Lebanese University Year : 2019-2020

Faculty Of Sciences M2250

TD2 :

Exercise 1
√
1. Prove that K = {a + b 2; a, b ∈ Q} is a subring of R.
2. Prove that ∀(a, b) ∈ Q2 − {(0, 0)}, a2 − 2b2 6= 0 (proceed by contradiction). Deduce
that K is a subfield of R.

Exercise 2 Let A be a ring and S be a nonempy subset of A.

Prove that J = {x ∈ A; ∀s ∈ S, x.s = 0} is a left ideal of A.

Exercise 3 Let A be a non-zero ring and Z(A) = {x ∈ A; ∀a ∈ A, x.a = a.x} its center.
1. Prove that Z(A) is a subring of A.
2. Suppose that ∀x ∈ A, (x2 − x) ∈ Z(A).
Prove that ∀x, y ∈ A, (xy + yx) ∈ Z(A). Deduce that A is commutative.

Exercise 4 Let A be a ring. Suppose that the mapping f : A → A defined by : f (x) = x2

is a surjective homomorphism of rings. Prove that A is commutative.

Exercise 5
1. Prove that any unitary ring, that is finite and is an integral domain, is a field.
2. Let A be a non-zero unitary commutative ring. Prove that A is a field, if and only
if, its only ideals are {0} and A.

Exercise 6 Let (A, +, .) be a unitary commutative ring. We set B = Z × A, where Z is

the ring of integers. We define on B two internal operations, denoted + and ·, defined as
follows : ∀m1 , m2 ∈ Z, ∀a1 , a2 ∈ A :

(m1 , a1 ) + (m2 , a2 ) = (m1 + m2 , a1 + a2 )

(m1 , a1 ) · (m2 , a2 ) = (m1 m2 , m1 a2 + m2 a1 + a1 .a2 ).

Then (B, +, ·) is a unitary commutative ring of unit 1B = (1, 0A ) (to be admitted).
1. Let I = {z ∈ B; ∃a ∈ A, z = (0, a)}. Prove that I is an ideal of B.
2. We consider the mapping f : B → Z defined by : ∀(m, a) ∈ B, f ((m, a)) = m.
a) Prove that f is a surjective unitary homomorphism of rings.
b) Prove that the rings B/I and Z are isomorphic.

1
Exercise 7 Let A be a unitary commutative ring, I and J two ideals of A such that :

A = I + J and I ∩ J = {0}.

∀x, x0 ∈ I and ∀y, y 0 ∈ J prove that

1. (x + y = x0 + y 0 ) ⇒ (x = x0 and y = y 0 ).
2. (x + y).(x0 + y 0 ) = x.x0 + y.y 0 .
We define the mapping θ : A → I defined by :

∀z = x + y ∈ A, where x ∈ I and y ∈ J, θ(z) = x

1. Prove that θ is a surjective homomorphism of rings.

2. Deduce that the rings A/J and I are isomorphic.

Exercise 8 Let    
a b
A = M (a, b) = ; a, b ∈ Z
b a
1. Prove that A is  commutative subring of (M2 (R), +, ·) , whose unit is
 a unitary
1 0
I = M (1, 0) = and zero element is M (0, 0).
0 1
2. Determine the invertible elements and the zero divisors of the ring A.
3. Let J = {M (a, a); a ∈ Z}. Prove that J is a prime ideal of A.
4. Consider the mapping f : A → Z defined by : f (M (a, b)) = a − b
a) Prove that f is a surjective unitary homomorphism of rings.
b) Determine Kerf .
c) Deduce that the rings A/J and Z are isomorphic. Reprove the result of 3.

Exercise 9 Let f be a unitary homomorphism of commutative rings from A to A0 .

Prove that :
1. a) (I 0 ideal of A0 ) ⇒ (f −1 (I 0 ) ideal of A).
b) (P 0 prime ideal of A0 ) ⇒ (f −1 (P 0 ) prime ideal of A). (Suppose that 1A ∈ f −1 (P 0 ))
2. Suppose that f is surjective and consider an ideal I of A such that Kerf ⊂ I.
a) Prove that : ∀x ∈ A, x ∈/ I ⇒ f (x) ∈/ f (I).
b) Deduce that : I 6= A ⇒ f (I) 6= A0 .
c) Prove that if I is a prime ideal of A, then f (I) is a prime ideal of A0 .

Exercise 10 Let A1 , A2 be two unitary commutative rings and A = A1 × A2 their ring

product.
1. Let I1 (resp. I2 ) be an ideal of A1 (resp. A2 ). Prove that I = I1 × I2 is an ideal of
A.
2. Let I1 (resp. I2 ) be a prime ideal of A1 (resp. A2 ). Prove that I = I1 × I2 is not a
prime ideal of A.