THE 11th OF CONFERENCE OF INDONESIAN STUDENTS

ASSOCIATION IN SOUTH KOREA (CISAK) 2019

THEME
Empowering Innovation and Prosperity through Industry 4.0 in
Indonesia

LOCATION
Busan, South Korea

DATE
March 30 & 31 2019

KEYNOTE AND INVITED SPEAKERS

Tomi Suryo Utomo, SH., LL.M, Ph.D, Professor of Law at University
of Janabadra Yogyakarta
Jonathan Xavier Barki, Vice President of Corporate Strategy at Go-
Jek
Chusnul Tri Judianto, S.T, Head of Center at Indonesian National
Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)
Muhammad Farras Bari Zain (invited Speaker), Co-Founder Damogo

Copyright © Perpika 2019

All rights reserved

ii
DISCLAIMER

The responsibility for opinions expressed in articles, studies and other

contributions in this publication rests solely with their authors, and this
publication does not constitute an endorsement by the CISAK or PERPIKA of
the opinions so expressed in them.

Official website of the conference

cisak.perpika.kr/2019

The 11th of Conference of Indonesian Students Association in South Korea

(CISAK) 2019
‘Empowering Innovation and Prosperity through Industry 4.0 in Indonesia’

March 30 & 31
Busan, South Korea

ISSN/ISBN: 9-772338-169001

Email: contact@perpika.kr

Copyright © Perpika 2019

All rights are reserved

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 CONFERENCES ORGANIZATION

STEERING COMMITTEE
1. Rianmahardhika Budiharseno (Dong-A University)
2. Narariya Dita Handani (Dong-A University)
3. Vina Sari Yosephine (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology)
4. Corwin Rudly (University of Science and Technology)
5. I Nyoman Chandra Kusuma (Pukyong National University)

KETUA : Nadhilla Suha (Korea Maritime and Ocean University)

Wakil Ketua : Raden Banyu Firdaus Soeriawidjaja (Pukyong National University)

KESEKRETARIATAN
Ketua : Merreta Noorenza Biutty (Pukyong National University)
Anggota : Astrini Pradyasti (Pukyong National University)
Yosephin Pebriyeni (Kyungsung University)

BENDAHARA
Ketua : Diyah Fatimah Oktaviani (Pukyong National University)
Anggota : Dika Novi Wijayanti (Pukyong National University)
Mohammad Nauval Dzaki Amarca (Youngsan University)

Tim AKADEMIK
Ketua : Andita Wibyasti Sari Putri (Pukyong National University)
Anggota : Amellia Dwi Rizkyana (Pukyong National University)
Jannet Mustika Patricia (Kyungsung University)
Limpat Nulandaya (Pukyong National University)
Muhammad Haekal Ryanda (Youngsan University)
Adi Prasetio (Pukyong National University)

TIM ACARA
Ketua : Mikha Bagas Petra (Dong-A University)
Anggota : Daru Seto Bagus (Pukyong National University)
Daniella Tjonarda (Kyungsung University)
Gita Fauziadani (Kyungnam University)
Miftah Fahmi (Pukyong National University)
Nathasia Angelina
Made Narayana Adibhusana (Pukyong National University)
Rivaldo Mersis Brilianto (Pusan National University)
Sonita Afrita Purba Siboro (Pukyong National University)
Shafrizal Rasyid Atriardi (Ulsan University)
Garda Muhammad Aulia (Dong-A University)
Ananda Prima Ridho (Dong-A University)
Dony Hardani

vii
 Arsyta Intan Permatasari
Patricia Veda Oktaviani
Odilia Sachi Sinamo
Velinca Vadeline Setiawan
Melania Fitri Nur Azizah
Ratnadya Thurfa
Joseline Winarta
Lita Jane Hartanti
Katarina Christivera
Intan Griya Purnamasari
Putri Rebecca
TIM LOGISTIK
Ketua : Eprillia Intan Fitriasari
Anggota : Maynanda Brigita Chrysta
Gian Antariksa
Nita Hidayati
Yuda Aji Giwangkoro
Alexander David Ardian Rama
Rahayu Saraswati Herlambang
Claudya Imelda
TIM PUBLIKASI DAN DOMENTASI
Ketua : Hudzaifah Nursantio
Anggota : Fauzy Eka Saputra
Muhammad Taufiq Ramadhan
Kusuma Hani Putri
Mahmudah Salwa
Ratna Dewi Maduwu
Shabrina Aufar Salma
viii
(Youngsan University)
(Dong-A University)
(Youngsan University)
(Pukyong National University)
(Pusan National University)
(Pukyong National University)
(Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
(Dong-A University)
(Pukyong National University)
(Youngsan University)
(Youngsan University)
(Pusan National University)
(Pukyong National University)
(Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
(KDI School of Public Policy)
(Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
(Pukyong National University)
(Pukyong National University)
 EDITORIAL TEAM

EDITOR IN CHIEF Cucun Alep Riyanto – Universitas Gadjah

Mada
Narariya Dita Handani Rianmahardhika Sahid Budiharseno – Dong-
Dong-a University A University
Anasya Arsita Laksmi – Sungkyungkwan
University
PROOFREADER Muhammad Fahmi Rahman – Ulsan National
Institute of Science and Technology
Sulistiyono Susilo
Ayu Wandira – Yeungnam University
Tri Rudiyanto
Sapto Andriyono – Pukyong National Univ
Adi Prasetio – Pukyong National University
Muhammad Haekal Ryanda – Youngsan
DESIGN
University
Andita Wibyasti Sari Putri Rahayu Saraswati Herlambang – Youngsan
Pukyong National University University
Allen Kurniawan
Achmad Yanuar Maulana – Dong-A
EDITOR University
Banyu Firdaus – Pukyong University
Jamaludin HK Daru Seto Bagus Anugrah – Pukyong National
Ahmad Solahuddin University
Sonita Siboro – Pukyong National University
I Nyoman Chandra Kusuma – Pukyong
LAYOUT National University
Muhammad Aufa Cholil Fayyadl Rando Tungga Dewa – Pukyong
Iwan Priyadi National University
Danik Iga Prasiska – Yonsei University
Maynanda Brigita Christa – Pusan National
REVIEWERS University
Hani Ramadhan – Pusan National University
Nulandaya Limpat – Pukyong National Vega Pradana Rachim
University Ayu Melisa Putri – Pukyong National
University

ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title ...................................................................................................................................... I
Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................ ii
Preface.................................................................................................................................. iii
Welcome by President of Perpika 2018/2019 ................................................................... iv
Welcome by Chairman Cisak 2018/2019 .......................................................................... v
Conference Organization ................................................................................................... vi
Editorial Team .................................................................................................................... viii
Table of Content.................................................................................................................. ix

No Title Author(s) Page

Digital Social Sciences 1

1 Kampung Investasi as the Regional Independence Rais Fikri Fathin, Widhyka Fakhriyakansa, and 1
Solution Zulfikar Fauzi
2 Does Digitalization as G20 Financial Inclusion Yani Parasti Siregar 5
Indicator relate to GDP Growth?
3 Madhang App as an Empowerment Medium to Nikita Desverose, Aiman Bahalwan 10
improve The Economic Welfare of The Local Food
Sellers in The 4.0 Industrial Revolution in
Indonesia
4 RURAL INDUSTRY OF KERUPUK KAKAP AS Muhammad Farchan Juliansyah, Moch Rizal Bayu 14
A GATE OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC Bakti Nugroho
GROWTH IN SAMBIREJO NGAWI VILLAGE
IN SUPPORTING SDG’S 2030.
5 Kerja Lagi Website as The Solution of Ex- Ratu Ghifa Nazila Ramdiania, Ziyan Sakinah Alisa 21
Offender’s Unemployment Problem Through Small
and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
6 Improving the Performance of Traditional Market Salma Fioren Salsabella, Muhammad Iqbal Rifqi 26
through Making Sharia Compliance Online Ardianto,, Dita Trisna Puspita Martha, Raditya
Platform for Traditional Market Sukmana
Digital Social Sciences 2
7 Analysing The Effectiveness of Digital Marketing Bimo Priambudi, Adnan Kresna Mustafid, Moc. 30
Strategy of Small Business Entreprises in Bandung Akbar Selamat, and
City, Indonesia Yera Ichsana
8 Sharia Economic Development Through Islamic Widhyka Fakhriyakansa, Zulfikar Fauzi, and Rais 42
Boarding School (Pesantren) Economic Fikri Fathin
Empowerment with Optimization of Digital
Technology in West Java
9 Optimizing E-Learning to Improve Indonesia Labor Muhamad Reza Wasistha, and Helmi Afan Fahmi 51
Force Skills Facing Needs in 4.0 Industry Era
10 Face Recognition (FR) Technology as a Payment Putri Nadia Suryadi, Adiyana Putri, Muhammad 60
Method in Indonesia by Using Eigenfaces Method Galih Prawiradilaga
11 Local Product Marketing Optimization Of E- Oda Parwati 64

x
 Commerce Based Village Community Enterprises
12 Motivation And Competence: Their Relationships Achmad Faqih, Siti Aisyah 70
And Influences Toward The Work Performance Of
The Head Farm Hands
13 Online Fundraising During Force Majeure : Can It Ida Rosnidah1, Mukarto Siswoyo2, Endang 76
Be Trusted? Sutrisno3, Ayatulloh Michael Musyaffi4, Arinal
Muna5, Nelia Fariani6
14 Model Of Corporate Social Responsibility’s Suparnyo1 83
Implementation In Kudus Sharia Banking
Electronic Information
15 A New Measurement of Instagram Addiction: Achmad Sholeh1 and Ahmad Rusdi2 91
Psychometric Properties of The Instagram
Addiction Scale (TIAS)
16 Application of Geographic Information System for Lutfiana Pasebhan Jati1, Laksa Ersa Anugratama2 98
WebGIS-Based Ground Plot of Village Treasury
Database Arrangement for Spatial Planning in Post
Disaster Areas in Ringinharjo, Palbapang, Bantul
District of Yogyakarta Special Region
17 Empowering Popular Social Media Platform to Ahmad Wirantoaji Nugroho1*, Mohamad Tio 103
Disseminate Indonesia Weather and Meteorology Faizin2**, and Oktavia Dea Monika3***
Information
18 Towards Smart Coffee Industry: Designing IS/IT Arariko Rezeki Pasa and Widya Ayu Agustania 109
Portfolio for Sustainability of Smallholder in
Gunung Tilu Cooperative, West Java
19 Community Empowerment Program as a Yulianingsih 1,Khalid Abdul Hakim 2, Falya Alifa 114
Motivation for Increasing Internet Use in the Ihyana 3
Village
(Case Study in Ciseupang Village, Nagrog Village)
Entrepreneur business
20 “TANAH NGATAS ANGIN” BRANDING AS Laililia Binti Mohamad Sofyan[1], Muhammad 119
AN OPTIMIZING OF LOCAL REGION Fadhel Maulana[2], Novia Anggita Aprilianti[3]
POTENTIAL BASED ON FREE TRADE
SYSTEM TO REALIZE PROSPEROUS
COMMUNITY IN NGANJUK
21 How Student Cafes in Tembalang Build Their Adani Fildzah Handiani, Aqmarina Sekar 122
Atmospheres Cynantya, Bangun IR Harsritanto*
22 A PRODUCT OF INDUSTRY REVOLUTION Anjumuzzuhriyyah1, Raisa Akmalie2, Safara 130
4.0 : CHANGE.ORG AS A Akmaliah2
NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT
23 The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Alfi Jauharo1 Nur Alif2 Tryana R3 Rafi Riyanto4 134
Systems on Earning Management Activities
(Case Study of Indonesian Companies)
24 Farmer’s Technology Bank as Inclusive Places Dian Agustin1, Aditya Putra Pratama Santosa2, 139
Using Technology Fitra Riyanto3, and Mohammad Fakhrul
Ardiansyah4
Fisheries biology
25 Accumulation of Pb and Cu in Padina sp. in Ilham Cahyo Nugroho1*, Chalvia Zuyyina1 , 143
Tawang and Pidakan Beaches, Pacitan, East Java Andhika Puspito Nugroho2
26 The Effect of Avocado Seed (Persea americana Adinda Rizki Ramadhanti1,2, Nur Octaviana Jaya 147
Mill.) to Pre-Starter Feed on Growth Performance Puspita1,2, Hendry T. S. S. G. Saragih1,2
and The Weight of Lien and Bursa Fabricius in
Rooster Layer [(Gallus Gallus Gallus (Linnaeus,
1758)]

xi
27 Development of Shellfish/Melamine-based Eco-
Composite Tiles for Conventional Tiles
Replacement
28 Biosorption Of Copper (Cu) From Silver Industrial
Wastewater Using Chitosan
29 Biosorbtion of Silver (Ag) in Silver Industrial
Waste with Chitosan
30 Effect of Different Biomc4 Doses on Black Soldier
Fly (Hermetia illucens) Flour to Optimize Nutrition
of Fish Feed
31 Flavor Characteristics of Lemi from Blue
Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus) with
Different Maltodextrin and Carrageenan
Concentration
32 Diversity of Biota Marine in Intertidal Zone of
Reudeup Beach, Nasi Island, Aceh Besar, Aceh
33 Analysis of Pigment Concentration Common
Macroalgae on the South Coast of Gunungkidul,
Yogyakarta by Spectrophotometric Method
34 Comparison of Macroalgae Abundance and
Diversity in Intertidal
Zone of Porok Beach, Gunungkidul between Two
Seasons
35 The Diversity of Echinoderms (Echinoidea,
Ophiuroidea, and Holothuroidea) in Slili Beach,
Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
36 Exploiting the Shell Wastes for Fishermen’s Health
Insurance in Kenjeran Beach Surabaya through
INSAM (Integrated Smart Management)
Food agriculture
37 Integrated Tools of Seeding Process: Smart
Farming Product Innovation As a Solution To
Minimize Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs) To Increase Productivity
38 Tealurku (Eggshell Tea) as A Product
Environmental-Based Economy Creative
39 Yogurt Tempe with Extract Flour Bone Catfish
Fortified As Functional Beverages Stunting
Alleviation in Indonesia
Health care pharmacy
40 SI POLWAN: Alternative Mouthwash Made from
Salam Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) in
Antibacterial Activity Tests
41 SCOFA literature review: SNEDDS Coconut husk
(Cocos nucifera) as a targeted treatment for breast
cancer
42 Mat Electric Repellent as an Alternative for Dengue
Fever’s Prevention using Ocimum basilicum
Essential Oil
xii
Kevin Oktaviandra*, Bobby Yusuf Haka, 151
Muhammad Nur Slamet and Shochibul Ma’arif
Sevina Rahmi1, Arisma Kusuma Dewi 1,* and 154
Andhika Puspito Nugroho2
Arisma Kusuma Dewi1, Sevina Rahmi1, and 157
Andhika Puspito Nugroho1*
Nada Dzatalini1, Muhammad Fauzan1, Mirni 161
Lamid2 Annur Ahadi Abdillah2 and Widya
Paramitha2
Rani Tri Mustika Novitasari1*, Fatichatus 164
Sholicha1, Nindita Praba Daniswara1,
Dinda Viera Nursabrina1, Prianindio Muhammad
Izmail1
Chalvia Zuyyina1,2, Ilham Cahyo Nugroho1,2, 168
Shafira Arini Sundari1,2, Rury Eprilurahman,1,2
Afifah Nur Aini Putri1* Duwi Ayu Sulistiyani1 173
Muhammad Miftah Jauhar1 Aditiana Vimala
Guna1 Arisa Ayuda Prasmiasari1 Nofita Ratman1
Abdul Basith Azzam1 Abdul Razaq Chasani2
Arisa Ayuda Prasmiasari1*, Nofita Ratman1* 177
Duwi Ayu Sulistiyani1, Aditiana
Vimala Guna1, Afifah Nur Aini Putri1,
Muhammad Miftah Jauhar1Abdul Basith Azzam1
Sri Eko Purwanti1 Abdul Razaq Chasani2
Alfi Fatona Putri1*, Ni Made Sri Winasti1, Safira 181
Rizki Ramadhanti1, Septi Lutfiatun Nafiah1,
Herin Yoga Lesti1, Naila Nabila Rahmani1,
Farhan Wali Bachtier1, Bellia Alda A. P.1 and
Rury Eprilurahman2
Farid, and Shulkhiatus Syafa’ah 186
M. Iqbal Sabit1*, Dennis Kusuma2, Adidya 189
Rangga Pratama3, Rahmawati Fanansyah Puri4,
M Awfar Iskar Ahya5 , Ali Parkhan6
Ndaru Luriadi1, Sarah Tsabituddinillah1 and 194
Mohamad Adhiyaksa prima2
Ririn Rahmawati1 and Amanatul Amriyah2 202
Lalu Alan Kadarisman1 , Alfia Husna2, Zulfan 207
Khaidir3
Alfia Husna1, Lalu Alan Kadarisman2 211
Tiara Puspa Asriningrum, Fiona Lisa Yulinar, and 220
Nisa Nur Laila
43 Challenge for E-Health: e-appointment Anita Damayanti Putri1* and Intan Dewiyanti2 224
Implementation in Wonosobo Primary Healthcare
44 Dendrimer Nanosensor and Smartphone-based Irbah Arifa1, Dea Dian Nurhikmah1, Diane Fauzi1 227
Platform Healthcare: An Integrated and Remote and Sandra Megantara1
Healthcare for Health and Lifestyle Self-
Monitoring
45 Antibacteria Activity Test of Mayana (Plectranthus Shily Rahmatika Amna1, Husnul Khotimah1 and 231
scutellarioides) Leaf Infusion Against Salmonella Ilham Amien2
typhi
Natural science engineering
46 The Effect of Chemical Elements on the Artesian Selvi Elviana Putri1, Yonas Rio Pambudi1, and 235
Well on Groundwater Quality in Karang Tengah, Hananto Asyam1
Demak, Central Java
47 Extremely thin, biocompatible, and stretchable Zeno Rizqi Ramadhan1* and Yong Hyun Kim1 239
electronic devices with surface-modified silver
nanowires on chitosan biopolymers
48 Comparative Study of Bulged Leading Edge Delta David F. Sinurat1, Haidar A. Yazid1 and Arya M. 242
Wing and non-Bulged Leading Edge Delta Wing Prabantara1
with CFD Method
Social science humanities
49 Decreasing the Digital Divide for People with Atikah Az Zahidaha, Reza Duratin Nasirab 251
Disabilities in the 4th Industrial Revolution: Case
Study Kerjabilitas Users
50 Sasi Laut As Social Eco-Tourism Concept In Nur Lailiya Hartanti1, Selvi Purwandari1 and Ayu 255
Maluku To Realize Sustainable Development Oktaviana Putri2
Based Culture And Environment
51 A Strategy To Strengthen The Local Food Security Mohamad Ridwan 259
In The Area Of Industrial Revolution 4.0
(A Case Study Of Independent Sustainable Village
In Yogyakarta)
52 Turning Challenges into Opportunities: Urban Aldi Dio Afrada1, Eka Nurul Farida2, Yunaz Ali 263
Kampung Heritage Planning as Industrial Tourism Akbar Karaman3
in Revolution Era 4.0, Case Study Kampung
Peneleh Surabaya, Indonesia
53 Addressing the Indonesia’s Legal Stance on ISIS M Choirul Hidayat1*, Annisa Lintang Hapsari1, 270
Foreign Fighters Cahyani Aisyiah1, Farah Salsabilah1,*
54 The Characteristics and Challenges of Geo-tourism Anis Kurniasih1 and Melia Susana2 276
Development in The Areas of UNESCO Global
Geopark Gunung Sewu, Indonesia
55 Existence of Pluralism Customary Law in DR. Tarmizi, S.H., M.Hum1 279
Resolving Indigenous Peoples Conflicts in
Globalization Era
56 Civil Liability Of Unlawful Acts In Environmental Edy Lisdiyono1 285
Dispute
57 Protection Of Children Conflicting With Law In Farhana1,2,3,, Bambang Sukamto2, and Mimin 289
Relations With Children’s Rights Mintarsih3
58 Indonesian Archipelago Insights In Facing World Firman Freaddy Busroh1,2 and Fatria Khairo2 295
Globalization
59 Restorative Justice As A Discussion Of The 1Ir. Endang Sri Sarastri, SH., CN., MM., MBA 299
Criminal Justice System Based On Law Number 11
Of 2012 Concerning Children's Criminal
Justice System
60 Impact Of Industrial Revolution 4.0 Liliana Tedjosaputro1 305
On Legal Profession, Notaries

xiii
61 Banking Dispute and Alternative Dispute Pan, Lindawaty Suherman Sewu*) 310
Resolution in Financial Services Sector as a Means
to Resolve Disputes between Bank and Consumers
in Indonesia
62 Copyright Law And Its Impact On Enhancing Professor Tomi Suryo Utomo, SH., LL.M., Ph.D1 314
The Development Of Creative Industry In
Indonesia
63 Law and Language; A Study of Communication Rahel Octora, S.H.,M.Hum1 321
Aspect to Improve Law Enforcement Effectiveness
in Indonesia
64 Implementation Of Local Law Of Doctor Letter Sri Nurdiana Purwaningsih 326
Certificate In Indonesia
65 Legal Enforcement Model In Indonesia Capital Sudiyana1 330
Market Disputes To Make Substantive Justice
66 Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement Reconstruction Umi Enggarsasi1,2 and Nur Khalimatus Sa’diyah2 337
As An Effort To Humanist Interacion In Order To
Realize Indonesia As An Orderly Traffic Country
Energy
67 Predictive Maintenance of Signal LED Light on Muhammad Fauzi Nuryasin1*, Dendi Hazik 345
Railway Signaling Utilizing Radio Frequency 433 Fuadi2, and Oki Mochammad Fauzan3
MHz in Indonesia
68 Solidification As An Effective Solution For Fatma Cahyani1,2, and R.A. Septya Wulan Sari2 350
Tackling Electronic Waste In Industry 4.0
69 Re:Aim (Renewable Electrical Energy From Air Adhe Yusphie Panca Tentra Sandika1, Dean 354
Measurement) Using Gnss Wind Turbine In Nugraha1 and Mohammad Saiful Rozikin 2
Balikpapan City
70 Utilization of Orange Peel Waste (Citrus nobilis Anindya Ramadhanti Yufinanda1,*, An Nisa Nur 361
Lour.) as Biogas for Electricity Source in Isolated Laila1, Andi Mar’ie Ramadan Nurusalam1, Yuna
Areas Fajar Herdiansyah1, Hadi Nur Romadlon1
71 Recirculating Bioremediation Integrated System Muhammad Fauzan1, Annur Ahadi Abdillah1 366
(RBIS): Water Revitalization System Based on
Microbial Remediation Method as a Concept to
Overcome the Impact of Water Pollutant and
Energy Requisite in the Fisheries Agroindustry
72 Hydrogeological Analysis at Non-Artesian Wells Joshua Simanjuntak1, Hananto Asyam1 and 370
Based on Groundwater Facies and Water Quality Debby Citra Kumala Dewi2
Index : Case Study in Karangawen, Demak
Regency, Cental Java
73 Disaster Level and Geological Formation of Miftahul Jannah1, ,Hezron Christian 374
Bongkah Village, Banyubiru, Ambarawa Central Marbun2, ,Joshua Simanjuntak3 and Asyuara
Java, Indonesia: Analysis of Stability Slopes with Farah4
the Slide Application
74 Smart Box Solar Collector Fresnel Lens Based on Muhammad Haris1, Roberto Abimanyu Baggio2, 378
Thermoelectric Generator Sp1848-27145 SA to Adamul Istikanah3
Support Renewable Energy
75 The Use Of Smart Concrete Sensor In Controlling Muhammad Dafa Sultan Pasha1, Muhammad 387
The Quality Of Strength And Temperature Of Faqih Nashiruddin1* and Miftahul Firdaus2
Concrete Through Real Time Data For
Construction Project (Case Study: The Construction
Of Utan Kayu Building)

xiv
I
Digital Social Sciences 1
 CISAK 2019

Kampung Investasi as the Regional Independence

Solution
Rais Fikri Fathin1, Widhyka Fakhriyakansa1, and Zulfikar Fauzi1

1
Departement of Islamic Economics, Padjadjaran University,
Jalan Raya Bandung – Sumedang, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*raisarrasyid21@gmail.com

1widhyka.fakhri@gmail.com

1zulfikarfauzi11012@gmail.com

Abstract. The development of investment in Indonesia has increased significantly in many sectors for 5 years. Based
on the data from Investment Coordination Agency, the growth of Investment realization in 2013-2018 has
progressed with the average percentage of 135.6%. However, the proportion of investment in Indonesia is
dominated by foreign party with the ratio of 47:88. This is the cause of Indonesia’s inability to achieve its
dependence on many potential manufacturing sectors. The Investment Village is the solution for regional
sovereignty to meet the people needs with the resulted dividend that comes the continuation of investment. The
method that is used in this study is qualitative method, by flowchart approach with the base foundation being triple
helix concept also a thorough interview conducted in the sample area and OJK. In the establishment, the villager’s
age and latest educational experience are the absolute factors for the sustainability of Investment Village. Hopefully,
this research may give positive impact for many areas to increase their long term income by implementing the
Investment Village. The researchers also expect that this study will be an innovation for sustaining the Investment
Village in Rancaekek as the sample area which is currently still having several problems in its progression.

Keywords: Investment Village, Society, regional sovereignty, dividend.

INTRODUCTION rate dependence for foreign investment, Indonesia is still unlikely

The data from Investment Coordination Agency (BKPM)
stated that the improvement of investment realization in 2014 –
2018 has increased with the average of 135,6%. Investment
realization in January – December 2018 period also shows that the
total Domestic Investment (PMDN) is in the amount of
328,604.92 billion Rupiah with the number of projects reaching
10,815. Meanwhile, the total for Foreign Investment (PMA) is
around US$ 29,307.91 million, and 21,972 total projects counted.
Seeing this from investment sum and project number, the
proportion of investment is dominated by foreign party with the
average ratio of 47:88. [1]
The increase of foreign investment rate in Indonesia of course
in a way has positive impact for Indonesia’s development and
economic growth. Kobrin (1997) thought that investment,
especially foreign one, poses as a medium for resources needs
transfer such as technology, managerial skill, export track, and
fund from industrial countries to the developing ones. Therefore,
investment may help increase productivity and economic growth.
However in another side, this can lead to domination of and
dependence on foreign companies that will affect negatively for
Indonesian. Santos (2007) explains that there are three
dependence types which are; colonial dependence, financial
dependence, and industrial technology dependence. With the high
being independent for developing its own potential sectors. [2]
Regional sovereignty is an ability of a region to do fiscal
decentralization autonomy. According to Halim (2001), the
primary features of a region able to do fiscal decentralization
autonomy are 1). the region financial status that means the region
itself has the capability and authority to delve upon the financial
resources, to manage and use its own finance to fund the
government operation; 2). the dependence at central assistance
must be minimum. Therefore the Local own-source revenue
(PAD) should be the biggest source of finance supported by the
regulation of the regional and central monetary balance. [3]
Regional dependence towards the central and Indonesia as
well as foreign investment are two similar problems, which are
there are still no regional independence exist. A way that can be
taken for creating it is by implanting the culture of investment with
increasing domestic investment.
FINDING AND ARGUMENTS
Kampung Investasi is a society place to start the habit of stock
investment. As the prominent motto of it “Yuk, Nabung Saham!”,
this activity is officially supported by Indonesia Stock Exchange
(BEI) and Financial Service Authority (OJK) for its continuation.
The purpose of Kampung Investasi itself is, as being mentioned
before, to gain the awareness of the investment. Kampung

1
CISAK 2019
Investasi concept has been made for the purpose of increasing
local investment.
The Kampung Investasi concept can be a way for it, in which
this concept in its implementation stage will collect the fund from
the local people sustainably and invest it to companies with certain
categories. By this way, hopefully, the dividend gained from
Kampung Investasi project will be a valuable additional income
for the local people involved, so that the regional independence
started from society independence can be reached.
METHOD
The method used in this research is qualitative method, which
includes the flowchart approach with triple helix concept as the
foundation and a deep interview conducted with the chief of object
area as well as related institution.
Picture 1 Development method of Kampung Investasi Concept
There is an importance of investment for regional development,
individual and society prosperity. The idea of Kampung Investasi
was pioneered by 3 people in the beginning that the two of them
are from Indonesia Stock Exchange and one person is a
representative from Public Relation Representative of MNC
Securities. They are Mr. Hari Mulyono as the ex-chairman of
Indonesia Stock Exchange chapter Bandung and Mr. Achmad
Dirgantara as the current chairman of Indonesia Stock Exchange
chapter Bandung, and Mrs. Ravena Karim as the PR of MNC
Securities.
In its ongoing state, Kampung Investasi had one experimental
area which is Jalegong village, Rancaekek. The reason behind the
choice is because there is an easy access to the bureaucracy in
experimental area and the relation between Mrs. Ravena Karim
with the local people. Thus, the continuation of the program is
hopefully can get more support from the villagers.
This Kampung Investasi program was started in January 2016
with the direct executor was from BEI and OJK, but right now the
program has been terminated. There were few factors that made
the termination of the program such as following: an internal
factor from the initiators (OJK – BEI) and the still unfinished
planning factor because the mutation of Mr. Hari Mulyono to
2
Indonesia Stock Exchange chapter Makassar. Meanwhile, seen
from the local people of Jelegong village, one of the reasons for
discontinuation of Kampung Investasi program was the unclear
instruction from OJK and BEI as the initiators. In addition, the
Jelegong villagers were still worried to accept the idea of
Kampung Investasi based on the unfamiliar feelings for
investment concept and the negative stereotype that lingers about
investment which is only done by the high-middle class society.
Then the triple helix concept will be beneficial for
developmental innovation of this Kampung Investasi program.
The triple helix concept for the foundation of development of
Kampung Investasi is a concept in which there must be synergy
among academician, company, and related institution. According
to Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), the scholars with resources,
knowledge, and technology focus on resulting in the applicative
invention and innovation. Business circle does the capitalization
that brings them economical revenue and benefits for the society.
Then the related institution ensures and secures the stability of the
relationship between the two above with well-operated
regulations.[4]
The following is the flow of Kampung Investasi development
concept using the triple helix concept:
Picture 2 Flow of Kampung Investasi Program
Important roles:
1. BEI – OJK
They will have two roles on this which are; (1) Regulation role,
in the form of making regulation as well as protection and
maintaining the order related to this program that is supportive and
government commitment, (2) Allocation role, in the form of rare
CISAK 2019
resources distribution such as experts, supporting infrastructure,
search of companies, supporting fund, technology transfer, and
many other needed inputs for establishing the Kampung Investasi.
2. Investor Saham Pemula Community
The field executor for Kampung Investasi program is the
Investor Saham Pemula (ISP) community in which mostly
dominated by college students and the community has focused on
educating people about capital market. The role of ISP community
is to; (1) create a developmental concept for Kampung Investasi
and the technical of its continuation in society and do some
introductions of it, (2) recruit the people for the position needed in
Kampung Investasi program, (3) raise the people’s interest
towards stock investment that will be beneficial for erasing the
negative stereotype in society about investment by inviting many
entertainment figures who have been active in stock investment
matter such as Via Vallen, (4) arrange a special training routinely
for the people through workshop relevant with stock investment
within a month for 1+4 times meeting assisted by teaching
personnel from BEI and OJK, and (5) monitor and evaluate the
continuation of Kampung Investasi program.
3. Businessman
The role of businessmen in Kampung Investasi is joining the
action to raise people’s interest on investment by their cooperative
attitude and give offerings that facilitate people on stock
investment.
4. The Important Figure of Nurtured Village
As the mediator on social institution for the execution of the
program and further introduction at the people about the program,
then the people can be coordinated in order.
5. The Villagers of Nurtured Village as the executor in the
Kampung Investasi concept. Active participation by the villagers
will help realize the proposed idea of Kampung Investasi from the
beginning.
The mechanism of Kampung Investasi continuation in
Jelegong village, Rancaekek, may take example from the
mechanism used for investment in Purwakarta people. The
following is the explanation of the mechanism of investment
continuation that will be adopted in Jelegong village, Rancaekek.
Kampung Investasi should have the capital that will be used
for capital investment managed by the team that has been formed
before. The early capital for continuation of Kampung Investasi
may come:
A. Contribution from the villagers
For the example, if every villager puts a fund with minimum
value of IDR 50.000/month, every fund should be noted in
member’s fund note and they deserve to get the transaction receipt
to avoid any peculation.
3
B. Fund from the village administration
The fund from the village administration should be invested
and the benefit from it can be used for the development of the
village itself (example: restoration of village’s public facilitation).
a. Non profitable donation
The donation here means some funds from outside party
(non-villagers) that would not ask for any compensation
if there is a benefit on it.
b. Profitable donation
The donation is from outside party that hopes to gain
some benefit share.
Specialized Team Of Fund Management :
This team includes trustworthy people to manage the village’s
fund wisely and transparently and has a purpose to develop the
village without thinking about personal’s needs first.
This team would be taken and granted an education about
investment in capital market from the educator team of related
institutions such as BEI, OJK, as well as Securities. The team will
be also granted an additional salary from investment result
percentage (if it is producing dividend). The grant of this dividend
sharing is useful to push the investment management to be better
next.
Internal control:
Internal control needs to be noted and made to avoid fraud
possibility in fund management of the village investment. Internal
control can be such as:
• Transparency in NAB (Net Asset Value) accounting that
is published every month in village’s bulletin board.
• Transaction check in every month on report that come
from brokers that is sent via email in every month.
Mechanism of accumulation, management, and profit sharing
(illustration):
1. Fund Input
In every new month (date 1 - 10), villagers as the member of
village investment, deposit capital with the minimum number of
IDR 50.000 to a team that has been formed and receive the capital
deposit receipt.
Date Name Deposit Amount
1/1/2018 Mrs. Heni Putri IDR 100.000
1/1/2018 Mr. Isep Wahyudin IDR 50.000
3/1/2018 Mr. Supardi IDR 200.000
Picture 3 Simulation of Deposit Fund
CISAK 2019

*Every deposit fund should be accumulated with the fund having
been received before, if there is a withdrawal of fund (capital, not
dividend), it must be noted as it decrease the members’ capital and
he or she is given the withdrawal receipt.
2. Fund Management
Fund that has been gathered is managed by buying some
company’s stocks with standard analysis consideration that has
been taught by the educator team. The fund management team
should be warned so they do not take any high risk and has a
chance to endanger the member’s fund.
3. Output / profit distribution
The profit distribution of investing management can be in
periods (3 months, 6 months, and 12 months). For the instance,
realistically distribution in every 6 months and in that period the
investment fund has 12% profit from the fund which the amount
is IDR 52.000.000, so the gross profit is IDR 6.240.000.
[2] Nur Fajar Alam. Azhar, “Asas Kemandirian dan
Kemanfaatan Tindakan Nasionalisasi Modal Asing” ,
Undergraduate Thesis, pp. 2, 2015.
[3] Halim, A.2001.Manajemen Keuangan
Daerah.Yogyakarta:BPFE
[4] Lestariningsih. Enny, “Sinergi Lembaga / Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Dengan Industri Dalam
Konsep Science Park Studi Kasus di Puspiptek
Serpong”, Thesis, pp. 40, 2012.
[5] Lengka. Mahya, ”, Di Purwakarta, 183 Desa Menjadi
Pemilik Saham Perusahaan Nasional, Kok Bisa?,
Access from: https://seword.com/ekonomi/di-
purwakarta-183-desa-menjadi-pemiliksaham-
perusahaan-nasional-kok-bisa/, (27th may 2017)

The wage for management team for the instance is 20% from
the profit, and then their wage is IDR 1.248.000, and the net profit
for investing member is IDR 4.992.000.

The profit distribution can be explained with this formula:

Profit = (capital deposit amount/capital deposit total amount) x

Net Profit

With details as follow:

Capital Report of Investing Fund Member

Period of 1/1/2018 until 31/06/2018
Name Capital Deposit Profit
Amount
Mrs. Heni Putri IDR 10.000.000 IDR 960.000
Mr. Isep IDR 17.000.000 IDR 1.632.00
Wahyudin
Mr. Supriadi IDR 20.000.000 IDR 1.919.999
Mrs. Erna IDR 7.000.000 IDR 671.999
Mrs. Rusmiati IDR 8.000.000 IDR 767.999

Member with unlimited investment uses their profit to be

invested back as well as taking the profit. If village’s investment
run into a loss, the loss must be imposed to the entire members
with no exception including no wage distribution to fund
management team of village investment.

REFERENCES
[1] Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal Republik
Indonesia, “Realisasi Penanaman Modal PMDN-PMA
Triwulan IV Januari-Desember Tahun 2018”, sub V,
pp. 25, 2019.

