBGHWSqR+1/3 = RBGHWdL
RBGHWN
qL = RBGHWNbL = RBGHW
pL

Equations derived from above (using simplified notations):
(1) q–1/3 = –b + –qR
(2) d + qL = –q+1/3
(3) p + qL = –b → p + b = d + q+1/3
(4) q–1/3 = –q+1/3 → q+1/3 = b + qR → p + b = d + b + qR
(5) Let q = –qR
→ d = p + q and d = p + q
(Mind “d” “p”s and “q”s!)
The “S” & “𝚺”… chapter discusses “Pinky” TOE attraction. By this
attraction, three qL/qR (“electron”), pL/pR (“zerotron”), or dL/dR (“Gell-
Mann”) components create three types of neutrinos/antineutrinos (with
further discussion in the U/DZ0 & … and Q–1/3 AND … chapters).
Paraphrasing from Origin of Neutrino Mass by Hitoshi Murayam,

Physics World, May 2002, interaction with a Higgs boson changes a
massive particle’s handedness. Neutrinos and antineutrinos were
thought to be massless, the reason they did not change handedness.
Neutrino and antineutrino mass requires this revision: the U/DHiggs

interaction inverts a particle’s M-related axis if it has N or S charge,
which inverts the particle’s Poynting vector. Neutrino and antineutrino
constituents do not have N or S charges and so do not change.
In interacting with “𝝂” or “𝕙” quirk or antiquirk, the U/DHiggs H/H

sine-wave and M/M 1½ sine-wave spin resonances present as a
quirk/antiquirk:“pre-”𝝂 or “𝕙” pair with higher-order M^/M^ charges:
RBGHWM^ RBGHWM^ RBGHWMÊ RBGHWMÊ
q and q or q and q
The Higgs antiquirk inverts an “𝕙” or “𝝂” quirk’s or “𝝂” antiquirk’s

M-axis, and the Higgs quirk inverts an “𝕙” antiquirk’s M-axis.

Recall the analogies with energy flowing clockwise around the loop
portion, →Ω. The Higgs component with oppositely charged, higher-
order magnetic charge zeroes the particle’s magnetic spin and charge
and inverts (or twists) the loop, creating a spring-like higher-energy
state. The other Higgs component then reenergizes it; that component
then no longer repulsed by having the same type (M or M) of magnetic
charge. Energy flows counterclockwise with spin and charge inverted.
The inversion is reversible. For a particle’s interaction, its

handedness determines that of the Higgs components, and so for the
second interaction, they present as right-handed. The magnetic spin and
charge zero, the loop reverts (or untwists) into its original ground state,
and the spin and charge reenergize. Over time, the quantity of left and
right-handed particles equalize. To show their higher-energy state, “b”
and “b” replaces “q” and “q” for right-handed particles.
Recall the “!U/DHiggs” designation in THE ELEGANT STANDARD

MODEL table. !U/DHiggs interaction occurs with left or right-handed “𝝂”
or “𝕙” quirks or antiquirks. “!U/DHiggs” is L/R&𝝂/𝕙U/DHiggs.
Left-handed triplets came before right-handed ones. The H/H and

W/W axes gained charge and interacted with the U/DWeak and U/DHiggs
fields to create mass and left-handed “𝝂” real pairs before U/DHiggs spin
pairs existed. Many of those “𝝂” pairs re-bonded, creating left-handed
triplets. When “𝕙” virtual pairs appeared, the multitude of right-handed
“𝝂” antiquirks bonded with left-handed “𝕙” quirks and left-handed “𝝂”
quirks with right-handed “𝕙” antiquirks, creating those two types of left-
handed triplets.
When a “𝝂” quirk changed to right-handed or antiquirk to left-

handed, the much more numerous opposite-handed counterparts
typically annihilated it before it bonded to another antiquirk or quirk,
respectively.

“𝝂”
LEFT-HANDED RIGHT-HANDED
SPINS: +½/+½ –½/–½
RBGHWN RBGHWS
qL bR
RBGHWN RBGHWS
bL qR
“𝕙”
SPINS: +/–½ –/+½
RBGHWN
qL–1/3 RBGHWS
bR–1/3
RBGHWS
qR+1/3 RBGHWN
bL+1/3
Seemingly, the rarer, right-handed “𝕙” quirk or left-handed

antiquirk might persist and bond with its “𝝂” counterpart, creating a
mixed triplet. From an Anthropic perspective, such mixed ones do not exist.
For example, observed electrons are either left or right-handed with well-
documented properties. A mixed-handedness structure would present
differently. Here are their structures (see the U/DZ0 & W–/+ … chapter) and a
preview of upcoming notation changes:
ELECTRON HANDEDNESS
LEFT RIGHT FOUR REPRESENTATIVE MIXED VERSIONS
0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
Nb = Nq Sq = Sb Nb = Sb Nb = Sb Nb = Nq Nb = Nq
0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
Sq = Sb Nb = Nq Sq = Nq Sq = Sb Sq = Nq Sq = Sb
0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3 0 –1/3
Nb = Nq Sq = Sb Nb = Sb Nb = Nq Nb = Nq Nb = Sb
INTERNAL MAGNETIC CHARGE MAG. CHARGE REPULSIONS

2N 2S 0 BETWEEN ADJACENT ROWS
For all mixed versions that did form, the U/DHiggs interaction
changed the handedness of one constituent to create a left-handed or
right-handed triplet.

Every triplet (and doublet) has one quirk and one antiquirk with
magnetic charges, so a set of two U/DHiggs interactions change its
handedness. An electron is a constrained layer (see the “S” & “𝚺”...
chapter) with six particles. A set of six U/DHiggs create the two
constrained layered structures needed to change its handedness.
Hereafter, “handedness change” refers to the set of U/DHiggs required to
change the handedness of the specified structure.
THE RIGHT-HANDED TRIPLETS

RBGHWS
qL = RBGHWSbR–1/3 = RBGHWqR
RBGHWS
bR = RBGHWNbL+1/3 = RBGHWdL
RBGHWS
bR = RBGHWSqL = RBGHWpL
The evolution and increasing complexity of matter creation is a

continuum that progresses from “𝝂” quirks and antiquirks to triplets to
doublets to quarks, electrons, and neutrinos to hadrons, baryons, and
nucleons to nuclei to atoms, and that applies to their contained
components and their properties.
For example, proton spin +½ is from its intrinsic and global spins
and interactions between its real and virtual components. Likewise, its
contained sub-structures’ spins are due to similar combinations and not
merely the summation of their intrinsic spins.

NOTES:

“S” & “𝚺” STRUCTURES
GLUON EXCHANGE INTERACTION
Consider the two left-handed triplets with electric charges:

RBGHWN
bL = RBGHWNqL–1/3 = RBGHWqR RBGHWN
qL = RBGHWSqR+1/3 = RBGHWdL
It appears that partial annihilation could occur, but it does not:

 Annihilation requires the two particles to have identical energy
states with all axes having opposing spin and charge;
 Gluon exchanges alter color—anticolor charges to non-annihilating:
RBGHWN –1/3
qL annihilates RBGHWSqR+1/3, not RBGHWSqR+1/3 or RBGHWSqR+1/3;
 Other structure particles create physical barriers;
 Each particle in a single-layer structure must have its anti-particle
identically positioned in the anti-structure;
 A multi-layer structure’s confined outer layers have geometry and
bond constraints that make layer annihilation possible.
For compactness in the coming illustrations, not shown are the HW

charges that all “q” have nor the HW charges that all “q” have. “𝝂” and
“𝕙” component’s N or S and “α” component’s L or R become left-side
subscripts. Components with zero E/E charge have right-side “0”. “q,”
“q,” “b,” and “b” plus their subscript and superscript show their color-
related charges, typically in R/R→B/B→G/G sequence. For examples:
RBGHWN
qL–1/3 → Nq–1/3 RBGHWS
qR+1/3 → Sq+1/3 RBGHW
qR → Rq0 RBGHW
dL → Ld0
For the negatively charged triplet, Nq–1/3 has White Pair bonds with
0 0 0 0
Nb but not with Nb or Nb , and likewise for Rq . So gluon exchanges
create Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0. The same-color charges of the antiquirks and
the N charges repel, but the more robust White Pair bonds hold the
triplet together. Similarly, the positively charged triplet becomes Nq0 =
+1/3
Sq = Ld0.

“TOE” attraction—not fetish!—strengths are Physics’ analog to
Chemistry’s ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. “Big TOE” attraction
occurs between two particles with attracting color, electric, and magnetic
charges, “Middle TOE” with attracting color and magnetic charges and
their electric charges are zero, and “Pinky TOE” with attracting color
charges and their electric and magnetic charges are zero.
When a left-handed negatively charged triplet attracts a positively

charged one:
LEFT-LEFT LEFT-RIGHT
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
0 +1/3
Nq = Sq = Ld0 0
Ld = Nb
+1/3
= Sb0
LEFT-LEFT’s Big TOE attraction prevails, and the repelling “N”

magnetic charges determine row-to-row alignment. (The U/DZ0 & W–/+
INTERACTIONS...chapter discusses the removal of “misfit” triplets.)
The structure continually undergoes gluon exchanges that alternate

inter-triplet White Pair bonds but keep intra-triplet White Pair bonds
intact. For example,
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0

0 +1/3
Nq = Sq = Ld0 ↔ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0
For a gluon exchange, the U/DGluon H/H sine-wave spin resonances

present a quirk/antiquirk:2 pair. For example, for Nq–1/3 exchange:
RBGH RBGH
q and q
Picture Nq–1/3 color axes and charges as:
→Ω Ω← Ω← (Red quirk particle)

R B G

Due to color-charge symmetry, the U/DGluon can present a different
color axes arrangement with the same color as the particle. For example:
→Ω Ω← →Ω (antiRed antiquirk)
B R G
Ω← →Ω Ω← (Red quirk)
B R G
The particle’s color charges attract and orient the presenting

antiquirk’s axes to zero its color charges. Afterward, the particle no
longer repulses the presenting quirk nor alters its orientation, which
recharges the particle’s axes, two of them with opposite energy flows
than previously, creating the new color charge set:
Ω← →Ω Ω←
R B G
Nq–1/3
Likewise, for an antiquirk’s gluon exchange, one color and one

anticolor charge change. That is why gluons seem to have one color and
anticolor charge, but they and the particles involved have three color-
related charges.
These exchanges occur with every particle in a structure, but not

simultaneously, so the momentary change in applied forces contributes
to particle quantum “jitters.”
All quirks and antiquirks with color charges undergo gluon

exchanges, which are either left or right-handed “𝕙,” “𝝂,” “αq,” “αp,” or “αd.”
So “!U/DGluon” is L/R&αq/αp/αd/𝝂/𝕙 U/DGluon.
The two-triplet structure’s charges attract the third triplet. For

example, a negatively charged one creates a two-layer structure with the

positively charged triplet above and between the two negatively charged
ones. Gluon exchanges create “Partial White” bonds between the lower
two triplets.
Partial White bonds occur between adjacent inter-triplet particles

and will strongly attract the third triplet to complete the White Triplet.
The order of strengths of bond is White Triplet > Partial White > White
Pair. For charge-related attraction and repulsion, Partial White > a single
particle’s color-related charge set > electric > magnetic.
Consider the handedness possibilities:
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0 0
Rq = Sb
–1/3
= Sq0
LEFT-LEFT has electric and magnetic charge repulsions between

the two quirks. LEFT-RIGHT has antiquirk Pinky and Middle TOE
attractions, and the combined magnetic attractions offset the electric
repulsion, so it prevails. White Pair bonds alternate between the upper
triplet and each lower one, making the structure more robust.
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0