4
 CISAK 2019

Does Digitalization as G20 Financial Inclusion Indicator relate

to GDP Growth?
Yani Parasti Siregar

Master of Public Policy Program, KDI School of Public Policy and Management
263 Namsejong-ro, Sejong-si, 30149, Republic of Korea

yparasti@kdis.ac.kr

Abstract. Industry 4.0 has influenced the financial sector, not to mention the digital penetration to improve financial inclusion.
Therefore, this research empirically studies the relation between G20 Financial Inclusion Indicator (which includes digitalization) and
economic growth which are indicated by GDP growth in G20 countries. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, this study
observed that the possession of financial account and borrowing from financial account have significant positive relations with GDP
growth. The result shows that every one percent rise of financial account will lead to an increase of GDP growth as much as around
0.30. On the other hand, every increase of one percent in the variable of borrowing lead to the increasing of GDP growth as much as
0.012. However, digital payments and access to phone and internet reveal negative relation with the economic growth. Digital
payments significantly has negative relation with GDP growth, where every one percent increase in digital payment will lead to
decreasing of GDP growth around 0.31. GDP growth as the dependent variable is explained as much as around 63% by the
independent variables. According to this result, G20, including Indonesia as one of the G20 member countries, should focus on the
mainstreaming of the financial account and the regulation of credit or loan in financial institutions, especially to the unbanked
population. Furthermore, instead of focusing on other action plans regarding digitalization, G20 may focus on discussing about the
infrastructure refinement and education of digital financial services in developing countries. Because of without robust infrastructure
and education of digitalization issues, the cost of digital financial services will increase without significant economic return for the
people, and thus negatively relate to the GDP growth. This may help Indonesia to be better prepared for the bigger impact of Industry
4.0 while benefitting from it.

Keywords: G20 Financial Inclusion Indicator, Digitalization in Financial Sector

A. INTRODUCTION financial sector, McConaghy [4] stated that digitalization offers

G20 (Group of 20) as one of the leading major economic
fora in the world, is striving to find solutions for current global
issues such as but not limited to economic issues. Therefore, to
embrace the challenge on global economy, G20 identifies
financial inclusion as one of the economic growth main drivers,
and thus can help improve the quality of life of many people in
the world. G20 also aims to advocate a global integrated effort
in financial inclusion [1]. To initiate this effort, G20 along with
World Bank has developed an effort to actualize the
implementation of financial inclusion. The World Bank states
that financial inclusion allows “individuals and businesses to
have access to useful and affordable financial products and
services that meet their needs – transactions, payments, savings,
credit, and insurance” [2].
Financial inclusion has also been influenced by The Fourth
Industrial Revolution (or commonly known as Industry 4.0).
The development of Industry 4.0 inevitably allows people to
have broader access and discovery. Schwab [3] stated that the
digital revolution is advancing the Industry 4.0 and it is
characterized by the fusion of technology, physical sphere, and
biology. People are now connected through mobile devices, and
knowledges are improved through artificial intelligence,
biotechnology, or the Internet of Things. In terms of the
opportunities to many financial services, including financial
inclusion.
Therefore, to respond to the issues and trends, G20
Pittsburgh Summit in September 2009 agreed to improve the
financial service access to the unbanked groups. This includes
promoting a policy approach and standards on financial access
[5]. Furthermore, in G20 Toronto Summit 2010, G20 member
countries endorsed the G20 Principles for Innovative Financial
Inclusion as a political recommendation for policymakers in
regard to financial inclusion, which includes the Principle of
Innovation as a means to strengthen technological and
institutional access, which is in accordance with the
development of Industry 4.0 [6]. The state of financial inclusion
and digital financial services in G20 and non-G20 countries is
performed in the G20 Financial Inclusion Indicator, aiming to
assist countries in achieving financial inclusion goals [7].
As the purpose of having access to financial services
means to have economic impact on the people, which can be
measured in the growth, this research will try to observe
whether the G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators, which includes
digitalization, have any relations to economic growth, and thus
the research question is “Does G20 indicators in financial
inclusion have any relations toward economic growth?”.

5
 CISAK 2019
B. APPROACH
In order to see the relation between financial inclusion
according to G20 Financial Inclusion indicator and economic
growth, I take the data from World Bank G20 Financial
Inclusion Indicators website which has detailed data from both
users and providers in financial service [7].
In regard to the country, I use stratified random sampling as
the method. Stratified random sampling is when “a population
is divided into subgroups called strata, and a sample is randomly
selected from each stratum” [8]. Through stratified random
sampling, I take samples of financial inclusion indicators in
G20 countries as the representative of developing and
developed country, in addition to the Netherlands, Rwanda,
The Philippines, Kenya, Bangladesh, Burundi, and Peru as the
countries which are also involved in the G20 Financial
Inclusion Action Plan implementation and mentioned in the
G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan Progress Report 2010-
2014 as the case study [9]. I also focus on choosing the
developing countries due to the nature of G20 purpose in
financial inclusion which is to target inclusion in developing
countries. For the time-period, I focus on the year 2014, because
this is the end period of G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan
implementation from G20 Summit in 2010.
C. VARIABLES
According to Kumar et al. [10], there are at least three broad
dimensions that can be considered as the measure of financial
inclusion. The first dimension is access to the type of institution,
for example bank or credit cooperative. The second dimension
is access in terms of the financial access service, such as access
to payment or transaction service, access to saving products,
and access to credit. The third dimension is access to any type
of product, for example debit cards, credit cards, or life
insurance. Referring to the measure of financial inclusion above
and the purpose of this research concerning digitalization, the
chosen variables are as follow:
1. GDP Growth (Dependent variable, Continuous
variable)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is commonly used by
researchers to see relations or impact towards certain economic
condition. The 2008 United Nations System of National
Accounts (2008 SNA) states that GDP can be a plausible
indicator for the calculation of economic growth. GDP growth
itself is the rate that tells how rapid one country’s economy is
growing;
2. Account (Independent variable, Continuous variable)
As mentioned by the World Bank, the possesion of financial
accounts is the most important thing to access wider financial
inclusion. Accounts represent the percentage of an individual
who has an account in a financial institution (either bank or
other financial institution);
6
3. Saved at financial institution (Independent variable,
Continuous variable)
This variable represents the percentage of individuals who have
savings in banks or other financial institutions;
4. Borrowed from a financial institution in a past year
(Independent variable, Continuous variable)
This variable represents the percentage of individuals who
borrow money from banks or other type of financial institutions;
5. Getting credit (distance to frontier) (Independent
variable, Quantitative Discrete Variable)
This variable represents the distance of reaching the credit
access, where 0 performs the lowest performance of access to
credit and 100 performs the highest performance to credit;
6. Access to mobile phone or internet at home
(Independent variable, Continuous variable)
This variable represents the percentage of individuals who have
access to mobile phone or internet. I take this as the variable to
see how the digital era penetrates the financial development;
7. Made or receive digital payment (Independent
variable, Continuous variable)
This variable represents the percentage of individuals who use
their financial accounts to make or receive payments by phone
or internet;
8. Developing or developed country (Dummy variable,
Quantitative Discrete variable)
This variable represents the difference on the relation of G20
financial inclusion indicator and economic growth between
developing and developed country. The purpose of using this
variable is to observe whether G20 indicator is properly targeted
to the developing countries.
D. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS
Using H0 :m: There is no relation between economic growth
and G20 financial inclusion indicators
H1 :m: There is a relation between economic growth and G20
financial inclusion indicators;
Also following the above-mentioned research question, the
regression is as follows:
Y = β0 + β1 + β2 + β3 +β4 +β5 +β6+1 + µ
gdpgrowth = β0 + β1account + β2savingatbank + β3borrowed +
The regression
β4credit counting is
+ β5accesstointernet using STATA with
+ β6digitalpayments Ordinary
+1dvlpg +µ
Least Square (OLS) as the method of linear regression,
highlighting that OLS is best linear unbiased estimators, and the
regression result is as below :
CISAK 2019

Borrowing from any financial institution also has positive

. regress gdpgrowth account savingatbank borrowed credit digitalpayments accesstophinternet dvlpg
relations. This indicates that when people have access to borrow
Source SS df MS Number of obs = 26 money, it will lead to the possibility of economic growth. It is
F( 7, 18) = 4.39
Model 102.144057 7 14.5920082 Prob > F = 0.0053
possible that the borrowers use the credit or loan for business or
Residual 59.8383323 18 3.32435179 R-squared = 0.6306 entrepreneurs which later can help people grow their economic
Adj R-squared = 0.4869 condition [11];
Total 161.98239 25 6.47929558 Root MSE = 1.8233

b. Digitalization in financial inclusion which is represented in

gdpgrowth Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] digital payments and access to phone or internet turns out to
account .303915 .0895229 3.39 0.003 .1158343 .4919957
have negative relations to the GDP growth. This result might
savingatbank .012946 .0288122 0.45 0.659 -.0475863 .0734782 indicate that there is no huge economic return in utilizing them
borrowed .3644763 .1117885 3.26 0.004 .1296173 .5993353 as an indicator. It is assumed that digital payment processing
credit -.0124668 .0222871 -0.56 0.583 -.0592902 .0343566
digitalpayments -.3082505 .0670936 -4.59 0.000 -.4492088 -.1672921 encounters infrastructure issue and similar impasses. This is in
accesstophinternet -.1456578 .0523575 -2.78 0.012 -.2556569 -.0356588 accordance with Porteous [12], who maintains that electronic
dvlpg .3045813 1.427783 0.21 0.833 -2.695079 3.304242
payment systems may require a very high cost of investment but
_cons 8.659269 3.261973 2.65 0.016 1.806118 15.51242
the marginal cost after installation would be high. It is also
mentioned that the uncertain size and rate of how much
.
Table 1.1 Regression Result infrastructure needed to make sure the access goes well, will
hinder the supplier from creating new infrastructure [13]. The
Based on the regression result, account shows positive uncertainty could cost more than the profit. Therefore,
coefficient of 0.30 which performs positive relation between especially in developing countries, huge investment on digital
account and GDP growth, where every one percent increase on payment infrastructure may lead to the decreasing of GDP
account leads to an increase of 0.30 to GDP growth. Account growth.
also shows a significant relation towards GDP growth, by
observing the P value which is less than 5% critical level. It E. CONCLUSION
means we reject the null hypothesis (0.003). There is also a
This paper attempts to see whether G20 as a major global
positive and significant impact between borrowing from any
economic forum cherry picks the proper indicators in financial
financial institution and GDP growth, whereby every one
inclusion issues.
percent increase on borrowing from financial institutions will
lead to the increase of GDP growth as much as 0.36. Savings
In regard to digitalization issue following the results of
at banks also shows positive relation towards GDP growth,
Table 1.1, access to phone and internet and digital payments
however, it does not perform significantly at all due to the huge
perform negative relations to GDP growth. Pertaining to this
P value (0.659).
observation, G20 is suggested to re-evaluate the commitment
and action plan on digitalization, whether it is properly targeted
From the result above, we see negative relations in the
to the developing countries or not. G20 countries should focus
digitalization sector (digital payments and access to phone and
on the infrastructure refinement before going further to other
internet). Access to phone and internet and digital payments
digitalization program. G20 is also suggested to focus on
have a significant negative relation to GDP growth. Every one
Principle 4 on its High-Level Principles for Digital Financial
percent rise in access to phone and internet will lead to 0.15
Inclusion which states, “Expand the digital financial services
decrease to GDP growth, while every one percent increase on
ecosystem – including financial and information and
the digital payments will lead to the decrease of GDP growth as
communications technology infrastructure – for the safe,
much as 0.31. Digital payment also performs a significant
reliable, and low-cost provision of digital financial services to
relation with GDP growth, where P value falls at 0.000.
all relevant geographical areas, especially under-served rural
Furthermore, every increase in a developing country will have
areas.” Besides, G20 can also focus on the education of using
0.30 GDP rise higher than developed countries. According to
financial services in the digital era, which can help people
the result, R-squared shows that around 63% of the overall
catch up with the fast development of digitalization.
measure from the dependent variable (GDP growth) can be
explained by the independent variable.
Indonesia as a G20 member country also implements
National Strategy for Financial Inclusion in order to enhance
The data above leads to several results:
the financial access for everyone [14]. By the Central Bank of
Indonesia, line ministries, and also relevant stakeholders,
a. The statement from the World Bank that possession of
Indonesia strives to push economic growth by ensuring equal
account will lead to broader financial inclusion and thus
distribution of income, poverty reduction, and the
economic growth, is possible to be proven. The positive and
stability of financial systems. From the policy, Indonesia is
significant relations highlight the importance of financial
putting a balanced effort to increase the financial inclusion,
account for an individual to afford the access to financial service.

7
CISAK 2019

within financial education, digitalization in financial access, [12] D, Porteous. Financial Infrastructure and Financial Access.
and financial infrastructure development. Therefore, it is Building Inclusive Financial Systems: A Framework for
believed that the Indonesian government is capable of applying Financial Access, p.117-141. The Brookings Institution:
the best practices for domestic policy. Washington DC. 2007
[13]M. Cirasino, et al. Retail Payment Systems to Support
Furthermore, despite the result and analysis, I found Financial Access: Infrastructure and Policy. The Brookings
that there may be limitations of this research. In terms of data, I Institution: Washington DC. 2006
tried to use data from all G20 countries, International Fund for [14] Dewan Nasional Keuangan Inklusif. Strategi Nasional
Agricultural Development, and OECD country members Keuangan Inklusif (SNKI): Laporan Tahunan Keuangan
(mentioned in the G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan as the Inklusif 2017. [Online] http://snki.ekon.go.id/wp-
stakeholders of G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan) in order content/uploads/2018/08/Laporan-Keuangan-Inklusif-
to increase the N-size. However, all the variables are found 2017_.pdf
insignificant and the R-squared was very low. Therefore, in the
future I may need suggestions, references, and further readings
on data sampling to create a better research on G20 Financial
Inclusion issue.

REFERENCES
[1] GPFI. G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan. [Online]
Available: Excerpted from www.gpfi.org. 2014
[2] World Bank. Financial Inclusion Overview. [Online]
Available:www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/ove
rview. 2018
[3] K. Schwab. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It
Means and How to Respond. [Online] Available:
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015-12-12/fourth-
industrial-revolution. 2015
[4] P. McConaghy. Breakout Digital Finance: FinTech and
Financial Inclusion. [Online] Available:
http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/877721478111918039/break
out-DigiFinance-McConaghy-Fintech.pdf. 2013
[5] M.S. Kimenyi, V. Songwe. Why The G20 Must Prioritize
Financial Inclusion to Promote Global Growth. The Brookings
Institute: Global Economy and Development Program. [Online]
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2016/06/g20_kimenyi_songwe.pdf. 2016
[6] Alliance for Financial Inclusion. G20 Principles for
Innovative Financial Inclusion. [Online]
https://www.gpfi.org/publications/g20-principles-innovative-
financial-inclusion-executive-brief.
[7] World Bank. (2018). G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators.
[Online] datatopics.worldbank.org/g20fidata
[8] D. Lind, W. Marchal, S. Wathen. Statistical Techniques in
Business & Economics. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc :
New York. 2012
[9] GPFI.G20 Financial Inclusion Action Plan Progress Report
2010-2014. [Online] www.gpfi.org. 2015
[10] A. Kumar, et al. Measuring Financial Access. Building
Inclusive Financial Systems: A Framework for Financial
Access, p.7-32. The Brookings Institution: Washington DC.
2007
[11] X. Gine. Why Does Access Matter? Impact on Growth and
Poverty. Building Inclusive Financial Systems: A Framework
for Financial Access, p.33-56. The Brooking Institute:
Washington DC. 2007

8
CISAK 2019

Madhang App as an Empowerment Medium to improve The

Economic Welfare of The Local Food Sellers in The 4.0
Industrial Revolution in Indonesia
Nikita Desverose1, Aiman Bahalwan2

1
Department of Political Science, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
2
Department of Political Science, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*desverose59@gmail.com

2aimanbahalwan6@gmail.com

Abstract. Madhang is a mobile application (app) that engages in the field of Food & Beverage and emphasizes the uniqueness of local
foods. Madhang helps people sell their products to customers by acting as an intermediary with an online system, starting from the
listing of seller and products, ordering, payment and product delivery. This app is nationally scaled and in accordance with 'Making
Indonesia 4.0' Roadmap. The materials used are from online news articles and interviews with few of the sellers in Madhang, and the
method used is quantitative data analysis techniques. This app is an innovative solution to social problems that aims to empower
housewives to be able to run a Food & Beverage business without the needs of opening a cafe or restaurant so that the maintenance cost
can be redirected to optimalize production cost. By using Javanese philosophy as a foundation for doing business, Madhang facilitates
anyone in Indonesia to sell their best food products with their respective peculiarities. The hope is that Madhang would be able to
improve the family's economic welfare and preserve the distinctiveness of local cuisine. In facilitating payment and delivery, Madhang
cooperates with other startups such as Grab, Paytren, and OVO.

Keywords: economic welfare, food and beverage, industrial revolution 4.0, madhang app.

A. INTRODUCTION Madhang, which is a mobile application (app) that engages in the

The 4th industrial revolution is currently developing rapidly
along with the development of digital technology that has massive
impacts on human life. Industrial revolution 4.0 encourages
automation systems in all industrial processes and activities, from
production to consumption. This is marked by increasingly
sophisticated and easily accessible internet technology, which is
not only able to connect millions of people throughout the world
but also becomes the basis for online trade and transportation
transactions [1].
Many countries, both developed and developing countries,
have included Industrial Revolution 4.0 into their national agenda
as a way to increase competitiveness in the global market arena.
Indonesia itself has the "Making Indonesia 4.0" Roadmap which
currently focuses on the development of five manufacturing
sectors with regional competitiveness, one of which is the
development of the “Food & Beverage (F&B) Powerhouse”
industry in ASEAN [2].
Since ancient times, Indonesia's culinary potential has indeed
been very rich. Indonesia is known for a long time as a source of
wide-varied spices, so the variations in cuisine that can be created
are also rich in taste. This is proved by the Indonesian recipe book
"Mustika Rasa" which created in 1967 that contains more than
1000 Indonesian special recipes collected from Sabang to
Merauke [3].
There are many startups that have sprung up and opened up
business opportunities for the community, one of which is
field of Food&Beverage and emphasizes the uniqueness of local
foods. Madhang helps people sell their products to customers by
acting as an intermediary with an online system, starting from the
listing of seller and products, ordering, payment and product
delivery. This app is nationally scaled and in accordance with
'Making Indonesia 4.0' Roadmap. It is started by telling everyone
that Madhang is a startup created by Indonesian youth. Madhang,
which was managed by seventeen young people has a vision to
improve the welfare of the family's living standard. Through
technology, Madhang seeks to spread the social impact of a better
life for housewives and their families who want to sell their
product of food and beverages to increase their income. Madhang
has a principle of “Because every housewife has a unique and
different food recipe” and of that Madhang wants to change family
recipes into more economic values [4].
B. METHODS
The materials used are from online news articles and
interviews with few of the sellers in Madhang. We also use results
of a random sampling survey about Madhang and Family
Economic Welfare to respondents of 100 people in Malang City.
The method used is quantitative data analysis techniques.
Hypothesis:
1. 'H0' is accepted if: there is no significant effect of variable X on
variable Y

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CISAK 2019

2. 'Hα' is accepted if: there is a significant effect of variable X on Table 1 Crosstabulation of Reasons of Choosing Madhang
variable Y
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
Madhang as a breakthrough in marketing and preserving
Indonesian specialties
Indonesia is a country that is rich in spices. The richness of the
spices produces a variety of Indonesian foods that are very
diverse. Every region in Indonesia has its own special food with
unique ingredients to how to cook it. The rich variety of
Indonesian specialties really needs to be preserved. The
development of the era in the industrial revolution 4.0 era can be
a good opportunity to more broadly introduce and preserve the
culinary distinctiveness of each region. Madhang.id is able to see
these opportunities and to combine the richness of Indonesian
culinary with technological advancements to market it more
broadly so that more and more people can sell and buy Indonesian Of the 100 respondents, there were 91 people who used the
food or home-cooked food they want. Madhang application and 9 people who did not use it. From 91
people who used the Madhang application, the most reason they
choose Madhang was because it saved more capital when it comes
to selling food (as many as 41 respondents). Of the 91 who choose
Madhang, only 1 respondent answered choosing Madhang to
simply carry out his cooking hobby.
Madhang as the collaboration work from Indonesian youth
With the tagline of its pride as a start-up by Indonesian youth,
Madhang also collaborates with other start-ups which are also the
work of the nation's youth. Paytren as an online payment medium
is utilized by Madhang through the Madhang Pay feature to make
Figure 1Various Cuisine listed and sold at Madhang.id Application it easier for buyers to make payments for the food they buy. In
addition to Paytren, Madhang also cooperates with start-ups such
Madhang as a differentiator between online food
as Grab for product delivery systems and other online payment
applications
media such as OVO. At present, Madhang is developing a method
Madhang is not the first online food application presented in
of payment through bank transfer (via ATM, iBanking, m-
Indonesia. Previously, there was GOJEK with go-food and Grab
Banking), debiting Madhang Balance, or credit card payments to
with grab-food. However, Madhang do not present to be a
the Madhang Account via a payment gateway. This is done solely
competitor in the online food business. There are good basic
to facilitate the sellers and buyers in making payment transactions
principles in the Madhang application that distinguish it from
and withdrawing money [6].
other online food applications. The makers of this application
want an equal opportunity for all Indonesian people who want to
become food sellers online. If the online food application
mentioned earlier requires the seller to have a cafe or restaurant to
be registered as a seller, Madhang does not require that provision.
Everyone can sell the best dishes even from the kitchen in their
respective homes. This certainly helps everyone, especially
housewives who want to sell food without having to prepare
capital to rent or buy a place that is used as a shop or restaurant.
The principle of distributive justice is to get equal opportunities in
this culinary business that makes Madhang different from other
online food applications. Until now, the Madhang application has Figure 2 Madhang Food Delivery Service facilities using Grab
empowered more than five thousand housewives as tenants/sellers
[5].
Madhang improves the well-being of Indonesian families
In accordance with its vision and mission, Madhang seeks to
change family recipes to have more economic value. Housewives
who usually cook only for their families, can now use cooking
skills and secret recipes that are owned for sale to the public. The

10
CISAK 2019
good ideals that are balanced with hard work are enough to attract
the attention of the Indonesian people, especially housewives to
participate as tenants (users who act as food vendors or presenters).
Some of the thousands of tenants admitted to being helped by the
Madhang application, especially the housewives who cook
everyday at home. Even though they do not have stalls, they can
display their best dishes on the homepage of the Madhang app.
Through food sales in this application, their family's economy is
quite helpful. At least, housewives today do not only expect their
husbands' livelihood to support their daily family needs.
Housewives are a little more independent while contributing to the
preservation of Indonesian specialties which are rich in spices. It
is not only for tenants, but also some grab drivers that can also
experience economic benefits from the presence of the Madhang
application. As a fellow start-up, Madhang which cooperates with
Grab in the payment and delivery of food automatically adds to
the opportunity to use driver grab services. Thus, the Madhang
application can be said to have achieved its vision and mission in
helping to improve the lives of Indonesian families.
Table 2 Chi-Square Test
In the Pearson Chi-Square section, the Asymp.Sig value is
0.012. Because the value of Asymp.Sig 0.012 <0.05, it can be
concluded that Hα is accepted, which means "There is a significant
relationship between the Madhang application and family
economic welfare". This means that there is a significant
relationship between the Madhang application variable and the
increase in family economic welfare in Klojen District, Malang
City in 2018.
Table 3 Correlation Table
Through the correlation in table above, it can be seen that there
is a strong level of relationship between the Madhang application
variable and the increase in family economic welfare in Klojen
District, Malang City in 2018.
11
Table 4 Regression
The table above explains the magnitude of the correlation /
relationship (R) which is equal to 0.353 and explains the
percentage effect of variable X (Madhang Application) on the
variable Y (Family Economic Welfare) that is R2 equal to 12.5%
while the rest is influenced by other variables.
Table 5 Correlation Coefficient of Madhang App towards Family Economic
Welfare
Through the correlation coefficient in table above, the value in
column B on Constant / Y (a) is 0.724 while X (b) is 0.233, so the
regression equation is :
Y=a+bX
Y=0,724+0,233x
It means in the equation:
1) The constant 0.724 states that if there is no X value then
the Y value equals to 0.724
2) The regression coefficient X of 0.233 states that for every
addition of 1 value of X, the value of Y increases by
0.233
Partial Regression Coefficient Test (T Test)
Significance test with (t) is to find out whether there is a
significant effect of variable X on variable Y.
Based on table 5, it is known that the value of t count of the
variable X, ‘Madhang App’ is 3.738 with a significance of 0.00.
To see the significant effect of whether or not there is relationship
between the two variables, t count must be greater than t table and
also the significance value must be smaller than 0.05. The way to
determine t table is to calculate the df value (degree of freedom)
using the formula,
df = n - k – 1
where n is the number of samples and k is the number of variables
(independent and bound variables) which thus counts df = 96.
From the df value we can know the t table through the distribution
of table t, which is 1.988. If seen from the explanation in table 5,
CISAK 2019

it can be concluded that t count of 3.738 is greater than t table of

1.988 and the significance value is smaller than 0.05. Thus H0 is
rejected and Hα is accepted. This means that 'Madhang App' has
a significant effect on family economic well-being in Malang City
in 2018.

D. CONCLUSION
Madhang is an application that provides perfection amidst
technological advancements in the era of the Industrial Revolution
4.0. By focusing on the culinary field, Madhang displays a wealth
of variations of Indonesian specialties from various regions.
Besides that, the concept of justice in providing equal
opportunities to everyone is also applied by this application.
Slightly different from other online foods, sellers are not obliged
to have a food stall or restaurant to sell their food. By capitalizing
on the kitchen space in each house, every family especially
housewives can sell their best dishes through this application,
because the creators of this application believe that each family
has its own specialty. Based on the principle of equal opportunity,
Madhang is able to contribute to improve the economic well-being
of the Indonesian people more broadly and evenly.

REFERENCES
[1] Slamet Rosyadi. (2018, April). Revolusi Industri 4.0:
Peluang dan Tantangan Bagi Alumni Universitas Terbuka
[Online]. Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324220813_REV
OLUSI_INDUSTRI_40.
[2] Ministry of Industry of The Republic of Indonesia. (-).
Making Indonesia 4.0 (updated edition) [Online]. Available
FTP: kemenperin.go.id Directory:
kemenperin.go.id/publikasi-lain File: Making Indonesia 4.0
- Bahan AT Kearney Sosialisasi tentang Industry 4.0
(update).
[3] Badan Ekonomi Kreatif Indonesia. (2015). Rencana
Pengembangan Kuliner Nasional (edisi 2015-2019) [Online].
Available:
http://indonesiakreatif.bekraf.go.id/ikpro/publication/rencan
a-pengembangan-kuliner-nasional-2015-2019/.
[4] Madhang. (2017). History of Madhang [Online]. Available:
https://madhang.id/about_us.
[5] S. N. Azzura. (2018). Lewat Madhang, anak Presiden Jokowi
berdayakan 5.000 IRT [Online]. Available:
https://www.merdeka.com/uang/lewat-madhang-anak-
presiden-jokowi-berdayakan-5000-irt.html.
[6] D. R. Cahyani. (2018). Gibran dan Kaesang Kembangkan
Aplikasi Madhang, Apa Itu? [Online]. Available:
https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1122010/gibran-dan-kaesang-
kembangkan-aplikasi-madhang-apa-itu.

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 CISAK 2019

Rural industry of kerupuk kakap as a gate of community

economic growth in sambirejo ngawi village in supporting
sdg’s 2030.
1
Muhammad Farchan Juliansyah ,2Moch Rizal Bayu Bakti Nugroho

Faculty of Islamic Studies, Islamic University of Indonesia,

Kaliurang St. Km. 14,5.,Yogyakarta, Sleman Regency, Indonesia
Department of Islamic Economics
1
glases.july@gmail.com 2rizalbayu1453@gmail.com
phone: +62821235649059/+6281391556369

Abstract: The uncertain state of the village economy in Indonesia has made people's livelihoods unstable, demanding that
the community be more creative in opening up businesses or opening up their own businesses to live their lives, so that
unemployment does not increase. Our main motivation for creating creative ideas is to help increase the income of
surrounding communities with entrepreneurship training in the formation of creative industries related to food. The hope
is that besides being able to improve the standard of living of the community in the academic community, it can also
provide new jobs for the surrounding community. So that finally, it comes to our minds to create new product creations
by utilizing the basic ingredients of Kakap fish skin. The creative industry that we make is related to food which makes
Kakap fish skin as the main base material that will be processed into crackers and this business will be managed in a
transparent and in a whole way for the surrounding community. It is hoped that the presence of the creative food industry
based on Kakap fish skin can increase the income of the people in Sambirejo village, as the location of this industrial
center.
Keywords: Industry, Rural, Crackers, Kakap

A. INTRODUCTION be easily done in homes by rural communities. The country of

Indonesia, especially Java, Sumatra, and Lampung,
has undergone a change as an agricultural area. But, now the
stereotype has undergone many changes. These changes can be
seen among others with the decline in yields in agriculture. This
is influenced by several factors, among others, the narrowing of
agricultural land caused by the transfer of land empowerment
in non-agricultural fields, namely the construction of high-rise
buildings and for other businesses such as industry, both small-
scale industries to large-scale industries. Other influences were
such as reduced interest in young people especially as the next
generation in agriculture. In general, young people in rural areas
are not very interested in working in the agricultural sector.
Youth in rural areas generally have their own various reasons,
such as the relatively heavy work, the effectiveness of work
depends on the season, uncertain income, and relatively low
income (Fatimah, 2005: 2). So that in the minds of the young
people there was an assumption that if it remained in
agriculture, it would always be outdated, because jobs in the
agricultural sector were identified with traditional, undeveloped
communities.
From these influences, the ideas emerged to create
businesses that are engaged in non-agricultural fields which can
Indonesia is in the process of leading the era of
industrialization, an era that is seen as very important in the
history of national culture because in this era Indonesia is
expected to catch up with other countries so that it can live in
equal terms with other developed countries. It is strategic to
spur the nation to achieve the ideals of independence to become
a developed country.
Therefore, researchers try to realize this rural
industry idea that is expected to improve the economy of the
Sambirejo Community and bring Indonesia to an advanced
country by utilizing Kakap skin waste in the village. There are
companies that only take meat and their heads which cause this
fish skin less valuable. In this case, the Kakap skin will be
processed into Kakap skin chips, and becomes the object of
rural industry, especially for the village of Sambirejo, Ngawi.
Therefore, in this paper the researchers poured their ideas
entitled "Rural Industry (Kerupuk Kakap), As A Gateway To
Community Economic Growth in Sambirejo Village Ngawi In
Supporting SDG'S 2030". Thus, this paper will explain how
rural industries can improve the economy of the community,
what rural industries can be established in Sambirejo Village,
and how the processing of rural industrial objects in the
Sambirejo Village.

13
B. LITERATURE REVIEW
a) Industry
Industry has two meanings. The first, it means a set
of similar companies, for example the cosmetics industry which
means the set of companies producing cosmetic products.
Second, the industry can also refer to an economic sector in
which there are productive activities that process raw materials
into finished goods or semi-finished goods. Economic
development is economic growth followed by changes in the
structure and pattern of economic activities.
According to Kartasapoetra (2000), industry is an
economic activity that processes raw materials, intermediate
goods and or finished goods into goods with a higher value of
use, including industrial design activities and industrial
engineering.
According to Winardi (1998), industry is a business
for productive purposes, especially in the field of production or
certain companies that provide services such as transportation
or development that uses capital or labor in a relatively large
number.
b) Rural
According to article I Law no. 22 of 1999)
concerning regional government, what is meant with village is
a legal community unit that has the authority to regulate and
manage the interests of the local community based on local
origins and customs recognized in the national government
system and in the district. Rural areas are areas that have the
main activities of agriculture, including natural resource
management, with the arrangement of functions of the area as a
place of rural settlements, government services, social services,
and economic activities.
According to RH Unang Soenardjo (1984), a village
is a community unit based on adat and customary law that
resides in a certain area whose boundaries include strong and
physical bonds, both because of descent and because of share
political, economic interests, social and security, and that has a
composition of management that is jointly elected, has a certain
amount of wealth and has the right to organize their own
household affairs.
Based on the explanation above, it can be drawn the
understanding that the village is an area inhabited by a number
of residents who know each other on the basis of kinship
relations and / or political, economic, social and security
interests which is based the principle of customary law based
communities to create an inner bond between each of its
citizens. Generally its citizens live from agriculture, have the
right to regulate their own household, and administratively are
under the regency / city administration.
c) Economic Growth
14
According to Prof. Simon Kuznets, economic
growth is defined as a long-term increase in the ability of a
country to provide more and more types of economic goods to
its population. This ability grows in accordance with
technological progress, and institutional and ideological
adjustments that are needed. This definition has 3 components:
first, a nation's economic growth can be seen from the
continually increasing inventory; second, advanced technology
is a factor in economic growth which determines the degree of
growth in the ability to supply various kinds of goods to the
population; third, the use of technology widely and efficiently
requires adjustments in the institutional and ideological fields
so that the innovations produced by human sciences can be
utilized appropriately (Jhingan, 2000: 57).
Economic growth is also related to the increase in
per capita output. In this sense, the theory must include theories
about GDP growth and theories about population growth,
because these two aspects are main explaining factors of the
development of per capita output. Then, the third aspect is
economic growth in a long-term perspective, namely the per
capita output shows an increasing tendency for a long period
(Boediono, 1992: 1-2).
Based on the explanation above, it can be
interpreted that economic growth is a process of increasing per
capita output in the long term, where the emphasis is on three
things, namely process, per capita output and long term period.
Economic growth is a "process," not an economic picture at a
time. Here, we see the dynamic aspects of an economy, namely
seeing how an economy develops or changes over time. The
pressure is on change or development itself.
d) SDG’S (Sustainable Development Goals)
SDG's (Sustainable Development Goals) is a
sustainable development program in which there are 17
objectives with 169 targets measured in the specified time
period. SDGs are a world development agenda that is
sustainable for human health and the slowdown of the earth.
SDG's was published on October 21, 2015 replacing the
previous program namely MDGs (Millenium Development
Goals) as a joint development goal until 2030 agreed upon by
various countries in the United Nations (UN) resolution forum.
e) Previous Opinions
Prof. Firmanzah, Ph.D, from Faculty of Economy,
University of Indonesia (2015) said that 2015 was a year of
transition from the end of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), and2016 is the first year of implementation of the
Post-2015 world development agenda or what we know as the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The UN General Assembly on December 4, 2014
approved the Post-2015 world development agenda platform
based on the Open Working Group's results on Sustainable
Development Goals that will become world development
targets and objectives until 2030. Initial discussions about the
SDGs appeared at the 2012 Rio+20 Summit in which 192 discover and understand what is hidden behind the
countries agreed to make the SDGs platform, among others, phenomenon.
considering various aspects such as oriented, implementable
and universal actions.

That aspect still considers each country's conditions Formularize

to be measurable and easily communicated. The agenda of Research
SDGs development is the sustainability of the MDGs which Problems
have made a number of very significant advances in the world.
Even though it still leaves a number of challenges, the MDGs Work On Research Data
(Processing and Filtering)
have been able to help many developing countries to be more
prosperous and just.
Data Analysis
The MDG Declaration was signed in September
2000 by 147 countries at the Millennium Summit in New York. Compilation of
The MDGs contain eight development agendas, namely Theories
tackling poverty and hunger, achieving basic education for all, Validation of Theory
promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing
child mortality, improving maternal health, combating Writing
Research
HIV/AIDS and malaria and other infectious diseases, ensuring
Report
environmental sustainability, and developing global
partnerships for development.

MDGs have become an important reference for

almost all countries in the world. Although it still leaves a Figure 1 : Grounded Research Model
number of records, significant progress towards achieving the
MDGs development targets from 2000 to date has been made
D. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
clear. The 2014 MDGs report by the United Nations states that
compared to 1990 where almost half the population in
CASE STUDY
developing countries lived below USD 1.25/day, in 2010, the 1. Problem Identification
proportion dropped to only 22%. The decline in this proportion
Indonesia is predicted to get a bonus in 2020-2030.
has also been able to improve no less than 700 million people
The bonus is the Demographic Bonus, where the population
from extreme poverty conditions (Prof. Firmanzah, Ph.D, a
with a very productive age is large while the young age is
Professor of Faculty of Economy University of Indonesia
getting larger and there is not much old age or unproductive
2015).
population. Based on the explanation of Surya Chandra,
member of the House of Representatives Commission IX, in the
C. METHODS
Seminar on population issues in Indonesia at the University of
Qualitative research is one of the research procedures
Indonesia's Medical Faculty, the number of labor force ages
that produce descriptive data in the form of speech or writing
(15-64 years) in 2020-2030 will reach 70 percent, while the
and the behavior of the people observed (Bogdan and Taylor,
remaining 30 percent are unproductive population (under 15
1992: 21-22). The qualitative approach is expected to be able to
years and over 65 years). Judging from the number, the
produce in-depth descriptions of the words, writings, and/or population of productive age reaches around 180 million, while
observable behavior of an individual, group, society, and/or
non-productive ones is only 60 million. This demographic
organization in a particular context setting that is
bonus will certainly have a socio-economic impact. One of
examined from a comprehensive, and holistic perspective. A
them is causing a population dependence rate, which refers to
qualitative descriptive approach does not require the researcher
the concept that the level of productive population that bears
to move as far from the data and does not require a highly non-productive population (old age and children) will be very
abstract rendering of data compared with other qualitative
low, estimated at 44 per 100 productive population.
designs (Lambert & Lambert, 2012), but it results in some
interpretations. Qualitative research aims to gain a general
understanding of social reality from a participant's perspective.
This understanding is not determined in advance, but is
obtained after analyzing the social reality that is the focus of the
research.
One of the reasons for using a qualitative approach is the
experience of researchers where this method can be used to

15

Figure 2. Working Age Projection Table
This is in line with the UN report, which states that
compared to other Asian countries, the rate of dependence on
Indonesia's population will continue to decline until 2020. Of
course this is a blessing. The abundance of the working age
population will benefit from the development side so that it can
spur economic growth to a higher level. The break-even is
increasing the welfare of society as a whole. But, this blessing
can turn into a disaster if this bonus is not prepared well. The
most obvious problem is the availability of jobs.
Therefore, the author tries to provide a solution to
increase and open jobs, especially for the people of Sambirejo
Ngawi Village, by utilizing Kakap skin waste in the village.
2. System for Improving the Village Economy
With a combination of human resources and natural
resources that are managed properly and systematically above,
it is hoped that it can be one way to create jobs and improve the
economy of the local community.
3. Industries that can be established
Development of rural industries is determined by
various considerations such as location availability, resources
and access. This is why not all industries are built in every
village. The concept of rural industrialization was introduced as
an alternative thinking to answer the needs of rural economic
development. Rural industrialization is characterized by
sensitivity to environmental management, labor intensive
orientation and not capital intensive, medium technology use,
and long-term orientation needs. The foundation of its
development is based on a model of technology and knowledge
transformation with the greatest use of local resources based on
management by the community and village government. Rural
industrialization often has two concepts that are conceptually
different (Moehtadi quoted by Waluyo 2009). The first is
industry in rural areas, namely the construction of factories that
take place in rural areas. If this understanding is taken, the
countryside is only a vehicle for producing goods and services
with other party (investors) who can come from outside the
16
countryside. The second is industries that rely on the main
strength in the form of resources in the countryside (industry of
rural areas), both natural resources and human resources.
Referring to this understanding, industry is a force that comes
from within the indigenous industry.
Industrial development in rural areas is related to the
need for land. Land as the main object in regulating spatial use
has a dual purpose, namely as an asset that has a sale value and
land use for various purposes. In the economy, land and other
production factors determine land use patterns
(Reksohadiprodjo, 1997). Land use patterns cause changes in
land function. Because rural areas are identical to the
agricultural sector, the development of industries in rural areas
requires and uses agricultural land as an industrial area.
Changes in the function of land from
agriculture to industry led to changes in the ownership and use
of agricultural land. This in turn can affect agricultural activities
in the countryside. Along with its influence on agricultural
activities, industries in rural areas can become a sector for
absorbing rural labor and become an opportunity for the
community to take advantage of the situation of the presence of
job seekers in rural areas which is then followed by the
commercialization of land.
Sambirejo Village, located in Ngawi Regency has a
large area of land and is mostly fisheries, because fisheries are
the economic support of most of the people in the village.
Fisheries, which support the economy of most of the Sambirejo
people, which are sold to a company that only takes meat and
head, make us look for ideas to use less valuable skin because
it just goes away. It is our pleasure to make this fish skin as a
delicious cracker combined with spices and herbs that we mix
from the results of our own trials.
Figure 3. Sambirejo Villagers
4. Management Objects of Kakap Crackers Industry
A.Operational Plan
1) Product Planning
The planned product is "Kakap
Crackers" which has the main ingredients,
namely Kakap fish skin. Below are the steps to
making Honey Crackers:
a. Providing fresh fish is taken only by the
skin.
b. After the skin is separated from the fish
meat then dried.
c. After drying, the skin is then cut to the
desired size.
d. Preparing spices to season the skin of
Kakap which has been cleaned and cut.
e. Preparing equipment and materials for
frying skin that is ready for frying.
f. Preparing the skin of Kakap which is
ready to be put into the grilling pan.
g. Frying Kakap skin.
h. Fried skin has been drained
 i. Bring spices that will be sprinkled on the
skin of fried fish.
j. Sprinkle seasoning on fried fish skin.
k. Adding the seasoned crackers to the
wrapper.
l. The results after being put into plastic are
ready to be sold or eaten
2) Marketing Strategy
Product marketing is carried out through
two ways of promotion. First, the service is in the form
of the making of Honey Crackers which can be seen
directly by consumers. Meanwhile, the second is the
marketing system on media promotion carried out
through the internet, social media, distribution of
brochures, and flyers and installation of posters. The
marketing analysis is as follows:
We entered the market as a market
challenger in the Ngawi area, precisely in the village
of Sambirejo at first. Of course to enter the market a
technical marketing tool is needed to produce a
positive response from consumers which includes 7P,
namely product, price, place, promotion, people,
processes, and physical evidence.
1. Product
We try to present something different from similar
products that have been marketed in the category of crackers a
snack food product in the form of crackers made from Kakap
skin.
2. Price
The price we offer for Size A (Large) is IDR 17,500.
For product development, we will make several types of sizes
again, for cheaper ones, and for automatic packaging or less
volume.
3. Promotion
The first promotion will be done by giving a
discount of 50% at the company's opening ceremony. The next
promotion will be done by making brochures, posters, and
social networking sites like FB, WA and creating special
websites, and not forgetting to be active in activities such as
bazaars.
4. Placement
The distribution system that we use is by way of
safekeeping. That is by entrusting our products to snack stalls,
as well as entrusting to the canteen or mini market and can also
go to the place of sale of souvenirs around us, and open a special
booth if there is a bazaar event.
5. People
The marketing target that we are targeting is the
surrounding community and visitors from outside the area such
as the guardian.
17
6. Process (Production Process)
This production process is done by hand by working
with the surrounding community. So that it can improve
employee skills, which aim to create or train the community in
entrepreneurship, so that eventually the employees can process
themselves or open their own businesses.
7. Physical Residence
The facilities that we use in the Kakap Crackers
company are building and a complex production in the village
of Sambirejo like home.
B. Marketing Plan
A good marketing needs to pay attention to several
things including packaging, distribution, and promotion. The
three components are the marketing mix. To get attractive
packaging, it is necessary to analyze who the consumers are, so
that color adjustments, and materials will be important to be a
standard measure in determining the attractiveness of
packaging. By packaging according to the target market, the
packaging will get more attention from consumers. It is
expected that packaging that is right, good, and attractive,
consumers will be interested and loyal to the products we offer.
The second thing that is quite important to note is distribution.
For product distribution, we can use freight forwarding
services, in addition to saving small-scale purchases, with
goods shipping services we can also market outside the area.
But if we can ensure that the market is fixed and relatively not
far away and on a large scale, such as the center of souvenirs
and so on, then the distribution using vehicles will be better to
make savings. Product distribution at a number of outlet food
stalls and others, is one of the efforts to accelerate the product
to reach the target consumers. The third component is
promotion. The effort to expand market opportunities will be
even greater if we are able to use promotional media well,
effectively and efficiently. Some relatively inexpensive
promotions are through social media such as Facebook,
Instagram and so on. This kind of promotion besides being free,
we can also cover a wider area. Promotion during certain events
can also be a solution to speed up sales, namely at bazaars and
others. Taking advantage of certain opportunities will be a
profitable market opportunity.
C.Financial Design
To start a business, both individuals and group
businesses definitely need sufficient capital. Capital is an
important factor in opening a business. The amount of capital
depends on the type of business that will be built. Most people
have difficulty in lending business capital, especially for people
who are not going to start a business. It is very difficult to make
loans through conventional channels such as banks without
sufficient guarantees.
As students who have community service
responsibilities, we have a solution to solve this problem,
namely by lending to the Islamic Financial Services
Cooperative established on our campus. We offer Islamic
Financial Services Cooperative solutions to the community
because the risk of loss is smaller and borrowing is also easy [4] Monetary Fund
and detailed because it uses a sharia financial system, such as https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp1371.pdf.
mudarabah, etc. Diakses pada tanggal 28 Januari 2019
[5] Bintarto, R. 1983. Interaksi Desa Kota dan
E. CONCLUSION Permasalahannya. Jakarta : Ghalia.
[6] Industrialisasi https://e-
The uncertain state of the village economy in journal.uajy.ac.id/2584/3/2EP14851.pdf. Diakses pada tanggal
Indonesia has made people's livelihoods unstable, demanding 17 Desember 2018
that the community be more creative in opening up business [7] Industri pedesaan
fields or opening their own businesses to live their lives, so that https://www.academia.edu/5809622/Industri_pedesaan
unemployment does not increase. Most people do not know so Diakses pada tanggal 3 Januari 2019
much effort that we can build by using creative ideas by [8] Lepas MDGs, Songsong SDGs
utilizing the ingredients that are around us. https://www.feb.ui.ac.id/lepas-mdgs-songsong-sdgs-prof-
Traditional industry is one of the best solutions to firmanzah-ph-d/. Diakses pada tanggal 15 Januari 2019
improve the economy of the community, because with rural [9] PENGERTIAN DESA, TIPOLOGI, KARAKTERISTIK
industries it can provide decent and decaying jobs for the DESA
surrounding community, and even this rural industry can be https://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPIPS/JUR._PEND._SEJARAH/
established by utilizing what opportunities exist in the village, 196303111989011AYI_BUDI_SANTOSA/masyarkat_pedesa
such as in the village of Sambirejo which has the opportunity to an/I.pdf Diakses pada tanggal 5 Desember 2019
establish a Kakap skin processing rural industry, because the [10] Pengertian Industri dan Pengelompokan Jenis Industri
majority of the Sambirejo village people work in the fisheries http://elib.unikom.ac.id/files/disk1/457/jbptunikompp-gdl-
sector in the village. With the support of good human resources imeldafran-22844-3-unikom_i-i.pdf Diakses pada tanggal 7
and natural resources management, this potential can be used as Februari 2019.
a support for the economy and decent work for the community. [11] Pertumbuhan dan pembangunan ekonomi
http://elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/ekonomi_pembang
Based on the discussion and conclusions in this unan/bab_3_teori_pertumbuhan_dan_pembangunan_ekonomi.
study, the researchers suggested the following: pdf. Diakses pada tanggal 9 Januari 2019
1. For the Government [12] Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
To facilitate the community in funding and provide http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/16387/4/Chap
entrepreneurship training for rural communities, and at the ter%20II.pdf Diakses pada tanggal 4 Februari 2019.
same time to help the community to read business opportunities
that can be established in each village.
2. For the community
In order to be willing to analyze business
opportunities and jointly in establishing rural industries, so that
in a rural way the village community can progress and have a
good economy and reduce economic inequality among them.
3. For Students
In order to provide applicants to the village
community who are not yet developed or whose economic level
is far below the average, and in order to provide employment
and to improve the level of the economy and assist Indonesia in
welcoming the SDG, 2030.

REFERENCES

[1] A.B. Mountjoy. 1997. Industrialisasi dan Negara-negara

Dunia Ketiga. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.
[2] Ananta, Aris. 1986. Masalah Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja,
Prospek dan Permasalahan Ekonomi Indonesia. Jakarta : Sinar
Harapan.
[3] Aiyar,. S., Duval, R., Puy, D., Wu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2013).
IMF Working Paper. Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-
Income Trap. Washington: International.

18
 CISAK 2019

Kerja Lagi Website as The Solution of Ex-Offender’s

Unemployment Problem Through Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs)
Ratu Ghifa Nazila Ramdiania1 and Ziyan Sakinah Alisa 2

1
Department of Islamic Economics, Faculty Economics and Business, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Raya
Bandung-Sumedang, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
2
Department of Islamic Economics, Faculty Economics and Business, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Raya
Bandung-Sumedang, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1ratu17003@mail.unpad.ac.id

2ziyansakinahalisa@gmail.com

Abstract. Indonesia has large number of ex-offenders. According to Directorate General of Corrections (Direktorat
Jenderal Pemasyarakatan), in February 2019, the number of ex-offenders in Indonesia has reached 186,699 people. After
released from prison, there are high risk that ex-offenders will have difficulty in employment. The authorsauthors believe
that if the unemployment left unsolved, it will lead to the poverty trap. With qualitative analysis of Triple Helix model, and
interview method, the authors found an innovation to employ ex-offenders in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
through a website named Kerja Lagi. Therefore, ex-offenders can be reinstated in proper job, which solve the
unemployment problem for ex-offenders.
Keywords: Website, ex-offender, SMEs, unemployment

INTRODUCTION A figure who convey their support for employment of ex-

According to Dirjen Pemasyarakatan, the number of offender is Rt. Hon David Gauke MP, Secretary of State for
prisoners in Indonesia is escalated around 18,000-23,000 Justice UK. He stated that “beyond the prison walls, we need to
prisoners in each year [1]. The large number of prisoners in change the mindset of many employers and highlight the benefits
Indonesia makes prison is commonly overpopulated. An issue of recruiting ex-offenders and of working more closely with
which has been arising is how those prisoners get a job once they prisons. Because, prisons have many loyal and hard-working
are released from the prison. A large number of prisoners means recruits.” [8] In Indonesia, one of the figures who support the
there will be large numbers of people with a status as ex-offenders. employment of ex-offenders is Asep Djuheri, founder of the "X
Once they are released from the prison, they are expected to back Residivis" community. Asep Djuheri stated that former prisoners
into the society as a better person. should not be limited by the negative stigma to return to work.[9]
One of the economic conditions related to ex-offender is
unemployment [2]. This economic condition is caused by some METHODS
factors: First, according to Jonathan Spencer’s survey, Director of The method used in this research is qualitative method,
the Criminal Justice Research Unit at the University of which includes the flowchart approach with triple helix concept as
Manchester, in 2006, 90% of companies were worried for the foundation and interview conducted with ex-offender.
recruiting ex-offenders[3]. Second, employers use criminal
background checks for recruiting. In Indonesia, they check it by
SKCK. It will show every crime that has been committed [4].
Third, employers are not always consistent in what they say versus
what they do when it comes to hiring ex-offenders.[5]
In the long term, ex-offender’s unemployment will cause
reoffending. There are almost two thirds of the ex-offenders who
return to prison within three years from their release [6].
Reoffending gives negative impact to the society. The negative
impact is based on its type of crime. For example, theft will cause
discomfort to the community, material losses, and even injure the Figure 1 Development Method
victim. Furthermore, La Vigne et al. (2008) identified that the post
release employment was the most important indicator of
recidivism and the success of an offender’s reentry into the
community.[7]

19
CISAK 2019
FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS
Kerja Lagi is a website for giving ex-offenders a chance
to work again through placement within SMEs. This program
involves Indonesian Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and
Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs. The aim of this program is
to reduce the unemployment problems faced by ex-offenders.
One of the biggest reasons of Kerja Lagi Program
development is employment difficulties faced by ex-offender, as
experienced by the first respondent. Before imprisoned, she
worked as a contractor and goods supplier. After passing a 4-year
sentence, she became unemployed. As stated as follows:
“I worked as a contractor and goods supplier before imprisoned.
After passing a 4-years sentence, I released from Sukamiskin
Prison, Bandung. It was really hard to find a job. Moreover, I was
insecure, I became antisocial even lot of my friends supported me”
The second respondent explained that he was so stressed
for being unemployed. He was an athlete for a sport team before
imprisoned. He stated as:
“ I passed a 8 months sentence, plus 3 months because I didn’t
pay fine. At first, it was really hard to get a job. It broke down my
psychology because I need to take care my children and wife. But,
I still forced myself to exercise”
Another reason of Kerja Lagi Program development is
the decrease in ex-offender’s income. As experienced by third
respondent. Before imprisoned, she worked as a civil servant in
one government agency. After released, she work in same
government agency. She stated as:
“There’s a decline in my income, because as a civil servant my
allowance is eliminated. I think it’s a risk. Moreover, there’s
difference in the way my co-workers treat me. It seems like
everyone doesn’t trust me anymore"
For the first respondent, she has lost her income because
of prison. She said:
"I rely a lot on the savings that are still there and more to be
helped by children. The condition of the husband when he found
out the verdict of the appeal was 4 years in prison, my husband
had a heart attack and died. In general, income is declining but I
am grateful because it was indeed a mistake made by me."
Lastly, Kerja Lagi tried to accommodate job demand
from ex-offender,like the suggestion from our respondents about
ex-offender’s employment:
"Please provide jobs so we don't have to adapt again. That's all"
said the first respondent.
"If the government establishes or makes/recruits former criminal
offenders and moreover if it is given training which prevent the
ex-offenders to return to the crime path, I agree very much and I
am very supportive, so it can help us to make better conceptions
in the society. And we are not awkward anymore to socialize. Even
so, it does not mean that the person who has been criminalized
may repeat the dirty work." said second respondent.
"The idea of the government providing employment is very good,
because even the ex-prisoner is also an Indonesian citizen who
deserves protection and welfare both economically and socially"
said third respondent.
20
Existing Government Program for Ex-Offender
In carrying out the task of ex-offender coaching,
Correctional Center (BAPAS) has a Social Rehabilitation
program. This program is a service program through various skills
training activities with the aim of providing skills to ex-offenders
after they revert to the community. This is a continuation of the
training that has been received by ex-offenders in prison.
The Social Rehabilitation Program is implemented with
local economy principle because the program uses an empowering
and participatory approach to improve individual social and
economic capabilities in a sustainable manner. Therefore, the
program gives capital assistance in the form of business
equipment for starting new business. This capital assistance is the
results of cooperation with the social service agency (Dinas
Sosial). However, the Rehabilitation Program has not
get optimal results. It is because, when returning to the
community, ex-offenders still have limited management skills and
experience in starting new businesses. Then, the capital assistance
provided is incomplete nor in accordance with the skills possessed
by ex-offenders.[10]
Potential Success of Kerja Lagi Program
1. Labor Absorption of SMEs
According to Bank Indonesia’s data, SMEs have a labor
absorption rate around 97% of all national labor and have a
contribution to the product gross domestic product (GDP) of
around 57%. [11] In accordance with the statement of the Deputy
Governor of Bank Indonesia (BI) Rosmaya Hadi, the potential for
developing SMEs in Indonesia is still large, so coordination and
innovation between the government and related authorities are still
needed. [12]
2. Ex-convicts have been trained in prison
There are 5 types of work activities in prison: 1. Skills
training, 2. Industrial work activities (including work activities in
Lapas companies, agricultural and plantation sector, fisheries and
livestock sector, and mining) 3. Service activities (such as
shaving, beauty salon, washing, cars service and salon, etc.) 4.
Domestic work activities (household) 5. Hobbies (interests and
talents). [13]
3. The level of internet users of Indonesia
Based on Indonesia Internet Service Provider Association’s
survey in 2016, the level of internet users in Indonesia reached
51.7% of the total population in Indonesia. Therefore, Henry
Kasyfi, General Secretary of Indonesia Internet Service Provider
Association emphasized the importance of positive internet
content. [14]
CISAK 2019
Figure 2 Potential Success
Then, the triple helix concept will be beneficial for
developmental innovation of this Kerja Lagi program. The triple
helix concept for the foundation of development of Kerja Lagi is
a concept in which there must be synergy between academics,
businessmen, and related institutions. According to Etzkowitz and
Leydesdorff (2000), the scholars with resources, knowledge, and
technology should focus on resulting the applicative invention and
innovation. Business circle does the capitalization that brings
them economical revenue and benefits for the society. Then, the
related institutions ensure and secure the stability of the
relationship between the two above with well-operated
regulations.[15] The following is the flow of Kerja Lagi
development concept using the triple helix concept:
Figure 3 Triple Helix Concept
Important roles:
1. Indonesia Minister of Justice and Human Rights
21
Indonesia Minister of Justice and Human Rights has a role for
formulating, capitalizing, and supervising at Kerja Lagi program.
It is suitable with its function for formulating, stipulating and
implementating policies in the field of legislation, general law
administration, correctional, immigration, intellectual property,
and human rights.
2. Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs
Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs has a role for
formulating, capitalizing, and supervising Kerja Lagi program. It
is suitable with its job description for coordination and
synchronization of the implementation of policies in the fields of
cooperatives and micro, small and medium enterprises.
3. Small and Medium Enterprise
Kerja Lagi program facilitates SMEs in obtaining trained
human resource. It is expected that SMEs can be more supportive
of ex-offenders and collaborate with ex-offenders in increasing the
productivity of SMEs.
4. Ex-offender
Ex-offender as the object that receives the benefit of Kerja
Lagi program is expected for being more active to find a vacancy
and keep improving their skill.
5. Academician
The role of academician in Kerja Lagi Program is to: 1) create
a developmental concept for Kerja Lagi and the technical side of
its continuation in society and do some introduction of it, 2)
conduct research about program suitability with stakeholder
needs, 3) raise the people’s support for ex-offender that will be
beneficial for decreasing the negative stereotype in society about
them by social media influence
Scheme of the program
1. Ex-offenders register themselves on Kerja Lagi
website by submitting some documents: identity
card, certificate of economic inability (SKTM),
certificate of Rehabilitation (Surat Bebas), family
card (Kartu Keluarga), and biodata.
2. Indonesian Ministry of Justice and Human Rights
and Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs team verify
the documents submitted by the ex-offenders.
3. Ex-offenders start working at SMEs under
supervision of Indonesia Minister of Justice and
Human Right and Ministry of Cooperatives and
SMEs
CISAK 2019

Figure 4 Scheme of Kerja Lagi Program

The following is operationalization stage of this Kerja

Lagi program:

Table 1 Operationalization of Kerja Lagi Program

No Stages Explanation

1 Registration Ex-convicts register themselves by

uploading certain documents.
Figure 5 Fig 5 Main page of Kerja Lagi website

2. Sign-up page of Kerja Lagi Website

2 Screening Applicants will be screened based
on aspects set by the Indonesia
Minister of Justice and Human
Right and Ministry of cooperatives
and SMEs team. The aspects
include contract assessments, and
work activities during the prison
period.

3 Placement If accepted, then the applicant will

be placed based on the suitability
of the types of skills and the
business field of MSMEs.

4 Working Ex-convicts start working in SMEs

and monitored by Indonesia Figure 6 Fig 6 Sign up page of Kerja Lagi website
Minister of Justice and Human
Right and Ministry of cooperatives
and SMEs

3. Applying for jobs on Kerja Lagi Website

The last, here is the prototype of Kerja Lagi Website:

1. Main page of Kerja Lagi Website

Figure 7 Fig 7 Available jobs on Kerja Lagi Program

22
CISAK 2019

CONCLUSION [6] J. Jafaar, S. Zakaria, and N. H. Lazim, “Employment

The large number of prisoners in Indonesia may cause one
of the economic problems, namely unemployment. This is due to
the limited access to obtain SKCK for ex-prisoners, negative
stigma in society, and limited management and skills possessed by
ex-prisoners. Furthermore, if the unemployment of ex-offenders
left ignored, new problems may arise such as the poverty trap.
Someone who loses his/her job will results in reduction of his/her
income and it will have an impact on a person's purchasing power
to comply their primary needs. Those who are not able to comply
their basic needs will end up in an economic condition called
poverty eventually. Bruce Western, a sociologist of Harvard
University, has also stated that prisons have become a new poverty
trap. In the long run, this poverty trap will not only endanger one
family head, but it may grow to endanger one country.
Therefore, through Kerja Lagi website, the authors hope
that the ex-prisoners can be facilitated in finding jobs that suit their
skills. With the availability of accessible employment
opportunities for ex-prisoners, it will foster their confidence,
which becomes social capital to return to live within the
community, and reduces the chances of reoffending. The authors
recommend that this program to be carried out together with
related parties such as the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and
the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs so that it can be realized
properly and is useful to reduce unemployment rate, especially in
Indonesia.
Issues Among Ex-offenders: Difficulties in Securing
Employment and Barriers of Employment,” Int. J. Stud.
ion Child. Women, Elderly, Disabl., vol. 5, 2018.
[7] La Vigne, N., Davies, E., Palmer, T., & Halberstadt, R.
(2008). Release planning for successful reentry: A guide
for corrections, service providers, and community groups.
Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center
[8] Ministry of Justice United Kingdom, “Education and
Employment Strategy”, 2018.
[9] S. R. Wulandari, “Asep Djuheri Mendobrak Persepsi
Masyarakat,” Media Indonesia, 2018.
[10] Dirjen Pemasyarakatan Kemenkumham RI, “Cetak Biru
Kegiatan Kerja Narapidana,” 2013.
[11] Bank Indonesia et al., “Profil Bisnis Usaha Mikro Kecil
Menengah (UMKM)”, 2015.
[12] E. Widiyatno and N. Zuraya, “BI: Defisit Transaksi
Berjalan Berpotensi Makin Melebar,” Republika, 2019.
[13] Dirjen Pemasyarakatan Kemenkumham RI, “Cetak Biru
Kegiatan Kerja Narapidana,” 2013.
[14] Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia, “Buletin
Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia,” vol. 5,
no. November, 2016.
[15] Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The Dynamics
of Innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a
Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government
Relations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Mr. Ikram Nur Muharam, SE.,
M.Par., M.Sc, Lecturer of Padjadjaran University Faculty of
Economics and Business, for his guidance, suggestions and useful
information.

REFERENCES
[1] Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan, “Data Terakhir
Jumlah Penghuni Perkanwil,” 2019. [Online]. Available:
http://smslap.ditjenpas.go.id/public/grl/current/monthly.
[2] T. Gorgulu and I. Universitesi, “Problems, needs and
psychological state of ex- convicts : A qualitative study in
a Turkish sample,” no. March, 2018.
[3] C. Barrans, “Bagaimana Lapangan Kerja Akan Lebih
Terbuka Bagi Para Mantan Narapidana,” BBC News
Indonesia, 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/vert-cap-45343516.
[Accessed: 14-Mar-2019].
[4] “Bisakah Mendapat SKCK Jika Pernah Melakukan
Tindak Pidana,” 2016. [Online]. Available:
https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt568cf6406
2bb8/bisakah-mendapatkan-skck-jika-pernah-
melakukan-tindak-pidana/%0A.
[5] D. Pager, “Walking the Talk? What Employers Say
Versus What They Do,” American Sociological Review,
Vol. 70 (June 2005), 355-380.

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CISAK 2019

Improving the Performance of Traditional Market through

Making Sharia Compliance Online Platform for Traditional
Market
Salma Fioren Salsabella1, Muhammad Iqbal Rifqi Ardianto1,
Dita Trisna Puspita Martha1, Raditya Sukmana1
1
Faculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Airlangga Number 4-6, Surabaya,Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*salmafioren2016@gmail.com

1iqbalrifqi10@gmail.com

1ditatrisna798@gmail.com

1raditya-s@feb.unair.ac.id

Abstract: Traditional markets, although oftentimes they are missed from our attention, are still superior in price compared to modern
markets. However, its existence now has been displaced by the rapid growth of modern markets. With the support of more advanced
technology, funding resources, facility and human resources, modern markets are far more advanced than traditional markets. Most of
the retailers and seller in traditional markets are people from middle and lower class society that strives for their economic in a limited
capital. The aim of this paper is to propose an online platform for traditional market. Following the development of the 4.0 industrial
revolution, where everything must be digitalized, the creation of application platforms for traditional markets can bring out the
advantages of traditional markets and help traditional retailers to compete in the market. By providing this online platform, traditional
market retailer competitiveness will elevate and be able to compete with the modern retailer.
Keywords: Traditional Market, Online Platform, Competitive Environment, Modern Market

A. INTRODUCTION Traditional market has been existing for a long time of

Indonesia has huge number of the traditional market with a period among the generations. Traditional market has been
total of 14,359 traditional markets all over the country. Indonesia succeeded to do their business since the ancient era of Indonesia.
has a big potential to eradicate poverty and unemployment However, they are currently faced problems which have a big
through traditional market [1]. From an economic aspect, the impact to their existence. The strict competition with the rapid
traditional market has proven effectively as one of the places growth of modern retail which is very expansive makes the
where the money turns around. Data shows that traditional market traditional market more deserted by its customers [2]. Moreover,
in Java is leading in number. they also currently face the reality that the existing policy is not
enough to protect their existence. Moreover, modern retail have
Table 1 Table 1. The Number of Tradtional Market and Modern Market
in 6 Province in Java Island.
superior advantage such as links to the cheaper raw materials
distributor, better human resource and better funding.
Province Number of Number of Traditional market basically sells fresh primary needs to be
Traditional Market Modern Market offered to the customer, with the minimum facility of proper
and Retailer storage, that can cause the goods they sell such as fruits,
vegetables, meats and the other kinds of primary needs are prone
Jakarta 161 122 to be damaged naturally by the environment. On other hand,
modern markets have advanced technology and proper storage to
West Java 686 207 properly store their perishable goods such as primary needs, to the
big refrigerator or cold storage.
Central 1766 250 The previous study, which was compiled by Eko Suyono,
Java Omar Al Farouq and Riswan, showed that modern retail such as
mini markets or supermarkets provides more convenient way to
Special 328 70 shop, where they provide a comfortable place to shop with high-
Region of quality products and a fixed price of goods. In this situation,
Jogjakarta traditional market is covered by the presence of modern retail
because of the shift in customer preference [3]. As said by Sandra
East Java 2070 193
Sunanto in "Modern Retail Impact on Store Preference and
Traditional Retailers in West Java," traditional market in that
Banten 201 89
study was surrounded by 62 modern retailers in 2006, and 46 of

24
CISAK 2019

which were mini markets and there were also three new
supermarkets beginning operations. The competition became
more tighter between traditional market and the modern retail [4].
To help traditional traders sell their goods faster and get a
wider market share, an idea to propose an online platform for
traditional market arise. This platform makes it easy for buyers to
buy basic needs from traditional markets at cheap and competitive
prices with modern markets and also easier access to traditional
markets. Furthermore, this platform incorporated Islamic
economic values that support the realization of social welfare
through providing access to a wider market, while minimizing
trade practices that are contrary to the principles of Shari'a or
Islamic law.
B. METHODS
This paper uses a qualitative approach by conducting the
axploration process by literature study and by designing some
possible systems for the online platform. Data used in the research
is a secondary data gained from Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia
on the Directory of Traditional and Modern Market in Indonesia
2017. In addition, the data was also taken from related scientific
study about traditional market, and modern retailer
competitiveness, the shifting preference of the customer, and
industry revolution 4.0 written by previous researcher in order to
compile and incorporate all possible system for the online
platform of traditional market.
market. By bringing the traditional market into an online platform,
it automaticaly provides a wider market share for traditional
markets. The customer from modern retail slowly will change
their preference from modern retail grocery shop to traditional
market. This is because they see the big diffrence in the price of
the goods offered by them.
Traditional market do not have a full open business hour like
the modern market, so by maximizing the business hour in
traditional market accross the city and by making a cross sectional
business hour among the traditional market in a district, the
customer will get what they need. For example, Pasar Karang
Menjangan at Gubeng district in Surabaya opens from 4 AM until
9 AM in the morning, and Pasar Krempyeng Karang Menjangan,
also located in Gubeng ditrict in Surabaya, opens from 4 AM until
11 AM. This such system will direct the customer that wanted to
buy groceries in 10 AM to Pasar Krempyeng Karang Menjangan
instead of Pasar Karang Menjangan.

C. FINDING AND ARGUMENTS

The Sharia Compliance Online Platform for Traditional
Market aims to answer and provide solutions for the problems
faced by traditional market in order to improve their performance Figure 1 Online platform interface of sharia compliance online
and elevate the economy of traditional market retailers and sellers, platform for traditional market showing business open hour of
that most of them come from middle and low-class. They need traditional market
the strategic market place and also a broad market share in order This platform was also made by a collaboration with one
to survive and won the competition against modern retailer. of the online transportation platforms to give an affordable
Oftentimes, the customer choose the modern market rather than delivery service directly from the market. This will give another
traditional market because of the convinience provided by them. convenience and easy way to deliver the groceries from the market
Literature shows several reasons for customer switching to the hand of customers. With additional features, the system will
behavior, that modern market provides a convenient location, search for the nearest traditional market from customer location.
discounted pricing, a broad range of assortment, comfort services, The system differentiate the charges or the bill for the seller and
and high quality products. A new entrant who has a greater the courier. So, it will minimize the loss of courier over the
competitive advantage by bringing noticeable distinction with cancellation of orders from customers by providing the customer
lower switching costs acquires a bigger portion of the switcher to pay the bill to the seller not by using driver money first, because
segment [5]. it can cause gharar (uncertainty) and dzalim (despotic) for the
Convenience that modern market provide to serve the couriers which is against the objective of the sharia [6].
customer is a competitive advantage for modern market to
compete with their rival. Unfortunately, traditional markets do not
have such a convenient service for customer. By providing better
convenient service to serve customers and sellers in trading on
traditional markets, the idea of making online platforms for
traditional market came up. This idea is also for providing
solutions for the tight competition between the traditional market
and modern retailer.
The Sharia Compliance Online Platform for Traditional
Market provide an online or digital market place for traditional

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CISAK 2019
Figure 2 Payment System in Sharia Compliance Online Platform for
Traditional Market
Islamic economics, based on sharia principle that is
revealed by God in His revelation, aims to protect the wealth and
to fairly distribute wealth among the people in order to make a
better living for all human in any social class without feeling
marginalized. By adding a system that differentiate the bill
between the seller and the couriers, this online platform minimize
the activities that goes against sharia. Moreover, by supporting the
economy of middle and lower class society, it will brings equal
wealth distribution among the people and achieving one of the
goals of sharia (maqashid sharia) to protect the wealth of the
people (hifdz ad-diin)
Additionally, this platform is equipped with additional
features with an estimated duration of delivery of groceries, and
the addition of the "basket" feature for easy shopping in different
places if one market is not providing a complete and various kind
of groceries. By adding real-time story features, it is expected that
customers can find out how things are sold by the seller at that
time so the customer know the quality of the product.
Figure 3 Basket Add-ons in Sharia Compliance Online Platform for
Traditional Market
26
D. CONCLUSION
This study examined the effects of the existing modern
markets and retailers in the changes of consumers preferences to
the traditional market retailers. The result of this study is the
proposal of the Sharia Compliance Online Platform for
Traditional Market to provide a solution and a new way to promote
traditional market through online platform system that can be
accessed by everyone through their own mobile phone. This
platfor is to accommodate all the wants and the need for groceries
and primary needs of shopping namely convenience while buying
the cheapest products compared to the modern market and retailer
and to help the middle and low-class to continuously survive in
the tight competition between the traditional market and modern
market
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Dr. Raditya Sukmana as our lecturer that always
support us and give his brillian idea during the process of
preparation of this manuscript so that we can improve this
manuscript well.
REFERENCES
[1] B. P. Statistik, “Direktori Pasar Tradisional dan Pusat
Perbelanjaan,” Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2017.
[2] E. Suyono, O. Al Farouq and Riswan, "Toward a Model of
Traditional Retailers and Sellers Empowerment in
Improving Competitiveness Against Modern Markets in
Banyumas Region, Indonesia," DLSU Business and
Economics Review, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 147-165, 2016.
[3] D. Febrianty, , “Model of Role Strengthening of Traditional
Market Based on Social Capital in Indonesia : Study Case
Beringharjo Market , Jogjakarta” Journal of Economics and
Sustainable Development., vol. 4, pp. 115-125, 2017.
[4] S. Sunanto, "Modern Retail Impact on Store Preference and,"
Asian Journal of Business Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 7-23,
2012.
[5] D. Suryadarma, “Competition between traditional food
traders and supermarkets in Indonesia”, The Supermarket
Revolution In Food: Good, bad or ugly for the world’s
farmers, consumers and retailers, pp.49-57, 2011
[6] M. Yafiz, M. Estate, S. Utara “Internalisasi Maqâshid Al-
Syarî’ah Dalam Ekonomi Menurut M. Umer Chapra”
Ahkam,vol. 15, pp. 103-110, 2015
CISAK 2019

II
Digital Social Sciences 2

27
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Analysing The Effectiveness of Digital Marketing Strategy of

Small Business Entreprises in Bandung City, Indonesia

Bimo Priambudi1,*, Adnan Kresna Mustafid1,, Moc. Akbar Selamat1,, and

Yera Ichsana1,*

1
School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung,

Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Kota Bandung, West Java, Indonesia *yera_ichsana@sbm-itb.ic.id, phone: +62896-9998-8883

Abstract: Digital marketing strategy is a method for the seller to obtain the consumer with faster and easier both for big or small business. Nowadays,
many SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) use this method. Effective use of this method will give many benefits for SMEs. Bandung, one of a modern city
in Indonesia has many start-ups which arise from this city. Nevertheless, many SMEs in Indonesia, especially in Bandung, do not use digital marketing
strategy and most of SMEs do not need to know and use online marketing strategy. It is necessary to realize SMEs which do not use digital marketing
to move on to digital marketing. In this study, we secure the data and we use the interview method to know the real situation deeply. This paper has a
purpose to analyze and predict the effectiveness of an online marketing strategy in small business enterprises. The results of this paper highlighted the
importanceto conduct further research and can be the solution to SMEs to improve their potential

Keywords: Digital marketing, Effective in Marketing, Small Medium Entreprises

Introduction In approaching this state of the digital era, it takes

Marketing plays an important role in every business
around us. Marketing is necessary to analyze customer behavior
to know the right place to sell a product (Schwarzl and
Grabowska, 2015). Besides, marketing can be seen as the
frontier of a business to reach its market. Development and
every cost spent to create a product will go waste when the
marketing functions reach a failure condition. According to Jay
Baer retrieved from Heidi Cohen website, he once said:
“Marketing is the messages and/or actions that cause messages
and/or actions” (Cohen Heidi, 2011). From that statement, it is
understood that if marketing does not reach its target or
consumer, thenthe messages of the product is not reaching the
consumer to make them do the action or buy the product.
Technologies are constantly developing through the years and
bring rapid changes to society in the world. Those changes
cannot be prevented by any means as it was useful for human
civilization. Adaptability of human nature to the things around
them is one of the cause in changing of human behavior
including consumer behavior.
adaptability to survive and win the market as an entrepreneur
including for SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises). Changing the
behavior of the consumer means changing the way to approach
them. Based on Bill Su, CEO of Humanlytics, an entrepreneur
at this era should do experiment constantly to reach the
consumer especially with digital marketing tools that
inexpensive and easy to use (Su Bill, 2017). The word of
‘constantly’ on that statement implies that consumer also
changing constantly as the time. Therefore the entrepreneurs
should catch up with constant changes within the consumer
behavior and use every opportunity available such as digital
marketing.
Despite all the benefits and opportunity that digital
marketing can offers, only 9% of total SMEs in Indonesia that
already using the online platform based on Katadata (Bayu
Dimas, 2017). In other hands, Indonesian government is
planning to make 8 million SMEs use online platform or digital
marketing by 2019 based on Liputan6 (Wardani Agustin, 2017).
From the statement above, the government seems aware that
digital marketing is important but it is going to be effective or
not for the SMEs.