^ … ^ → Upper layer ^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^ ↔ ^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0
The structure’s combined charges attract the fourth triplet with an

electric charge opposite the third. Again, the LEFT-RIGHT sequence
prevails. The most robust structure has alternating inter-layer and intra-
layer Partial White and White Pair bonds, with intra-triplet White Pair
bonds. The example shows two representative gluon exchanges:

Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^ ↔ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0 ↔ Rq0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0
^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^
The fifth triplet, for example, the third one with a negative electric
charge in the lower layer, completes that layer’s White Triplet bonds.
The handedness alternation continues, LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT. Gluon
exchanges continually change the upper layer triplets’ Partial White
bonds with each other and their inter-layer White Pair bonds, as shown
by these representative examples:
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0

^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^ ↔ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0
^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^ ↔ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0
Typically, hereafter, representative gluon exchanges are not shown.
The sixth triplet completes the upper layer’s White Triplet bonds,
also in LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT sequence. Inter-layer White Pair bonds
position the upper layer triplets approximately above the lower layer
ones. That completes matter’s next evolutionary structure, “S”:
S
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
R
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0
^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^

Separating the layers highlights the inter-triplet White Triplet and
intra-triplet White Pair bonds:
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 ^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^

0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0 ^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0 ^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
Identically, both layers can sequence RIGHT-LEFT-RIGHT. Hereafter,

discussions typically use the LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT version.
For the triplet with no electric charge:
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0
Middle TOE attractions align and bond opposite-handed triplets

with gluon exchanges alternating the White Pair bonds. For example,
q0 = Nb0 = Lp0
N
0 0 0
Lp = Sq = Sb ↔ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0
Seemingly, the alternating triplet could partially annihilate with the

first triplet. Recall that gluon exchanges prevent this occurrence. But to
keep consistency with the typical Red-related to Blue-related to Green-
related and repeat sequence used for matter structures, the dark matter
structures will often show this contraction—my Sophie’s choice. In the
mind’s eye, shift the sequence of one layer forward or backward one
color, and there are no longer annihilations.
An analogous construction process creates three rows in RIGHT-

LEFT-RIGHT sequence layered above three rows in LEFT-RIGHT-LEFT, or
vice versa, creating Dark matter’s next evolutionary structure, “Σ”:

𝚺
N q0 = Nb0 = Lp0
^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp
^ Lp = Nb0 = Nq0
0
^
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp
^ Lp = Sq0 = Sb0
0
^
R-L-R L-R-L
Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Lp = Nb = Nq Sb = Sq = Lp
0 0 0 0 0 0
Lp = Sq = Sb Nq = Nb = Lp
For each S and 𝚺 layer, intra and inter-layer White Pair and White
Triplet bonds strongly attract, restricting the movements and locations of
the constituent particles, that is, confining them. Confinement creates
geometry conditions sufficient rigid to enable layer annihilation, as
discussed in the next chapter.

NOTES:

Z & W–/+ INTERACTIONS;
U/D 0
e–1, e0 , Q+1, Q+2/3, 𝝂q/𝝂q, 𝝂P/𝝂P, and 𝝂d/𝝂d;

β+/–/0/0-DECAYS; AND ANTIMATTER
For W–/+ or U/DZ0 interactions, the H/H sine-wave resonances
present “𝕙” or “pre-𝝂” quirk/antiquirk pair, respectively. They are:
L W–/+ R W–/+ U/D

Z0
L
U/D
R
0
Z
Nq–1/3 Sb–1/3 N q0 Sb0
+1/3 +1/3 0 0
Sq Nb Sq Nb
Specific combinations bond to recreate each building block triplet

and its antimatter counterpart, including bonding the necessary energy-
balancing “α” quirk or antiquirk.
LEFT-HAND RIGHT-HAND
L W–/+ = D/URZ0 R W–/+ = D/ULZ0
R q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 R q0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0
L q0 = Sq+1/3 = Sb0 L q0 = Nb+1/3 = Nq0
L W+/– = U/DLZ0 R W+/– = U/DRZ0

L d0 = Sq+1/3 = Nq0 L d0 = Nb+1/3 = Sb0
R d0 = Nq–1/3 = Sq0 R d0 = Sb–1/3 = Nb0
U/D 0
L Z = D/URZ0 U/D
R
0
Z = D/ULZ0
R q0 = Nq0 = Nb0 R q0 = Sb0 = Sq0
Lq0 = Sq0 = Sb0 L q0 = Nb0 = Nq0

Those triplets combine to replicate an S or 𝚺 layer and to create its
antimatter layer. Which confined set of triplets forms depends on the
structure undergoing interaction. Hereafter, to simplify notation, “W –/+
interaction” means the triplet set required to interact with S and “U/DZ0
interaction” with 𝚺. (Typically, the discussion and illustrations are for
left-handed versions, the right-handed then self-evident and not shown.)
Definitions: “L” means left-handed, “R” right-handed. For L/R&1/2W–/+:

“1” means that L/RW– appears as p-L/Re–1 and L/RW+ its antimatter, p-R/Le+1.
“2” means that L/RW+ appears as p-L/RQ+1 and L/RW– its antimatter, p-R/LQ–1.
L1 W– W+
L1
R q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 Lq0 = Sq+1/3 = Sb0

0 –1/3
R q = Sb = Sq0 0
Lq = Nb
+1/3
= Nq0
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0 0
Lq = Sq
+1/3
= Sb0
L2 W– L2 W+
Sq0 = Nq–1/3 = Rd0 Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0
0 –1/3
Nb = Sb = Rd0 0
Sb = Nb
+1/3
= Ld0
0 –1/3
Sq = Nq = Rd0 0
Nq = Sq
+1/3
= Ld0
Recalling S, the negatively charged layer is a proto-electron (p-e –1),

and the positively charged layer is a proto-Gell-Mann quark (p-Q+1).
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
R N q0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0 0
Sb = Nb
+1/3
= Ld0
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0 0
Nq = Sq
+1/3
= Ld0
p-Le–1 p-LQ+1
Recall that the White Triplet bonds of the neutrino and

antineutrino components are more robust than their shared White Pair
bonds to Q+1 or e–1. Highlighting the e–1/3, antineutrino (𝝂q), Q+1, and
neutrino (𝝂d) constituents and the intra-𝝂q and 𝝂d White Triplet bonds:

Nb0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0 Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0
|| ||
0 –1/3
Sq = Sb = Rq0 0
Sb = Nb
+1/3
= Ld0
|| ||
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0 0
Nq = Sq
+1/3
= Ld0
Le–1 = 𝝂q Q+1 = 𝝂d
L
With L1W–/+ interaction, L1W+ annihilates the p-Le–1 layer. Ɣ-rays

fracture the p-LQ+1 layer into three Q+1/3 doublets and 𝝂d, and L1W– into Le–1
and 𝝂q. This interaction is the mechanism of electron β–-decay.
e–1
L 𝝂q Q+1/3 Doublets 𝝂d
N b0 = Nq–1/3 q0
R q0 = Sq+1/3
N Ld0
0 –1/3
Sq = Sb || --------------- ||
0 –1/3 0 0 +1/3 0
Nb = Nq Rq Sb = Nb Ld
LELECTRON || --------------- ||
0 0 +1/3 0
Rq Nq = Sq Ld
With L2W–/+ interaction, L2W– annihilates the p-LQ+1 layer. Ɣ-rays

fracture the p-Le–1 layer into three e–1/3 doublets and 𝝂q, and L2W+ into LQ+1
and 𝝂d. This is the mechanism of Gell-Mann Quark β+-decay.
e–1/3 Doublets 𝝂q Q+1

L 𝝂d
Nb0 = Nq–1/3 Rq0 q0 = Sq+1/3
N Ld
0
0 +1/3
-------------- || Sb = Nb ||
0 –1/3 0 0 +1/3 0
Sq = Sb Rq Nq = Sq Ld
-------------- || LGELL-MANN QUARK ||
0 –1/3 0 0
Nb = Nq Rq Ld

Analogously, for U/DZ0 interactions:
U 0 D 0
Z
L Z
L
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 Sb0 = Sq0 = Rp0

0 0 0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp Nq = Nb = Rp
0 0 0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp Sb = Sq = Rp
Recalling Σ, one layer is a left-handed proto-zerotron, p-Le0, and the

other a right-handed p-Re0:
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0

0 0 0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp Lp = Nb = Nq
0 0 0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp Lp = Sq = Sb
p-Le0 p-Re0
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 b0 = Sq0 = Lp0

S
|| ||
0 0 0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp Nq = Nb = Lp
|| ||
0 0 0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp Sb = Sq = Lp
e0
L = 𝝂p Re0 = 𝝂p
With U/DLZ0 interaction (and analogously for U/DRZ0 interaction):
e0
L 𝝂p e0 Doublets 𝝂p
Nq0 = Nb0 Lp0 S b0 = Sq0 Lp0
0 0
Sb = Sq || ----------- ||
0 0 0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb Lp Nq = Nb Lp
LZerotron || ----------- ||
0 0 0 0
Lp Sb = Sq Lp
That is the mechanism of β0-decay, dark matter’s analog of β–-decay.