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customer engagement significantly. However, it depends on

Any evidence above underlies the study and the
purpose of this study is to know the effectiveness of digital
marketing strategy of SMEs in Bandung.
b.
Literature Review
a. Digital Marketing Concept
The definition of digital marketing is the method to get
customer using technology. The technology used is the
internet. Digital technologies are rapidly changing the
environment, such as consumer behavior (Kannan, P.K. and Li
Hongshuang “Allice”, 2016). This includes digital marketing
strategy which is search engine marketing (SEM) which can
improve revenue and engagement (Quist Dela, 2013), content
marketing, influencer marketing such as, content automation,
e-commerce marketing, social media marketing, social media
optimization, e-mail direct marketing, display advertising, e-
books, and optical disks and games. In SMEs, the seller
usually uses e-commerce marketing, social media marketing,
and influencer marketing as their strategy. Social media as the
one of part digital marketing and mostly used by SMEs in
Bandung represents a strategic key focusing on many
consumers and the social media represents the perfect platform
for a brand (Lorenzon, 2013). There are four important steps
in creating a digital business strategy which relates to digital
marketing strategy. The steps are to identify key communities,
to listen and analyze the conversations, to create a vision, and
to embrace transparency (Weber Larry, 2013). Digital
marketing is an effective and efficient way to the seller to
maximize their potential to sell product and one of the methods
that can use to make their business exists in a long-term
because this tools can search data, promote, and increase
the seller to use this technology to gain their goal.
Small Medium Enterprise Concept
SMEs (Small Medium Enterprises) are a form of small-scale
community economic activities with business
sectors which in the majority are small business activities and
are needed to be protected to prevent unfair business
competition (Yhovizmiaji & Sulistiyowati, 2018). In more
detail, SMEs’ classification is divided into three types (Law
No 20 of 2008):
1. Micro Business
A productive business owned by one person or business
entity which fulfill any requirement in this Law.
2. Small Business
A productive business which stand-alone and is owned by a
person or business entity, which is not a company subsidiary
or not owned, managed, and a part of company subsidiary or
a part of Small Business or Big Business directly or indirectly
and fulfill any requirement to be classified as a Small Business
such intended in this Law.
3. Medium Business
A productive business which stand-alone and is owned by a
person or business entity, which is not company subsidiary or
not owned, managed, and a part of company subsidiary or a
part of Small Business or Big Business directly or indirectly
with net amount wealth or annual sales proceeds as stipulated
in this Law.

Business Category Subject Net Wealth Annual Sales

Micro Business Personal or Business Rp50,000,000 in Rp300,000,000 in

Entity maximal maximal

Small Business Personal or Business More than More than

Entity Rp50,000,000 – Rp300,000,000 –

Rp500,000,000 (not Rp2,500,000,000

include land, building,

and business place)

Medium Business Personal or Business More than More than

Entity Rp500,000,000 – Rp2,500,000,000 –

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Rp10,000,000,000 (not Rp50,000,000,000

include land, building,

and business place)

Table 1: Business Category

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c. Effectiveness in Marketing Theory
Effectiveness is the measure of accomplishing target.
When something is deemed effective, it means that it has an
intended or expected outcome or produces with a deep and
vivid impression. Effectiveness is very important because it
represents the goal of the project. The word ‘effective’ is
sometimes used in a quantitative way, "being very effective or
not very effective". However, effectiveness informs about the
direction (positive or negative) and the comparison to a
standard of the given effect. Efficacy, on the other hand, is the
extent to which the desired effect is achieved, or the ability to
produce a desired amount of the desired effect, or the success
in achieving a given goal. Contrary to the term efficiency, the
focus of efficacy is on the achievement, not on the resources
spent in achieving the desired effect. Effectiveness in marketing
theory can be seen from the company’s performance, such as
customer retention, sales growth, and profit margin (Appiah- 1.
Adu, Fyall, & Satyendra, 2001). 2.
3.
1. Customer Retention 4.
5.
Farquhar (2005) in Zhangmo (2015), stated that customer 6.
retention is an effort to increase sales by satisfying and serving 7.
the customer to make them back to buy the product (Binus 8.
University Business School, 2018). 9.
Based on the title of this paper, the variable as the study
object is the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy (X) and
Small Medium Enterprises in Bandung City, Indonesia (Y). The
method used in this research is a descriptive method with a
quantitative approach. Kuncoro (2011) said that descriptive
quantitative is a method that tried to describe a situation
accurately. In this research, the researchers could not found how
many populations or SMEs that use digital marketing in
Bandung City. Therefore, to determine the sample of this
research, the researchers used nonprobability sampling
technique and decide to use convenience sampling type in order
to make the researchers easily get a sample. The sample of this
research is 9 SMEs as respondent. There are only nine samples
because of time limitation in conduct the research. Below are
the SME who already be respondent:
Bravo Project
Schouten
Ayam Geprek Ganyang
Bright and Wild
Verkoop
Pecelkeun
Fresh Lemon
Tous
The Barba

2. Sales Growth
Sales growth is the increase in sales number in some period. It
could be measured annually, monthly, and weekly. Amidu
(2007) in Halim & Widanaputra (2018) said that sales growth
has a positive implication to business.
3. Profit Margin
The last element of company performance that can be measured
is profit margin. Simply, the profit margin is the advantages that
the business get after reduced by the expenses.
Methods
The data collection technique used in this research is
by giving a questionnaire and literature review. Arikunto
(2014) said that questionnaire is a number of written question
which has the purpose to get information from the
respondent. Nazir (2011) said that literature review is an
effort to get information through literature study from book,
internet, etc which is part of literature reading source which
relate to research. In this research, the researchers will use a
descriptive statistic as data analyses technique. The tools
used is Microsoft Excel.
Next, to measure variable examined, the researchers
decide to describe the variable into indicators and scale. The
indicators can be seen in the table below:

Theoritical Dimension Indicator Source Scale

Concept

Marketing Customer Increase number (Appiah-Adu, Ordinal

effectiveness retention of customer Fyall, &

depends on the loyalty Satyendra, 2001)

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CISAK 2019

ability to Sales growth Increase sales (Appiah-Adu, Ordinal

implement number Fyall, &

marketing plans at Satyendra, 2001)

various levels of Profit margin Get a profit from (Appiah-Adu, Ordinal

the organization selling the product Fyall, &

(Appiah-Adu, Satyendra, 2001)

Fyall, &
Satyendra, 2001)

Table 2: Operational Variable

The scale used is the Likert scale with 5 optional agree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree. Below is the
answers. The 5 optional answers are strongly disagree, not example of the Likert scale:

Statement Score

Strongly agree 5

Agree 4

Neutral 3

Disagree 2

Strongly disagree 1

Table 3: Likert Scale

After getting a score from the respondent, the score. After the percentage score is known, then the score will
researchers will convert all score to percent form. First, all be interpreted as stated by Arikunto’s (2009) percent score
score would be converted to be known as the average score, classification such in the table below:
and then the average score will be converted into a percentage

Percentage Category

80-100% Very Good

60-79% Good

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40-59% Normal

20-39% Bad

0-19% Very Bad

Table 4: Percentage Score Interpretation

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Findings and Argument

Classification Bravo Schouten Ayam Bright Verkoop Pecelkeun Fresh Tous The

Project Geprek and Lemon Barba

Ganyang Wild

Business Fashion Fashion Food Fashion Fashion Food Beverage Fashio Medicine

Sector

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Influencer

Marketing

✔ ✔ ✔
E-Commerce

✔ ✔ ✔
Official

Account Line

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Social Media

Increase 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 3

number of

customer

loyalty

Increase sales 5 5 5 3 2 3 3 5 1

number

Get a profit 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1

from selling

the product

Table 5: Questionnaire Result

There are nine companies ready to be our respondent.
We give three questions to all companies to measure that those
company obtained an effective impact by using digital
marketing strategy. Most of them use social media as part of
the digital marketing strategy. By Likert scale, we can see in
the table above that there are six companies, or majority of
companies are strongly agree that digital marketing strategy
increases number of customer loyalty, and two companies said
that they agree that digital marketing strategy increases
number of customer loyalty and one company said neutral
about the effect of digital marketing strategy to increase the
number of customer loyalty. For increasing sales number,
there are four companies which are strongly agree that digital
marketing strategy increases sales number, and three
companies which give neutral opinion about the effect of
digital marketing strategy to increase sales number, and one
company which does not agree that digital marketing strategy
is able to increase sales number, and one company which does
not agree that digital marketing strategy is able to increase
sales number. Lastly, to getting profit from selling product,

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there are five companies which strongly agree that digital

marketing strategy make them get a profit from selling
product, and there are three companies which have neutral
opinion about digital marketing strategy make them get a
profit from selling product, and there is one company which is
very disagree about the effect of digital marketing strategy in
making them get a profit from selling product.

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CISAK 2019
Percantage of The Effectiveness in Using Digital Marketing Strategy for SME
Increase number of customer loyalty
Increase sales number
Get a profit form selling the product
0 10 20
In Percent
Figure 1: Percentage of The Effectiveness in Using Digital Marketing Strategy for SMEs
Figures 1 shows approximate percentage of SME
effectiveness by using digital marketing based on measurement
in marketing strategy. Increasing number of customer loyalty is
represented by the number that 91.11 percent seller or the
majority of them had agreed that digital marketing strategy
increases the number of customer loyalty. We can interpret that
the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy on customer
loyalty is categorized very good from owner perspective based
on classification in Table 4. For increasing sales number, 71.11
percent seller or the majority of them agree that digital
marketing strategy increases sales number. This means the
Conclusion
From the analysis above the authors have come up with a
couple of conclusions:
91,11
71,11
77,78
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
effectiveness of digital marketing strategy on the number of
sales is categorized good based on classification in Table 4.
Lastly, for indicator of getting a profit from selling the product,
it is represented that 77.78 percent seller or majority of them
agree that digital marketing strategy makes them get a profit
from selling the product. This means the effectiveness of digital
marketing strategy on profit that they get from selling is
categorized good based on classification in Table 4.
1. Based on the result from questionnaire, majority of respondents
or 91.11 of companies had agreed that by using digital
marketing strategy, their customer loyalty had increased. The
interpretation of this percentage score is the effectiveness of
digital marketing strategy on customer loyalty is categorized
very good from owner perspective based on classification in
Table 4.
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2. Based on the result from questionnaire, majority of respondents
or 71.11 of companies had agreed that by using digital
marketing strategy their sales number had increased. This
means that the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy on the
number of sales is based on classification in Table 4.
3. Based on the result from questionnaire, 77.78 or majority of
companies agree that
by using digital marketing strategy they could get a profit. This
means the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy on profit
that they got from selling is categorized good based on
classification in Table 4
Recommendation:
1. Keep the optimization on using digital marketing.
For SME which has succeeded in using digital marketing, they
must not to over satisfied because the true barrier is a
sustainability of their business. If they cannot keep their
performances, they will have a chance to get regress even
failure.
2. Try to get mentoring with a professional to understand any
aspect to increase the effectiveness of using digital marketing.
References
[1] Schwarzl, Susanne and Monika, Grabowska, “Online
marketing strategies: the future is here,” Journal of
International Studies, Vol. 8, No 2, 2015, pp. 187-196, 2015.
[2] Lorenzon, Kristian, “Creating meaningful customer
experiences and campaigns in social media: Case study of O2
(Telefónika UK),” Journal of Digital & Social Media
Marketing, Vol. 1, 1 32-38, 2013.
[3] Weber, Larry, “The social enterprise: Building adigitally
driven business to gain competitive advantage,” Journal of
Digital & Social Media Marketing, Vol. 1, 1 6-16, 2013.
[4] Quist, Dela, “Beyond open rate: Why it is time for e-mail
marketers to think reach, frequency, impact,” Journal of Digital
and Social Media Marketing, Vol. 1, 1 39-35, 2013.
37
In a brief, digital marketing plays important roles in
giving chances of success rate reaching their target based on our
respondent. Therefore, digital marketing is an effective tool or
strategy that should be applied to SME businesses as the
Indonesian government plans.
Based on the data we have analyzed, there are some
recommendations for SMEs which either has got their target or
has not get their target.
This is very important step because professional can direct
SME’s owner to make a right decision making. The
professional has any insight and experience to solve any
problem which is experienced by the business owner.
3. Imitate other company which has more success in using digital
marketing strategy.
Imitation is the easiest way to conduct an improvement because
we only should do what the others have done. This can be a
reference to make a strategy and can help in considering
decision making.
[5] Kannan, P.K. and Li Hongshuang “Allice”, “Digital
marketing: A framework, review, and research agenda,”
International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34 (2017) 22-
45, 2016.
[6] Su, Bill, “The evolution of consumer behavior in digital
age,” 16 November 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://medium.com
[7] Cohen, Heidi, “What is marketing?,” 29 March 2011.
[Online].
[ Available: https://heidicohen.com
[8] Jarot, Bayu, “Bisnis Online Diperkirakan Genjot
Pendapatan UMKM 26%,” 17 November 2015. [Online].
Available: https://katadata.co.id
[9] Wardani Agustin Setyo (2017, November 15). Pemerintah
Targetkan 8 Juta UMKM Go Online pada 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.liputan6.com
CISAK 2019

[10] Appiah-Adu, K., Fyall, A., & Satyendra, S,

“Marketing effectiveness and business performance in
the financial services industry,”. The Journal of Services
Marketing, 15, 18-34, 2001.

[11] S, Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik,

Yogyakarta: Bina Aksara, 2014.

[12] Grätzel, M, “Conversion of Sunlight to Electric Power

by Nanocrystalline Dye-sensitized Solar Cells,” Journal
of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 164, 3-
14, 2004.

[13] Halim, P. M., & Widanaputra, A, “Pengaruh Ukuran

Perusahaan, Pertumbuhan Penjualan dan Risiko Bisnis Pada
Struktur Modal,” E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana,
2391-2413, 2018.

[14] Jasim, K. E, “Dye Sensitized Solar Cells - Working

Principles, Challenges and Opportunities. In P. L.
Kosyachenko (Ed.),” Solar Cells - Dye-Sensitized Devices
(pp. 171-205). InTech, 2011.

[15] Kasuga, T., Hiramatsu, M., Hoson, A., Sekino, T., & and
Nihara, K, “Formation of Titanium Oxide Nanotube,”
Langmuir, 14, 3160-3163, 1998.

[16] Kuncoro, Metode Kuantitatif, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2011.

[17] Nazir, Metode Penelitian, Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2011.

[18] B. University, “Customer Retention,” August 2018.

[Online]. Available: http://bbs.binus.ac.id/international-
marketing/2018/08/customer-retention/

[19] Yhovizmiaji, B., & Sulistiyowati, W, “MODEL

MANAJEMEN KUALITAS MBNQA DALAM
MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING PRODUK UKM DI
KABUPATEN SIDOARJO,” Jurnal Ilmiyah Pengetahuan
dan Penerapan Teknik Industri, 111-225, 2018.

[20] S, Arikunto, Dasar-Dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan. Jakarta :

PT Rineka Cipta, 2009.

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Sharia Economic Development Through Islamic Boarding

School (Pesantren) Economic Empowerment with
Optimization of Digital Technology in West Java
Widhyka Fakhriyakansa1*, Zulfikar Fauzi1 and Rais Fikri Fathin1
1
Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Jalan Dipatiukur No.35, Bandung, Indonesia
*
widhyka.fakhri@gmail.com, phone: +62813-2097-9470

corresponding author : 1*widhyka.fakhri@gmail.com

1raisarrasyid21@gmail.com

2
zulfikar.fauzi@gmail.com

Abstract. Islamic boarding schools have enormous potential for the development of an Islamic economy. Islamic boarding schools
have very large human resources, supported with the fact that more than one million santri are in Islamic Boarding School in West
Java. Abundant human resources are a great opportunity if they can be used properly to support the Islamic economy through Islamic
economic empowerment in Islamic boarding schools. Islamic schools also have graduates and students who have capabilities in the
Islamic economy and fiqh muamalah which is very qualified, but most Islamic Boarding School graduates do not confident to continue
as an economist and prioritize the path of da'wah in the field of sermons. With the existence of Islamic Boarding School economic
empowerment, it is expected to foster new enthusiasm for santri in addition to having the ability in the field of fiqh and the concept can
also be applied in an applicative manner in daily life as a well-known sharia businessman or economist. Supported by optimization
through digital technology, Islamic boarding schools can strengthen economic empowerment in Islamic boarding schools, both based
on Halal Food, Halal Travel and Halal Cosmetics. With digital technology, Islamic Boarding School economic empowerment is not
only for one Islamic Boarding School, but also for collaboration between one Islamic boarding school with another so that they can
easily exchange information and support each other to develop better. The Islamic Boarding School business is no longer limited by
distance and time and can reach all Indonesian people and develop Islamic economics more effectively, especially in West Java. This
study uses quantitative and qualitative methods so that the discussion of the problem is more comprehensive.

Keywords: Sharia Economy, West Java, Human Resources, Digital Technology, Islamic Economic Empowerment

A. INTRODUCTION
The economic crisis that continues to hit the world proves that the
economic system adopted by the world today is not a perfect
system. In the last twenty years, the world has experienced three
times the global economic crisis, namely the dot-com bubble
1
economic crisis, the 2008 financial crisis 2 and the latest,
European debt crisis in the vulnerable years of 2009-20123.
The current economic system relies on interest rates and high
returns that encourage investors to save their funds in derivative
economic activities and speculation. This economic system has a
high risk of economic shocks. Payment failure of one debtor in
fulfilling interest obligations to his creditor can quickly propagate
to various financial institutions and can even disrupt a financial
system. The current economic system failure has prompted many
parties to continue to look for an economic system.
The Islamic economic system is a system that places humans not
as a central (anthropocentrism) but as a servant of God (abid).
Therefore, in economic activities he or she must uphold ownership
values, values of justice, freedom, balance and brotherhood and
togetherness. The Islamic economic system is considered more
resistant to economic shocks for several reasons. First, in Islamic
economics and finance, it is prohibited to trade debt (debt trading)
(bay 'al-dayn bi al-dayn). Second, the prohibition of speculative
behavior (maysir) in Islamic financial transactions such as margin
trading transactions, short selling, forward, futures, swaps and
options. Third, Islamic Sharia limits that a transaction is permitted

1
The World Wide Web was first introduced to the world in 2002,
triggering investors to invest in internet-based companies (start-
up) without regard to integrity when in 2001, most of the start-ups
went bankrupt with a share price of up to 75% which caused the
global economic crisis known as the dot-com bubble
2
The 2008 financial crisis, due to the low mortgage interest
caused home buyers / investors to buy a collection of mortgages
(securities mortgages) with high interest rates, when mortgage
borrowers were unable to pay the obligation to make many banks
declare bankruptcy and recession ensued
3
The 2009-2012 crisis, known as the European debt crisis, was
one of the worst consequences of the 2008 financial crisis.
Countries in Europe could not make loans to pay their interest and
debt, especially Greece, Spain and Portugal. The global crisis
continues to cause Greece to declare bankruptcy due to the debt
ratio to be paid with GDP reaching 180%

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if the goods or services are clear (real exchange) and prohibits
usury. The superiority of Islamic economic systems has
encouraged many countries to develop economic systems as an
alternative to their economic development.
Indonesia, as the world's largest Muslim country, also continues
to develop Islamic economic systems both in terms of financial
banking and the real economy. Economic system development in
Indonesia began with the establishment of Bank Muamalat
Indonesia, as the first Islamic bank in Indonesia. Furthermore, the
provision of ummah funds is also carried out through various
financial instruments both in the Islamic money market, sharia
securities and sharia insurance.
However, compared to other Muslim countries, economic
development of Islamic finance in Indonesia is still not as
expected. The economic contribution of Islam to GRDP is still
relatively small. This is a consequence of the relatively low level
of sharia economic in Indonesia. Sharia financing in Indonesia still
reaches 17% and the number of sharia account holders are still
relatively low at 7 million accounts. On the other hand, the
challenges of developing sharia economy in the future are
increasingly growing with changes in technology and people's
preferences to conduct economic transactions more quickly,
efficiently and easily. [1]
The midst of very rapid development and our current conditions
which are in the digital era can make Islamic economics
increasingly spread its influence throughout the world. Islamic
economics with all its infrastructure and instruments must be able
to take this enormous opportunity. This golden opportunity must
be utilized as well as possible by Islamic economic activists. Many
things are done in the digital world like today in developing
Islamic economics, especially in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has
the title of the country with the largest Muslim population in the
world, has enormous potential in sharia economic development.
Based on the census of the Central Bureau of Statistics, the
population of Muslims in Indonesia is around 87% or around 207
million people. This very large amount must be used very
carefully, especially when we can easily access smartphone
technology as an impact of digital technology advances. [2]
Indonesia has a large potential to be able to continue to develop
the Islamic economy. Apart from the majority of Muslims,
Indonesia also has the potential of Islamic boarding schools and
small (micro) institutions. Islamic boarding schools have
enormous potential as a center for sharia economic development.
As a center for Islamic education, Islamic boarding schools pursue
Islam as a whole (kafah) starting from the way of worship to ways
of getting along and economics. There are 25,938 Islamic
boarding schools in Indonesia. Aside from being a center for
Islamic education, 66% are productive Islamic Boarding School
that provide services or produce goods, with 7,749 Islamic
Boarding Schools providing telecommunication services such as
telecommunication shops and internet cafes, 3,373 Islamic
40
boarding schools engaged in agriculture, and 1,211 engaged in
cooperatives. The absence of an integrated system and assistance
from outside parties has made Islamic Boarding School products
still sold independently by each Islamic Boarding School
traditionally. To improve the Islamic economy, various
institutions have also helped develop it such as Bappenas, the
Financial Services Authority and Bank Indonesia. [1]
Islamic economics is an important part of the current global
economy. There are seven Islamic economic sectors that have
increased significantly, namely culinary, Islamic finance,
insurance, fashion, cosmetics, pharmacy, entertainment and
tourism, where the entire sector carries the concept of halal in each
of its products. There are several things that become the motor of
growth of the global Muslim market, namely the demographics of
young and large numbers of Muslim markets, the rapid economic
growth of Muslim-majority countries, Islamic values encouraging
the growth of business and Islamic lifestyles, the growth of trade
transactions between countries of the Islamic Conference
Organization (OIC), the participation of multinational companies,
technology and connectivity between countries. Previously, halal
products were envisaged as only food products, beverages,
medicines and cosmetics that did not contain alcohol or chemicals
containing elements of pork, blood and carcasses. But now, there
has been an evolution in the halal industry to financial products
(such as banking, insurance, etc.) to lifestyle products (travel,
hospitality, recreation and health care).
Data from the State of the Global Islamic Economy 2014-2015
mentions that indicators of halal business trends seen in five
industrial fields continued to show progress. Among other things,
Islamic financial services (Islamic finance), halal food, Muslim
clothing, halal media and recreation, as well as halal
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Unfortunately, Indonesia ranks
tenth of the implementing countries of the Islamic economy. The
ten major countries are Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain,
Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Jordan, Pakistan and
Indonesia. This condition indicates that the halal industry in
Indonesia is still behind compared to some neighboring countries,
even with non-Muslim countries, even though the potential is so
great. The highest ranking for countries producing halal food is
controlled by Malaysia, Brazil, the United Arab Emirates and the
United States. [3]
Islamic economics is an important part of the current global
economy. There are seven Islamic economic sectors that have
increased significantly, namely culinary, Islamic finance,
insurance, fashion, cosmetics, pharmacy, entertainment, and
tourism industries, where the entire sector carries the concept of
halal in each of its products.
1. Formulation of the problem
West Java is the province with the highest number of Islamic
boarding schools in Indonesia. Unfortunately the Islamic
economic system in West Java still does not meet its potential
CISAK 2019
when viewed from the number of new Islamic banks totaling 11
banks, different from the conventional banks which amount to 62
banks. At least, the number of Islamic banks in West Java shows
that West Java's interest and participation in the Islamic economy
is also still small.
Islamic boarding schools in West Java have the potential to
become the axis of the development of sharia economic systems
in Indonesia. Unfortunately, Islamic Boarding Schools in West
Java still work individually with the exception of Islamic
Boarding School in the same organization such as Darul Tauhid.
The lack of organizing Islamic Boarding School in West Java has
resulted in the difficulty of developing a sharia economic system
because there is no system or integrated program that can utilize
the potential of these Islamic Boarding School. Differences in
views between each Islamic Boarding School are also still the
main problem, because each Islamic Boarding School does not
have the same vision of the Islamic economy. [4]
Many factors influence the underdevelopment of Islamic economy
in West Java. For this reason, a study is needed to better
understand the characteristics of Islamic boarding schools in West
Java, whatever economic sectors that have space for the
development of Islamic economics and how alternative programs
to help Islamic schools develop Islamic economics and increase
contributions to the economy.
The research questions that will be answered include the
following:
1. How is the Islamic potential based on Islamic boarding
schools in West Java?
2. What are the problems faced in the process of sharia
economic development and their potential?
3. What is the ideal implementation strategy and approach
to developing Islamic economics in West Java?
2. Aim
The purpose of compiling this scientific paper is:
1. Mapping Islamic economic potential in West Java based
Islamic boarding schools,
2. Identifying potential sectors of sharia economic
development in West Java,
3. Developing strategies and stages of implementing the
sharia economic program in West Java.
3. Limitation of Research
This study focuses on mapping and identifying potential sharia
economic development programs in the West Java Province. The
process of data collection is limited, namely from the results of
surveys and secondary data from various ministries / institutions
41
related to the management of Islamic boarding schools and
Islamic economics in Indonesia during the study period.
4. Writing system
The results of the study are presented in six chapters where
Chapter I describes the background and objectives of the research,
Chapter II describes the conceptual framework of empowerment
and sharia economics and previous studies, Chapter III describes
the research methodology, Chapter IV describes the development
of Islamic economics in West Java, Chapter V describes the sharia
economic development program in West Java. In Chapter VI the
conclusions of the research results and policy recommendations
and follow-up will be elaborated.
B. METHODS
To gather a variety of trusted scientific literature to be
used as material arguments in this paper, the author searches
scientific articles through trusted sources. The author searches for
scientific articles through Google Scholar, search engines that
index full text or metadata scientific articles from various
publishers, formats, and scientific majors.
The use of terminologies or appropriate keywords plays
an important role in the efficiency of searching scientific articles.
In the search for scientific writing, the author uses various
keywords, including: "Islamic-based Islamic boarding school
potential in West Java", "Problems and potential for sharia
economic development", West Java sharia economic development
strategy ", and so forth.
Scientific articles that the author found were not immediately
used, as scientific articles found first filtered based on criteria
determined by the author. These criteria include: relevance to the
topic, that articles must be directly related to Islamic economics in
Indonesia, especially West Java; the age of the article, referring to
that the article used is no more than ten years old when writing
this paper; form of study: articles can be either qualitative or
quantitative studies; location: articles must be based on studies in
Indonesia, especially West Java.
Literature studies in this paper are made with regard to
ethical aspects in writing papers. The author uses articles uploaded
legally from the internet. Excerpts from previous studies are made
accurately and without modification, paraphrasing is done by
paying attention to the contents of the original text without
changing the core arguments of the original article writer.
The research we conducted uses two types of data
collection techniques, namely quantitative data, and qualitative
data. Where the two data uses the method of retrieving each data,
quantitative data uses data from the internet, namely data from the
portal BPS (statistics center agency), PPPP portal (database of
Islamic boarding schools), Syariah OJK portal data (Financial
Services Authority), statistical summary of Sharia economy from
Bank Indonesia data. Moreover, qualitative data is taken from
news portals, namely news coverage portal 6, marketers’ news
portal, and tribunnews news portal.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
1. Development of Sharia Economics in Indonesia
CISAK 2019

The initial phase of the emergence of Islamic finance in Indonesia
dates back to 1980, where there were discussions about Islamic
financial institutions in Indonesia. But, the establishment of the
institution was only realized in 1992 where the first time Bank
Muamalat Indonesia was formed, as the first sharia-based
financial institution in Indonesia. [5]
The birth of Islamic financial institutions was well received by
Indonesians because the majority of the people were Muslims.
Therefore, Sharia banking developed to make 45 branches
throughout Indonesia, in the form of a full branch, division, or
business unit. Other institutions have also implemented sharia
principles. For example, insurance companies and debts. An
example is the emergence of PT Syarikat Takaful Indonesia,
namely an insurance company in 1994, and the Baitul Mal wa
Tamwil (BMT) as a financial and debt-lower middle class society.
Furthermore, economic development and sharia financial
institutions in Indonesia can be seen from the establishment of the
MES organization (Sharia Economic Community) which
implements a structured and sustainable Islamic economic
program.
while claims in 2015 fell to 11.08 percent from 2014 which
reached 18.81 percent. [7]
In the field of finance, more and more financial sectors developed
with increasing interest in several finance companies with Islamic
financing. These numbers are expected to increase along with the
increase in demand and the rate of return of each Islamic financial
product.
In the micro banking sector, Islamic microfinance institutions
such as the Baitul Mal wa Tamwil (BMT) continue to grow. Until
2015, assets have reached Rp 4.7 trillion and total funding of Rp.
3.6 trillion, as well as assets and financing channeled. Now, other
microfinance products such as micro-insurance and possibly
micro-mutual-funds are being developed.
Globally, based on Global Islamic Economic Indicator 2017 data,
Indonesia is in the top 10 position. Currently, Indonesia is ranked
9th in the world in the total category of Islamic financial assets,
still far below its neighbor, Malaysia which is in 3 rd place. [8]

Sharia economic developments can be seen from several sectors,

including the bank sector. Currently, there are 12 Islamic
Commercial Banks, with 2,121 offices (including Sub-Branch
Offices (KCP), Sharia Service Units (UPS), and Cash Offices
(KK), 22 Sharia Business Units (UUS) and 162 Sharia Rural
Credit Banks (BPRS) * (Islamic Banking Statistics Data June
2015). Islamic banking assets as of June 2015 amounted to Rp.
273,494 trillion with a market share of 4.61%. It was predicted
that in 2016, the growth of Islamic banking assets was estimated
to be around 10 percent. [4] Source: Roadmap Pengembangan Keuangan Syariah Indonesia
2017-2019 [9]
In the capital market sector, Islamic financial products such as
mutual funds and Islamic bonds also continued to increase. At
present, there are 80 Islamic mutual funds with a total
management fund of 11.79 trillion rupiah in May 2015. The [10] Figure 1: Countries with the World's Largest Islamic
number of sharia bonds currently reaches 84 with the value of Financial Assets
emissions reaching 15,983.4 trillion rupiah. [6]
The government and related institutions have made a new
In the stock market sector, in March 2015, the number of sharia breakthrough to increase sharia economic growth in Indonesia.
shares rose to 335. This amount is equivalent to 48 percent of the We can see this by continuing to increase the number of Islamic
total shares listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, with the economic market share each year.
amount reaching 2,946.89 trillion rupiah. [7]
The impact of sharia economic development in Indonesia is
In the insurance sector, from data compiled by the Indonesian increasingly felt. This can be seen from the increase in the number
Sharia Insurance Association (AASI), the market share of sharia of Islamic investment products, Islamic finance, such as
insurance in 2015 from the asset side became 5.43 percent from government sukuk, corporate sukuk to individual financing.
4.83 percent in 2014. The market share in terms of premium Sukuk itself is a bond product in the form of sharia. [11]
reached 6.55 percent from 5,25 percent in 2014 and investment to
6.19 percent from 5.44 percent. In 2015, the growth of Islamic
insurance industry assets reached 18.58 percent, investment grew
18.57 percent, and contributions grew 13.01 percent. Own
investment growth fell in 2014 which was above 30 percent.
Contribution growth increased from just five percent in 2014,

42
CISAK 2019
Sumber : https://irfan.id/perkembangan-ekonomi-syariah-di-
indonesia/
Graph 3: Development of Corporate SukukIslamic finance is
included in the category of sharia Non-bank (IKNB) financial
industry supervised by the OJK covering a variety of sectors,
namely sharia insurance companies, sharia pension funds, sharia
financing institutions, and special sharia financial institutions and
sharia microfinance institutions. [11]
Source: Roadmap Industri Keuangan Non-Bank (IKNB) Syariah
2015-2019 [10]
Figure 3: Development of IKNB Assets
Islamic Financial Institutions in Indonesia, spread throughout
almost all regions of the archipelago. Likewise, the number of
Islamic Microfinance Institutions (LKMS), which is increasing in
number along with the development of the trend of society began
to lead to Islamic financial institutions. In the present conditions,
microfinance can be used as an approach in solving poverty
alleviation problems by empowering the economy, through
channeling for productive economic activities. Microfinance
institutions can also create group patterns, for channeling funds
without collateral, where, in one group consists of several
individuals who are mutually responsible for repaying loans of all
group members. This means that if one member cannot fulfill his
obligations, it will hamper the distribution of other members' loans
in the group.
Provision of financial services for the middle and lower classes
with a small nominal value, for the continuity of its business
activities, is the essence of microfinance. From this context, it can
43
be said in accordance with the Islamic view, that when someone
gets into trouble, then those who are given the excess must provide
help. Therefore, Islamic microfinance provides a solution by
providing financial and non-financial services, which are based on
Islamic values sourced from the Qur'an and Hadith.
2. Islamic boarding schools in West Java
Islamic boarding schools in West Java have the largest number in
Indonesia. It can be seen from the number of Islamic boarding
schools in West Java reaching 8,264 with the number of santri of
1,262,539. For this reason, the center of the West Java pesantren
(puskopontren) and the West Java Regional Office of the Ministry
of Religious Affairs (Kemenag) held a business internship for 204
santri. A total of 204 santri from 68 Islamic boarding schools in
West Java participated in a month-long Islamic boarding school
student apprenticeship (Fitri 2014). The holding to provide
training strives to suit the local potential of the santri trained in
managing business information centers for the sale and
distribution of goods in a number of places. [12]
In the economic development of the people, the pesantren, in
addition to acting as an agent of social change, at the same time
became a pioneer of the people's economic revival, and
contributed its role in increasing self-reliance, independence and
community participation. It can be seen from the formation of the
Joint Entrepreneurial Group (KWUB) between boarding schools
and between Islamic boarding school and the community, and the
establishment of a communication forum for populist economic
development (FKPEK), although admittedly, the existence of this
institution is still in its early stages. [6]
Source: Center of Islamic Economics Studies [4]
Figure 4: Economic Institutions in Islamic Boarding Schools
The existence of Islamic boarding schools is an effort to raise
the dignity of the community, especially in the economic field. An
example is in the participation of pesantren in socializing
cooperatives. Gradually, cooperatives from Islamic boarding
schools develop the economy in the santri environment. A
concrete example is the Islamic boarding school cooperatives
which helped drive the development of the batik trade, which had
attracted Bung Hatta's admiration at the time.
Islamic boarding schools have also been instrumental in
pioneering the birth of Lembaga Tenaga Pengembangan
Masyarakat (LTPM). This program was first formed in 1997 in
CISAK 2019

the Pabelan boarding school. Then, it was continued in 1979 with

an introduction to Teknologi Tepat Guna (TTG) training program
. [13]

Figure 6: Sharia potential

Both roles of scientific development and socialization of

Figure 5: Islamic boarding school access On September 4, 1997
the Baitul Mal Wat Tamwil cooperative was established
(abbreviated as BMT) by implementing a savings and loan pattern
in the Shari'ah. BMT collects and disburses funds from / to
members or prospective members with mudharabah (profit
sharing) or murabahah (buying and selling) systems. [13]
The program for strengthening and developing the economic
potential of Islamic boarding schools is basically a replication or
reasoning of the success of a pesantren in developing economic
activities for other Islamic boarding schools that have economic
potential, human resources and support from high school
leadership. Mentoring starts from practice-based orientation
activities, by providing economic development funds, and the
process of transmission or replication as well as supervision
assistance. With the existence of the program, strengthening and
developing the economic potential of the Islamic boarding school
are the provision for the Islamic boarding school to be able to
further develop the potential that exists in each of the Islamic
boarding schools.
3. Development of a Sharia Economy Based on Islamic
Boarding Schools in West Java
Islamic economics to the community, are because Islamic
boarding schools are recognized as institutions that have
legitimate ulama and dai in the community. Islamic boarding
scholars have the potential to become Islamic economic scholars
who are indispensable as Sharia Supervisory Board (DPS) for
Islamic Financial Institutions (LKS) whose function is to
supervise and maintain LKS activities and programs in accordance
with sharia. Besides that, they can also act as mouthpieces for
sharia economic socialization in the community, because they are
role models and their voices are more heard than the ulama and
dai from non-Islamic boarding school institutions. Their other
strengths are that they have better mastery of fiqh muamalah, so
that they have the ability to explain the shari'a economy to the
community better.

The potential of Islamic boarding school in moving the shari'a

economy is threefold. First is as an agent of social change in the
field of shari'a economy. Islamic boarding schools in this position
carry out social change. Changing the economic orientation of the
community, which was originally intended to satisfy desires,
became "sufficient" by meeting needs. Changing a consumer
lifestyle becomes a moderate pattern of life. Framing the
economic activities of modern humans in the framework of
ta'abbudi (worship) which was originally only limited to the frame
of satisfying physical needs. Changing profit-oriented orientation
and utility becomes the maximizing orientation of maslahah.
Source : Center for Islamic Economic Studies [4]
Graph 4: BUS Condition of West Java
Third is the role of realizing the real practice laboratory of
sharia economic theory in economic activity. This role is also very
strategic, considering the community saw Islamic boarding school
as examples and role models in their daily activities. If Islamic
boarding school succeed in developing their potential in Islamic
economics, of course, it will be followed by the community. With
the God willing, they will rush to migrate from a capitalist
economic system to an Islamic economy that is free from usury,
maysir, gharar, risywah, dhalim, sale and purchase of illicit goods
and various other forms of immorality. Conversely, the passive

44
CISAK 2019

and apathetic nature certainly influences the community,

especially if they still interact with the conventional economy.

Klasifikasi Pesantren Jawa

Barat
Tidak ada

385 Wartel/Warnet
642 2774
Pertanian
1072
Lainnya
2464
Koperasi
Graph 7: Condition of Asset of BUS & DPK [4]

Source; Pusat Data Pondok Pesantren [12]

4. Development of Sharia Economics Based on Digital
Graph 5: Classification of Islamic boarding school Islamic
Technology
boarding schools also act as institutions of production and
consumption. Islamic boarding schools as a production institution
The impact of digital economy in the community encourages
that is demonstrated by the existence of extensive control of land,
the emergence of a new society called the information society
have labor and technology that are very necessary to produce
(knowledge society) or knowledge society (knowledge-based
goods needed, indicating that Islamic boarding school is one of the
society). In the beginning, the old fundamental economic theory
producers. If an Islamic boarding schools are engaged in
was based on the optimization / maximization of production
agriculture, then these Islamic boarding school are producers in
factors, namely: physical, labor, capital (land, money capital, and
the field of agriculture. Similarly, if the Islamic boarding schools
humans). In its development, economics now realizes the
are engaged in industry (craft, small), then boarding schools are
importance of incorporating intellectual factors in the form of
producers in the industrial field.
science and technology and creativity.

Various developments in innovation in information

Jenis-jenis Pesantren technology and telecommunications (ICT) or digital technology
over the past decade have an impact on the economic and business
fields referred to as post-industrial society, economics based on
science and technology, innovation economy, online economy,
new economy, e-conomy, and digital economy (Cohen et al.,
3158, 38% Salafiyah
2000). Digital economy is a complex matter and is a newly
4226, 51% emerging phenomenon related to aspects of microeconomics,
Ashriyah macroeconomics, and organizational and administrative theory.
867, 11% Kombinasi
In the digitalized economy of shari'a, it allows all in the form
of cyberspace or often referred to as cyberspace business such as;
ecommerce, e-business, e-banking, e-payment, e-marketing, e-
learning and so on.

Source:Kajian Pemetaan Potensi Pesantren di Jawa Barat [4] D. CONCLUSION

Chart 6: Types of Islamic Boarding Schools
1. Program for development of Sharia Economic Based on
participants in West Java

1.1. Vision dan Mission

45
CISAK 2019
a. Vision
The realization of West Java as a center for the development of
economic pesantren through the optimization of digital
technology and integrating and implementing Islamic economic
programs that focus on people's economic welfare.
b. Mission
Building West Java as the axis of Islamic boarding-based sharia
economic development that aims to drive the Islamic economy in
West Java through:
1. Independence of Islamic boarding school through the
development of micro and medium enterprises;
2. Integration of Islamic boarding schools in West Java in
developing Islamic economics through the value chain
program;
3. Encouraging Islamic boarding school in West Java to
become productive Islamic boarding school and help
control food prices and basic needs of the community;
4. Expanding access to Islamic economic businesses
through the use of digital technology.
1.2. Aim
The aim of developing a Islamic boarding school-based sharia
economy in West Java is to make Islamic boarding schools in
West Java as the center of education and sharia economic
practitioners, through:
1. Increased independence of Islamic boarding school
through business development
2. Increased synergy of Islamic boarding schools and
cooperation between Islamic boarding schools in
West Java in developing Islamic economics.
3. Increasing people's knowledge and understanding
of Islamic economics
4. Increased understanding and use of innovation and
the use of appropriate technology, information and
communication including the use of financial
technology in sharia economic empowerment.
5. Increased contribution of Islamic economics in
economic development in West Java.
46
1.3. Strategy for Sharia Economic Development Based
on Islamic Boarding Schools in West Java
1.3.1. Islamic Boarding School Economic
Empowerment Program
a. Productive Zakat and Waqf
Productive Islamic boarding schools have excellent potential to
become zakat and waqf managers. Zakat that goes to Islamic
boarding schools can be used productively to help develop Islamic
boarding school productivity and become capital to develop the
Islamic boarding school's economy. Endowments in the form of
land can be utilized more than for the construction of mosques,
and Islamic boarding schools can use the remaining land as new
agricultural land and increase the level of production of boarding
schools.
b. Koperasi Pesantren (KOPTREN)
KOPTREN or Koperasi Pesantren (Islamic Boarding School
Cooperative) is an organization that aims to improve the welfare
of productive boarding schools. KOPTREN will later become a
distribution center for productive boarding products, and as a
center for capital and information for non-productive boarding
schools that want to become productive boarding schools.
1.3.2. Digital Technology Development Program
a. Improving Market Access for e-commerce and Financial
Services (fintech)
To help the development of Islamic economics in Islamic
boarding schools, we will provide increased access and financial
services to Islamic boarding schools. We will begin to introduce
digital marketplace platforms that already exist in Indonesia such
as Bukalapak and Tokopedia and how to trade online that is as
easy as on the instagram application, which can then be used to
more easily reach consumers and also be able to do business
without having to be limited by time and place.
b. Sistem Ekonomi Pesantren (SISTREN)
SISTREN or Sistem Informasi Pesantren (Islamic Boarding
School Information System) is an information portal for
productive boarding schools. In the SISTREN, there will be
information about all third parties that support the development of
Islamic economics as well, which includes vendors and banks.
SISTREN itself is general in nature, which can be accessed by
anyone who needs information and data on Islamic economics
based on Islamic Boarding Schools to help make the production
and consumption side based on Sharia.
c. Join Venture Syariah (JOVESH)
CISAK 2019
Join Venture Shariah or JOVES is a program that aims to connect
between capital owners and entrepreneurs who need capital in
accordance with sharia provisions. JOVESH is available on
KOPTREN and SISTREN. So, if there are capital owners who are
interested in investing in the pesantren business, they can easily
access this JOVESH program. Moreover, JOVESH is expected to
be available on third party online platforms such as iGrowth and
EthisCrowd which are tailored to the business fields of the Islamic
boarding school. It is also expected to make it easier for Islamic
banking in Indonesia to run peer-to-peer lending programs by
connecting investors from Islamic banking with Islamic boarding
schools.
1.4. Conclusions and recommendations
Islamic boarding school economics can be a solution to
develop Islamic economics in West Java, provided that Islamic
boarding schools in West Java must be able to cooperate with one
another. Because in the application of "Sharia Cooperatives",
collaboration between islamic boarding school is needed, Islamic
boarding school that are already large and have succeeded in
developing their economy through their efforts can help develop
and provide training to Islamic boarding school that have not
succeeded in developing their business.
With the partnership built between Islamic boarding schools,
the sharia cooperative can be a place to collect business resulted
from Islamic boarding schools which are under the care of the
shariah cooperative. It cannot be denied that the best commodity
for the majority of Islamic boarding school in West Java is
agriculture and plantations. So, Islamic boarding schools in West
Java are expected to be able to meet the needs of agricultural
products and plantation products, especially for residents of West
Java and generally for Indonesians.
Driven by digital technology, it is expected that the economy
of Islamic boarding schools in West Java can grow and reach
various lines. Thus, investors are no longer invest in passive
investments, but can also invest in the real sectors available in
businesses in boarding schools. The move is also expected to
foster enthusiasm to create business in the real sector that is of
high quality and attracts investors. Furthermore, this step is
expected to spread also outside West Java and to make the Islamic
boarding school economy a strong base for sharia economic
development in Indonesia.
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47
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Keuangan Syariah Indonesia 2017-2019," Otoritas Jasa
Keuangan, Jakarta, 2017.
[10] Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, "Roadmap Industri Keuangan Non-
Bank (IKNB) Syariah 2015-2019," Otoritas Jasa Keuangan,
Jakarta, 2017.
[11] AMITRA, "irfan.id," 29 March 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://irfan.id/perkembangan-ekonomi-syariah-di-
indonesia/. [Accessed 22 February 2019].
[12] Pusat Data Pondok Pesantren, Kementrian Agama, 2018.
[Online]. Available:
pbsb.ditpdpotren.kemenag.go.id/pdpp/grafik. [Accessed 22
February 2019].
[13] A. Syaukur, "Optimalisasi Peran Pesantren dalam
Pengembangan Ekonomi Syariah," Iqtishoduna, vol. 5, no.
3, 2009.
CISAK 2019

Optimizing E-Learning to Improve Indonesia Labor Force

Skills Facing Needs in 4.0 Industry Era
Muhamad Reza Wasistha1 and Helmi Afan Fahmi2

1
Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran,

Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM.21. Jatinangor, Sumedang

1
wasistharezaa@gmail.com, phone: +62822-6910-3761
2
Faculty of Culture Science, Universitas Padjadjaran,

Jl. Raya Bandung- Sumedang KM.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang

2
helmiafanfahmi@gmail.com, phone: +62896-9753-1775

Abstract : Indonesia is currently heading for the 4.0 industrial revolution. A revolution that rapidly increases the use of CPS (Cyber-
Physical System), Internet Of Things (IoT), The Cloud, Artificial Intelligent (AI) and robots causes automation in many industries. This
automation can benefit to increase industry productivity, but it also can cause extreme job loss and change in job orientation. However,
4.0 industrial revolution is predicted to create new jobs with more complex skills needed. To be able to compete in 4.0 industry era,
Indonesia labor force needs to be reskilled and/or gain new skills that are needed. The authors use two methods: qualitative research
and literature study to analyze how optimizing e-learning can be one of the solutions to improve Indonesia labor force skills facing the
needs in 4.0 industry era. By analyzing the geographical aspects, internet users and the quality of education in Indonesia, this study
found that optimizing e-learning and collaboration with technologies such as VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) can be
very effective to overcome the skills gap problem.

Keywords: optimizing e-learning, skills gap in Industry 4.0, Indonesia labor force, Industry 4.0

Introduction industrial revolution took place at the beginning of the

The world is currently facing a 4.0 industrial
revolution. The birth of the term industrial 4.0 comes
from the idea of a fourth industrial revolution. Before
entering the industrial era 4.0, the world had
experienced three industrial revolutions. T.S Aston
wrote that the first industrial revolution took place in
England from 1760 to 1830. The first industrial
revolution was born when the discovery of steam
engine power replaced human and animal skills. The
revolution brought major changes to the orientation of
the British economy. The economy which was
formerly based on agriculture turned into a
manufacturing-based economy [1]. The second
19th century until the beginning of the world war, this
revolution was marked by production machines
powered by electricity used for mass production
activities. The third industrial revolution emerged in
1970 when automation of computer technology was
used in the manufacturing industry [2]. The fourth
industrial revolution is a new chapter for technological
progress. All the industrial revolutions that took place
changed various aspects of life such as economics,
social, cultural and political.
Like the previous revolution, revolution is a
systemic thing. Industry 4.0 began its changes through
the process of digitizing manufacturing which was

48
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supported by the emergence of factors of revolution:
technical progress, economic scenarios and
demographic conditions. In terms of technical
progress, CPS (Cyber Physical System) technology is
a major driver of industry 4.0 because CPS can be
applied in many fields, increasing and enabling a large
number of innovations (for example, smart factories,
smart agriculture, and smart cities). This CPS system
will make a lot of work automated by robots and AI.
Some matters relating to the 4.0 Industrial Revolution
are: Big Data, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and
Cyber-Physical Society (CPSoc), Internet of Things
(IoT), Smart Manufacturing Environment, Smart
Factory, Hyper-Connected Society and Economy,
Ubiquitous Computing, and Urban Computing and
Urban Visualization. [4] The era of the industrial
revolution 4.0 where technological developments are
very massive is predicted to replace the role of humans
in the workplace. Mckinsey estimates that in 2030
Figure 1: Amount of Population Aged >15 years old According to Types of Activities in Indonesian Cities and
Rural Areas in 2015-2018. Source: www.bps.go.id (2018).
E-learning in Indonesia is now known as an
alternative media for learning various lessons in
formal education (elementary, middle school, high
school, university). Optimization of e-learning can
help Indonesia labor force to improve skills that is
needed in industry 4.0 era. E-learning optimization
referred to in this study is the provision of material in
e-learning which is not only limited to material about
learning in formal education but also creates material
that supports the needs of new skills in the labor force
49
about 800 million jobs will be lost due to automation.
Although there will be a lot of work lost, according to
McKinsey with dynamic modeling in the US and other
economies, there will be full employment in 2030
because of the creation of new jobs with new skills
requirement as well. [5]
If the skills possessed by the labor force in
Indonesia are not improved, what will happen is a
decrease in welfare due to increased structural
unemployment. Structural unemployment is caused by
the imbalance between the availability of workers and
the demand for employment [6]. In other words, the
difference between the labor force and the
unemployed Labor Force as listed in table 1 will be
even greater. Therefore, increasing the labor force
skills to suit the needs of companies in the industry 4.0
era is a necessity for the labor force to adapt.
in Indonesia by collaborating with other technologies
such as Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality.
Optimization of e-learning is reinforced by
the advantages of e-learning compared to traditional
learning methods [7]. Some of the advantages of e-
learning are easily accessible, cheaper and have high
flexibility because they can be accessed anytime and
anywhere. Geographically, Indonesia is an
archipelagic country, making it difficult to get access
to teachers of the same quality. E-learning can help the
CISAK 2019
labor force in Indonesia because the provision of
material is given using Internet technology.
This study uses qualitative research methods
and literature study approaches. Qualitative research
method is research that intends to understand the
phenomenon of something experienced by the subject
of research such as behavior, perception, motivation,
actions and others by means of descriptions in the form
of words and language [8]. The literature study used in
this study aims to obtain various theories, concepts,
variables, variable relations, and secondary data
through reading, observing, recognizing and
discussing reading material (literacy) [9]. The purpose
of this study is to provide information about how and
why optimizing e-learning can improve labor force
skills in Indonesia to deal with industry 4.0 and every
factor that makes e-learning has the advantage of
improving the skills of the Indonesian work force in
the future. The result of this research exposed the gap
between the skills needed in the industrial era 4.0 with
the ability of Indonesian labor force that can be
reduced by optimizing e-learning. This is due to the
effectiveness of e-learning in terms of time, place, cost
and support from technologies such as VR and AR.
Methods
The method used in this study is a qualitative
research method. According to Jane Richie, qualitative
research is an attempt to present the social world and
its perspective in the world, in terms of concepts,
behaviors, perceptions, and problems about the subject
under study [8]. According to Moeleong, qualitative
research is research that intends to understand the
phenomenon of something experienced by the subject
of research such as behavior, perception, motivation,
actions and others by means of descriptions in the form
of words and language [8].
This study also uses literature study methods.
Literature study is a study whose information is
obtained from literature sources (reading) such as
books, research results, and other reading materials.
To obtain various theories, concepts, variables,
variable relationships, and secondary data in literacy
studies must be carried out by reading, observing,
recognizing and discussing reading material
(literature) [9].
50
Findings and Argument
The Impact of Industry 4.0 to Indonesia Labor
Force
Countries throughout the world are currently
competing to implement industry 4.0 in their country.
This industry 4.0 wave is also felt in Indonesia. The
Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia has
launched discourse making Indonesia 4.0 which is
expected to increase industrial productivity in
Indonesia so that it can accelerate Indonesia's vision to
become the 10 largest economy in the world.
The industrial revolution 4.0 was marked by
massive digitalization, the use of robots, automation,
artificial intelligence and connected processes. These
various processes are expected to have a very
significant impact on the labor market. Many jobs will
be lost and lead to massive unemployment. Although
the 4.0 industrial revolution can lead to the loss of
existing jobs, the 4.0 industrial revolution will also
lead to the creation of new jobs, but with more
complex skills needs.
How Optimizing e-learning can Improve
Indonesian Labor Force skills
The improvement of Indonesian labor force
skills through optimization of E-learning began when
the condition of the Internet of Things was available in
every aspect of Indonesian society, one of which was
in the industry. IoT that enters this industry causes
employees in the company to be given knowledge and
training regarding IoT technology [10]. The
responsibility of giving knowledge lies with
companies that use IoT technology.
When employees at IoT-based companies get
knowledge and training from institutions that use their
services E-learning will help provide access to
knowledge and training about IoT on unemployed
people who fall into the category of Indonesian labor
force. The provision of IoT material through e-
learning aims to enable unemployed people to
compete in Industry 4.0. IoT material presented
through direct meetings by the instructors will be
transformed into a comprehensive and easy-to-
understand e-learning teaching pattern. In addition to
providing IoT material, e-learning will provide access
to unemployed people to access other skills needed in
the Industrial 4.0 era. Skill requirements in the
CISAK 2019
industrial era 4.0 will be more complex because many
hard skills are replaced by machine automation. There
are four important qualification categories and skills
Figure 2: Important Qualifications & Skills to Have in Industry 4.0, design by: Roland Berger. Source:
http://www.globalskillsummit.com/whitepaper-summary.pdf
Indonesia labor force can achieve the
necessary qualifications and skills through e-learning
because e-learning has advantages compared to
traditional teaching (face-to-face meetings). These
advantages originate in terms of effectiveness [7]. E-
learning uses internet technology that is flexible with
time, unlimited space, and does not cost a lot.
Indonesian labor force can be mainly unemployed
people who do not have access to direct training as
company employees can access knowledge about the
skills they need without limited time, regardless of
where they are and without having to worry about
costs incurred.
In the next stage, e-learning is optimizing
through collaboration with various technologies, such
as Virtual Reality (VR) technology, and Augmented
Reality (AR). Virtual reality is a technology that
replaces sensory input from real world with sensory
input created by computer simulation. In VR
simulation, a computer simulates and displays
environment through which we can walk and interact
with objects and simulated people [13]. VR
technology has several benefits for education and
training because the VR system allows students to
experience various scenarios including those that are
51
needed by the Indonesian labor organization in the
industrial era 4.0 [14]. An explanation of the four
categories is attached to the picture below:
physically impossible to install in class. Through
visualization that is present in VR, students are able to
visualize things that are considered abstract and cannot
be explained well with words [13]. Augmented Reality
(AR) is a technology that allows information on virtual
images generated by computers to be overlaid into the
real world directly or indirectly [15]. AR is different
from Virtual Reality (VR) because in VR people are
expected to experience a computer-generated virtual
environment [15]. In AR, the real but expanded
environment is presented with information and images
from the system. Collaboration between e-learning
and VR and AR technology gives more strength to e-
learning. If currently e-learning can only be enjoyed
by watching videos, then in the future when VR and
AR technology is growing, the delivery of e-learning
material can be equipped with simulations from VR
and additional virtual devices from AR to hone
Indonesian labor force skills.
Why Use E-learning to Improve Indonesia Labor
Force Skills
CISAK 2019
E-Learning has advantages applied in
Indonesia to improve Indonesia labor force skills when
viewed from 3 aspect :geography, demographics and
quality of education in Indonesia.
1.Geography
Indonesia is an archipelago with about
13.466 island where 922 of them are permanently
inhabited. It makes Indonesia become the biggest
archipelagic country in the world[11]. Because
Indonesia is an archipelagic country, it is difficult to
develop education infrastructure and equalizing the
quality. This can be seen from the number of school
that are less feasible in the regions, especially in rural
and remote area. That is why e-learning can be one of
the solution for the problem.
2. Indonesia Internet Users Demographics
A survey in 2017 conducted by Association
of Internet Service Provider Indonesia(APJI) shows
that Indonesia internet users have reached 143.26
million people or about 54,68% from Indonesia total
population of 262 million people. Based on age,
52
Indonesia internet users consist of 16,68% aged 13-18,
49,52% aged 19-34, 29,55% aged 35-54 and 4,24%
aged more than 54. Based on internet usage Indonesia
internet users consist of 89,35% users using social
media, 16,31% charitable work, 17,85% online course
[12]. The large number of Indonesians who used to
using the internet makes e learning has great potential
to be an alternative means to improve skills.
3.Education In Indonesia
Education is one of the main ways to
overcome skills and welfare gap in society. Education
in Indonesia nowaday has now begun to experience
equity in terms of service provision in the regions.
Although the provision of education services in
Indonesia has begun to be evenly distributed, the
quality of these services still has a fairly high
imbalance. The quality of education on the island of
Java in general is still far superior compared to the
quality of education in the regions, especially in areas
with limited access. This can be seen from the 10 best
universities in Indonesia according to the GS world
ranking, which is dominated by universities on the
island of Java
CISAK 2019

Picture 3: The Top 10 Universities in Indonesia by QS World University Rankings Asia 2019 Source:

http://bbs.binus.ac.id/international-business/2019/01/the-top-10-universities-in-indonesia-2019-qs-world-
university-rankings-asia-2019/

Conclusion increase unemployment because a lot of human work

Industry 4.0 revolution which is being
intensively implemented in many countries in the
world brings many benefits to human life. The
existence of the industrial revolution 4.0 makes
companies capable of increasing their productivity and
improving the quality of work because of the
automation of repetitive work with the use of robots,
Internet of Thing and AI. With the increasing use of
robots, it also replaces the role of humans to do
dangerous work. This industry 4.0 wave also began to
be felt in Indonesia through the support of the Ministry
of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia which
launched the discourse on "Making Indonesia 4.0"
which was expected to increase productivity and
global competitiveness so that Indonesia could
become the top 10 world economic power based on
GDP.
Although the industrial revolution 4.0 brings
many benefits, this revolution has the potential to
is replaced by AI and robots. However, the industrial
revolution 4.0 also has the opportunity to create new
jobs. These new jobs require more complex skills.
Based on the results of the research that we have done,
the gap between the skills needed in the industrial 4.0
era with the ability of Indonesian labor force can be
reduced by optimizing e-learning. This is due to the
effectiveness of e-learning in terms of time, place,
cost. and support from technologies such as VR and
AR. Optimizing e-learning is limited to help improve
the skills of Indonesia labor force but it is not to
provide job opportunities.
The application of optimizing e-learning in
Indonesia has several advantages. Judging from the
geographical aspects of Indonesia in the form of
islands, the number of internet users in Indonesia, and
the quality of education are less evenly distributed. To
optimize e-learning in Indonesia the role of all
stakeholders from the government, academia, private

53
CISAK 2019
sector, and motivation of Indonesian labor force is
needed. If all stakeholders unite to jointly improve
education in Indonesia, especially the use of e-
learning, it is hoped that this will reduce the skills gap
needed in the industrial era 4.0 with the ability of
Indonesian labor force and reduce the impact of
unemployment caused by industry 4.0 and Indonesia
References
[1] J. E. Inikori. Africans and the Industrial Revolution
in England, 1st ed. Cambridge University Press.
(2002). [E-book] Available: Google Books
[2] H. Prasetyo, and W. Sutopo, "Industri 4.0: Telaah
Klasifikasi Aspek dan Arah Perkembangan Riset”,
Ejournal Undip, vol. 13, no.1, p.1, January 2018
[Online]. Available: Ejournal Undip,
http://ejournal.undip.ac.id. [Accessed February 6,
2019]
[3] C. Klingenberg. “Industry 4.0: What Makes it’s a
Revolution:”, EurOMA2017, ­p.5-8, July 2018
[Online].Available:ResearchGate,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319127784
_Industry_40_what_makes_it_a_revolution.
[Accessed February 12, 2019]
[4] H. Kinzel. “ Industry 4.0 – Where does this leave
the Human Factor?”, Conference of Human Dignity
and Humiliation Studies, At Dubrovnik, Croatia, p.1-
2, September 2016 [Online]. Available: Research
Gate,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308614137
_Industry_40_-
_Where_does_this_leave_the_Human_Factor
[Accessed February 12, 2019]
[5] McKinsey & Company. “Job Lost, Job Gain:
Workforce Transition in a Time of Automation”,
McKinsey Global Institute, p.11, December 2017
[Online] Available:
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featur
ed%20insights/Future%20of%20Organizations/What
%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean
%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/MGI-
Jobs-Lost-Jobs-Gained-Report-December-6-
2017.ashx. [Accessed February 13, 2019]
[6] P. L. Daniels, T.O. Kestner, and Salvatore Lupica.
“Structural Employment: A New Measurement and
Continuing Discussion of an Elusive Economic
Indikator”. Virginia Employment Commission,
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can take advantage of technological advancements in
the industrial era 4.0 so that Indonesia’s vision to be
the top 10 largest economy and prosperity for its
people can be achieved
Division of Economic Information & Analytics, p.3,
April 2017 [Online]. Available:
http://blog.c2er.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/04/Structural-Unemployment-
White-Paper-VEC_D2_0416.pdf [Accessed February
19, 2019]
[7] H. Hakimi. “The Effectiveness of E-Learning in
Learning a Review of the Literature”. International.
Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, p.89,
Mei 2016 [Online]. Available:
https://www.ijmrhs.com/medical-research/the-
effectiveness-of-e-learning-in-learning-a-review-of-
the-literature.pdf [Accessed February 19, 2019]
[8] L.J. Moeleong. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif.
38th ed. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. 2018.
[9] Supardi. Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis. 1st ed.
Yogyakarya: UII Press. 2005.
[10] Charmonman, S., Mongkhonvanit, P., Dieu, V.,
& Linden, N. (2015). Applications of internet of things
in e-learning. International Journal of the Computer,
the Internet and Management, 23(3), p.1-4. Available:
http://www.ijcim.th.org/past_editions/2015V23N3/23
n3Page1.pdf+&cd=2&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id
[11] CIA, “The World Factbook: Indonesia”, CIA
Library [Online]. Available:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/id.html. [Accessed February 19, 2019]
[12] N. Irwansyah, “Survei Pengguna Internet
Indonesia 2017, Chatting dan Socmed Tinggi” ,
Teknopreneur.com [Online]. Avalable:
http://teknopreneur.com/2018/02/19/survei-
pengguna-internet-indonesia-2017-chatting-dan-
socmed-tinggi/ [Accessed February 19, 2019]
[13] C.Christou. “Virtual Reality in Education”. IGI
Global, pp. 1-19, Juni 2010 [Online]. Available:
Research Gate
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272677840
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CISAK 2019

[14] BRICS Skill Development Working Group,

“Skill Development for Industri 4.0 (PDF)”.Global
Skill Summit [Online] Available:
http://www.globalskillsummit.com/whitepaper-
summary.pdf

[15] K. Lee. “Augmented Reality in Education and

Training” .University of Northen Colorado, p.13.
March/April 2012 [Online] Available: Research Gate
1-
2https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25769298
1_Augmented_Reality_in_Education_and_Training

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Face Recognition (FR) Technology as a Payment

Method in Indonesia by Using Eigenfaces Method
Putri Nadia Suryadi*, Adiyana Putri, Muhammad Galih Prawiradilaga
1
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University
Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM. 21, Sumedang

corresponding author : 1* putri16039@mail.unpad.ac.id

1 adiyana16002@mail.unpad.ac.id

2 muhammadgalih31@gmail.com

Abstract. There are some payment methods such as cash money, debt, and electronic money (e-money) in Indonesia. These are
sometimes ineffective because the transaction will take time. The technology about face recognition was emerged to be an
alternative payment method in Industry 4.0 era. This will be an effective way because everything is connected via the internet or
cyber system. Face recognition as a payment method is applied after checkout an item, and then systems are going to recognize the
face. When face recognition is successful, the system will ask for permission to do an automatic payment from the saving account.
We identified that face recognition with the eigenfaces method consists of extracting the characteristic features on the face that
must be fit with space forms by eigenfaces method. We use secondary data method to compare some related works to face
recognition method. The data show that the eigenfaces method has a success rate average of 92-100%. This method is relatively
easy in the process and does not use a lot of storage. Hence, it can be used in public transaction like minimarket. This research
needs further research in order to be a daily transaction in Indonesia

Keywords: Payment method, Saving Account, Face Recognition, Eigenfaces method.

A. INTRODUCTION
Payment activity is a part of human daily life. It tells about a
process to transfer the value of money from person to another. It
also can be said by exchanging process for the provision of
products. The example products are commodities and services.
Payment systems include the obligation, contract/deal, operational
facility, and mechanism that is used in forms of delivery,
validation, acceptance of payment instruction. Then, the
compliance with regulation can be through by exchanging “value”
of person to person, bank, or the other organization even national
or international scale. [1]
There are two common methods of payment in Indonesia.
Those are cash-based and non-cashed. Money is included in cash
based, while paper and card are included in non-cashed payment.
In practice, these payment methods are considered ineffective
because the transaction will take time [2]. Considering the side
effect of ineffective time, we have to bring money or card when
we will pay or go shopping.
To support Industry Revolution 4.0, industrial activities can be
controlled through the systems which are integrated with the
internet. To do so with the payment process, it is able to do with
the electronic medium. It is called e-payment. Therefore, with the
development of technology, image processing can help the
payment process. That technology is called by face recognition
technology. Face recognition is a biometric approach that employs
automated methods to recognize or verify the face by image
processing [3]. To recognize or verify the face, there are various
algorithms of image processing in the face recognition, one of
which is the eigenfaces method. It proves that eigenfaces method
takes very less computational time [4]. So, it can make time more
efficient in transaction processing. Because of the eigenfaces
method turns the image into low dimensionality so it does not a
lot of storage and it can be applied even in the minimarket or mall.
The object of this literature study is to know how face recognition
technology can be used as an alternative payment in Indonesia.
B. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Literature Study In This Paper Was Based On Secondary Data
Analysis Complemented With Primary Data Collection. The
Literature That We Use Is From Journal And Text Book From
Trusted Publisher And It Has Been Published Globally
Through International Library. This Paper Based On
Collaboration Analysis, Synthesis, And Collecting Data From
Many Journals And Textbook. The Way To Get Materials Is
By Search Suitable Keyword Like ‘Eigenfaces Method’, ‘Face
Recognition’, ‘Payment Method’, Then Collecting Several
Relevant Topics From Many Journals. Since The Search Gave
Tens Until Thousand Result, Filtering Is Necessary, And We
Only Take Topics Related To How Eigenfaces Becomes An
Effective Method For Face Recognition As Payment Method.
This Paper Discussed Image Processing Of Eigenfaces
Methods To Do Extracting Faces For Someone Identity And
Used For Payment Systems. This Paper Includes How Face
Recognition As Payment Method, But We Are Not Focused
At Comparison About Difference Work Related To Face
Recognition.