W–/+ and L/RU/DZ0 interactions create 𝝂q, 𝝂p, and 𝝂d. Recall that
L/R&1/2
triplet formation freed their anti-constituents whose Pinky TOE
attraction then created 𝝂q, 𝝂p, and 𝝂d.
When improper triplet sequencing in an S or 𝚺 layer occurs, say, an

L-L-R sequence, the layers lengthen until an adjacent portion has the
appropriate sequence, L-L-R-L. Then an appropriate L&1/2W–/+ or LU/DZ0
interaction annihilates the L-R-L portion, eliminating the defect.
Likewise, an “impurity” matter triplet may occur in a Σ layer or a

dark matter triplet in an S layer. Again, the layers lengthen until an
appropriate annihilation of an adjacent sequence eliminates the defect.
“Impurity” triplets with the proper triplet shown in parentheses:
q0 = Nb0 = Lp0
N
^ Lp0 = Sb0 = Sb0 ^
(Sb0 = Sb0 = Lp0) 0
Sq = Sb
–1/3
= Rq0
^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp
(Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0) ^ Ld = Nb+1/3 = Sb0
0
^
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
R
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
(Rq0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0) 0 0
Lp = Sq = Sb
0
^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^

0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0
(Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0) ^ Sq0 = Sb0 = Lp0 ^
Momentum conservation scatters the post-annihilation neutrinos,

antineutrinos, electrons, Gell-Mann quarks, and zerotrons, all of which
have confining White Triplet bonds. The doublets’ color charges attract
one another, and most rebond. Consider three e–1/3 doublets (L, R, L):
b0 = Nq–1/3
N q0 = Sb–1/3
S b0 = Nq–1/3
N

The first two have color and magnetic charge attractions. Gluon
exchanges alternate between White Pair and Partial White bonds to
attract the third doublet:
N b0 = Nq–1/3
–1/3
Sb = Sq0 ↔ Sb–1/3 = Sq0
The more robust White Triplet bonds realign and confine the
doublets, creating an e–1:
Nb0 = Nq–1/3
0 –1/3
Sq = Sb
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq
Analogously, for three e0 doublets (R, L, R):
S b0 = Sq0 N q0 = Nb0 S b0 = Sq0
Sb0 = Sq0
0 0
Nb = Nq ↔ q0 = Nb0
N
Sb0 = Sq0
0 0
Nq = Nb
0 0
Sb = Sq
It is not so for three Q+1/3 doublets (L, R, L):
Nq0 = Sq+1/3 S b0 = Nb+1/3 Nq0 = Sq+1/3
White Pair and magnetic charge attractions bond the two same-
handed triplets, which have the same energy state. The electric and
magnetic same-charges repulse opposite-handed ones, which also have
different energy states. That creates an Up quark and a freed doublet:

q0 = Sq+1/3
N Nq0 = Sq+1/3
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 Nb
+1/3
= Sb0
UP QUARK FREE DOUBLET
+2/3 0 +1/3
LQ Sb = Nb
Rarely, a roaming, same-handed Q+1/3 doublet bonds to an up quark,

completing its confining White Triplet bonds. The strong electric and
magnetic repulsions make the Serber quark transitory:
SERBER QUARK
+1
L2Q
Nq0 = Sq+1/3
0 +1/3
Nq = Sq
0 +1/3
Nq = Sq
Due to their abundance, dark matter triplets also bond to e –1/3, e–1,
Q+1, 2Q+1, Q+1/3, and dark matter doublets, creating two-layer, hybrid
structures. LEFT-LEFT means the dark matter triplet layer and other
layer in L-R-L sequence, RIGHT-LEFT, an R-L-R dark matter triplet layer.
For bonding to three e–1/3 doublets or e–1 (spacing added for clarity):
LEFT-LEFT RIGHT-LEFT
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
–1/3
Nq = Nb0 Nq
–1/3
= Nb0
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^
–1/3
Sb = Sq0 Sb
–1/3
= Sq0
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
–1/3
Nq = Nb0 Nq
–1/3
= Nb0

Construction proceeds like that of S for LEFT-LEFT, but has
weakened inter-layer bonds due to magnetic same-charge repulsions. A
U/D 0
Z interaction annihilates the triplet layer but frees the confined e –1
intact. RIGHT-LEFT construction and multiple attractive magnetic inter-
layer bonds approximate those of 𝚺. So, U/DZ0 annihilation of the dark
matter triplets fractures the charged layer into three e–1/3 doublets. As
previously discussed, most rebond into e –1. In time, all are so bonded.
Observations verify that there are no roaming particles, elements, or ions
with fractional electric charges.
For bonding to Q+1 or two L and one R or two R and one L Q+1/3
doublet, or to 2Q+1 or three same-handed Q+1/3 doublets:
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 Sq
+1/3
= Nq0
* ^ S b = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
0
^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^
+1/3
* Nb = Sb0 Nb
+1/3
= Sb0
^ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^
N ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
+1/3 0 +1/3
Sq = Nq Sq = Nq0
FEYNMAN QUARK
(See the Q–1/3 AND … chapter.)
* ^ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
S ^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^
+1/3 0 +1/3
* Sq = Nq Sq = Nq0
WHEELER QUARK (Ditto)
LEFT-LEFT and RIGHT-LEFT structures have about equal inter-layer

bonds whose strengths are sufficiently strong so that when U/DZ0
annihilates the triplets, it fractures the charged layer into the three Q +1/3
doublets. Two same-handed ones bond into an up quark. The third
doublet strays until, like the up quark, it becomes a constituent of a new
up quark or proton. (See the P+1, N0… chapter.)

For e0 or three dark matter doublets, construction is similar to that
for 𝚺, and inter-layer bonding to those for three e–1/3 doublets or e–1.
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb Nq = Nb
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^

0 0 0 0
Sb = Sq Sb = Sq
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^ ^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^

0 0 0 0
Nq = Nb Nq = Nb
For RIGHT-LEFT, U/DZ0 annihilation fractures the e0 layer into three

doublets, which mostly rebond, and for LEFT-LEFT, it frees an e 0. In time,
all dark matter doublets become zerotrons.
Define “Type 1” W–/+ and U/DZ0 interactions as those in which the

antimatter component annihilates a triplet layer. In “Type 2,” the matter
component bonds to the structure, and the locale’s heat fractures the
antimatter component. That is the mechanism of positron (versus Gell-
Mann Quark) β+-decay, Gell-Mann antiQuark (versus electron) β –-decay,
and dark matter’s β0-decay.
For Type 2 L2W–/+ interaction with S, p-LQ+1 creates shared Big TOE
attractions with the negatively charged layer and extended Partial White
bonds with the positively charged one. Heat soon fractures p- RQ–1:
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ˅ → Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 ^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
˅ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ˅ → 0
Rq = Sb
–1/3
= Sq0 ^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ˅ → 0
Rq = Nq
–1/3
= Nb0 ^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
R Q–1 𝝂d
Sq0 = Nq–1/3 Rd0
0 –1/3 0
Nb = Sb Rd
0 –1/3 0
Sq = Nq Rd

Type 1 L2W–/+ soon annihilates the added layer, restoring S and
fracturing its p-LQ+1 component into 𝝂d and LQ+1. Or, if local heat does not
fragment a Type 2’s antimatter component, it annihilates the structure’s
addition. In time, those matter particles annihilate the preceding
antimatter ones. That sequence repeats until back-to-back Type 1 W –/+
annihilate one layer of S and fracture the other into matter particles.
Over time, that happens to all S undergo, which is the reason for matter’s
dominance over antimatter.
Likewise, for Type 2 L1W–/+ interaction, p-Le–1 bonds to S with heat

fracturing p- Re+1 into 𝝂q and Re+1; Type 1 L1W–/+ interaction restores S:
𝝂q Re+1
Lq0 q+1/3 = Sb0
S
0 +1/3
Lq Nb = Nq0
0 +1/3
Lq Sq = Sb0
Analogously, Type 2 U/DLZ0 interaction results in p-Le0 bonding to 𝚺

with Middle TOE attractions and Partial White bonds. Local heat
fractures p-Re0 into Re0 and 𝝂p. Type 1 U/DLZ0 interaction restores 𝚺. Over
time, the resultant dark matter and antidark matter particles annihilate.
Eventually, back-to-back Type 1 U/DLZ0 interactions fracture all 𝚺, and dark
matter dominates antidark matter.
e0
R 𝝂p
Sq0 = Sb0 Rp0
0 0 0
Nb = Nq Rp
0 0 0
Sq = Sb Rp

NOTES:

Q–1/3 AND THE “EPHEMERAL EXOTICS”
& NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS
Type 1 L/R&1/2W–/+ and L/RZ0 interactions occur only with a structure’s
triplet layer, but their Type 2 interactions also occur with doublet
structures, for example, an up quark. Those interactions produced the
permanent matter building-block, Down Quark, and many “ephemeral
exotics,” including the Standard Model’s 2nd and 3rd electron and quark
generations.
During a same-handed Type 2 1W–/+ interaction with an up quark,

the p-e–1 component bonds to it, creating a down quark, and the locale’s
heat fractures the p-e+1 component into e+1 and 𝝂q. Gluon exchanges
alternate inter-layer White Pair bonds. For example:
DOWN QUARK
(LDQ–1/3)
R q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ ↔ Sq+1/3 = Nq0
q0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0
R
^ (none) ^
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
R
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ ↔ Sq+1/3 = Nq0
As discussed later in this chapter, Type 1 1W–/+ interaction changes

D –1/3
Q to UQ+2/3. Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction changes UQ+2/3 to CQ+2/3, DQ–1/3 to
S –1/3 C +2/3
Q , Q to TQ+2/3, and SQ–1/3 to BQ–1/3; each one reversed by Type 1 U/DZ0.
So, a quark changes flavor into any other type by a specific sequence of
interactions, and likewise for dark matter quarks, electron ↔ muon ↔
tau, and dark matter’s zerotron ↔ nuon ↔ sigma. In analogy, element
change is to alchemy as flavor change is to “alphysy.”