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C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Payment Method in Indonesia
The development of system payment in Indonesia is
inseparable from technology infrastructure innovation. The
system always fixing and renew the system mechanism to be more
efficient, secure, and parallel with the development of technology.
There are many payment tools in Indonesia such as paper-based
payments like a check, transfer form, card-based like debit or
credit card, and electronic based. Now in Indonesia, there is
payment development shift into electronic based like electronic
transfer, electronic money (e-money), or payment via Internet
mobile banking, and the others feature [1]. But, that is a traditional
electronic payment system and there are some limitations in the
commercial context, because of its susceptibility to cybercrime
which raises security concerns. For resolve this problem, the
biometric authentication is an option for traditional electronic
payment authentication, with the focus being on the authentication
method used for payment in offline store/market use face
recognition [2]
The biometric claims to have led to security enhancements.
Moreover, biometric method of authentication is less cumbersome
and less subject too loss. The advantages of this method are that
(1) it reduces fraud, because biometric system provides more
accurate and secure user authentication while
username/password/PIN can be illicitly acquired by direct
observation (2) remembering passwords and PINs are no longer
required, and (3) impersonation of identity is less of a problem [2]
B. Face Recognition Technology
Face recognition (FR) is one kind of biometric system that allows
a machine to scan our face and turn it into the source code. Each
person in the world has their own face characteristic something
like identity which is stored in the database. The technology of FR
has been increasing rapidly since the first it was invented. The
usage of FR is varying from military, criminal investigation and
many of which need authentication. [5] [6]
Each person in the world has their own face characteristics. The
simple example of human face characteristic is the geometry of
the face. The distance between any space characters such as mouth,
jaw, nose, eyes can determine the process of face recognition. But,
the problem is when the machine meets similar faces, it is difficult
for a machine to distinguish just by processing the characteristic
from the geometry aspect. Another problem comes when the face
authentication condition is different for the first time of taking a
face as a database. Conditions such as facial expressions, lighting,
the angle of an image can become a big deal for FR. To overcome
these aspects, several images have to be taken during the first time.
[5] [7]
C. Image Processing with Eigenfaces Method
There is one method called eigenfaces that has been attracted
many researchers for face recognition method. This method
allows a set of images transformed into a matrix called training set
61
which is also known as eigenfaces. Eigenfaces is also a set of
eigenvectors of face images. When the system encounters the new
image for recognition, the new image will be projected into a
‘space’ (which is eigenfaces or sometimes called face space).
After that, the system with its algorithm will compare the position
of the new image in face space. Here are some steps for
recognition in general. [6]
• Initialization to take a set of face images and to calculate
the eigenfaces. It will become the face space.
• Checking: the new image is compared with the
eigenfaces.
• Determining: seeing if the image is a face or not by
picking the closest image to face space.
• Authentication: last check of a new image, whether the
new image is present on the training set or not. If the
image is present, the system recognizes the new image
and vice versa.
At the first step of eigenfaces method, the training images
with the dimension of N*N matrix are converted into N2*1 matrix
(dimension reduction). The system makes the training set with
N2*M matrix, where M is the number of sample images. After that,
the average or mean image needs to be calculated with the
following equation.
1
𝛹= ∑𝑀
𝑖=1 𝜞𝒊 (1)
𝑀
Where 𝛹 is average image, M is number of images, and 𝜞𝒊 is
image vector.
The difference between the image and the average image needs to
be calculated to form the A matrix using the following equation.
𝜙𝑖 = 𝛤𝑖 − 𝛹 (2)
Where 𝜙𝑖 is the difference between the image and the average
image and i is the index with the value between 1 and M.
The next matrix called C matrix is produced by the multiplication
between matrix A and its transpose using the following equation.
𝑪 = 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 (3)
Where
𝑨 = [𝝓𝟏 , 𝝓𝟐 , 𝝓𝟑 , … … , 𝝓𝑴 ] [7] (4)
Eigenvalue and eigenvector are calculated from the
matrix C and then line up the eigenvalue from the highest to the
lowest. The highest of eigenvalue (the number of highest
eigenvalues is determined) is chosen to compare for later
processing. As mentioned before, the eigenfaces define the face
space. The eigenspace is produced by the result of projecting the
image to the face space. The eigenfaces is determined by
multiplying each of eigenvector with 𝜙𝑖 . [7] [8]
For the last step of recognition, the Euclidean distances
between the eigenfaces of the image and the eigenfaces from
database must be calculated. The identifying is successful if the
CISAK 2019

Euclidean distance is minimum (based on the threshold). The
success rate of eigenfaces method reach the number 92-100%.[7]
Here the example of training set image from one person
Figure 3 fig.1. Sample of one person contain 20 images. [7]
combine the authentication, encryption, and auditing mechanism.
If the training set of images has been matched with the data stored
in the bank database, bank system will transfer to the merchant. [9]
E. CONCLUSION
There is some payment method in Indonesia. The biometric
which is face recognition as a payment can be an alternative in this
revolution industry 4.0. Face recognition with eigenfaces method
has its own algorithm to get a high accuracy, save memory and
computational time. The success rate of eigenfaces method reach
the number 92-100%. Besides that, it does not much consume time,
effort, energy and the user does not have to remember
PIN/password. The further research about face recognition as a
payment method has to be done in order to be a daily transaction
in Indonesia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by the references related to face recognition

REFERENCES
Figure 4 fig. 2. Average image of face. [7]
[1] Bank Indonesia, "Sistem Pembayaran di Indonesia,"
D. Payment Processing with Face Recognition Technology Bank Indonesia, March 30th 2011. [Online]. Available:
Payment processing based on face recognition https://www.bi.go.id/id/sistem-pembayaran/di-
technology has two phases, of enrolment and authentication. In the indonesia/perkembangan/Contents/Default.aspx. [Accessed
enrolment phase, when users are opening bank account, they have March 1st 2019].
to register their face images as their identity. This identity will be [2] D. J. Kim and O. Ogbanufe, "Comparing Fingerprint-
used as “password” in the payment processing. Those images are based Biometrics Authentication versus Traditional
extracted to be one dimension and stored by bank system. Authentication Methods for e-Payment," Decision Support
Systems, 2017.
[3] J. Suneetha, "Asurvey on Video-based Face Recognition
Approaches," International Journal of Application or Innovation
in Engineering and Manajement, vol. 3, no. 2, 2014.
[4] P. Aishwarya and K. Marcus, "Face Recognition Using
Multiple Eigenfaces subspaces," Journal of Engineering and
Technology Reasearch, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 139-143, 2010.
[5] S. Wu and D. Wang, "Effect of subject's age and gender
on face recognition results," Visual Communication and Image
Representing, 2019.
[6] M. A. Turk and A. P. Pentland, "Face Recognition Using
Eigenfaces," IEEE, 1991.
[7] M. Çarıkçı and F. Özen, "A Face Recognition System
Based on Eigenfaces Method," Procedia Technology, pp. 118-
123, 2012.
Figure 5: Flow diagram of payment processing [8] J. M. Valverde, "[Explanation] Face Recognition using
Eigenfaces," October 5th 2015. [Online]. Available:
In this offline payment processing, there are steps which is http://laid.delanover.com/explanation-face-recognition-using-
needed by system. First is face detection. Face is detected by face eigenfaces/. [Accessed 20 March 2019].
detector that was installed at mall. Face of users have [9] M. Normalini and T. Ramayah, "Biometrics
physiological characteristic that have been stored into bank Technologies Implementation in Internet Banking Reduce
database when the enrolment and the banking system has been Security Issues," Procedia - Sosial and Behavioral sciences, vol.
integrated by internet with the merchant or mall. Second is 65, pp. 364-369, 2012.
authentication image processing. Image processing method by [10] B. K. Gunturk, B. Azis U., Y. Altunbasak, M. H. Hayes
using eigenfaces method is to extract feature of face captured and and R. M. Mersereau, "Eigenfaces-Domain Super-Resolution for
to compare with the original stored image in the bank database. In Face Recognition," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.
order to secure the privacy of the user, the bank system have to 12 , pp. 597-606, 2003.

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[11] Malathi.R and J. R. Raj.R, "An Integrated Approach of

Physical Biometri Authentication System," Procedia Computer
Science, pp. 820-826, 2016.

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CISAK 2019

Local Product Marketing Optimization of e-

Commerce Based Village Community Enterprises
Oda Parwati
Syarifah Ummi Kalsum Ramadhana

Engineering, State University of Makassar

Dg Tata Raya Street, Makassar City
Odaparwati0901@gmail.com +62 82188 651639

Abstract: MSMEs are one kind of micro business which empowers small and medium micro business sector home industry toward
gross domestic product increases from 57.84 percent to
60.34 percent in the last five years. The absoption of labor in this sector also increases from 96.99 percent to 97.22 percent in the same
period. Even though contribution indicator toward the production of gross domestic product (PDB) and the absorption of labor
increase, the access of small and medium micro business sector (MSMEs) to the supply chain of global production is very minimal.
The contribution of MSMEs in Indonesia to global supply chain is only 0.8 percent. The development of MSMES in Indonesia from
years to years is affected by the utilization of Information and Technology (IT). E-commerce is one of technologies which develops
MSMEs and trade. E-commerce application development is build using stages such as development of model of System Life Cycle
(SDLC), which is a prototype. Development stage needs analysis, prototype development, prototype evaluation, system code, system
examination, and application evaluation. This research is aimed to identify the impact of the utilization E-commerce Technology in
increasing product marketing strategy. E-commerce technology is built using mobile Android based application because smartphone
users in Indonesia are 371.4 million users or 142 percent from total population 262 million. The data of digital technology in Q3 of
2017 shows that 72.9 percent of global mobile device users use SO Android. Whereas in Indonesia, there are 92.43 percent people use
SO Android. Thus, businessmen could easily and efficiently promote their product.

Keywords: MSMEs, E-commerce, Mobile Commerce, Pasar Lokal

1. Introduction Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector has increased.

Entrepreneur is an important part in the economy growth of
a country. The increasing of economy is included into the
sustainable development goals (SDGs). The purpose of
continuous development gives a huge encouragement for
continuous, inclusive economy development and
sustainability. This is the chance of productive working and
worthy for people. Indonesia is a country that still trying to
be a developed country by increasing the economic growth.
One way that could help economic growth is by increasing
the amount of business in Indonesia such us increasing the
local product for micro, small and medium enterprises
(MSMEs).
The micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs)
sector is being a new investment opportunity for Indonesia.
MSMEs in Indonesia are based on the principles of people's
economy. By prioritizing the principle of business
independence, there will be a lot of potential that can be
developed if managed more seriously (Santosa, 2013).
Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) 1997 -
2013, stated that an increase in the Micro, Small and
Evidence of the increase was in the number of MSMEs in
Indonesia, such as in 1997 with 39,765,110 units, in 2001
with 39,964,080 units, in 2005 with 47,017,062 units, in
2009 with 52,764,603 units and in 2013 as many as
57,895,721 units. The Ministry of Cooperatives and Small
and Medium Enterprises of the Republic of Indonesia stated
that in 2012 - 2013 MSMEs increased by 1,361,129 units,
an increase of 2.41%. (Depkop RI).
The characteristics of MSMEs in Indonesia, based on
research conducted by AKATIGA, the Center for Micro
and Small Enterprise Dynamic (CEMSED), and the Center
for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) in 2000, are
enduring and have the ability to improve their performance.
during the economic crisis. The ability to survive and
improve performance is caused by leadership, business
motivation of the owner.
The micro, small and medium enterprises sector for gross
domestic product increased from 57.84 percent to 60.34
percent in the last five years. Absorption of labor in this
sector also increased, from 96.99 percent to 97.22 percent

64
CISAK 2019
in the same period. Although the indicators of contribution
to the formation of gross domestic product (GDP) and
absorption of labor have increased, the access of the micro,
small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) sector to the
supply chain of global production is very minimal. The
contribution of MSMEs in Indonesia to the global supply
chain is only 0.8 percent.
Empowerment of micro, small and medium enterprises
(MSMEs) is a strategic step in enhancing and strengthening
the basic economic life of most of the Indonesian people.
Empowerment of MSMEs is directed at building
independence and competitiveness through the creation of
a conducive business climate, the application of science and
technology, and strengthening of the economic scale.
Empowerment of MSMEs is also used to increase its
contribution in improving the economy both in poverty
reduction and job creation (Anonimius, 2015).
2. UTILIZATION OF E-COMMERCE TO OPTIMIZE
MARKETING STRATEGIES
Bentley and Whitten (2007:76) suggest that the
development of information systems aimed at producing
quality information will be beneficial for increasing
business profits, reducing business costs, system costs and
benefits, increasing market value, improving customer
relationships, improving efficiency, assisting decision
making, compliance with rules, reducing errors, improving
security and increasing capacity. Information systems are
developed in order to process data into information.
Information is a company resource that can be used to deal
with business competition. Susanto (2008: 21) states that
information is the result of data processing. The main role
of the information system in accordance with the above
opinion is to produce information. Furthermore, the role of
information is conveyed by
O’Brien (2008: 9) that information systems play a role in:
1. Supporting business processes and operations.
2. Supporting decision making by employees and
managers.
The use of information technology, especially e-commerce
systems, is one solution that can be used to help increase
and develop MSMEs. An important factor in using e-
commerce is to improve the ability to get feedback from
customers quickly, while also saving costs for marketing.
Without the use of e-commerce systems, it is believed that
MSMEs will remain weak in terms of their supply.
65
Technological developments can support economic actors,
both small and medium industries and the macro industry.
Technology can make economic players survive.
The use of technology is expected to provide great benefits
to the competitiveness of the business world. Companies
that are able to compete are companies that are able to
implement technology. One type of technology
implementation in terms of increasing business competition
is by using electronic commerce (e-commerce) to sell
various kinds of products or services, both in physical and
digital forms. E-commerce is a process of buying and
selling between two parties in a company with the exchange
of goods, services, or information through internet media.
Purbo and Wahyudi (2001) state that companies that use e-
commerce will benefit, namely (1) opening more new
revenue streams that cannot be found in traditional
transaction systems, (2) increasing market exposure, (3)
reducing operational costs, (4) expanding global reach, (5)
increasing customer loyalty (6) improving supplier
management, (7) shortening production time and (8)
increasing value chain.
3. METHOD
E-Commerce application development model is built using
a model of developing System Life Cycle (SDLC) named
prototyping. The development phase begins with a needed
analysis, builds a prototype, prototype evaluation, system
coding, system testing, and evaluation of application. This
research was designed to know effect of using E-Commerce
Technology in improving product marketing strategies. E-
Commerce Technology is built based on Android Mobile
apps. Because cell phone users in the country reach up to
371,4 million users or 14,2% from total of the population of
262 millions people. The data of digital technology in Q3
of 2017 shows that as much as 72,9% of global mobile
device users use SO Android. Meanwhile, in Indonesia as
many of 92,43% use SO Android.
4. RESULTS
In this research, an e-commerce application was designed.
The PasarLokal program is a solution to efforts for improve
community empowerment That can provide new
opportunities for the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs) sector to improve product marketing / sales.
PasarLokal has global competitiveness that can increase
employment opportunities. The implementation of this e-
commerce based local market system is expected to
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succeed, so that businessman can promote company

products easily and efficiently.

1. The main page of PasarLokal applications

4. Category pages (search product categories in each region)

2. Login / Register page for an account

5. The page for displaying products from one area

3. A page for displaying products that are applied in PasarLokal

6. Display the details of the product sought

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CISAK 2019

10. The page that displays the contact seller

7. Page to display partner / seller details

11. The seller / partner product details page

8. Page for rating products in PasarLokal applications

12. Add a cart / shopping basket page

9. A page that displays the location of the seller, and if our

position is close to the seller can make direct payments (COD)

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14. Page payment either through bank transfer or through a

counter.

13. The page to place an order

15. A page to wait for the payment process. 5. Conclusion

This research aims to produce a designed e-

commerce application for the Village Community business.
This e-commerce application will be one of the applications
of technology as a marketing media for products. E-
Commerce mobile can make it easier for customers to order
online and make it easier to get information about the online
distribution, both the location and the telephone number
that can be contacted. With the application of the mobile E-
Commerce application, it can help sellers manage goods
ordering data, customer data, and confirm the delivery of
goods.

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6. Daftar Pustaka [3] Brata, Aloysius Gunadi. 2003. Spatial Distribution of

MSMEs in the Period of the Economic Crisis. People's
[1] Alter,Steven,2002. Information Systems Foundation Economic Journal, Th. II No. November 8.
of E-Business, Forth Edition, Pearson Education Inter-
national, New Jersey. [4] Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Survey of MSME
Development in 1997-2013
[2] Anonimus, 2015. Ministry of Cooperatives and
MSMEs 2015 Team, Strategic Plan of the Republic of [5] Katadata.co.id. “Indonesian Mobile Users Reach
Indonesia Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and 142% of the Population.” accessed February 20,
Medium Enterprises in 2015 - 2019, Ministry of
Cooperatives and SMEs, Jakarta.
2019.https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2017/0
8/29/pengguna-ponselindonesia-mencapai-142-dari-
populasi .
[6] Ministry of Cooperatives and small and medium
businesses of the Republic of Indonesia. Data on the
Development of Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises
(MSMES) and Large Enterprises (UB) in 2012 - 2013.
Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs.
[7] O’Brien, James A. & Marakas, George M. 2008.
Introduction To
InformationSystems, Fourteenth Edition,MCGraw-
Hill Irwin, New York.
[8] Purbo, O.W and Wahyudi, A.A. 2001, "Getting to
know e-Commerce", PT. Elex Media Komputindo,
Jakarta.
[9] Council of Representatives of the Republic of
Indonesia and the President of the Republic of
Indonesia. Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning
MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises).

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Motivation and Competence: Their Relationships And

Influences Toward the Work Performance of the Head Farm
Hands
Achmad Faqih1,2, Siti Aisyah2
1
Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture
University of Swadaya Gunung Jati Cirebon- Indonesia
Jln. Pemuda 32, Cirebon, West Java- Indonesia
Corresponding e-mail: afaqih024@gmail.com

Abstract: This study aims to determine the relationship between motivation and competence towards the work performance and to
investigate the influences of motivation and competence on the work performance of the Head Farmhands. The study was carried out
within 5 months from January to May 2017 in Suranenggala District, Cirebon Regency West Java, Indonesia. The research method
used is quantitative method with descriptive survey as data collection technique. Determination of samples is conducted using simple
random sampling with 30 respondents. The object of the study was the he Head of Farmhand groups in Suranenggala Subdistrict and
the research data was analyzed using the SPSS 22 Program. The results show that there is a relationship between motivation and the
work performance with rs vaule of 0.429 and there was a relationship between competence and the work performance of the Head
Farmhands with rs value of 0.431. This indicates that the relationship was moderate. Motivational and competence indicators are also
identified such as enthusiasm, encouragement, beliefs and future plans; and knowledge, awareness of organization and communication.
Furthermore, there is a significant influence between motivation and competence on the work performance of the Head Farmhands in
the neighborhood at 35.6%.

I. Introduction agricultural neighborhood. Thus, the farmers are a group

Agricultural development can be defined as a
process of social change. The implementation is not only
intended to improve the status and welfare of the farmers, but
also to develop the potential of human resources in all aspects
in the form of improvement, growth and changes (Heller, 2002)
and (Roscoe, 2001).
The importance of the roles of agricultural sector in
the economic development of a country is also stated by
Herzberg (1990) as follows: (1) supplies basic food and raw
materials to other sectors in the developing economy; (2)
provides surplus that can be invested derived from savings and
taxes to support investment in other developing sectors; (3)
purchases goods from other sectors to increase demands of the
rural communities for types of products from developing
sectors; and (4) removes some foreign exchange constraints
through exports goods or import substitution. Agricultural
development during Orde Baru government results some
positive changes. The best achievement in this era is the
increasing productivity on food sector or food self-sufficiency,
particularly rice. It reaches the most available in 1984 in low
prices, and contributes to the process of industrialization and
urbanization which requires low price goods.
According to the Directorate General of Plantation in the
Dinamika (1992), farmer group can be defined as: “a group of
informal farmers (adults, women farmers and youth farmers)
and formed for corresponding views as well as needs in one
containing participations in order to improve welfare”.
According to Abbas (1995), farmer groups have great
potential in their role as teaching and learning classes. This
means farmer groups are a place for each group member to
interact in order to improve knowledge, skills and attitudes in a
better and more profitable farming and foster encouragement to
be more independent.
According to Brown and Duguid (1991, work
performance can also mean as the willingness of a person or
group to do an activity based on responsibility with expected
results.
Meanwhile the definition of motivation is a process
that explains the intensity, direction and perseverance of an
individual to achieve his goals. While general motivation relates
to achieve any goal, we will narrow the focus to organizational
goals to reflect our interest in work-related behavior. The three
main elements in our definition are intensity, direction and
persistence. Intensity relates to how someone is actively get
involves in something. These are the most important elements
refers to motivation (Robbins, et all, 2008).
According to Dharma (2009) and Dubrin (2006),
competence is what is brought by someone into his work in the
form of different types and levels of behavior. This must be
distinguished from certain abilities (knowledge, organizational
awareness and communication) that need to be implemented in
various tasks. Competence determines process aspects of the

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performance of a job. Competence in general applies to all

managers regardless of which part of the organization they are, Results
or what their particular work is.
Suranenggala Subdistrict, one of high potential farmers,
Based on the results of questionnaire, minimum and
requires a group of farmers who wish to increase agricultural maximum scores of the variables are as follows:
sectors as an organization of horticulture, plantation, fisheries
and animal husbandry and therefore the head farm hands who
has adequate managerial skills is required. It is hoped that the
conditions of the farmer groups will be dynamic in order to Table 1
improve the quality of the farmer group. No Motivation, Competence Min Max
However, in a farmer group organization in Suranenggala and Work Performance of Score Score
Subdistrict, it is often experienced some difficulties in terms of
achieving the goals. This situation requires someone with such the Head Farmhands
the skills in order to encourage the farmers to achieve the goals. 1 Motivation 15 75
To find out the motivation and competency of performance 2 Competence 16 80
owned by the head of farm hands is strongly needed. This will 3 Work Performance 10 50
support the government program in the counseling activity.
The situation raises an issue on how motivation and
competence are related to one another in terms of the work Total 41 205
performance of the head farm hands to achieve the goals of the
farmers. Accordingly, the writer aims his study at investigating
the relationship between motivation and competence towards Scores of X and Y variables
work performance of the head farm hands.
To group the farmers into different
II. Research Methods
The current study was conducted within 5 (five) months classes and get an idea of the distribution, and the
from January to May 2017 range of such class of data, class interval was
in Suranenggala subdistrict. It was located in Cirebon District measured by applying Sutrisno Hadi (1993) formula.
West Java, Indonesia. The area was selected for its remarkable The formula is as follows:
participation in producing some agricultural sectors such as
livestock, fisheries, and plantation in its neighborhood. Simple
random sampling of 30 Head Farmhands was carried out to
decide the subject of the research with some statistical and
mathematical calculations proposed by Sugiyono (2001).
Quantitative research design was applied with 98
farmer groups involving five months process. Descriptive
surveys for describing and explaining the relationship between Figure 1. Formula of the class
independent variables (X) and dependent variables (Y) was interval
administered as data collection technique.
Questionnaire was distributed in order to measure the
level of X and Y variables of the Head Farmhands using three
I : Class Interval
Likert Scales (high, average and low) scoring. On the other Xn : Maximum Score
hands, Spearman Rank Coefficient correlation (rs) and Multiple X1 : Minimum Score
Regression Analysis of SPSS 22 program were applied to K : Number of classes
investigate the relationship between the variables. 5 (five)
Likert Scales were tested to find out the level of relationship as
well as level of significant between the variables. The influence
The range of class intervals between each level
of the independent variable on the dependent variable was of motivation and competence and work
tested with a significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence level). performance of the Head Farmhands are as follow:
Thus, if a significant value reached greater than 0.05, this means
there is no real relationship between variables X and Y, whereas
if a significant value is less than 0.05, there is a real relationship
between the variables.

III. Results and Discussion

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Work
Table 2 Motivati performa
Class Intervals and Level of Motivation on nce
No Class Motivation Spearmans’ Correlati 1.000 .429*
Interval rho on
1 15 – 34 low motivation Coeffici
2 35 – 55 average ent
3 35 – 55 average Sig. .024
(2tailed)
N 30 30
Table 3 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
(2-tailed).
Class Intervals and Level of Competence
No Class Competence
Interval
1 16 – 36 low Table 7
2 37 – 58 average The correlation between Competence and Work
3 59 – 80 high Performance
Work
Table 4 Compete performa
Class Intervals and Level of Work Performance nce nce
No Class Work Spearmans’ Correlati 1.000 .431*
Interval Performance rho on
Competenc Coeffici
1 10 – 23 low e ent
2 24 – 37 average Sig. .019
3 38 – 50 high (2tailed)
N 30 30
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-
Table 5 tailed).

Level of relationship between the variables

No Class Interval rs values

1 Very low 0,00-0,20

2 Low 0,21-0,40
3 Average 0,41-0,61
4 Strong 0,61-0,80
5 Very Strong 0,81-1,00

Table 6
The correlation between Motivation and Work
Performance

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CISAK 2019
Tabel 8.
The summary of Multiple Regression Analysis
Adjusted
R Accordingly, the Head Farmhands in
Square Std.
Error of
R the
Model R Square Estimate
1 .588a .345 .322 4.54507
Predictors: (Constant), Kompetensi, Motivasi
Dependent Variable: Kinerja Ketua Kelompok
Discussions
The discussion focuses on two variables
as previously discussed. They are motivation and
competence as dependent variable and work
performance as independent variable; (1) The
relationships between motivation and work
performance; (2) The relationships between
competence and work performance; and (3) the
influence of motivation and competence toward
work performance of the head of Farmhands.
(1) Based on the statistical calculation on
Table 6, there is an average correlation between
motivations with work performance of the Head
Farmhands with rs value of 0,429. Positive
correlation can be seen with score of 1,000. This
shows that the motivation of the Head Farmhands is
high. The reasons behind their motivations were the
needs of better quality of life such as food, house,
social status, future plans and some other needs.
According to Saydan in Syahyuti (2007) mentions a
person's work motivation in carrying out his work
influenced by several factors, namely internal
originating from a psychological process in a person,
and external factors originating from outside (
environment factors).
This is confirmed by the opinion of Hersey and
Blanchard in Wisnuwardhana (2001) that
environmental factors play a role in maintaining
motivational factors (the work itself). So work
motivation is a desire, willingness and
encouragement from within a person to act in
achieving their life goals. Work motivation is
influenced by various factors both intrinsic
(achievement, recognition, work and responsibility)
73
and extrinsic (administration of policies, supervision,
salary, relations between employees, working
conditions and status).
Suranenggala district proposed some efforts and
worked hand in hand with the other group farmers to
reach the goals. A commitment and loyalty will
always be the motivation of the leaders in
Suranenggala District to overcome all obstacles and
cover up the shortcomings in their group. The
foregoing is a commitment to work and encourage
the heads in Suranenggala District to always have an
optimal work. Their concerns are shown by a sense
of responsibility in duties and authority.
(2) According to Table 7 statistical
calculation, there is also an average correlation
between competence and work performance of the
Head Farmhands with rs value of 0,431. This shows
a positive correlation. In addition, the higher
competence of the Head Farmhands, the higher work
performance they have. This is in accordance with
what was stated by Mathis, at all (2006) suggesting
that competency factors are knowledge,
organizational awareness, oral and written
communication. Competence is used by Dharma
(2009) as one way to determine differences between
those who are high performers and those who are less
effective. This is done by getting positive and
negative indicators for each competency such as the
example below. For example, the head of a farmer
group is defined as guiding, giving enthusiasm and
motivation to individuals and teams to achieve the
desired results. In accordance with the above
opinion, the competency of the performance of the
head of the farmer group in Suranenggala District has
the ability of knowledge such as knowing food crops,
plantations, horticulture and other fields, for example
preparing production facilities, making seeding,
planting, up to harvesting and post-harvest handling.
Guiding members and other farmers who need
information obtained from government and private
officials. As well as having organizational awareness
to gather to form groups that are beneficial to the
community and farmers, knowing what
organizations want to be carried out by a farmer
group leader in Suranenggala District, knowing the
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procedures, rules or tasks in the group so as to
produce organized management. Good
communication in writing and oral is needed to know
how to speak well and politely to the members and
always have a record of activities in carrying out
activities or data for the needs of the group. As a
result, it hoped to encourage its members to work
with a good sense of work performance.
Capability analysis may take the form of job-
learning analysis as described by Pearn and Kandola
in Luthans (1995). This is focused on analyzing
learning skills that can contribute to a satisfactory
performance. Learning skills are used to improve
skills or knowledge and represent a broad category of
work behavior that must be learned. Competency
analysis provides the basis for compiling a profile or
competency model for use in performance
management, career selection and development.
Competence is defined as behavioral characteristics
that can be demonstrated to distinguish those who
have high performance in a particular role. A
competency analysis is usually carried out by means
of a structured interview (Mathis, et al. 2006).
3) The statistical computation of
analysis regression on Table 8 shows that R value
results 0,588. This evidences that there is an average
correlation between dependent variables and
independent variable; motivation and competence
toward work performance of the Head Farmhands. R
square value of 0.356 with 35.6% contribution of the
influence of each variable indicates
the real effect of the variable motivation and
competence on the work performance of the Head of
Farmhands in Suranenggala District.
IV.Conclusion and Suggestion
The results of the relationship between
motivation and competence toward the work
performance of the Head Farmhands in Suranenggala
District show that there is a real relationship between
motivation and the work performance with rs value
of 0.429. The indicators are enthusiasm,
encouragement, beliefs and future plans. In addition,
there is also a relationship between the competence
74
and the work performance with rs value of 0.431.
This means the level of relationship is moderate. The
indicators are knowledge, awareness of organization
and communication. There is a significant influence
between motivation and competency on the work
performance of the Head Farmhands in Suranenggala
Subdistrict at 35.6%.
Based on the conclusions, the authors can
submit the following suggestions: In order to
improve the work performance of the Head
Farmhands, it is advisable to always maintain good
motivation and competence and continue to increase
motivation and competence. As the results of the
study show that there is a real relationship between
motivation and competence towards the work
performance of the Head Farmhands in Suranenggala
District, the efforts to improve the performance
should be carried out simultaneously.
V.Reference
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Penyuluhan di Indonesia (1905 –1995). Departemen
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Learning and Communities of Practice: Toward a
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Guides: Leadership. Prenada Media. Jakarta.
Emile Durkheim. 1992. The Rules of Sociological
Method; edited and with an introduction by Steven
Lukes. New York: The Free Press, p.53
Heller, R. 2002. Manager’s Handbook: Everything
You Need To Know About How Business And
Management Work. Dorling, KindersleyLimited,
London.
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Herzberg, F. 1990. “One More Time: How Do You

Motivate Employees” Harvard Business Review,
p.85
Luthans, Fred 1995. Organizational Beharvior.
McGraw Hill: New York

Mathis, Robert L dan John H. Jackson, 2006, H

uman Resource Management,
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Penyuluh Kehutanan Lapangan ". Departemen

Pertanian. Jakarta.
Robbins, Stephen, P and Judge, Timothy A. 2008.
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Empat. Jakarta.

Roscoe, 2001. Organization Behavior, Concepts,

Controversies, Application. Seventh Edition,
Englewood Cliffs.

Sugiyono, 2001. Metode Penelitian Bisnis. CV.

Alfabeta. Bandung

Sutrisno Hadi.1993. Statistik. Universitas Gajah

Mada. Yogyakarta

Syahyuti, 2007, Kelemahan Konsepdan Pendekatan

dalam Pengembangan Organisasi Petani; Analisis
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Pertanian Vo. 10 No. 2 Tahun 2012

Wijaya. 2000. Statistik Non Parametrik (Aplikasi

Program SPSS). Alfabeta. Bandung
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Motivasi dengan Kualitas Kerja

75
CISAK 2019

Online Fundraising during Force Majeure : Can it be Trusted?

Ida Rosnidah1, Mukarto Siswoyo2, Endang Sutrisno3, Ayatulloh Michael Musyaffi4, Arinal Muna5, Nelia Fariani6

Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati Cirebon

West Java Indonesia

Abstract:Collecting social funds is a fundraising activity conducted by a number of people to fund a social project (natural disaster,
inability to pay medical expenses and inability to repair a severely damaged house). Today, the process of fundraising is getting easier
with the online platform. However, the fact, there is a deviation of funds due to this funding model. Based on this phenomenon, this
research tries to measure the trust of the donors’ funds, especially in terms of the company’s reputation and the security of the
contributors’ funds.
Methodology The main focus of the object of this research is millennial donors who raise funds for social purposes through various
online fundraising platforms (kitabisa.com, ACT, etc). The random sampling was used as method to confirm the hypothesis. Surveys
conducted online are distributed randomly through google form. Structural equation modelling-partial least square regression and
SmartPLS 3.0 was employed as the measuring tools.
Finding Results of this study show a significant effect between firm reputation, and perceived security to initial trust. The millennial
fund contributor tends to donate funds to the digital platform while the company platform guarantees the security of users in making
donations.
Implication The results of this study can help researchers provide empirical evidence related to established fundraising practices and
show how the relationship of trustees from donors to crow funding.

Keywords: crow funding, firm reputation, initial trust, perceived security

I. Introduction skyrocketed to Rp 193 billion (Maulana, 2018). In full, the

Every organization and company certainly needs customers as statistical data can be seen through the following picture:
kings who must be prioritized and served. In the crowd funding
social context, donors are customers for the company. The
donor is an important component so that the organization or
company can develop according to its vision and mission. So in
order to grow further, companies must maintain trust and good
relations with their donors when donating funds for the first
time. Therefore, attention to maintain initial trust becomes very
important to be safeguarded including perceived security and
firm reputation factors (Koufaris & Hampton-Sosa, 2004).
Recently the public was shocked by the misuse of donations in
Indonesia and outside Indonesia. Like for example a couple
who conducted a fundraising campaign to help a homeless man Figure 1. Statistical data on the growth of the kitabisa.com
on the GoFundMe platform who managed to collect 14,000 platform
donors with a total amount of 400 thousand dollars or the Source: Maulana (2018)
equivalent of Rp. 5.82 billion in social funds collected which
eventually the lovers and homeless people have been proven to Based on Figure 1 above, the rapid development of donation
collaborate in embezzling donation funds (Simko-Bednarski, funds shows a high public interest in social Crowdfunding
2019). While in Indonesia itself, the perpetrators of cases of online. Currently Kitabisa.com users reach 1,200,000 users and
embezzlement of money donations was occured on the have facilitated 17,000 online fundraisers (Ramadhani, 2018).
kitabisa.com platform. through Kitabisa.com, actors collect As many as 72% of users of Kitabisa donations are via
social assistance funds which in fact are used to buy personal smartphones (Maulana, 2018). But in his research, Goudarzi,
items such as smartphones and cars (Jatmiko, 2017) Ahmad, Soleymani & Mohammadhosseini (2013) said that
An interesting statistical data presented by Kitabisa.com, where financial transactions according to some people are dangerous.
when I firstly launched its platform lauze in 2014, the funds This makes it very difficult to try to convince users to use
collected amount to Rp 892 million, while in 2017 it financial transactions.
CISAK 2019
There are several factors that can affect the low trust of users,
namely the lack of face-to-face interaction of users with the
company, the nature of the company, often the absence of a
physical company in an easily accessible area, and the presence
of online crime such as the above. Hampton-Sosa & Koufaris,
2005). Therefore, initial trust is an important component in
determining whether a donor will continue to entrust his
donation to a particular platform. Siau & Shen (2003) explained
the importance of security factors and the reputation of the
company to obtain Initial Trust. This is because when a user
wants a new online financial platform, he needs security and
adequate guarantees. One factor is derived from the company's
track record (Koufaris & Hampton-Sosa, 2004).
Firm Reputation is a perception of good and bad from someone
who is inside the organization or outside the organization
(Fombrun, 1996). The better information is received by users
both inside and outside the company, the reputation of the
company tends to be good in the eyes of the company. While
security is one of the important factors in an online service
(Zhou & Tian, 2010). The higher the level of company security
perceived by consumers, will make them increasingly entrust
the provision of personal data of users for the purposes of
transactions such as personal profile data, credit card numbers,
and financial data. When they fail to guarantee security to users,
companies tend to fail to get Initial Trust from donors (Zhou &
Tian, 2010).
II. Theoritical Review
1.1 Initial Trust
Trust from users is never easy to get by the company. Need
continuous maintenance to achieve high trust from users.
Therefore, obtaining initial trust in users is an important factor
for organizations and companies to develop their business to a
higher level, especially in startup companies that really need
trust from customers (Kim & Tadisina, 2005). Initial trust is
defined as a guarantee of the user's safety against a matter that
is reviewed based on the harmony between law and ethics
(Casalo, Flavián & Guinalíu, 2007). In terms of psychology,
trust is a person's belief in transactions conducted in accordance
with user expectations (Roca, García & Vega, 2009). The
concept of initial trust was stated by McKnight et al. (1998)
where initial trust is the initial foundation for users to gain
higher trust, especially in the financial sector. According to Gu,
Wei & Xu (2016) The process of developing trust has three
stages, namely initial trust building, trust maintaining, and trust
recession. When the company gets the initial trust from the user,
it is likely that he will trust the company even more. In the
context of the Crowdfunding social organization, when the
initial trust is obtained, the donor has the potential to continue
to donate funds to the company.
Trust is the key for companies to deal with the fear and
uncertainty of consumers about a product for services
(Hoffman, Novak & Peralta, 1999; Jarvenpaa, Tractinsky &
Saarinen, 1999)
1.2 Firm Reputation
77
Firm Reputation is a perception of good and bad from someone
who is inside the organization or outside the organization
(Fombrun, 1996). The better information that is received by
users both inside and outside the company, the reputation of the
company tends to be good in the eyes of the company.
Meanwhile, according to Wang et al (2003) in the context of
service companies, the company's reputation is precisely the
company's interests regarding the general description of users
of a company, especially because the service information is
used by users is still unclear in the quality of services provided.
This means that the company's reputation here is based on the
evaluation of good and bad users of the services that is provided
by the company.
When someone accesses a particular website that is related to
online funding for the first time, most likely what he sees first
is the company's reputation (McKnight, Choudhury, & Kacmar,
2002). Empirical findings prove that firm reputation is proven
to have a significant influence on customer preferences (Walsh
& Beatty, 2007), including among them initial trust (Kim &
Tadisina, 2005; Michaelis, Woisetschläger, Backhausv &
Ahlert, 2008; Milan, Eberle & Bebber, 2015). Building a
reputation of course depends on whether the user believes in
what the company is doing. Users are more likely to feel that
their expectations will be fulfilled if the company is able to
consistently build a reputation on an ongoing basis (Michaelis
et al., 2008). The better the company's reputation, the user tends
to be more confident with what the company informs. This is
supported by Koufaris & Hampton-Sosa (2004) where Firm
Reputation has proven to have a strong influence on the Initial
Trust. A good reputation will have a positive impact on Initial
Trust, especially in terms of increasing profitability (Ang &
Wight, 2009; Fombrun, 1996).
Based on the above explanation, the first hypothesis in this
study is:
H1: Firm Reputation has a positive influence on Initial Trust
1.3 Perceived Security
Security is one of the important factors in making users believe
that the donated money can be channeled appropriately
(Laukkanen, 2007). The better the company's reputation is in
the minds of donors, so it tends to believe and continue to use
the platform as a place to donate funds to those in need. The
researchthat was conducted by Koufaris & Hampton-Sosa
(2004) states that perceived security has an influence on the
Initial Trust.
In Susanto & Chang's (2014) study, perceived security and
usability websites have the greatest impact on influencing initial
trusts. This shows that users are very concerned about the
security and usability of a particular platform before they use
company services.
In order for users to continue to use company services, of course
they have to convince users to trust their company both in terms
of the products / services used or the reputation of the company
itself. However, what is equally important is actually the
security factors that users feel especially towards their personal
data (Flavián & Guinalíu, 2006). Then in Susanto's research,
CISAK 2019
Chang & Ha (2016) confirmed the question of previous
researchers that perceived security can affect Initial Trust (Zhou
& Tian, 2010; Yaobin & Tao, 2007; Roca, García & Vega,
2009). Based on the above explanation, the first hypothesis in
this study is:
H1: Perceived Reputation has a positive influence on Initial
Trust
III. Research Method
To get good results, this study uses Structural Equation Model
(SEM) - Partial Least Square (PLS) using the SmartPLS 3.0
application. The reason for using PLS is because this method
can explain a model well. The researcher distributed the
questionnaire through an online questionnaire using Google
Form. This can be said to be more effectively used than using
traditional questionnaires which spend more time and energy.
Especially with the use of random samples, the use of online
questionnaires is very effective to use. Respondents in this
study are users who have felt to be the object of online social
In the research model using Structural Equation Model (SEM)
- Partial Least Square (PLS), the measurement model is the first
step used to measure the validity and reliability of a construct
(Hair, Sarstedt, Hopkins & Kuppelwieser, 2014). Through PLS
using SmartPLS 3.0 software, the value of validity and
reliability can be found directly through SmartPLS after the
78
fundraising namely kitabisa.com. A total of 100 respondents
were obtained to measure and test the model presented.
While to measure each variable, the authors adapt the indicators
of each variable based on various previous studies. In the intial
trust variable, the authors use the measurement adapted by
research by Kim, Shin & Lee (2009), Wu & Chen (2005), and
Kim (2012). The indicators are as follows: Reliable services,
Safe Services, Predictable services, and Provide Detail
Information. While the firm reputation variable the author
adapts measurements based on several researchers namely
Brown, Venkatesh, Kuruzovich, & Massey (2008), Kim, Shin
& Lee (2009), Koufaris & Hampton-Sosa (2004), and Kim
(2012). The indicator of firm reputation is well known, Good
Reputation, Reputations for Being Honest, Known to be
concerned about Customers, Good Services. Finally, the
perceived security variable uses the indicator Implement
Security measures, the ability to verify users' identity, and
ensure the security of payment information (Koufaris &
Hampton-Sosa, 2004; Zhou, 2011; Cheung & Lee, 2001).4.2
Measurement Model (Outer Model)
Model is formed and enters research data into each construct as
presented in the figure be:
CISAK 2019

Figure 1. Research Model

Source: SmartPLS 3 (2019)

According to Hair et al (2014) the recommended value for all
loading factors is a minimum of 0.6. Based on the picture above
shows that the value of the loading factor for each construct has
a value above 0.6. This shows that each construct has a strong
relationship. In addition, to measure a good construct must be
proven with a good level of validity. According to Hair et al
(2014) the value of validity in PLS can be seen by looking at
Cronbach Alpha (CA) and Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
with a recommended value for CA of 0.7 while the AVE value
is 0.5. While to measure the reliability of a construct, reliability
is used by looking at the Composite Reliability (CR) value with
the lowest standard value of 0, 7 (Hair et al, 2014). In detail the
values of CA, ACE, and CR can be seen based on the table
below:

Table 1. Composite Reliability Test Results and Cronbach's Alpha

Composite
Average Variance Extracted (AVE) Cronbach's Alpha
Reliability
Intiial Trust_(Y) 0,676 0,840 0,899
Perceived Security_(X1) 0,776 0,873 0,913
Firm Reputation _(X2) 0,708 0,722 0,842
Source: Results of SmartPLS 3 (2019)

Based on the results of calculations in table 1, the Initial Trust
variable has an AVE value of 0.676 (above the recommended
lower limit value of 0.5) which means that the variable has a
good level of validity. While the variable Firm Reputation (X1)
and Perceived Security (X2) have AVE values of 0.708 and
0.776. This means that both variables are valid. Then to measure
the validity level of a construct, bias can also be seen through
the value of Cronbach's Alpha (CA) with the minimum value
that must be achieved is 0.7 (Hair et al, 2014). Based on table 2
above, the values of Initial Trust, Firm Reputation, and
Perceived Security are 0.840, 0.722 and 0.873, respectively.
This proves that the three variables are valid in harmony with
the results of testing using AVE. While to test construct
reliability, Composite Reliability (CR) is used. Based on table
1 above, the CR value of each Initial Trust, Firm Reputation,
and Perceived Security variable is 0.899, 0.842 and 0.913,
respectively. This means that the three variables have values
above those recommended by Hair et al (2014) which are 0.7.
This means that the variable Initial Trust, Firm Reputation, and
Perceived Security has a good reliable level.
4.2 Structural Model Testing (Inner Model)
R Square testing is used to test the effect of jointly between
dependent variables and independent variables. According to
Hair et al (2014) the value of the relationship together between
independent variables is dependent said to be strong if the score
is 0.67, while it is called moderate when it has a value of 0.33,
and is said to be weak if it has a value of 0.19. Based on
Calculation of SmartPLS, the values of R Square are as follows:

Table 2. R-Square Test Results

Initial Trust (Y)
R-Square 0,693
Adjusted R-Square 0,687
Source: results of SmartPLS 3

Based on table 2, the value of the R Square of firm reputation (X1) and Perceived Security (X2) variables on the Initial Trust (Y) is
0.693 or 69.3% where the remaining 30.7% is influenced by various other variables. This shows that the relationship of variable Firm
Reputation (X1) and Perceived Security (X2) to the Initial Trust (Y) has a strong relationship.

4.3 Hypothesis testing

To test whether a hypothesis is accepted or rejected, then testing is done by comparing P value with the specified error level. In this
study the error rate determined by researchers was 10%. In addition, to test the hypothesis it can also be done by comparing the T statistic
with the T table. If the value of t statistic is greater than t table, then the research hypothesis is accepted or there is a significant effect.
Based on calculations using SmartPLS, the values of P value, and T statistics are as follows:
Table 3.
Hypothesis Testing

79
CISAK 2019
Original
Sample
(O)
Firm Reputation_(X1) -> Initial Trust_(Y) 0,627
Perceived Security_(X2) -> Initial Trust_(Y) 0,240
Source: results of PLS 3 (2018)
In table 3 shows the results of calculations based on SmartPLS
3.0. P value in Firm Reputation and Initial Trust variables is
0,000. This shows that the value of P value is smaller than the
specified error rate of 10%. Thus Firm reputation has a
significant influence on Initial Trust with the magnitude of the
influence of 0.627 or 62.7%. While the magnitude of the P
value in the variable Perceived Security and Initial Trust is
0.024. This shows that the value of P value is smaller than the
specified error rate of 10%. Thus the perceived security
variable has a significant effect on the Initial Trust with the
magnitude of the effect of 0.24 or 24%.4.4 Hypothesis
Discussion
4.4.1. The relationship of Firm Reputation and Initial Trust
Based on the results of the statistics, Firm Reputation proved to
be a variable that has a significant influence on the Initial Trust,
which amounted to 62.7%. Firm Reputation is a donor's view of
the company that is viewed from the internal and external side
of the company. This means that donors believe that a good
reputation maintained by the company is in line with the trust
of the donor that a good corporate reputation will tend to
channel all existing donations appropriately according to the
needs of the people in need. On the kitabisa.com platform when
it was first launched in 2014. the funds collected amounted to
Rp 892 million, while in 2017 it skyrocketed to Rp 193 billion
(Maulana, 2018). There was a huge increase in donations over
a period of 3 years. This proves that Kitabisa.com is committed
to safeguarding the trust of donors so donors will increasingly
trust donating funds. When the donor gets initial trust, he will
tend to continue to donate funds to the platform. In addition, the
donors also recommended the platform because it was
considered able to maintain the trust of the donors well.
Empirically, the results of this study are also in line with what
has been studied by other researchers where Firm Reputation
has a significant influence on Initial Trust (Kim & Tadisina,
2005; Michaelis, Woisetschläger, Backhausv & Ahlert, 2008;
Milan, Eberle & Bebber, 2015 ; Ang & Wight, 2009; Fombrun,
1996; Yaobin & Tao, 2007).
4.4.2. The Relationship of Perceived Security and Initial Trust
Based on the output of the SmartPLS above, Perceived Security
is a variable that has a significant influence on the Initial Trust,
which is equal to 24%. Security is one of the important factors
in making users believe that the donated money can be
channeled appropriately (Laukkanen, 2007). The higher the
V. Reference
80
Sample Standard
T Statistics P
Mean Deviation
(|O/STDEV|) Values
(M) (STDEV)
0,636 0,114 5,406 0,000
0,224 0,121 1,985 0,024
level of company security perceived by consumers, will make
them increasingly entrust the provision of personal data of users
for the purposes of transactions such as personal profile data,
credit card numbers, and financial data. When they fail to
guarantee security to users, companies tend to fail to get Intial
Trust from donors (Zhou & Tian, 2010). Especially in the
crowdfunding social context where trust is the main thing
donors consider to entrust their donations. When a security
problem becomes an issue that cannot be resolved by the
company, it will result in the loss of initial trust in the customer.
The results of this research are in line with what is examined by
other researchers where Firm Reputation has a significant
influence on Initial Trust (Zhou & Tian, 2010; Yaobin & Tao,
2007; Roca, García & Vega, 2009)
IV. Conclusion
This research is a research development that refers to the
concept of Trust, especially relating to Initial trust. Initial
becomes very important because it determines the user's trust
continuously. The researcher found interesting findings
especially in the field of social crowd funding where firm
reputation was proven to have a strong influence on initial trust.
The better the donor's perception of the reputation of the
company to be donated, then the company tends to obtain initial
trust from donors. This means that it is probable that these
donors will continue to donate funds to the company. The
results of this study are important points on how the company's
reputation contributes greatly to the formation of trust in online
donation users. This is evidenced by donations at the beginning
of the year which tend to be low when compared to the years
that followed.
While the perceived security variable, proved to be able to
increase a significant influence on initial trust. This means that
the greater the legal and ethical security guaranteed by the
company, the donors tend to believe that they will donate funds
to the platform. Things that must be considered in security are
payment security factors and privacy factors in personal data
that are not misused. In addition, the transparency factor is also
an important factor because donors want that they can provide
a clear flow of donations to those in need. Live reports and
activity reports that are regularly presented will be able to
increase donor trust. This is an input to practitioners, especially
in the field of social fundraising where security factors in the
certainty of the flow of funds are very important to be increased
in terms of the ease of access and usefulness of the information.
If it can be done, then companies that can implement it properly
will get initial trust from donors.
CISAK 2019
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CISAK 2019

Model of Corporate Social Responsibility’s Implementation in

Kudus Sharia Banking
Suparnyo1
1
Lecturer at Master Degree Program of Law Department of Universitas Muria Kudus
Kudus, Indonesia
suparnyo@umk.ac.id

Abstract: A company can run its business in the field of production or distribution. Businesses in the field of production can be in
form of goods or services production. Among businesses in the the sector of service is banking company, in which in running its
business it is always and surely related to humans as stakeholders. Today's banking businesses can run conventionally or with Sharia
principles. As a social entity, banking companies also have social responsibility.
The problem that needs to be solved is how the Sharia banking model in Kudus Regency implements its social responsibility? Another
problem is whether the Sharia banking companies in Kudus Regency have implemented corporate social responsibility obligations that
refer to the triple bottom line?
In running its business, Sharia banking in Kudus Regency uses a direct implementation model which is performed by a specific Division
in banking such as Corporate Secretary.
The obligation of corporate social responsibility of the Sharia banking in Kudus is carried out by being committed to act ethically to
support the development of society at large scope in human life and in its relationships with stakeholders. In addition, it also conducts
activities related to spirituality, nationalism and welfare.

Keywords: model, corporate social responsibility, and Sharia banking

Background
Basically, a company is established with the intention of
gaining profit and / or benefit. The purpose of seeking
profit and / or benefit is one of the goals of the
establishment of the company, because in addition there is
another purpose, namely that the business must run on a
long or continuous basis. The company must be
established and run its business openly, meaning that it
must meet the applicable juridical provisions or be
established and run legally.
Companies in carrying out their business are always in
contact with interested parties, so that the companies’
relationship with the interested parties, such as good
relations with the surrounding community, must be
maintained in order that there is no conflict or dispute
between the company and the community. Companies that
only aim for profit will be left behind, because a
company’s main goal in the new paradigm is not just to
seek profits, but to try to keep the company running
continuously.
A company will be able to run continuously or sustainably,
among others, when it is carried out by paying attention to
their responsibilities to the interested parties. The
responsibility of the company that is currently developing
is corporate social responsibility or CSR. In the last forty
years there has been a radical change in relations between
companies/businesses and society (UNIDO's, 2002).
Relations between companies and civil society
organizations have shifted from philanthropy to business
roles, rights and responsibilities in society. Corporate
social responsibility is defined in terms of the
responsiveness of businesses to stakeholders, legal,
ethical, social and environmental expectations, which is
one outcome of these developments (UNIDO's, 2002).
The development of corporate social responsibility is not
limited to companies engaged in the manufacturing
industry, but also those which are in the world of business
engaged in services. Industries that are engaged in services
include businesses in the banking sector. Banking
operating in Indonesia is in the form of conventional banks
and Islamic banks, each of which can run its business as a
commercial bank or credit bank. As a company, of course
Islamic banking also hopes that the company can run
sustainably.
This study specifically discusses the implementation of
corporate social responsibility in the Sharia bank business
which runs a business as a commercial bank. More
specifically the problem discussed is how does the Islamic
banking model in Kudus Regency carry out its social
responsibilities? Another problem is whether the Islamic
banking companies in Kudus have implemented corporate
social responsibility obligations that refer to the triple
buttom line?
Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Corporate Social Responsibility/CSR has become a shared
need between the government, the community and the
business world based on the principles of partnership and
cooperation. The implementation of CSR will have
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positive implications for improving the welfare of the
community, strengthening investment in the business
sector and strengthening the network of partnerships and
cooperation between the community, the government and
the business world. Therefore, CSR began to be developed
as an inseparable part of business operations and
management policies (Directorate of Role Development of
Community Social Institutions and Partnership of the
Director General of Social Empowerment, Ministry of
Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, 2005).
Venture/business activities can be seen from two
approaches, i.e. first, an approach that prioritizes the
interests of "shareholders" (shareholders perspective) and
second, an approach that uses a stakeholder perspective on
the basis of social justice (Siti Adiprigandari Adiwoso
Suprapto, 2006).
In the first perspective, business is only an activity focused
on maximizing profits with the principle of buying the
cheapest and selling the most expensive. In the second
perspective, business cannot escape from the
interrelationships and interconnectivities between various
parties in the community concerned. The linkages and
relationships are in order to obtain resources as inputs that
are transformed by companies for value creation, as well
as for parties related to the company's transformation
process. A company is not only an economic institution
but also a social institution that has obligations to and
obtains rights from the community.
This second perspective is based on the assumption that
corporations must be responsible for every action that has
an impact on individuals, communities and the
environment. This is closely related to the characteristics
of business, i.e. first, the essential function of business to
meet various stakeholders, and second, the outside impact
of business on the lives of stakeholders, in both
downstream and upstream.
The implementation of social responsibility that must be
carried out by a company demands the treatment of
business ethics. Companies that do not pay attention to the
public interest and then cause environmental disturbances
will be considered as unethical business (Indriyo
Gitosudarmo, 2003). The encouragement for
implementing business ethics generally comes from
outside, that is from the community. This is because the
implementation of social responsibility by a company
cannot be separated from the burden of costs which are
sometimes quite large in number. Thus internally the
implementation of social responsibility will be collided
with consideration of profit and loss which generally
dominates and characterizes a business. Encouragement
does not come from outside (external) only but also comes
from inside (internal) the company itself. This is due to the
fact that those who run the company are humans; the
employees are also human beings who have sense,
initiative and work. Therefore, they are also encouraged
84
by their sense of humanity to implement good and honest
business ethics (Suparnyo, 2010).
Corporate social responsibility or CSR includes 4 (four)
dimensions of responsibility known as the "CSR Pyramid
Concept" proposed by Archie B. Carrol (Edi Suharto,
2006), namely economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic
responsibilities. In the economic perspective all
companies must be responsible for the owners of capital,
employees and the surrounding community, while in terms
of legal liability the company must comply with all
applicable legal regulations. Both of these responsibilities
are the main responsibilities of the company which will
strengthen the occurrence of ethical responsibilities and
philanthropic responsibilities.
Social responsibility is born from a moral foundation and
the basis of thinking that humans are creatures included in
"Homo Socius" or social beings (Francisia ES, 1992).
Humans cannot live and survive in this world without the
help and interaction with other humans and humans can
only survive if they live in groups. This kind of thinking is
then developed with the assumption that because humans
can only survive through interaction and living in groups,
the company also has obligations and responsibilities to
fellow human beings.
In addition to the 4 (four) dimensions of CSR above,
corporate social responsibility or CSR was also stated by
John Elkington (Teguh S. Pambudi, 2006) in 1997 in his
book Canibals with Forks the Triple Bottom Line of
Twenteeth Century Business which developed the concept
of triple bottom line, i.e. economic prosperity,
environmental quality, and social justice. So, the company
is not only pursuing profit, but also must be involved in
fulfilling people's welfare (people), and actively
participating in protecting the environment (planet).
Corporations (in the sense of companies and their leaders)
have a primary obligation to owners and shareholders,
because they have given the economic mandate to the
corporation. In addition, the corporation must remain
concerned and responsive to the legal, social, political and
environmental demands of the stakeholders, both from
within and from outside. Thus, corporations are socially
and morally responsible to their constituents, meaning that
they maintain responsible relationships with interested
parties and are caring and responsive to their demands
based on ethical standards regarding honesty and fairness
(Ketut Rinjin, 2004).
The Development of Sharia Banking in Indonesia
The Islamic banking and financial institutions in Indonesia
were just introduced and discussed in 1990s (Detikcom,
2018), and to date have experienced very rapid
development. The development of Islamic banking and
financial institutions in Indonesia began with the
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establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) in 1991
and operated effectively in 1992. In 1994, other financial
institutions with sharia principles were established; those
were Islamic insurance companies, which were named
Syarikat Takaful Indonesia (Abdul Rasyid, 2018).
According to Sharia Banking statistics issued by the
Financial Services Authority (OJK) in April 2018, there
are 13 Sharia Commercial Banks (BUS), 21 Sharia
Business Units (UUS) and 168 Sharia Rural Banks
(BPRS) (Abdul Rasyid, 2018), now BPRS stands for
Sharia People Financing Bank. The regulation on Sharia
Banking was initially regulated in Act Number 7 of 1992
concerning Banking as amended by Act Number 10 of
1998 concerning Amendment to Act Number 7 of 1992
concerning Banking. Furthermore, due to increasingly
rapid development, Islamic banking is regulated by
separate law, namely Act Number 21 of 2008 concerning
Islamic Banking.
The principles of sharia banking business activities are
sharia principles, economic democracy and prudential
principles. Sharia principles are business activities that do
not contain usury (riba), maisir, gharar, illicit (haram)
objects and cause dispotic action. Based on economic
democracy means a business activity that contains the
value of justice, togetherness, equity and expediency.
The function of Islamic banking, in addition to carrying
out the functions of collecting and channeling public
funds, is also performing social functions, i.e. (1) in the
form of baitul maal institutions that receive zakat funds,
infaq, alms, grants and others to be distributed to zakat
management organizations, and (2) in the form of a sharia
financial institution recipient of money waqf that receives
money waqf and distributes it to the designated manager
(nazhir). This social function is a form of activity that
leads to corporate social responsibility, even though this
activity is only part of other activities that lead to social
responsibility.
Model of Social Responsibility Carried Out by the
Sharia Banking in Kudus
Islamic banks selected as research samples on the model
of corporate social responsibility implemented in Islamic
Banking are those carried out by Bank Syariah Mandiri,
Bank Muamalat and Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah. The
data collected is secondary data as well as the
implementation of corporate social responsibility that is
reported to the public every year, and the data used is
activity data in 2017.
1. Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM)
The implementation of CSR activities at Bank Syariah
Mandiri (BSM) is managed by a specially formed
organization, namely the organization attached to the
Corporate Secretary. Corporate Social Responsibility or
CSR is BSM's commitment with the aim of providing
added value to all stakeholders to support the company's
85
growth. The achievement of these goals are at a time
ensuring the growth of a quality company.
BSM designs and implements various initiative programs
covering all operational aspects and is aimed at fulfilling
the expectations of all stakeholders. In line with the
company's mission relating to social responsibility, the
objectives of BSM are:
1) Creating a harmonious relationship between the
company and the community.
2) Helping the growth and development of small
businesses and cooperatives that are independent,
resilient, and competitive, and able to increase
employment through professional management.
3) Developing coaching patterns for small businesses and
cooperatives, which have the potential to provide long-
term reciprocal relationships with the Company's business
through the distribution of partnership funds and
sustainable coaching, by promoting aspects of equity,
independence, professionalism and ethics.
4) Participation in environmental conservation programs
and help improve the quality of life of the community
which covers the fields of education, health and welfare.
5) as well as support the improvement of the quality of
education, health, religious life, and other general advice
The CSR policy at BSM is done through a triple bottom
lines approach that includes economic performance
(economic indicators), environmental performance
(environmental indicators), and social performance (social
indicators). Through the policy, BSM hopes that it will not
only benefit shareholders, but also wider stakeholders, i.e.
the community and the environment. In other words, BSM
strives to maximize corporate profits in line with the aim
of providing maximum benefit for the people, and the
environment (planet).
BSM believes that with this comprehensive approach it
will support the achievement of sustainable development
goals, i.e. development activities carried out to meet the
needs of the present generation without sacrificing the
interests of future generations.
The CSR of BSM is based on 3 (three) pillars as follows:
1) Spirituality (Character Building) is the foundation that
animates BSM in activities, namely in the name and for
God (vertically) and together humanity builds a noble
civilization (horizontally).
2) Nationalism (National Contribution), which means
working for the country to realize BSM's commitment to
fill in the independence value and participate in the
national development. This enthusiasm is the basis for
BSM as an entity together with the community.
3) Prosperity (Economic Empowerment) is coaching and
developing the social economy through capital assistance,
competence development, and generating entrepreneurial
spirit.
BSM believes that companies, communities and the
environment can work together and go hand in hand in
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achieving the same goals, so BSM places CSR activities
as a core strategy and makes it a source of innovation and
efficiency to enhance the company's competitive
advantage.
2. Bank Muamalat
The subject of CSR in Bank Muamalat is divided into 4
(four) aspects, those are Environmental aspects;
Employment, Occupational Health and Safety (K3)
practices; Community Social Development; and
Responsibilities to Consumers, whose implementation is
coordinated by Muamalat Human Power (MHP).
For the Bank, CSR programs and activities are the
important aspects in establishing harmonious relations
with all stakeholders
Bank Muamalat Indonesia emphasizes the growth of its
business not only on achievement of financial aspects, but
how the bank considers the social and environmental
impacts for the long term. Harmonization approach with
shareholders and stakeholders provides an overview of the
Bank's responsibility both in the economic aspects as a
manifestation of the Bank's business sustainability, as well
as sustainable growth between the Bank and its social and
environmental dimensions around, which includes the
following:
1) Business dimensions oriented to value creation and
customer satisfaction.
2) Social dimensions concerning aspects of business
ethics and bank social responsibility, workers’ health and
safety condition as well as welfare and social aspects of
society.
3) An environmental dimension that directs the Bank to
pay attention to the aspects of sustainability and
environmental balance around the operating area.
Stakeholder management is based on GCG principles, i.e.
transparency, accountability, responsibility,
independence, and fairness. The Bank respects, protects,
and fulfills the rights of stakeholders, including through
the provision of relevant and transparent, accurate, and
timely information and through healthy and ethical
communication mechanisms.
3. Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah (BNI Syariah)
The management of BNI Syariah’s CSR activities is
carried out in collaboration with the Hasanah Titik
Foundation (YHT). YHT is a social, humanitarian and
religious institution that has affiliation with the
management of infaq and shodaqoh of PT Bank BNI
Syariah which was formed in May 2014. Through this
collaboration it is hoped that it can result in a multiplier
effect and sustainability.
YHT is established by individuals who hold positions in
BNI Syariah. However, to maintain independence and
professionalism values, YHT is managed by human
resources who have the capability and capacity in their
fields.
86
To maintain the credibility and transparency values of
managing the foundation, since 2015, YHT has
immediately used the services of an independent auditor
to assess the financial performance and the distribution
performance of social programs that use zakat funds. For
2 (two) years, YHT has successively obtained fair opinion
in all material matters.
The community empowerment programs developed by
YHT are divided into 2 (two) types, the first is a caricature
program (direct impact on needs and temporary), for
example basic needs through One Day One Liter One
Family (ODOLOF) program, costs schools, free mortuary
services, health services and poor people. The second is
type of program that is strived to have a long impact and
an increase on the capacity of recipients (sustainable),
such as pesantren (boarding school) economic
empowerment programs, business capital, and education
on healthy lifestyles, library parks, and Hasanah
Ambassadors. Until 2017, YHT together with BNI Syariah
have worked together to develop programs community
empowerment in the framework of 5 (five) fields, i.e.
Education, Health, Economy, Social Da'wah (social
preaching) and Disaster Response.
From the description of the model of the implementation
of corporate social responsibility above, it shows that
Kudus Sharia Bank follows a program planned by the
central Islamic Bank. Kudus Sharia Bank only carries out
part of the program from the Central Sharia Bank
The model for implementing social responsibility in
Islamic banks is carried out by a special division in the
Central Syariah Bank that manages issues of corporate
social responsibility and works with non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), universities and related parties
(most of which are zakat or waqf managers). The Sharia
Bank in Kudus branch office only follows up on the model
set by the Central Sharia Bank.
The Implementation of Corporate Social
Responsibility of Sharia Banking Companies in Kudus
In Indonesia, Islamic banking is one of the fastest growing
industrial sectors. Even though sharia banking is recorded
to grow very significantly, but compared to conventional
banking, the market share of Islamic banking is still
relatively small in size (Fitria, Soraya and Dwi Hartanti,
2010). However, the prospect of the sharia industry in the
future is believed to be increasingly good and worth taking
into account.
Institutions that run their business based on sharia are
essentially based on the basic philosophy of the Qur'an and
Sunnah, so that the perpetrators in interacting with the
environment and their fellow human beings are also based
on the Qur'an and Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad.
Given that the basis of the philosophy is religious, it is
believed that the existing relationships will be more
sustainable than conventional patterns.
CISAK 2019
In Sharia banking the social responsibility is very relevant
to talk about because sharia banking is based on sharia
which requires them to operate on a moral, ethical, and
social responsibility basis. In addition, there is a principle
of obedience to the commands of Allah and the Caliph,
and also because of the principle of public interest, i.e.
avoidance of damage and poverty. The implementation of
corporate social responsibility in Islamic banking can be
described below.
1. Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM)
The CSR program is right on target and effective; the
program implementation of CSR is based on the results of
surveys and mapping of environmental conditions and
surrounding communities. Furthermore, the programs that
have been planned are implemented by involving the
community actively with a bottom up mechanism and
partnerships with other stakeholders. In order that the
program can be realized well and provide maximum
benefits, the method of implementing the program is
adapted to the conditions of each region, and is
coordinated with relevant parties, especially the local
government, as well as those directly involved.
The implementation of the CSR program at BSM has 2
(two) funding sources, those are the Infak Shadaqah Alms
Fund (ZIS) and the Virtue / Social Fund. In terms of
raising funds, BSM periodically distributes the CSR
program implementation in BSM has 2 (two) funding
sources, i.e. the Zakat,Infaq and Shadaqah Fund (ZIS) and
the Virtue/Social Fund. In terms of raising funds, BSM
periodically distributes Zakat funds (from company
profits, customers, and employees), Infaq funds (voluntary
donations from customers, employees and the public) and
Program funds (from BSM Non-Halal income) through
LAZNAS BSM. The scope of zakat distribution is carried
out through the program of (a.) Mitra Ummat (Community
Partner), Didik Umat (Educate People) and Simpati
Ummat (Sympathy of People) which still refers to 8
beneficiaries/ashnaf of zakat (mustahik), namely: Fakir,
Poor, Amil, Muallaf, Riqob, Gharimin, Fisabilillah, and
Ibn Sabil; (b.) BSM Fellowship Program for orphans from
employees or retired employees who have died.
2. Bank Muammalat
For the sake of communication with
shareholders/investors, the Bank has a connecting
instrument, namely the Corporate Secretary which
functions as a public relations officer or other official
appointed based on applicable regulations.
Therefore, to the Bank, stakeholders play an important
role in supporting the continuity of Bank activities. As part
of the community, Bank Muamalat Indonesia emphasizes
that its business growth does not only depend on achieving
financial aspects, but how banks can consider improving
the quality and quantity of social responsibility /CSR
program policies. For the sake of communication with
87
shareholders /investors, the Bank has a connecting
instrument, namely the Corporate Secretary who functions
as a public relations officer or other official appointed
based on applicable regulations.
Bank Muamalat Indonesia provides an indication of
awareness about the importance of CSR for the
sustainability of the Bank's business. It is not only to fulfill
the mandate of Act No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited
Liability Companies, but Bank Muamalat Indonesia also
positions CSR as a good will and good initiative beyond
the law. This is a sign that in the implementation of CSR,
Bank Muamalat Indonesia emphasizes the Bank's
commitment to act ethically, supports the economic
development of the community extensively as capital
investment of human life and in its relationships with
stakeholders.
Bank Muamalat Indonesia's awareness in implementing
CSR programs is embodied in four pillars summarized in
three major themes, namely (i) Muamalat School of
Achievement - Education Pillar, (ii) Muamalat Social of
Business - Economic Pillar, (iii) Muamalat Social
Initiative - Pillar of Humanity and the Environment. The
program implementation is carried out independently, in a
consortium and in synergy with the Amil Zakat Institution
(LAZ) affiliated with Bank Muamalat Indonesia,
Baitulmaal Muamalat (BMM) and other local
empowerment partners and LAZ.
Since 2016, Bank Muamalat Indonesia has continued to
focus on developing the Muamalat Achievement School
program. This program departs from the fact that the
educational challenges currently faced nationally
including the opportunity to gain access to education
which is still limited; the low quality, relevance and
competitiveness and the availability of quality education
facilities and infrastructure which is still limited.
Together with this program, Bank Muamalat Indonesia
wants to realize the creation of quality human resources
and have a positive impact on the growth of the Sharia
economy in Indonesia and education is the main pillar to
realize this. In tune with the enthusiasm of the program
objectives of the Muamalat Achievement School, as a
concrete step to building business with the community,
Bank Muamalat Indonesia focuses on economic
empowerment. Together with LAZ, Dompet Dhuafa and
the National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS), Bank Muamalat
Indonesia strives to empower the economy of the
community and improve the welfare of the recipient
benefits, especially mustahik (beneficiaries). Through this
economic empowerment program, Bank Muamalat
Indonesia hopes that local potentials and strategic
partnerships will be established, access to finance will be
more open and affordable, the formation of local self-help
through the integration of potential and human resources,
so that in the long run it will have a broad impact to the
community.
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Bank Muamalat Indonesia's Social Responsibility
activities are carried out based on 4 (four) aspects, as
follows:
1) Environmental Social Responsibility.
2) Corporate Social Responsibility in the Community
Empowerment Sector.
3) Corporate Social Responsibility in Employment, Health
and Safety Work.
4) Corporate Social Responsibility Scope of
Responsibility for Products / Services and Consumers.
In 2017, the Bank launched the Green Campaign program.
Green Campaign activities are intended for internal Bank
Muamalat Indonesia, with the aim of increasing
employee’s awareness about the importance of
contributing to the environment, especially the balance
between the operations of the Bank and environmental
sustainability. PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk
campaign was carried out during the corporate culture
event at Muamalat Tower.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the environmental field
is carried out every year as proof of the Bank's seriousness
in protecting and protecting nature. Some activities are
carried out such as conducting Green Campaign
socialization aimed at internal Bank Muamalat Indonesia,
with the aim of increasing employee awareness about the
importance of contributing to the environment, especially
the balance between the operations of the Bank and
environmental sustainability. The campaign was carried
out during the corporate culture event at Muamalat Tower.
The bank also promotes the Green Campaign activity
program aimed at Bank Muamalat Indonesia's internal
employees, with the aim of increasing awareness
employees about the importance of making changes and
making positive contributions for the surrounding
environment where they run office operations everyday,
especially the balance between Bank operations and
sustainability living environment.
3. Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah (BNI Syariah)
The focus of implementing corporate social responsibility
in BNI Syariah is:
1) Fulfillment and Maintenance of Humanitarian Aspects.
Whereas social programs developed by BNI Syariah
together with the Hasanah Titik Foundation and other
Partners are parts of the focuses of efforts to fulfill the
basic needs of the community, especially for
disadvantaged groups, for example the fulfillment of the
right to avoid hunger and housing, the fulfillment of the
right to health, and the fulfillment of the right to education
and the treatment of a good educational environment.
2) Development of Economic Aspects based on Potential
(Natural Resource and Human Resource). To ensure the
continuity of meeting the basic needs of community
members (Disadvantaged Group), community members
are educated to be able to be independent through
88
optimizing the potential of human resources and natural
resources in their environment for economic activities.
The program developed is the provision of skills training
and assistance, and facilitation of access to business
development supporting resources, such as access to
infrastructure, tools and equipment and access to capital.
3) Responsibility for Environmental Aspects. In addition
to the efforts to participate in protecting the environment
and nature with the development of programs supporters,
such as management of idle land, fertility of damaged
land, recycle program, BNI Syariah is also active in the
campaign of use reduction of electricity and other
materials that can adversely affect natural conditions.
In order to be more focused in carrying out the CSR
programs, BNI Syariah has established 4 (four) pillars
which are the main scope/foundation of the Company's
CSR activities, those are:
(1) Education Sector. The main objective of the education
sector is the area of Islamic education, both in the form of
medical programs, educational assistance, and skills and
managerial improvements. Islamic boarding school,
madrasah (Islamic Formal School), and other educational
institutions that are mostly filled by lower class/poor
people in cities and villages are targeted as prospective
recipients of this education program. (Banking Partner 422
Annual Report 2017)
(2) Economic Sector. In addition to being in harmony with
the BNI Syariah business area, economic empowerment
programs have a goal to create an autonomous society.
This program was developed to build small and medium
enterprises in Islamic groups or communities such as
Islamic boarding schools, groups of teenagers, drop out of
school and housewives. The target of economic
empowerment programs is to support local community
skills
local in each area '
(3) Health and Environment Sector. The CSR program in
the field of health and environment was developed on the
basis of consideration to prioritize assistance in
accordance with the needs of the target area. The
implementation of this program is strongly supported by
government policies to release free health programs for the
poor.
(4) Social and Da'wah sector. It is the widest scope for
planning the CSR programs. One of the focuses is to
provide program which support preaching of the da'i for
the remote regions of the country. The social programs and
da'wah that have a broad and direct impact on the basic
needs is the One Day One Liter Program (ODOLOF). To
fulfill the legal rules of zakat management to be in
accordance with the law, the Hasanah Titik Foundation
(YHT) collaborates with Amil Zakat Institution (LAZ),
Dompet Dhuafa (DD) as Zakat Management Partner
(MPZ). The cooperation of the Insan Hasanah Mulia Titik
Foundation with Dompet Dhuafa has been conducted
since 2015. This confirms that legally the management of
CISAK 2019

the zakat of the BNI Syariah’s big family carried out by Indeks.Simposium
the Insan Hasanah Foundation Mulia Titik is legally valid. Nasional.Purwokerto.
From the description of the model of the implementation Indriyo Gitosudarmo, 2003, Pengantar Bisnis, BPFE,
of corporate social responsibility above, it shows that Yogyakarta.
Kudus Sharia Bank follows a program planned by the Ketut Rinjin, 2004, Etika Bisnis dan Implementasinya,
central Islamic Bank. Kudus Sharia Bank only carries out Gramedia Pustaka Umum, Jakarta.
part of the program from the Central Sharia Bank. Siti Adiprigandari Adiwoso Suprapto, 2006Pola
Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
Lokal di Jakarta, dalam Jurnal Filantropi
dan Masyarakat Madani: “GALANG”,
Conclusion ISSN 1858 – 4055.
Suparnyo, 2010, Corporate Social Responsibility
1. The model of implementing social responsibility is Teori dan Praktik, Badan Penerbit
carried out by a special division that manages issues of Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
corporate social responsibility and works with non- UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development
governmental organizations (NGOs), universities and Organization), 2002, This Report was
related parties (most of whom are zakat or waqf Prepared by Peter Reynard and Maya
managers). Forstater in cooperation with staff of
2. The implementation of corporate social responsibility UNIDO’s Small and Medium Enterprises
in Sharia Banking in Kudus Regency especially to external Branch, Vienna.
stakeholders is still at the scope of philanthropy or social
charity which has not yet contributed to the community
economic empowerment.