A left- and a right-handed S have six negatively and six positively
charged triplets. Picture the four individual Type 1 1/2W–/+ interactions
with their four layers. After same-handed doublet rebonding, Le–1, Re–1,
U +2/3
L Q , RUQ+2/3, LQ+1/3 doublet, and RQ+1/3 doublet result. U/DHiggs
interaction changes one doublet’s handedness, and the two doublets
bond into UQ+2/3. Type 2 1W–/+ interaction with UQ+2/3 creates DQ–1/3 plus an
e+1 that annihilates its e–1 counterpart. Statistically, the result is particle
and charge asymmetries of:
1e–1:2UQ+2/3:1DQ–1/3
A collision can free an up quark from a proton in present-day high-

energy locales, such as cosmic rays and particle colliders. (See the P+1, N0
... chapter for proton construction and structure.) The collision energy
and those released from the broken intra-proton bonds create an up
quark/anti-up quark pair. The up quark restores the proton, and the
anti-up quark annihilates the up quark. In some instances, an
intervening Type 2 1W–/+ interaction with the up quark bonds its p-e –1
component to create a down quark, and the anti-up quark becomes real.
For some, a Type 2 2W–/+ interaction bonds its p-e+1 component to create
an anti-down quark. (Only sequences for 1st Generation matter and dark
matter anti-quark creation are provided.)
For the U/DZ0 interactions that follow, the specified handedness

bonded to the specified layer results in the Standard Model’s 2 nd or 3rd
generation particle, and likewise for dark matter’s equivalents. Bonding
the other handedness or to another layer creates different, undiscussed,
ephemeral exotics. Each particle’s 2 nd and 3rd generation handedness is
that of its 1st generation.
To create a charm quark, CQ+2/3, a same-handed Type 2 U/DZ0

interaction bonds the p-e0 component to UQ+2/3, and the p-e0 component
fractures into e0 and 𝝂p. For example, p-Le0 to LUQ+2/3:

CHARM QUARK
(LCQ+2/3)
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ ↔ Sq+1/3 = Nq0
b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S
^ (none) ^
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^ ↔ Sq+1/3 = Nq0
Type 1 U/DZ0 interaction restores UQ+2/3, freeing Le0 and 𝝂p. e0 and e0
remain unidentified or misidentified in present-day particle databases.
Likewise, a Gell-Mann quark becomes a Feynman quark and a

Serber quark a Wheeler quark. (See the U/DZ0 & … chapter for structures.)
An opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction bonds the p-e0 to DQ–1/3

to create a strange quark, SQ–1/3. For example, p-Re0 to LDQ–1/3:
STRANGE QUARK
(LSQ–1/3)
˅ p0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅
L
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^
˅ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0
^ (none) ^
˅ p0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅
L
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0
+1/3
^ Sq = Nq0 ^

An opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction with CQ+2/3 creates a
top quark, TQ+2/3. Likewise, a Feynman quark becomes an Everett quark
and a Wheeler quark a Leavitt quark. For example, p-Re0 to LCQ+2/3:
TOP QUARK
(LTQ+2/3)
˅ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅
N
+1/3
Sq = Nq0
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
S
(none)
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^
˅ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅
N
+1/3
Sq = Nq0
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
EVERETT QUARK
(LEQ+1)
˅ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅
N
+1/3
Sq = Nq0
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
S
+1/3
* Nb = Sb0
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^
˅ q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅
N
+1/3
Sq = Nq0
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
LEAVITT QUARK
(LLQ+1)
* Sq+1/3 = Nq0

A same-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction with SQ–1/3 creates a bottom
quark, BQ–1/3. For example, Le0 to LSQ–1/3:
BOTTOM QUARK
(LBQ–1/3)
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S ˅
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^
0 0 0
^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^
0 0 0
˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅
0 –1/3
Sq = Sb = Rq0
^ (none) ^
0 0 0
^^ Lp = Sq = Sb ^^
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S ˅
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^
0 0 0
^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^
The Rubin quark is dark matter’s analog to the down quark and
charm quark. An opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction bonds the p-
e0 component to a zerotron. The quark’s handedness is that of the
zerotron. For example, Rp-e0 to Le0:
RUBIN QUARK
R 0
L Q
b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^
Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0
0 0
^ Sq = Sb ^
b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^

An opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction that bonds the p-e0
component to an antizerotron creates an antiRubin quark.
An opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 bonds its p-e0 component to RQ0 to

create a Slipher quark, dark matter’s analog of the strange quark and top
quark. For example, Rp-e0 to LRQ0:
SLIPHER QUARK
S 0
L Q
˅ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅

0 0
Nb = Nq
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
˅ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅
0 0
Sq = Sb
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^
˅ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
0 0
Nb = Nq
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
A same-handed Type 2 U/DZO bonds the p-e0 layer to SQ0 to create the
Zwicky quirk, dark matter’s analog of the bottom quark. For example, Lp-
e0 to LSQ0:
(Structure shown on the next page.)

ZWICKY QUARK
Z 0
L Q
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S ˅
0 0
Nb = Nq
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
0 0 0
^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^
0 0 0
˅ Nq = Nb = Lp ˅
0 0
Sq = Sb
0 0 0
^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^
0 0 0
^^ Lp = Sq = Sb ^^
˅ b0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
S
0 0
Nb = Nq
0 0 0
^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^
0 0 0
^^ Lp = Nb = Nq ^^
The components of nearby opposite-handed Type 1 U/DZO and 1W–/+

interactions bond to create a muon, Me–1, and antimuon, Me+1, with the
–/+
1W component’s handedness. For example, p-Le–1 to p-Re0:
MUON
(LMe–1)
b0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0
N
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
q0 = Sb–1/3 = Rq0
S
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^
b0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0
N
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
When a Type 1 L1W–/+ p-Re+1 component annihilates the p-Le–1 layer,

the p-Re0 layer fractures into 𝝂p (“zerotron/muon” neutrino) and three
dark matter doublets that rebond into Re0, and the p-Le–1 component

fractures into Le–1 and 𝝂q (“electron” antineutrino). When a Type 1 U/DRZ0
p-Le0 component annihilates the p-Re0 layer, the p-Le–1 layer fractures into
𝝂q and three e–1/3 doublets that rebond into Le–1. The p-Re0 component
fractures into Re0 and 𝝂p. Analogously, antimuon annihilations produce
+1 0
Re , Le , 𝝂q (“electron” neutrino), and 𝝂p (“zerotron/muon” antineutrino).
The quirk and antiquirk’s inherent magnetic properties and their

structural arrangement and confinement in muons and antimuons
resolve the g−2 muon anomaly.
A nearby opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction with a muon

creates a tau, Te–1, and with an antimuon, an antitau, Te+1. For example, p-
0 M –1
Re to L e :
TAU
(LTe–1)
˅ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
˅ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅
0 –1/3
Sq = Sb = Rq0
^ Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ^
˅ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ˅
0 –1/3
Nb = Nq = Rq0
^ Sb0 = Sq0 = Lp0 ^
With Type 1 U/DZ0 interaction, Te–1 → Me–1, e0, and 𝝂p and with a
second one or Type 1 1W–/+ interaction, Te–1 → e–1, 𝝂q, 2 e0, and 2 𝝂p.
Analogously, Te+1 → e+1, 𝝂q, 2 e0, and 2 𝝂p. Lepton number conservation
means mistaking 𝝂p as a tau neutrino and 𝝂p as a tau antineutrino.
Recall d = p + q for the constituent particle energies of 𝝂 d/𝝂d (Gell-

Mann), 𝝂p/𝝂p (zerotron/muon), and 𝝂q/𝝂q (electron). So, 𝝂d/𝝂d are “Gell-

Mann/tau,” with 𝝂p and 𝝂p oscillated into 𝝂d and 𝝂d. Oscillations result
from the absorption or emission of specific energy quanta. Alternatively,
neutrino/antineutrino virtual pairs occur in those extreme environments
and their components bond in mimicking ways: Electron: 𝝂d=𝝂p/𝝂d=𝝂p,
Zerotron/Muon/Nuon (see below): 𝝂d=𝝂p/𝝂d=𝝂p, Gell-Mann/Tau/Sigma
(see below): 𝝂p=𝝂q/𝝂p=𝝂q. Their decays create the false appearance of
self-annihilation, new neutrino/antineutrino types or generations, or
zero-mass ones.
Same-handed components from nearby 1W–/+ and 2W–/+ interactions

bond to create S (and S.) For p-Le–1 with p-LQ+1:
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
R
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
q0 = Sb–1/3 = Sq0
R
^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 = Ld0 ^
q0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0
R
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 = Ld0 ^
Similarly, opposite-handed components from nearby Type 2 U/DZ0

interactions bond to create dark matter’s nuon, Ne0, and antinuon, Ne0.
For p-Le0 to p-Re0:
NUON
(LNe0)
q0 = Nb0 = Lp0
N
^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
b0 = Sq0 = Lp0
S
^ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ^
q0 = Nb0 = Lp0
N
^ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ^
Ta da: 𝚺 (and Σ)

With Type 1 U/DZ0 interactions, a nuon and antinuon create 2 e0 and
2 𝝂p, and 2 e0 and 2 𝝂p, respectively. So, 𝝂p/𝝂p is “zerotron/muon/nuon.”
Analogous to tau is dark matter’s sigma particle (an honorarium to

the former Engineering Honor Society, Sigma Tau), produced when an
opposite-handed Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction bonds its p-e0 component to a
nuon, and analogously for the antisigma. For p-Re0 to LNe0:
SIGMA
(LSe0)
˅ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp
^ Lp = Sq0 = Sb0
0
^
˅ Lp0 = Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp
^ Lp = Nb0 = Nq0
0
^
˅ Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp
^ Lp = Sq0 = Sb0
0
^
Type 1 U/DZ0 interactions with a sigma and antisigma create 3 e 0 and

3 𝝂p, and 3 e0 and 3 𝝂p, respectively. So, 𝝂d/𝝂d is “Gell-Mann/tau/sigma.”
Note the number of layers versus the number of W–/+ and U/DZ0
interactions required to create or decay each particle. One-layer—up
quark, Gell-Mann quark, electron, and zerotron—require one or two
interactions; two-layer—down quark, charm quark, Rubin quark, muon,
and nuon—two or three interactions; three-layer—strange quark, top
quark, Slipher quark, tau, and sigma—three or four interactions, and
four-layer bottom quark and Zwicky quark—four or five interactions.

NOTES:

P+1, N0, ⅅ0, AND ℕ0 STRUCTURES & 1VH
Big TOE attractions bond and magnetic charge interactions orient a
left-handed up quark and a right-handed up quark (or two Q+1/3 doublets
for an up quark) to a down quark to synthesize a proton. The proton’s
handedness is that of the down quark. For example:
Q+2/3
L L
D
Q–1/3 RQ+2/3 or 2 RQ+1/3
˅ S q+1/3 = Nq0 ˅ →
b0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0
N
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ^
←˅ N b+1/3 = Sb0 ˅
q0 = Sb–1/3 = Rq0
S
^ (none) ^ ←^ S b0 = Nb+1/3 ^
˅ N q0 = Sq+1/3 ˅ →
b0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0
N
^ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ^
PROTON
(LP+1)
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ˅
0 –1/3 0
Nb = Nq = Rq FRONT
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^
------------------------------------------
˅ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 ˅
0 –1/3 0
Sq = Sb = Rq CENTER
0 +1/3
^ Sb = Nb ^
------------------------------------------
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ˅
0 –1/3 0
Nb = Nq = Rq BACK
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^

An estimated proton half-life of 1035 years or greater confirms that a
Type 1 2W–/+ interaction annihilates only a p-Q+1 layer, not a Q+1 layer.
Otherwise, it would annihilate an outer proton layer, exposing the inner
p-e–1 layer to commonplace Type 1 1W–/+ annihilation and total proton
destruction. By inference, a Type 1 1W–/+ interaction does not annihilate
an e–1 layer, and a Type 1 U/DZ0 does not annihilate an e0 layer. The two
positively charged outer layers also provide physical barrier protection
for the inner p-e–1 layer. Proton decay requires an aberrant, extremely
rare Type 1 2W–/+ interaction or other events.
In neutron synthesis, a same-handed Type 2 1W–/+ interacts with a

proton. The p-e–1 component bonds and the locale’s high heat fragments
p-e+1 into e+1 and 𝝂q, creating positron β+-decay.
NEUTRON
(LN0)
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ˅
0 –1/3 0
Nb = Nq = Rq FRONT
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^
0 –1/3 0
^^ Nb = Nq = Rq ^^
---------------------------------------------
˅ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 ˅
0 –1/3 0
Sq = Sb = Rq CENTER
0 +1/3
^ Sb = Nb ^
0 –1/3 0
^^ Sq = Sb = Rq ^^
---------------------------------------------
˅ Nq0 = Sq+1/3 ˅
0 –1/3 0
Nb = Nq = Rq BACK
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^
0 –1/3
^^ Nb = Nq = Rq0 ^^
In free space, the neutron is vulnerable to Type 1 1W–/+ interaction.

The p-e+1 component annihilates the neutron’s external p-e –1 layer, and
the p-e–1 fractures into e–1 and 𝝂q. (That also occurs in radioactive

isotope’s β–-decay.) Neutron decay does not fracture the proton, again
demonstrating its durability.
Similar to proton synthesis, Middle TOE attractions bond a same-

handed zerotron and Rubin quark to create a darktron. For example:
DARKTRON
(Lⅅ0)
˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp FRONT
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^
-------------------------------------
˅ q0 = Sb0
S ˅
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp CENTER
0 0
^ Sq = Sb ^
-------------------------------------
˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp BACK
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^
Like its proton analog, a darktron rarely decays. A Type 1 U/DZ0

interaction cannot annihilate an outer e 0 layer protecting the inner p-e0
layer.
The neutraltron is the neutron’s analog. An opposite-handed Type

2 U/DZ0 interaction bonds the p-e0 component to an outer darktron layer,
and the p-e0 fractures into e0 and 𝝂p, creating β0-decay. A second
synthesis process occurs when two same-handed Rubin quarks bond.
(Neutraltron structure shown on the next page.)
A neutraltron decays in free space via Type 1 U/DZ0 interaction,

creating a darktron, 𝝂p, and e0. (That is also the mechanism of e0-decay in
dark matter “radioactive” isotopes.)

NEUTRALTRON
(Lℕ0)
˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp FRONT
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^
0 0 0
^^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^^
-------------------------------------
˅ q0 = Sb0
S ˅
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp CENTER
0 0
^ Sq = Sb ^
0 0 0
^^ Nq = Nb = Lp ^^
-------------------------------------
˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp BACK
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^
0 0 0
^^ Sb = Sq = Lp ^^
Consider two opposite-handed paired electrons in their orbital

around a proton:
Le–1 L P+1 Re–1

Nq–1/3 = Nb0 ˅ q+1/3 = Nq0 ˅
S Sb–1/3 = Sq0
–1/3
Sb = Sq0 0
Rq = Nq
–1/3
= Nb0 Nq
–1/3
= Nb0
–1/3
Nq = Nb0 ^ Sq
+1/3
= Nq0 ^ Sb
–1/3
= Sq0
˅ b+1/3 = Sb0 ˅
N
0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0
+1/3
^ Nb = Sb0 ^
^ q+1/3 = Nq0 ^
S
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0
+1/3
˅ Sq = Nq0 ˅

There are electron-to-proton electric attractions and electron-to-
electron repulsion. LP+1 has a net magnetic charge of 2N (RP+1 has 2S), Le–1
has 2N, and Re–1 has 2S.
Consider two opposite-handed paired zerotrons in their orbital

around a darktron:
e0
L Lⅅ0 e0
R
b0 = Nq0
N ˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅ Sq0 = Sb0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sq = Sb Sb = Sq = Lp Nb = Nq
0 0 0 0 0 0
Nb = Nq ^ Nb = Nq ^ Sq = Sb
˅ Sq0 = Sb0 ˅
0 0 0
Nq = Nb = Lp
0 0
^ Sq = Sb ^
˅ Nb0 = Nq0 ˅
0 0 0
Sb = Sq = Lp
0 0
^ Nb = Nq ^
Lⅅ0 has a net magnetic charge of 2N, (Rⅅ0 has 2S,) Le0 has 2N, and Re0
has 2S. With no electric charge attraction, e 0 is less tightly bound to ⅅ 0
than e–1 is to P+1.
Consider two electrons approaching in empty space. If same-

handed, then there are electric charge and net magnetic charge
repulsions, but the net magnetic charges attract and reduce the overall
repulsion if opposite-handed. Experiments can test for that difference,
verifying or falsifying this observation.
Likewise, two same-handed zerotrons have net magnetic repulsion,

but two opposite-handed ones attract, and that also occurs between two
darktrons or a darktron and zerotron. So, darktrons and zerotrons
aggregate in clouds of interspersed particle handedness, presently

supported by observations of dark matter halos and other clumping
phenomena. (Also see the DARK MATTER IONS … chapter.)
Although electrons and zerotrons have a net magnetic charge of 2N

or 2S depending on handedness, the electron’s internal repulsions by its
quirks create a somewhat altered constituent geometry for it compared
to that of a zerotron. So, the magnetic dipole moment of electrons differs
from that of zerotrons. Experiments can test this observation to verify or
falsify it.
One electron orbiting a proton is the first matter element, hydrogen,

1
H. Likewise, one zerotron orbiting a darktron is the first dark matter
element—“VanHoozenium,” dark element symbol “ 1VH.” (By my
definition, dark matter symbols have both letters capitalized.) The two
… Nucleosynthesis … chapters discuss the Periodic Table and the
analogously derived Dark Matter Periodic Table elements and isotopes.

NOTES:

GRAVITON AND U/DPHOTON
U/D
INTERACTIONS
“c” ASYMPTOTICALLY APPROACHES ∞,
THE (NEARLY) IMPOSSIBLE TO RECREATE
SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLES,
INSIDE FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS,
& THE EPR PARADOX
Every Elegant Standard Model particle moves and its moving

charges have “friction” with their respective quantum field whose
summed effects slow its movement to less than or equal to the speed of
light and limit its range. Post-freeze-out “α,” “𝝂,” and “𝕙” quirks and
antiquirks have a variety of charges that confine them in structures. W –/+
and U/DZ0 sets present as confined particles to annihilate or bond with the
nearby structure. U/DHiggs sets present with higher-order M-related
charges attracted to nearby magnetically charged particles. U/DGluon sets
present with R, B, and G-axis charges attracted to those of the nearby
particles. Only the U/DGraviton and U/DPhoton, with just an H-axis charge,
propagate over substantial distances and establish the speed of light.
U/D
Graviton activation begins with a nearby moving “α,” “𝝂,” or “𝕙”
particle causing the quantum fields to energize a quirk/antiquirk:1 pair
with their seven axes spins and single charge:
H
q and Hq
As the pair gain H-axis double sine-wave spin resonance from the U/
D
Higgs field, the nearby moving quirk repels Hq, and attracts Hq,
absorbing its potential energy as heat. Likewise, the nearby moving
antiquirk attracts Hq and repels Hq. (Most matter and dark matter

structures have nearly equal quantities of quirks and antiquirks of each
type. See the … Nucleosynthesis ... chapters.)
When each repelled component encounters a matter or dark matter

structure, its higher-order spin resonance presents as a particle with
higher-order H-related charge (H^ or H^):
H^
q or H^q
H^
q strongly attracts the structure’s antiquirks and H^q the quirks,
thereby pulling the originating and receiving structures toward one
another. Gravity is only attractive. !U/DGraviton is L/R&αq/αp/αd/𝝂/𝕙U/DGraviton.
Similarly, nearby moving “𝕙” particles create L/R&𝕙U/DPhoton, and

nearby moving “𝝂” particles create Dark L/R&𝝂U/DPhoton. (Moving “α”
particles do not create U/DPhotons.)
Activation begins when the quantum fields energize the seven spins
and single charge of a quirk/antiquirk:3 pair:
H
q and Hq
For the nearby moving “𝕙” particle, a quirk attracts Hq as it gains its
H-axis sine-wave spin resonance and repels Hq, or an antiquirk attracts Hq
and repels Hq.
A repelled component interacts with an encountered “𝕙” particle.

Its sine-wave resonance presents as a particle with H, M, and E-axis
charges:
HME HME
q or q
HME
q attracts encountered “𝕙” antiquirks and repels quirks, and HMEq
attracts encountered “𝕙” quirks and repels antiquirks. Dependent on the

quantities of those interactions, the resulting overall electromagnetic
force is either attractive or repulsive.
Likewise, moving “𝝂” quirks and antiquirks create “Dark U/DPhoton.”

Propagated components interact with an encountered structure’s “𝝂”
particle, presenting with H and M-axis charges, and the resulting overall
“Dark Magnetic Force” interaction is either attractive or repulsive:
HM HM
q or q
Propagating U/DGraviton particles also alter the velocities of

propagating U/DPhoton or Dark U/DPhoton particles. Consider the radial
outflow of U/DGraviton particles from a structure as a stream of U/DPhoton
and Dark U/DPhoton particles from a distant source approach (with the
photon’s other presenting charges in parentheses to differentiate them):
H(ME) H(ME)
q and q
------->
H(M) H(M)
q and q
↖ ↑ ↗
H
← q and Hq →
The Hq attracts H(ME)q and H(M)q, and Hq attracts H(ME)q and H(M)q. The
relative quantities of the involved particle types determine the amount of
bending that the stream undergoes.
“c” Asymptotically Approaches ∞

U/D
Graviton and U/DPhoton propagate at the speed of light, “c,” but is
its present value a “constant” constant or an “increasing” constant like
Hubble’s Constant? A photon’s velocity through a medium with
permittivity, 𝟄R, and permeability, 𝝁R, is:

V = c/√(𝟄R𝝁R)
In empty space, 𝟄R = 𝝁R = 1, and V = c. The implicit assumption in

this equation is that empty space’s energy density is uniform and
constant, but U/DBubble have varying volumes and energy densities. As
the universe expands, mostly by intergalactic and interstellar U/DBubble
expansions, the decrease in quantum field energy densities will create
less friction with each particle charge. Notably, as the U/DField friction
with the sole H/H charge of U/DGraviton and “Light” and Dark U/DPhoton
asymptotically approaches zero, c asymptotically approaches ∞; c is an
“increasing” constant.
The universe’s very nearly uniform mixture of U/DBubbles creates a

zig-zag course for Light and Dark U/DPhoton or U/DGraviton propagation
through their respective U/DBubbles is proportional to bubble radii, r,
with energy densities inversely proportional to r 3. So, cosmological
distance calculations will require both adjustments.
The (Nearly) Impossible To Recreate Supersymmetric Particles
Supersymmetric particle creation ended during the phase

transition following the dissolution of the Electroweak force. The energy
levels throughout the force freeze-out epoch are presently unachievable,
but that is not the only approach to their recreation. However, the
alternatives are exceedingly formidable, too, as discussed below for three
Sfermion—boson comparisons, with the logic also applying to bosonino
—fermion comparisons.
All present-day U/DBubble have spin on their seven unextended

spatial axes and none for the three extended ones. But the
Squirk/Squirk:1 had spin on all ten axes. U/DGraviton achieve the same
total spin via higher-order H-axis spin resonance, so the two are not
identical. Recreation requires a protocol to create a U/DGraviton,
“fracture” their portion of the extended axes into internal, bubble-sized

ones, revert the X, Z, B, and M axes, and energize them and the Y-axis
with spin and charge while not altering the spin and charge of the other
axes except for reducing the higher-order H-axis spin to its fundamental
harmonic. Alternatively, create a quirk /quirk:1 virtual pair, prevent the
higher-order H-axis spin resonance, “fracture” the extended axes, and
follow the remainder of the above protocol.
Recreation is less arduous but still exceedingly tricky for each

succeeding supersymmetric and “easiest” for the Squirk/Squirk:4 and
Squirk/Squirk:5. Create U/DW–/+ or U/DZ0, respectively, reduce the higher-
order H-axis spin to its fundamental harmonic, and zero the M-axis spin.
Alternatively, create an “𝕙” or “pre-𝝂” virtual pair, respectively, and zero
the R, B, G, and M axes charge and M-axis spin.
Inside Feynman Diagrams
Knowing the fundamental constituent particles of The Standard

Model components and the boson interactions, the inner working of each
Feynman diagram can be reduced to a set of equations taking into
account the charges, spins, organization, attractions, repulsions, etc.
Combining those sets with measured data and iterating the variables is a
prodigious computational task but can lead to refined equations and the
calculation of variable values from first principles.
The EPR Paradox
Revisiting the EPR Paradox may prove valuable. An electron is not a

fundamental particle; instead, it contains six confined fundamental
particles, all with magnetic charge and three with electric charge.
Perhaps under extreme conditions, say, at nearly absolute zero
temperature with directed electric and magnetic field arrangements, an
“induced hidden state” results.

NOTES:

BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OF
Picture two protons on a “top-to-bottom” collision course. The p-e –1
component from a Type 2 1W–/+ interaction bonds to one proton, creating
a neutron. The outer layer positive-to-positive electric charge repulsion
becomes a positive proton layer-to-negative neutron layer attraction. Big
TOE attractions further reduce the required energy. Both effects enable
quantum tunneling.
The collision surfaces, shown rotated +/–90o:
TOP-TO-BOTTOM (SAME-HANDED)
Rq0 = Nq–1/3 = Nb0 3 NEUTRON’S

0 –1/3
Rq = Sb = Sq0 2 BOTTOM
0 –1/3
Rq = Nq = Nb0 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sq+1/3 = Nq0 1 PROTON’S

+1/3
Nb = Sb0 2 TOP
+1/3
Sq = Nq0 3
Likewise, front-to-back and side-to-side collisions:
FRONT-TO-BACK (OPPOSITE-HANDED)
˅ q0 = Sq+1/3
N ˅ 0.5 PROTON’S
0 –1/3 0
Nb = Nq = Rq 1.5 FRONT
0 +1/3
^ Nq = Sq ^ 2.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b0 = Nb+1/3
˅ S ˅ 0 NEUTRON’S
0 –1/3 0
Sq = Sb = Rq 1 BACK
^ Sb0 = Nb+1/3 ^ 2
0 –1/3 0
^^ Sq = Sb = Rq ^^ 3

SIDE-TO-SIDE (OPPOSITE-HANDED)
0.5 ˅ b0 = Nb+1/3
S ˅ ˅ q0 = Sq+1/3
N ˅ 0
0 –1/3 0 0 –1/3 0
1.5 Sq = Sb = **Rq Nb = Nq = *Rq 1
0 +1/3 0 +1/3
2.5 ^ Sb = Nb ^ ^ Nq = Sq ^ 2
/ up/down 0 –1/3 0
** *Rotates out of page ^^ Nb = Nq = *Rq ^^ 3
Define “pair” as P+1=N0 and denote the proton with an anticolor for
the outer layers’ q+1/3 content and the neutron with a color for the
appended layer’s q–1/3 content. Isotope construction begins with top-to-
bottom bonding of neutrons, protons, and their pairs, but illustrated
side-to-side to conserve page space. The first isotope is:
2
H/DEUTERIUM
P+1=L/RN0
L/R
(PAIR)
Like S construction, “extended” Partial White bonds create L-R-L

or R-L-R sequences, so an opposite-handed proton bonds to deuterium:
3
He
L/R P+1=L/RN0=R/LP+1
(PAIR)
Alternatively, the p-e–1 component of Type 2 1W–/+ interaction bonds

to the approaching proton, creating a neutron that then bonds:
3
H/TRITIUM
R/L N0=L/RP+1=L/RN0
(PAIR)
When Type 2 1W–/+ interaction creates a neutron from a proton

approaching 3He or for a proton approaching 3H, which then bonds:

4
He
R/L P+1=R/LN0=L/RP+1=L/RN0
(PAIR) (PAIR)
Extended Partial White bonds of 4He attract and bond 3H or 3He:

7
Li
R/L N0=L/RP+1=L/RN0=R/LP+1=R/LN0=L/RP+1=L/RN0
(PAIR) (PAIR) (PAIR)
7
Be
R/L P+1=L/RP+1=L/RN0=R/LP+1=R/LN0=L/RP+1=L/RN0
(PAIR) (PAIR) (PAIR)
The Big Bang nucleosynthesis created analogous dark matter

nuclei. A Type 2 U/DZ0 interaction bonded its p-e0 component to an
approaching darktron, creating a neutraltron. The three collision
orientations are analogous. In top-to-bottom collisions, neutraltron
creation changes magnetic repulsion to attraction with multiple Middle
TOE attractions between the colliding layers of the same-handed
particles and enables quantum tunneling. For example, Lⅅ0 to Lℕ0, with
the colliding surfaces rotated +/– 90o:
TOP-TO-BOTTOM (SAME-HANDED)
Lp0 = Sq0 = Sb0 3 NEUTRALTRON

0 0 0
Lp = Nb = Nq 2 BOTTOM
0 0 0
Lp = Sq = Sb 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nb0 = Nq0 1 DARKTRON

0 0
Sq = Sb 2 TOP
0 0
Nb = Nq 3

LAINIUM/2VH
(LM—Laine Marie)
L/R ⅅ0=L/Rℕ0
ANNIUM/3VH
(AW—Ann Wynn)
R/L ℕ0=L/Rⅅ0=L/Rℕ0
3
KRUSIUM
(KU—Kruse, Ulrich)
L/R ⅅ0=L/Rℕ0=R/Lⅅ0
4
KU
ⅅ0=R/Lℕ0=L/Rⅅ0=L/Rℕ0
R/L
7
HAIGHTIUM
(HG—HAIGHT, GILBERT)
R/L ℕ0=L/Rⅅ0=L/Rℕ0=R/Lⅅ0=R/Lℕ0=L/Rⅅ0=L/Rℕ0
7
DEXTERIUM
(LD—LEVERETTE DEXTER)
ⅅ0=L/Rⅅ0=L/Rℕ0=R/Lⅅ0=R/Lℕ0=L/Rⅅ0=L/Rℕ0
R/L

STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND
SUPERNOVAE CREATION OF
& α- AND α0-DECAYS
Stellar synthesis creates 6Li by deuterium addition to 4
He.
(Hereafter, only left-handed versions shown.)
6
Li
P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0
L
Similarly, by “Lainium addition” for dark matter:

6
HG
L ⅅ0=Lℕ0=Rⅅ0=Rℕ0=Lⅅ0=Lℕ0
With the extended White Triplet bonds completed, 8Be begins a

new, side-by-side (or front-to-back) row of pairs, ironically shown top-
to-bottom, with the addition of opposite-handed deuterium to 6Li.
8
Be
L
|| || *
R N =RP+1
0
Shared White Triplet bonds weaken the two *LN0=RP+1 bonds. Type
1 1W–/+ interaction annihilates the neutron’s p-e–1 layer, releasing the
“tail” α-particle, and creating LP+1, which fractures its bond to the other
+1 –1
RP . The p-e component then bonds to LP+1, restoring LN0 and creating
a second α- particle.

8
LD
|| || *
R ℕ =Rⅅ0
0
Similarly, Type 1 U/DZ0 interaction annihilates the outer p-e0 layer of

0 0 0
Lℕ , releasing the “tail” α -particle, creating Lⅅ , and fracturing its bond
with the second Rⅅ0. The p-e0 component bonds to Lⅅ0, creating the
second α0-particle.
Neutron addition stabilizes 9Be, relieving the strain and increasing

the structure’s strength with its additional extended Partial White bonds.
9
Be
LP+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0
|| || ||
R N =RP =LN0
0 +1
9
LD
|| || ||
R ℕ =Rⅅ =Lℕ0
0 0
Hereafter, the dark matter analog is named but not shown. The
process to create it is analogous to its matter isotope.
Cosmic ray collisions or supernovae produce boron and Hawkium:

10
B/11B
LP+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0
|| || || || ||
R N =RP =LN =LP [=RN0]
0 +1 0 +1

HAWKIUM (HS—HAWKING, STEPHEN)
10
HS/11HS
Carbon completes two side-to-side (or front-to-back) rows of White

Triplet bonds, and its isotopes begin the third row.
12
C/13C/14C
L
|| || || || || ||
R N =RP =LN =LP =RN =RP+1
0 +1 0 +1 0
[ || ||
[*LN =[LN0
0
JOANIUM (JL—JOAN LILLIAN)

12
JL/13JL/14JL
The strained bonds between *LN0 and its two neighboring neutrons
make 14C susceptible to Type 1 1W–/+ (U/DZ0 for 14JL) interaction.
14
N is stable compared to 8Be due to its additional extended Partial
White bonds. 15N increases that stability.
14
N/15N
L
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || ||
[RN =]LP =LN0
0 +1
BRUCIUM (BE—BRUCE EVAN)

14
BE/15BE
The stable isotopes of oxygen create a faux completion of the third

side-by-side (or front-to-back) row:

16
O/17O/18O
L P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
[*LN =[LN =]RP =RN =LP =LN0
0 0 +1 0 +1
LILIUM (LO—LILY OUI-OUI)

16
LO/17LO/18LO
Like 14C, the strained bonds between *LN0 and the two neighboring
neutrons make 18O susceptible to Type 1 1W–/+ interaction. annihilation
converts *LN0 into LP+1. When there is an approaching proton, the p-e –1
component bonds to it creating a neutron that bonds to LP+1:
18
F/19F
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
LP =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0
+1 0 +1 0 +1
[||
R N0]
HOOVERIUM (HT—HOOVER, THOMAS)

18
HT/19HT
Oxygen and fluorine begin a sequence in which the elements

alternate between three and one stable isotope, ending with sulfur,
which has four. Sulfur and chlorine isotopes faux fill a side-by-side (or
front-to-back) layer and begin a new layer behind (or beside) it.
(Structures shown on the next page.)

32
S/33S/34S/36S
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
R N =RP [=LN ]=LN ]=RN =RN0]
0 +1 0 0 0
BARROWSIUM (BR—BARROWS, ROBERT)

32
BR/33BR/34BR/36BR
35
Cl/37Cl
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
R N =RP =LN =LP [=RN =RN0] (first layer)
0 +1 0 +1 0
----------------------------------------------------
||
N0 (second layer rotates
L
on top of first layer)
HILLIUM—HM (HILL, MARIE)

35
HM/37HM

36
Argon completes the White Triplet bonds of the first layer.
36
Ar
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
P =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0
L
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
P =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0
L
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
36
KM: KRUEGERIUM (KM—KRUEGER, MARY)
54
Fe and 54Co have the first and half the second layer filled:
L P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0 1
|| || || || || ||
R N =RP =LN =LP =RN =RP+1 2
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
P =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0 3
L
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
L
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
54
Fe/54Co
P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0 4
L
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
LN /LP =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0 6
0 +1 0 +1 0 +1

The first layer “bends,” creating more Partial White bonds:
BACK LAYER
L P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0 4
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
L
+1 0 +1 0 +1
MIDDLE LAYER
R N0=RP+1=LN0=LP+1=RN0=RP+1 4
|| || || || || ||
L
+1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
FRONT LAYER
54
Fe/54Co
P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0 4
L
|| || || || || ||
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
LN /LP =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0 6
0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
FLOYDIUM (FS—FLOYD, DAVID)

54
FD
SATTLERIUM (SW—SATTLER, WALTER)

54
SW
Two of the 3x3x3 “quarter-cubes” bond to create a 3x6x3 “half-

cube” to create 54Xe and 54MB, HARRISONIUM (MB—HARRISON, MATIE
& BESSIE). Four quarter-cubes, two quarter-cubes and a half-cube, or
two half-cubes create a completed 6x6x3 “cube” for 108Ha and 108LL,
LEELUCIUM (LL—LEE & LUCY) that has completed 3-D proton—proton

—proton and neutron—neutron—neutron extended White Triplet
bonds.
r- and s-processes and supernova-powered fusions of other

isotopes to the partial-cubes create the other elements of the matter and
dark matter periodic tables.
Some nuclei have geometries susceptible to α-decay. An example

with a “tail” similar to that 8BE is:
114
Ba
TOP LAYER OF THE
3x6x3 “HALF-CUBE”
P+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0*=LP+1=LN0=RP+1=RN0=LP+1=LN0
L
|| || || || || ||
N =RP =LN =LP =RN =RP+1
R
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
N =LP =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0
R
0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
R
0 +1 0 +1 0
|| || || || || ||
N =LP =LN =RP =RN =LP =LN0
R
0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
|| || || || || ||
R
0 +1 0 +1 0
STAABIUM (MH—STAAB, MELVIN & HELEN)

114
MH
Type 1 1W–/+ p-e+1 component annihilates the *RN0 p-e–1 layer,

creating RP+1 and 110Xe. The p-e–1 component bonds to the newly created
+1
RP to restore RN0, creating the α-particle.

NOTES:

DARK MATTER IONS AND MOLECULES
A P+1=N0 pair has +1 electric charge and net 6N magnetic charge
(proton 2N, neutron 4N) for left-handed or 6S for right-handed pairs.
With alternating pair sequences, helium and larger nuclei have nearly
offset magnetic charges, but proton repulsions expand the nucleus
volume and strain its extended White Triplet bonds.
A ⅅ0=ℕ0 pair has net 2N magnetic charge (darktron 2N,

neutraltron 0) for left-handed or 2S for right-handed pairs. With With
alternating pair sequences, Krusium and larger dark matter nuclei, these
nearly offset, so dark nuclei are more compact than their matter analogs.
With no electric charge repulsions to overcome, dark matter

isotopes fuse greater than 6JL before a lesser star’s nova, and greater than
26FD before a massive star’s supernova. Supernovae also create many
more neutraltrons than neutrons, due to the quantities of dark matter
versus matter, and by similar s- and r-processes, create natural (versus
man-made) dark elements through 108LL.
Matter isotopes have paired electrons with 2N and 2S magnetic

charges in a sub-orbital. Their charges help to stabilize the nucleus with
+“#”/–1, ~6N/2S, and ~6S/2N attractions.
Dark matter isotopes have paired zerotrons with 2N and 2S

magnetic charges in a sub-orbital with attractions of ~2N/2S and
~2S/2N, and so zerotrons are much less tightly bound. Most larger dark
matter isotopes are highly “ionized.” Their conglomerations are like
matter’s metallic alloys but with freely flowing zerotrons. Regions of
magnetic flux, centrifugal forces, and gravitational forces aggregate them.
A few compounds exist, such as Haightium VanHoozenide, HG-VH,

Dexterium VanHoozenide, LD-VH2, and perhaps Lainium-Annium-Lilium.

CONSERVATION OF MASS,
BLACK HOLES—BLACK STARS,
AND “MICRO-BANG” UNIVERSES
Is there a mechanism to increase the universe’s mass? The “𝝂” real
pairs occurred during a quantum fluctuation-induced time lag. They
recombined or stole counterparts from “𝕙” virtual pairs, with “α” virtual
pair components then stolen to balance energies. That created more
mass, but limited by the number of “𝝂” components.
Since then, virtual pairs in time annihilate with no net mass

creation. U/DZ0 or W–/+ interactions identically replace annihilated mass.
Statistically, Hawking radiation creates no net mass internally or
externally. For example, an electron radiated outward from the nearby
black hole’s event horizon has a positron entering within it, and vice
versa, and in time all of them annihilate.
Can mass become massless? Consider the universe’s expansion

eventually causing the dissolution of the “α,” “𝝂,” and “𝕙” components
bound in matter and dark matter structures. Freed “α” and “𝕙” quirks
would in time annihilate their respective antiquirks, and left-handed “𝝂”
components their right-handed counterparts:
SPINS: +½/+½ –½/–½
RBGHWN RBGHWS
qL bR
RBGHWN RBGHWS
bL qR
Alternatively, a phase transition that zeroes the H-axis charge, as

happened twice before, would eliminate its portion of mass creating
friction. All particles have an H-axis charge and would become massless.

Black holes continually destroy mass. When mass crosses the event
horizon, it undergoes spaghettification, soon freeing its quirk and
antiquirk components to annihilate.
In a sense, a black hole is like a “Black Star.” The internal Light and
Dark U/DPhoton churn the non-annihilated particles that partially repulse
the gravitational contraction. Externally, it emits Hawking radiation.
Occasionally, an immense quantity of a black hole’s Light and Dark

U/D
Photon concentrate sufficiently to create a “Micro-Bang” singularity.
Energy flows into that new universe with its own emergent dimensions
and geometry. Each “Micro-Bang” drains energy from the black hole and
shrinks it.

VERIFICATIONS OR FALSIFICATIONS
Additional ways to verify or falsify the model include:
 Mathematical analyses,
 Examining particle collider and cosmic rays data for dark matter
particles,
 Performing experiments to verify the electron charge’s triplet
nature, and,
 Cosmic dark matter research.
It may be possible to calculate many particle properties from first

principles. Mathematical analyses include:
 Adaptation and unification of LQG and M-Theory equations,
 Supersymmetric particles properties,
 Magnetic monopole properties,
 Relationships between particles, bosons, and fields,
 Boson interactions, and,
 Dark matter components, structures, and elements.
Revisit particle collider and cosmic rays data for misidentified or

unidentified zerotrons, antizerotrons, and their Ɣ-rays. Utilize their
inherent magnetic properties to configure zerotron-zerotron, zerotron-
darktron, or darktron-darktron particle colliders.
Reanalyze cosmic dark matter distributions in light of their

inherent magnetic properties. Regions of strong magnetic fields may
produce a defining effect.
Experiments performed on materials at temperatures near absolute

zero have shown that electrons separate into electric and magnetic
charge “fractional” components. Recall its structure:

Le–1
Nq–1/3 = Nb0
–1/3
Sb = Sq0
–1/3
Nq = Nb0
Review data to observe the electric charge’s triplet nature.

Experiment with more robust, strategically positioned, rapidly changing
electric and magnetic fields as needed to confirm its triplet qualties.
Repeat the “Coldest Temperature Ever Recorded” experiment,

https://www.universetoday.com/8861/coldest-temperature-ever-
created/, with suspended electrons. Use robust, shifting electric and
magnetic fields to identify the electric charge’s triplet nature.
And, of course, there are many other “radically conservative” tests

that are “intuitively obvious” to physics and chemistry experimentalists.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
& TESTIMONIALS
Two loved family members, mother, Joan, brother, Bruce, beloved
father, L. Dexter, and my beloved wives, Ann and Laine, identify and
differentiate the three fundamental stages of my life: birth through young
adult and each marriage. Ann and Laine were my best friends and the
loves of my life. I could write volumes describing the love, friendship,
companionship, joy, laughter, and experiences shared with each and still
not adequately describe the depth, complexity, connectivity, and
meaningfulness of those relationships. So, instead, I offer these simple
statements of thanks.
I thank my parents and brother for their love. Nearly from birth, my
parents instilled the joy and adventure found in pursuing knowledge.
Mom read The Golden Books stories to us countless times. For years,
Dad was president of the Alden—Hebron school board, presenting me
my diploma. I always felt cared for and loved.
I thank Ann (Lajeunesse), a strong, outgoing, gentle woman who

had remarkable courage, inner peace, and Joie de vie during the twenty-
seven years she lived following brain cancer treatments and disabling
aftermath. She loved to amaze children with her Donald Duck
impression. She often told me, “I had to pull you out of your shell.” Yes,
you did! What a fantastic twenty-plus years we shared, Love.
I thank Laine (Guire/Gigler), who saved me, restored me, and

renewed meaning to my life! You were a courageous, compassionate, and
empathetic woman. Our partnership was wholly complementary, one
stronger where the other weaker, an extraordinary relationship. We
learned so much from each other. You told me, “Find your passion and
pursue it.” With your unwavering encouragement and support, this book
is the result; we are equally its bestowers. We shared an enriching,
adventurous twenty years, Sweetzie, ILYVVMTIBy!
I have had several other special relationships. My friendship with

Bob Barrows began in kindergarten at Alden Elementary school, K-6.
Tom Hoover and I literally and figuratively had chemistry from the first
moment we met outside the Organic Chemistry lab. Dave Floyd was my
all-things-Montana mentor and “Dude.” Laine and I shared an incredible
love with our own exceptional “dark matter,” our black-furred Golden
Doodle, Lily Oui-Oui. During our elementary school days, Bruce and I
spent the late afternoons with grandparents Melvin and Helen Staab and
great-grandmother Mary Krueger. My paternal grandparents, Lee and
Lucy Van Hoozen, passed before my birth. Lucy’s sister, Bessie Harrison,
was my de facto grandmother, and her mother, Matie, my great-
grandmother.
The extensive efforts of many scientists, engineers, technicians, and

researchers over the centuries paved the path for me. I thank them and
all who supported their efforts.
MRS. MARIE HILL & MR. WALTER SATTLER

In June 1968, I graduated from Alden-Hebron High School, fourth
out of thirty-three, a small-town boy who loved mathematics and science.
Mrs. Marie Hill taught mathematics from junior high through high school,
and Mr. Walter Sattler, chemistry and physics. Both made their courses
enjoyable, inspiring my pursuit of those subjects. The logic of geometry
and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle profoundly intrigued me.
DR. ULRICH KRUSE

In the fall of 1968, I began pursuing an Electrical Engineering
degree at the University of Illinois. University life was new and exciting,
but somewhat overwhelming, too, for an immature and naive boy.
The lead professor for Physics 106 that semester was Dr. Ulrich
Kruse. An introduction to special relativity was one of the topics for the
first examination. I received a “D!”
The next day, I went to see Dr. Kruse. I do not recall my reasoning,
but as I talked with him, stunned, tears trickling down my face, I asked,
“Is relativity really that important?” (I know—What the … !!!!)
With compassion and without condensation or patronization, Dr.

Kruse replied that, yes, it was essential, but that this one test was not the
end of the world, as I imagined it to be. We talked for about half an hour.
I left uplifted and determined. I did not talk to Dr. Kruse again, but that
single encounter changed my life.
DR. GILBERT HAIGHT

I never conversed with Dr. Haight, but the enthusiasm and humor
he brought to his lectures and demonstrations inspired and amazed me.
He pioneered televising chemistry lectures (Chemistry 103?) at the
university. He co-authored the textbook with Dr. Gray, noting that Gray-
Haight is better than “black hate.” His demonstrations with hydrogen
gas, using it to “Mickey Mouse” his voice, were legendary.
DR. PAUL KLOCK

During my junior year, Dr. Paul Klock taught my introductory
antenna theory class. I “aced” it, and he proposed doing an individual
research project using computer modeling. It was fascinating, exciting,
and led in time to my MSEE degree under his supervision during the era
of keypunched cards and building-sized computers.
CURRICULUM VITAE
1968: ALDEN-HEBRON CONSOLIDATED HIGH SCHOOL
1972: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, BSEE w/HIGHEST HONORS
1972-1973: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS FELLOWSHIP
1973: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, MSEE
1983: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, DDS & SALUTATORIAN
PHI KAPPA PHI (GENERAL SCHOLASTIC), TAU BETA PI (ENGINEERING),
SIGMA TAU (ENGINEERING), ETA KAPPA NU (ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING), OMICRON KAPPA UPSILON (DENTISTRY)
U. S. PATENTS:
6,437,746 Cellular telephone antenna array
6,181,279 Patch antenna with an electrically small ground plate using peripheral parasitic stubs
6,140,965 Broad band patch antenna
6,094,176 Very compact and broadband planar log-periodic dipole array antenna
6,018,323 Bidirectional broadband log-periodic antenna assembly
5,940,042 Windshield slot antenna for vehicle transmissions
ADDITIONAL READING
& LECTURE COURSES
BOOKS:
BAGGOTT, JIM:
QUANTUM SPACE
BARROW, JOHN:
THE CONSTANTS OF NATURE
BARTUSIAK, MARCIA:
DISPATCHES FROM PLANET 3
CARROLL, SEAN:
FROM ETERNITY TO HERE
SOMETHING DEEPLY HIDDEN
THE BIG PICTURE
THE PARTICLE AT THE END OF THE UNIVERSE
CHOWN, MARCUS:
INFINITY IN THE PALM OF YOUR HAND
DU SAUTOY, MARCUS:
THE GREAT UNKNOWNS
FARMELO, GRAHAM:
THE UNIVERSE SPEAKS IN NUMBERS
GREENE, BRIAN:
THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE
THE FABRIC OF THE COSMOS
THE HIDDEN REALITY
GRIBBEN, JOHN:
BEFORE THE BIG BANG
IN THE BEGINNING
SIX IMPOSSIBLE THINGS
THE QUANTUM MYSTERY
THE TIME ILLUSION
HAWKING, STEPHEN & MLODINOV*, LEONARD:
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME*
A BRIEFER HISTORY OF TIME*
BLACK HOLES AND BABY UNIVERSES AND OTHER ESSAYS
BRIEF ANSWERS TO THE BIG QUESTIONS
THE GRAND DESIGN*
HAZEN, ROBERT M. (& TREFIL*, JAMES):
SCIENCE MATTERS*
THE STORY OF EARTH
KAKU, MICHIO:
PARALLEL WORLDS
PHYSICS OF THE IMPOSSIBLE
KRAUSS, LAWRENCE M.:
A UNIVERSE OUT OF NOTHING
THE GREATEST STORY TOLD -- SO FAR
THE PHYSICS OF STAR TREK
LIN, THOMAS:
ALICE AND BOB MEET THE WALL OF FIRE
PANEK, RICHARD:
THE 4% UNIVERSE
RANDALL, LISA:
DARK MATTER AND DINOSAURS
WARPED PASSAGES
ROVELLI, CARLO:
REALITY IS NOT WHAT IT SEEMS
SEVEN BRIEF LESSONS ON PHYSICS
THE ORDER OF TIME
TYSON, NEIL DEGRASSE (& GOLDSMITH*, DONALD)
ASTROPHYSICS FOR PEOPLE IN A HURRY
DEATH BY BLACK HOLE
LETTERS FROM AN ASTROPHYSICIST
ORIGINS: 14 BILLION YEARS OF COSMIC EVOLUTION*
THE GREAT COURSES

12 ESSENTIAL SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS – VISKONTAS, INDRE
BIG HISTORY – CHRISTIAN, DAVID
BLACK HOLES, TIDES, AND CURVED SPACETIME – SCHUMACHER, BENJAMIN
EINSTEIN’S RELATIVITY AND THE QUANTUM REVOLUTION – WOLFSON, RICHARD
GREAT IDEAS OF CLASSICAL PHYSICS – POLLOCK, STEPHEN
MY FAVORITE UNIVERSE – TYSON, NEIL DEGRASSE
MYSTERIES OF MODERN PHYSICS – TIME – CARROLL, SEAN
PARTICLE PHYSICS FOR NON-PHYSICISTS – POLLOCK, STEPHEN
REDEFINING REALITY – GIMBEL, STEPHEN
THE HIGGS BOSON AND BEYOND – CARROLL, SEAN
THE INEXPLICABLE UNIVERSE – TYSON, NEIL DEGRASSE
THE JOY OF SCIENCE – HAZEN, ROBERT M.
THE LIFE AND DEATH OF STARS - STASSUN, KEIVAN G.
THE NATURE OF MATTER – BALL, DAVID W.
THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH – HAZEN, ROBERT M.
THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING – LINCOLN, DON
THERMODYNAMICS – GROSSMAN, JEFFREY C.
WHAT EINSTEIN GOT WRONG – HOOPER, DAN

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PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS

THE “X17” BOSON…?

Self-Published by Allen L. Van Hoozen

Electronic and Print Versions published by Amazon’s Kindle Direct

© 2021 Allen L. Van Hoozen

© 2021 Cover design by Allen L. Van Hoozen

United States Copyright Office registration pending.

To contact the author:

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

Dr. Ulrich Kruse

Dr. Gilbert Haight

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

May The Forces Be With You,

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

Logic will get you from A to Z;

Briefly, from Loop Quantum Gravity, the universe evolved from a

As the bubble expanded, its energy, over time, created contiguous

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

As the universe expanded, the four forces of nature froze out

The concepts contained herein include:

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

AXIS: XYZ H(iggs) RBG Weak Magnetic Electric

BOSON: Graviton Gluon Photon W–/+ Z0 Higgs

FIELD: Gravitational Strong Weak EM Higgs

CHARGE: None H/H R/R B/B G/G W/W E/E M/M

FERMION: Massless quirks & antiquirks | Massive ones

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

P. B.: 0 each 0 each 0 0 0 0

G. S.: –½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ +½

Q. F.: +½ each +½ each –½ –½ +½ –½

G. F.: 0 each +½ each –½ –½ +½ 0

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

*Other allowed charges = 0 “!”: Defined within the text

WEAK Squirk/Squirk:4 U/DW–/+ino W–/+

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

“RED” QUIRKS AND “ANTIRED” ANTIQUIRKS

“BLUE” QUIRKS AND “ANTIBLUE” ANTIQUIRKS

“GREEN” QUIRKS AND “ANTIGREEN” ANTIQUIRKS

“α”: ENERGY-BALANCING MONOPOLES

“𝝂”: ASYMMETRIC MAGNETIC MONOPOLES

“𝕙”: ELECTROMAGNETIC MONOPOLES

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

TOP QUARK SLIPHER QUARK Q

DOWN QUARK RUBIN QUARK D

BOTTOM QUARK ZWICKY QUARK Q

GELL-MANN QUARK ZEROTRON Q+1 e0

EVERETT QUARK SLIPHER QUARK Q

SERBER QUARK ZEROTRON 2 Q+1 e0

LEAVITT QUARK SLIPHER QUARK L

β-DECAYS β–/+ β0/0

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

GELL-MANN QUARKS ANTIGELL-MANN QUARKS

UP QUARKS ANTIUP QUARKS

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

RUBIN QUARKS ANTIRUBIN QUARKS

MATTER (LEFT-HANDED) DARK MATTER

Nq0 = Nb0 = Lp0 F F ˅ Sq0 = Sb0 = Lp0 ˅

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

˅ N q0 = Nb0 = Lp0 ˅ F ˅ L p0 = Sq0 = Sb0 ˅

PHYSICIS ET PRINCIPIIS ORIGINIS PARTICULA

Nb0 = Nq–1/3 = Rq0 F q0 = Nb0 = Lp0