References

Abdul Rasyid, 2018, Perkembangan Lembaga

Perbankan nan Keuangan Syariah Di
Indonesia, Businees Economic Law,
(http://business-
law.binus.ac.id/2018/07/03/
Bank Muamalat, Laporan Tahunan 2017.
Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah, Laporan Tahunan
2017.
Bank Syariah Mandiri, Laporan Tahunan 2017.
Detikcom, 02 Mar 2018, Sejarah Berdirinya Bank
Syariah di Indonesia.
Direktorat Peningkatan Peran Kelembagaan Sosial
Masyarakat dan Kemitraan Dirjen
Pemberdayaan Sosial, Departemen Sosial
RI, 2005, Acuan Klasifikasi Tanggung
Jawab Sosial Dunia Usaha.
Edi Suharto, Pekerjaan Sosial Industri, CSR dan
ComDev, Workshop tentang Corporate
Social Responsibility (CSR), Lembaga
Studi Pembangunan (LSP)-STKS,
Bandung, 29 Nopember 2006
Francisia ES, Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
(Sebuah Kajian Sosiologis), Majalah
Usahawan No. 10 Th. XXI Oktober 1992,
Universitas Indonesia, 1992
Fitria, Soraya dan Dwi Hartanti. 2010. Studi
Perbandingan Pengungkapan
Berdasarkan Global Reporting Initiative
Indeks Dan Islamic Sosial Reporting

89
III
Electronic Information

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CISAK 2019

A New Measurement of Instagram Addiction: Psychometric

Properties of The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS)
Achmad Sholeh1 and Ahmad Rusdi2

1,2
Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia
corresponding author: 1*zholeh.wei@gmal.com, 2ahmadrusdi@uii.ac.id

Abstract. This study aims to construct The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) to measure addiction behavior on Instagram. TIAS was
designed to identify addictive behavior in Instagram users. This scale consists of two subscales which are Instagram Feed Addiction
and Instagram Stories Addiction. The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) refers to the concept of addiction put forward by Griffiths
(2005). The concept of addiction was illustrated through six core components which included 1) salience, 2) mood modification, 3)
tolerance, 4) withdrawal, 5) conflict, and 6) relapse (Griffiths, 2005). This study involved 251 respondents who were active Instagram
users with a personal account. This study employed some methods such as 1) exploratory factor analysis, 2) internal consistency test,
and 3) relationship test using other scales. The results show that TIAS is valid and reliable in measuring addiction to Instagram.

Keywords: Addiction Behavior, Instagram Addiction, Social Media Addiction, Social Networking Sites Addiction

A. INTRODUCTION
Over than two decades, Internet addiction has become a
popular topic for researchers in clinical psychology [1]. Internet
addiction is known to have the same pattern as individuals with
drug addiction and alcoholism which in pathology has a negative
impact on the lives of individual pathology [1]–[4]. Nevertheless,
the internet continues to experience unstoppable developments.
The development of internet has brought various online
platforms into individual lives such as social media and social
networking sites [1]. This triggers different motives and variation
in use, and the tendency of individuals to use them excessively has
addiction on the internet (internet is only an intermediary for
individuals to show certain behaviors online) [2], [5].
Furthermore, the online platform is specifically divided into
several sub-categories including social media collaboration
(Wikipedia), social media blog (WordPress), community social
media (Flickr), virtual world (Second Life), and social networking
sites (Instagram) [6], [7]. Social networking sites are sub-
categories of social media which allow users to connect with other
users by creating personal profiles that can be accessed by friends
or colleagues. It has the advantage of sharing content and sending
instant messages to each other (Hamm et al., 2013). Statistical data
shows that more than two-thirds of internet users are active users
of social networking sites [9].
Because of its popularity, social networking sites trigger the
wrong use and lead to addiction [7]. Currently, there have been
many studies investigating the behavior of addiction on various
social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and
Tinder. However, there are only a few studies that discuss the
addiction behavior on Instagram [1], [10].
Instagram is a photo and video sharing application. This
application allows users to take a photo directly, apply digital
filters, and share them with other social network sites [11]. There
are two main features on Instagram. They are Instagram Feed and
Instagram stories. Instagram Feed are common features on
Instagram where users can share photos and videos. Then, the
users will get feedback such as comments and likes from other
users [1]. Furthermore, the second feature is Instagram stories
which refer to the concept of digital storytelling which allows
users to tell stories about their daily lives by sending photos and
videos that disappear automatically after 24 hours. [12].
Attractive Instagram features become the perfect medium to
show daily life. They indirectly urge their users to share photos
and videos. This is very possible to cause excessive use which will
eventually lead to complaints [1]. People will impulsively check
the number of notifications (likes and comments), upload photos,
videos and stalk other people’s profiles. Alhabash and Ma
explained that Instagram also managed to be a medium for
exhibition and self-campaigning [13].
Andreassen and Pallesen explain that addiction on social
networking sites is caused by over-spending time on certain social
networking sites where there is a drive to always access social
networking sites to an extent that it cannot be controlled. It results
in excessive use and negative impact on the real life of its users
[14]. Based on a survey made by Kingdom's Royal Society for
Public Health, the result on the negative impact of uncontrolled
Instagram usage shows that Instagram is the worst social
networking sites which cause a decrease in the quality of sleep,
bullying, FoMo as well as an increase of anxiety and depression
[15]. Meanwhile, an Instagram feature called Instagram stories
can trigger sexual disorders such as voyeuristic [12].
Instagram has succeeded in becoming a media that effectively
attracts its users to display such a self-image in the public space.
Popularity is the goal of Instagram users. They want to express
themselves through various features on Instagram.

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Based on the description and urgency that has been explained,
this study intends to test and validate the Instagram Addiction
Scale (TIAS) measurement to identify addictive behavior on
Instagram. This measuring instrument consists of two parts
namely Instagram Feed Addiction and Instagram Stories
Addiction compiled based on addiction components 1) Salience;
2) Mood modification; 3) Tolerance; 4) Withdrawal; 5) Conflict;
and 6) Relapse [16], [17].
B. METHOD
1. Research Subject
This study involved 251 Instagram users with personal
accounts as subjects. They consist of 62 males and 189 females
with an age range of 15-30 years old. The data were collected
using purposive sampling technique.
2. Research Instruments
The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) included two scales,
Instagram Feed Addiction, and Instagram Stories Addiction.
Instagram Feed Addiction Scale consists of 20 items. Each item
represents the addiction component, salience, mood modification,
tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. The scale used 5-
point Likert scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly
agree). This scale was used to identify the behavior of addiction
on Instagram users in the context of the feed. Instagram Stories
Addiction Scale consists of 20 items. Each item represents the
addiction component, salience, mood modification, tolerance,
withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. The scale used 5-point Likert
scale ranged from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). This
scale was used to identify the behavior of addiction on Instagram
users in the context of the stories.
Social Media Engagement Questionnaire (SMEQ) scale was
used to measure the level of social use of personal media and to
measure the extent of the main daily activities of people who use
social media. This scale consisted of five items that measured the
pattern of use of social media in all the different parts of the day
from when he woke up in the morning to when he went to bed
[18]. Each item is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1
(never) to 7 (seven times).
Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS) was developed using a
modified version of Internet Addiction Young [4] developed by
Kircaburun and Griffiths [1]. The scale was used to identify
Instagram-related behaviors using 6-point Likert which are always
1 (never) to 6 (always).
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a scale which
consists of 10 items used to assess global self-esteem (i.e. feelings
of self-esteem and self-acceptance) [19]. This scale uses 4-point
from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree).
Instagram Behavior is a scale developed by Paramboukis,
Skues, and Wise [20]. It consists of 16 items related to the manner
of interacting using Instagram. This scale uses a 5-point (1 =
Never; 2 = Rarely; 3=Sometimes, 4=Often; and 5=Very Often).
Instagram Attitude is a scale developed by Paramboukis,
Skues, and Wise (2016). It consists of 16 items related to the
motivation in interacting using Instagram. This scale uses 4-point
(1= Not important; 2 = Less Important; 3 = Important; and 4 =
Very Important).
3. Data Analysis
This study employed the following methods: 1) Exploratory
factor analysis; 2) Internal consistency test; 3) Relationships test
using other scales such as Social Media Engagement
Questionnaire, Instagram Addiction Scale, Rosenberg Self-
Esteem Scale, Instagram Behavior, and Instagram attitude.
C. RESULTS
Based on the results of data analysis, this study found several
results on the TIAS construct. The results were presented in the
following table.

Table 1. Internal Consistency of Instagram Feed Addiction

Component Items Factor Loading Item Total r
Salience 1. I often think of any photos/videos posted by others on the Instagram feed .858 .586
(α = 0.74) 2. I often think about what is happening on Instagram when I do not access it .788 .615
3. I keep thinking and feel curious when I do not see the contents of the .523 .499
Instagram feed
Tolerance 4. I post photos/videos on Instagram feed to attract others’ attention .809 .531
(α = 0.65) 5. I commented on photos/videos posted by friends on Instagram feed to get .737 .499
feedback
6. I always think of what filters and captions for the photos/videos that I will .627 .360
post on Instagram Feed
Mood 7. I see the contents of Instagram feed posts to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety, .818 .796
Modification helplessness, or depression
(α = 0.84) 8. I see the contents of the Instagram feed to forget about personal problems .798 .698
9. I see the contents of posts on the Instagram feed to reduce anxiety .736 .755
10. I spend a lot of time looking at photo/video posts on Instagram feed .511 .464

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Relapse 11. I try to limit my time for Instagram (see the feed), but it does not work .858 .822
(α = 0.92) 12. I decided to look at Instagram feed less often, but I did not manage to do it .842 .822

Withdrawal 13. I get easily irritated if I am prohibited from seeing the Instagram feed .815 .704
(α = 0.78) 14. I often cancel appointments with other people because of Instagram (checking .748 .518
Instagram feed)
15. I feel annoyed if someone else bothers me when I see Instagram feed .710 .578
16. I become anxious or I have problems if I am prohibited to check my Instagram .610 .619
(see the feed)
Conflict 17. I often see many contents of Instagram feed which cause me to neglect my .777 .580
(α = 0.76) work/lectures/study time
18. I find it hard to share time for hobbies, rest, or exercise because I spend my .685 .616
time checking Instagram feed
19. I find it hard to sleep early because I always see feed on Instagram .637 .585
20. My family often complains because I spend too much of my time on Instagram .529 .489
(checking the feed)
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.878

Based on the table above, it can be concluded that this
study found six factors from Instagram Feed Addiction and
these six factors were in accordance with the design of this
study based on six components of addiction behavior [16]. The
highest item-total correlation is item 11 and item 12 equal to
(0.822) and the lowest item is item 20 equal to (0.489). From
the test, it was found that the Cronbach's Alpha scale in total
was (0.89). Overall, factor analysis and internal consistency
testing showed satisfactory results. After that, this study tested
the Instagram Stories Addiction

Table 2. Internal Consistency of Instagram Stories Addiction

Aspects Items Factor Loading Item Total r
Salience 1. I think before sharing a photo on Instagram Stories whether to share it to .776 .210
(α = 0.34) public or close friends
2. I often plan to do a live stream (live stream) on Instagram .596 .210
Tolerance 3. I make Instagram stories about my activities to get others’ attention .753 .561
(α = 0.71) 4. I give comment on my friends’ Instagram stories to get feedback .742 .561
Mood 5. I check the content of Instagram stories to reduce feelings of guilt, anxiety, .808 .832
Modification helplessness, or depression
(α = 0.87) 6. I check the content of Instagram stories to forget personal problems .792 .700
7. I browse Instagram stories to reduce anxiety .745 .761
Relapse 8. I feel there is an urge to continue checking Instagram stories continuously .751 .722
(α = 0.88) 9. I often think about what others upload on Instagram stories .693 .559
10. I keep thinking and feel curious when I do not see Instagram stories .685 .651
11. I feel bored if I do not see the contents of Instagram stories .672 .693
12. I spend a lot of time watching others’ Instagram stories .659 .652
13. I check Instagram stories the first time I wake up .624 .648
14. I decide to see the contents of Instagram stories less often, but it didn’t work .593 .664
15. I tried to less watching others’ Instagram stories, but it did not work .566 .623
Withdrawal 16. I get irritated easily if I am prohibited from watching Instagram stories .794 .682
(α = 0.79) 17. I feel annoyed if someone else is bothering me when I’m looking at the .730 .625
contents of Instagram stories
18. I often cancel appointments with others because I see Instagram stories .729 .525

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19. I get nervous if I am prohibited from watching Instagram stories .674 .643
Conflict 20. I watch Instagram stories too much that I neglect work/lectures/study time .735 .609
(α = 0.75) 21. I find it hard to spend my time into hobbies, rest, or exercise because of .651 .591
Instagram stories
22. I find it hard to sleep early because I always check Instagram stories .607 .560
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.892

Based on the table above, it can be seen that this study also
found six factors from Instagram Stories Addiction. These six
factors are in accordance with the six components of addiction
from Griffiths [16]. The highest item-total correlation is item
number five which was (0.832) and the lowest is item number one
and two equal to 0.210. Items 1 and 2 were quite far from
expectations where the reliance on Cronbach's Alpha was only
0.34.
However, Briggs and Cheek explain that if the items for one
factor are below 10 items, it is recommended to look at the mean
of the Inter-item correlation which has to have an optimal value of
0.2 to 0.4 [21].
The salience factor on the Instagram Stories Addiction scale
relied on two item correlations. The mean of intercorrelation value
of the two items was (0.210). It means that it has an optimal value.
Therefore, both items have a fairly good consistency. From the
test, it was found that the total Cronbach's Alpha value was (0.91).
Overall, factor analysis and internal consistency testing showed
satisfactory results. Next, this study tested Instagram Stories
Addiction.

Table 3. The Results of Correlation between Variable

Instagram Instagram Instagram Instagram Instagram Instagram
Feed Feed Feed Stories Stories Stories
Addiction- Addiction- Addiction- Addiction- Addiction- Addiction-
20 12 6 22 12 6
Social Media Engagement Scale .441** .429** .421** .432** .425** .414**
Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS) .771** .762** .742** .704** .678** .621**
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale -.170** -.193** -.195** -.181** -.183** -.178**
Instagram Behavior (IUBARQ) .258** .236** .207** .292** .294** .237**
Instagram Attitude (IUBARQ) .376** .356** .329** .389** .381** .365**

Based on the correlational results using other scales,
Instagram Feed Addiction-20 had a very significant correlation
with other scales, (SMES = 0.441; IAS=0.771; RSES=-0.170,
IB=0.258; IA=0.376). The same went for Instagram Stories
Addiction-22 with R (SMES=0.432; IAS=0.704; RSES=-0.181,
IB=0.292; IA=0.389).
This study also carried out development on the short
scale of The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) namely Instagram
Feed Addiction-12 (IFA-12), Instagram Stories Addiction-12
(ISA-12), Instagram Feed Addiction-6 (IFA-6), and Instagram
Stories Addiction-6 (ISA-12). The study conducted an item
selection by considering the value of the corrected total item
correlation and the highest factor loading on the items in each
component.
IFA-12 and ISA-12 showed a very significant correlation
with 5 comparative scales indicated from R (SMES=0.441;
IAS=0.771; RSES=-0.170, IB=0.258; IA=0.376) in IFA-12, and
(SMES=0.432; IAS=0.704; RSES=-0.181, IB=0.292; IA=0.389)
in ISA-12. Meanwhile, IFA-6 and ISA-6 also showed very good
reliability. It was known by the results of the correlation with the
comparative scale which is correlated significantly. IFA-6 had a
very significant correlation with R (SMES=0.421; IAS=0.742;
RSES=-0.195, IB=0.207; IA=0.329), as well as IFA-6 with R
(SMES=0.414; IAS=0.621; RSES=-0.178, IB=0.237; IA=0.365).
Short scale of feed and stories addiction was correlated with other
scales and showed satisfactory results. Therefore, it can be said
that this scale is valid to use. Next is the correlation on the TIAS.

Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Instagram Feed Addiction – 20 1
2 Instagram Feed Addiction – 12 .980** 1
3 Instagram Feed Addiction – 6 .943** .963** 1
4 Instagram Stories Addiction – 22 .885** .884** .841** 1

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5 Instagram Stories Addiction – 12 .862**
6 Instagram Stories Addiction – 6 .785**
Table 4. The Results of Correlation TIAS Short Measure
The table above shows a very significant correlation on the
IFA-6 with IFA-20 and ISA-6 with ISA-22. Overall, the short
scale 6-item had a match with the measurement of IFA-20 and
ISA-22 scales.
D. DISCUSSION
Along with the increasing use of social networking sites
especially Instagram among the public, various survey results
showed that Instagram is a social networking site with the worst
impact compared to YouTube, Twitter, Snapchat, and Facebook
[15]. This is due to excessive use of Instagram as social
networking sites which triggers addiction. However, the absence
of a scale to measure Instagram Addiction actually hampered
further development in the field of research. In particular, it needs
a measuring instrument that is able to assess whether someone is
addicted or not with Instagram.
This has become a very urgent topic in psychology, clinical,
social, and cyber psychology studies. Therefore, this study
developed the Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS) as a measuring
instrument by conducting a survey of Instagram users in some
Indonesia province. This study aims to test the reliability and
validity of TIAS, especially the short version of the scale.
The constructs of TIAS were developed on six components
of addiction behavior from Griffiths namely 1) Salience; 2) Mood
modification; 3) Tolerance; 4) Withdrawal; 5) Conflict; and 6)
Relapse [16]. At first, the IFA scale was made with 20 items and
ISA scale with 22 items. Those items were based on addiction
behavior from Griffiths [16] . Furthermore, the researchers also
tested the short version of the scale. The test aims to see whether
IFA-6 and ISA-6 scales which consist of 6 items with the highest
loading factor per criterion would be able to measure Instagram
addiction.
This study found that IFA-6 and ISA-6 scales are valid
instruments to measure whether individuals are addicted to
Instagram. They are as valid as IFA-20, ISA-22, IFA-12, and ISA-
12 versions. Factor analysis obtained showed good results. There
was no cross-loading between items. There was also a very strong
correlation with the comparison scale. Although there was a
decrease in correlation values, IFA-6 and ISA-6 still had very
significant correlation values.
IFA-6 and ISA-6 presented the similar constructs in IAS,
SMES, Instagram Behavior, and Instagram Attitude where they
were significantly positively correlated each other [17], [22]–[27].
The opposite constructs, namely RSES [19], IFA-6 and ISA-6, had
significant negative correlations. This finding is in line with
previous studies where social networking sites addiction
negatively correlated with self-esteem [1], [20], [28], [29].
95
.874** .832** .986** 1
.799** .770** .935** .947** 1
Therefore, this measuring instrument is able to measure
someone’s addiction behavior on Instagram. The addiction is
measured through two sub-scales that illustrate two important
features of Instagram which are Instagram Feed Addiction and
Instagram Stories Addiction. Even so, there are still a number of
issues in this study that must be followed up to reduce bias and to
increase the difficulty of items in order to avoid social desirability.
E. CONCLUSION
This study found that the all Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS)
consists of six components with factor loading and good internal
consistency. Therefore, TIAS is a valid and reliable instrument to
use. Thus, for future research, it is necessary to carry out
additional analysis of demographic data, item difficulty levels, and
further scale reliability. In addition, adding the number of samples
and prior testing also needs to be done.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express our gratitude to Department of
Psychology, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
who has provided support and research funding.
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[21] S. R. Briggs and J. M. Cheek, “The role of factor analysis in the
development and evaluation of personality scales,” J. Pers., vol. 54, no. 1,
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[22] S. Kesici and I. Sahin, “Turkish Adaptation Study of Internet Addiction
Scale,” Cyberpsychology, Behav. Soc. Netw., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 185–189,
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Social Media Addiction Scale.,” J. Addict., vol. 2015, p. 291743, 2015.
[24] Al- and J. J. Menayes, “Social Media Addiction Scale,” Int. J. Psychol.
Stud., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 86–94, 2015.
[25] R. J. J. M. van den Eijnden, J. S. Lemmens, and P. M. Valkenburg, “The
Social Media Disorder Scale,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 61, pp. 478–
487, 2016.
[26] C.-Y. Lin, A. Broström, P. Nilsen, M. D. Griffiths, and A. H. Pakpour,
“Psychometric validation of the Persian Bergen Social Media Addiction
Scale using classic test theory and Rasch models,” J. Behav. Addict., pp. 1–
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[1] APPENDIX 1
Table 5. IFA-12 and ISA-12 Short Measure Indonesia Version
Component Item IFA Item ISA
Salience 1. Saya sering memikirkan foto/ video apa saja yang 1. Sebelum membagikan Instagram stories saya berpikir
diFeed orang lain di feed Instagram apakah akan dibagikan kepada publik atau hanya teman
2. Saya sering berpikir mengenai apa yang sedang dekat (close friends)
terjadi di Instagram ketika saya tidak mengakses 2. Seringkali saya merencanakan untuk melakukan live
Instgram stream (siaran langsung)
Tolerance 1. Saya melakukan Feed foto/ video untuk menarik 1. Membuat Instagram stories mengenai aktivitas saya
perhatian orang lain untuk mendapat perhatian dari orang lain
2. Saya mengomentari foto/ video yang di Feed 2. Membuat Instagram stories mengenai aktivitas saya
teman-teman di Instagram feed untuk mendapat untuk mendapat perhatian dari orang lain
feedback
Mood 1. Saya melihat isi Feedan di Instagram feed untuk 1. Saya melihat isi Instagram stories untuk mengurangi
Modification mengurangi perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, ketidakberdayaan, atau
ketidakberdayaan, atau depresi depresi
2. Saya melihat isi Feedan di Instagram feed untuk 2. Saya melihat isi Instagram stories untuk mengurangi
mengurangi kegelisahan kegelisahan
Relapse 1. Mencoba mengurangi mengakses Instagram 1. Saya merasa ada dorangan untuk terus melihat isi
(melihat feed), namun tidak berhasil Instagram stories secara terus menerus
2. Saya memutuskan untuk melihat Instagram feed 2. Saya merasa bosan jika tidak melihat isi Instagram
lebih jarang, namun tidak berhasil melakukannya stories
juga
Withdrawal 1. Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah 1. Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah
jika dilarang melihat isi Instagram feed jika dilarang melihat isi Instagram stories
2. Saya menjadi gelisah atau mengalami masalah jika 2. Saya menjadi gelisah atau mengalami masalah jika
dilarang Instagraman (melihat feed) dilarang untuk melihat Instagram stories
Conflict 1. Saya sulit membagi waktu untuk hobi, istirahat, 1. Saya begitu banyak melihat isi Instagram stories
atau olahraga karena banyak melihat Feedan di sehingga melalaikan pekerjaan/ perkuliahan/
Instagram feed pembelajaran
2. Saya merasa sulit untuk tidur cepat karena selalu
melihat Feedan di Instagram feed

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2. Saya sulit membagi waktu untuk hobi, istirahat, atau

olahraga karena banyak Instagram stories

[2] APPENDIX 2
Table 6. IFA-6 and ISA-6 Short Measure Indonesia Version
Component Item IFA Item ISA
Salience Saya sering berpikir mengenai apa yang sedang Sebelum membagikan Instagram stories saya berpikir
terjadi di Instagram ketika saya tidak mengakses apakah akan dibagikan kepada publik atau hanya teman
Instgram dekat (close friends)
Tolerance Saya melakukan Feed foto/ video di Instagram feed Membuat Instagram stories mengenai aktivitas saya untuk
untuk menarik perhatian orang lain mendapat perhatian dari orang lain
Mood Saya melihat isi Feedan di Instagram feed untuk Saya melihat isi Instagram stories untuk mengurangi
Modification mengurangi perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, perasaan bersalah, kecemasan, ketidakberdayaan, atau
ketidakberdayaan, atau depresi depresi
Relapse Mencoba mengurangi mengakses Instagram (melihat Saya merasa ada dorangan untuk terus melihat isi
feed), namun tidak berhasil Instagram stories secara terus menerus
Withdrawl Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah Saya menjadi mudah tersinggung dan mudah marah jika
jika dilarang melihat isi Instagram feed dilarang melihat isi Instagram stories
Conflict Saya sulit membagi waktu untuk hobi, istirahat, atau Saya begitu banyak melihat isi Instagram stories sehingga
olahraga karena banyak melihat Feedan di Instagram melalaikan pekerjaan/ perkuliahan/ pembelajaran
feed

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Application of Geographic Information System for WebGIS-

Based Ground Plot of Village Treasury Database Arrangement
for Spatial Planning in Post Disaster Areas in Ringinharjo,
Palbapang, Bantul District of Yogyakarta Special Region
Lutfiana Pasebhan Jati1, Laksa Ersa Anugratama2

1
Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*lutfianajati@gmail.com

2laksaersa@gmail.com

Abstract. Spatial data has a very important role in emergency command and disaster management both before, during or post disasters.
When a disaster occurs, the geospatial information is very needed. The advancement of technological development which reserves all
information could be accessible easily and quickly through the internet, and no exceptions for the ground plot of village treasury land.
The purpose of this research is to create a geospatial information in form of ground plot data based on web GIS and to show the ground
plot of village treasury land data in form of Web GIS. This study used data based on field survey, books, and journals that were cited
in bibliography. Spatial data of village treasury land contain information in the form of land use, sub-district, village, and number of
land parcels. Creation of database and processing of Mapbox carried out by Mapbox for website. GIS methods are highly effective in
analyzing site conformity to improve the quality of decision making. Map presentation in Mapbox difference was based on symbology
color for each information. The results of this study show village treasury land map at Bantul, Special Region of Yogyakarta based on
WebGIS which can be accessed online via smartphone or via computer.

Keywords: Boundary, GPS, Mapbox, Village Treasury Land, WebGIS

A. Introduction be referred to as a geospatial database. So far, only the village

Indonesia is a country that has a meeting of 3 plates of earth.
This geographical condition is capable of making Indonesia
vulnerable to natural disasters, one of which is earthquake and
tsunami. The impact of the disaster was the loss of the parcel
boundaries of government assets such as the village treasury, bearing
in mind that the clarity of the status of government land asset data is
needed for the spatial planning process and reducing post-disaster
ownership rights claims. The situation has turned to become worst
when a “land mafia” has already begun to obscure boundaries in
devastated areas in order to make fraudulent land claims and
cooperate with corrupt officials, if any, to obtain valuable land with
a minimal compensation for the landlord[1]. Village treasury land is
land whose origins are from the Sultanate and/or Kadipaten
managed by the government. The term of land administration is
referring to public sector activities required to support the alienation,
development, use, valuation and transfer of land[2]. The compilation
of databases in reducing the risk of the area that is likely to be
affected by disasters in the field of land is one way to simplify the
process of storing, processing and presenting information on ground
plot because all existing information is stored in the same file. With
the database, it will be easier to access ground plot information when
needed quickly. Village treasury land contains of spatial
information, such as position and geometry. The database that
contains information in the form of position and geometry can also
treasury land data are presented in tables, which seem less attractive
and difficult to understand. Therefore, village treasury land mapping
is expected to be easily understood. Current technology that can be
used to systematically compile databases is by utilizing Geographic
Information Systems (GIS). Geographic information systems are
computer-based systems that can access all types of information
about features that can be referenced by geographical location [3].
GIS in the preparation of databases for disaster management
activities provides convenience when handling, processing and
presenting data. The process of using GIS is not only focused on
tabular data, but also considers the spatial aspects of an area. GIS
has developed very rapidly, one of which is the emergence of
internet-based GIS applications, which is better known as the GIS
Web. Increasingly advanced technological developments require
that all information can be accessed quickly, including information
on village treasury land based on WebGIS. Therefore, mapping the
assets of the village treasury land based on WebGIS is expected to
be an effective database data storage.
B. Methods and Material
The research aims to compile a GIS Web-based
database that contains information in the form of area,
owner's name, coordinates, parcel, land use, and location

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of an existing land parcel using primary data in the form of data analysis
field plotting coordinates and interviews. Secondary data
consist of parcel data and part of CSRT in Bantul Regency. Software ArcGIS Image and ground
version 10.3 plot processing

A. Location and Research Time Software Mapbox Basemap WEBGIS

Handheld GPS Pinpoint the
In Figure 1, it is showed the location of
this study in Ringinharjo, Palbapang, and Bantul coordinates land
Village, Bantul Regency, Special Region of parcels of village
Yogyakarta which is geographically located
between -7.885424 and 110.318283. Experiment treasury
was conducted from 15th July-15th October 2018
by field survey. CSRT Image Reference for
determining land
parcels of village
treasury

C. Work Diagram

Field survey that was used handheld GPS

for ground plot of village treasury land. The search
and determination of the location of land parcels
based on information from Department of Land
and Spatial Planning, Bantul Regency. Processing
data of ground plot of village treasury land used
Figure 1 Fig.1. CSRT Image map of Ringinharjo, Palbapang, and Bantul
Village
software ArcGIS version 10.3 for digitization.
Presentation of village treasury land map is in the
form of online map on Mapbox that can be
displayed in website page.
B. Data and Materials

Data that were used in this study are Table 2. Flow Diagram of the research design
primary data with (1) plotting village treasury land
and sultan ground (2) interview. Secondary data
(1) ground plot data (2) Administration Village
Map of Bantul in shapefile format (3) CSRT
satellite imagery of Bantul. Material used are GPS
Garmin, computer, smartphone, software ArcGIS
version 10.3, software Mapbox (application
server) and Webhost (user interface) to create
database and processing of map layers.

Table 1. Data Processing Tools

Tool and Material Function

Computer Set Data processing and

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determination of the location of land parcels was based on

information from the Land and Spatial Planning Office of Bantul
Regency and Head of Administrative Vilage of Ringinharjo,
Palbapang, Trirenggo and Bantul. Once established, the coordinates
of the agreed land parcel boundary points are determined by the GPS
method.

Figure 2 Fig.2. Ground Plot with GPS Positioning Method

Measurement of land boundaries using GPS is also provided

with several explanations and useful technical considerations for the
Land and Spatial Planning Agency, BPN, BNPB, and other
stakeholders.

Methods for positioning technology with GIS can be used to

compile databases to deal with possible land boundaries that will
lost after a disaster. Positioning methods with the Global Positioning
System (GPS) are also very effective and efficient to use with digital
C. Findings and Argument data presentation through WebGIS.

Result of this research is geospatial database of ground plot

treasury land at Ringinharjo, Palbapang, and Bantul Village, Bantul
Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta which is part of IP4T
activity based on Web GIS. WebGIS incorporates graphic design
mapping, digital maps with geographic analysis, computer
programming, and interconnected databases into one web design and
web mapping section[4]. GIS is already adopted in various sector
such as archeology, natural resource management, agriculture,
landscape and so on. Meanwhile, in Malaysia the application of GIS
was adopted in forest harvesting[3]. Parameters used was only
between other departments, information designation, area, address,
and coordinates. The method used is plotting land assets from
tabular data into a digital form which is then inputted into the web
through the script with the programming language used being Table 3. Ground Plot Data of Sample in the Field Survey
HTML. The results of this study are maps village treasury land based
WebGIS which can be accessed online via smartphone or via
computer. The likehood impact of disasters that can occur in Bantul
Regency will basically affect many aspects of life, including land
issues (cadaster). One of the impacts that can be caused is in
structuring post-disaster land problems. There are several factors
that need to be considered, that natural disasters can destroy and
eliminate the parcel boundaries of the village treasury or other
objects that can be used as a reference for the existence of parcels,
the loss of letters of proof of land rights, whether stored at home, and
those in BPN offices. Handling the problem of land parcel
boundaries of village cash after the disaster is basically the process
of re-determining the location of the land parcel boundaries in the
field lost due to something else, which is then followed by the re-
determination of coordinates -the boundary point. The search and

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The processing of tabular data in the form of ground
plot of village treasury land is done in phases using several
software including ArcGIS version 10.3, and Mapbox. The
process of input data is done using GPS while the Arcgis
software is used to change the format data from the plotting
point in the form of *.kml converted to *.shp (shapefile)
format so that it can be opened using arcGIS software and
can be digitized by the village treasury land plot. The
results of digitalization are then processed into the mapbox
server input to represent digital data display and database
compilation. The existing map display is distinguished
based on the information on the land parcel, which is also
distinguished by its symbolic color. The symbology of land
parcel maps is adapted to the land use in each parcel. The
symbology color in each parcel of land is divided into 9
according to land use. The benefit of mapping the village
cash land based on WEBGIS is to make it easier to identify
the land assets of the village cash after the disaster and
simplify the classification process (see picture 3.)
Figure 3 Fig.3. CSRT Image map to WEBGIS Interface of Ground Plot
Village Treasury
The advantage of WebGIS-based village treasury
land is that the view is more attractive, the information
presented is more complete than the printed map, and the
data used is published through the internet so anyone can
see, equipped with identify features, so the users can easily
know the information they have by a land parcel in the form
of an attribute table. It is also easy to understand, because
in the presentation of the map, it is distinguished based on
the symbology color for every information that is in the
parcel of land. Weaknesses of WebGIS-based village
101
treasury land is that it cannot show where our location is
on the WebGIS map.
D. Conclusion
The advantage of WebGIS-based village treasury
land is that the view is more attractive, not only to easily
know the information they have by a land parcel in the form
of an attribute table, but also to easily understand the
mapping of the village treasury land based on WEBGISto
make it easier to identify the land assets of the village cash
after the disaster and to simplify the classification proccess.
E. Acknowledgement
We would like thank to Allah SWT for giving us the mercy
and guidance to complete this paper. This study was supported by
Department of Land and Spatial Planning (DISPERTARU), Bantul,
Special Region of Yogyakarta, Remote Sensing and Geographic
Information System department, Universitas Gadjah Mada. We also
thank you to our Supervisor Lecturer to advice in writing of this
paper.
F. References
[1] Fitzpatrick, D., 2005: Let them return home: Displaced
Acehnese now face fears of dispossession,
http://www.achr.net/000ACHRTsunami/Indonesia%2
0TS/Indonesian%20Cam ps.htm (Accessed on 28 Nov.
2018).
[2] Henssen, J.L.G., 1995: Basic Principles of the main
Cadastral System in the World, in: Modern Cadastres
and Cadastral Innovations, Proceedings of the One Day
Seminar in Delft on May 16, 1995, FIG Commission 7
and University of Melbourne, p. 5-12
[3] Directorate General of Spatial Planning of Ministry of
Public Works of Republic of Indonesia, 2005: Vision
and Mission on Spatial Planning, in: Homepage of
Directorate General of Spatial Planning of Ministry of
Public Works of Republic of Indonesia,
http://www.penataanruang.net/ (Accessed on 5 Dec
2018)
[4] Susilo, Eko. Aplikasi SIG di Web, (Online),
http://geografi.ums.ac.id/ebook/GIS/
WebGIS/SuatuAplikasiSIG.pdf (Accessed on 5 Dec
2018)
CISAK 2019

[5] Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R., & Chipman, J. 2004. Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation (Fifth Edition).
United States of Amerika: Wiley.

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Empowering Popular Social Media Platform to Disseminate

Indonesia Weather and Meteorology Information
Ahmad Wirantoaji Nugroho1*, Mohamad Tio Faizin2**, and Oktavia Dea Monika3***
1
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology,
Ganesha street No.10, Bandung, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology,
Ganesha street No.10, Bandung, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology,
Ganesha street No.10, Bandung, Indonesia
*
ajiwiranto96@gmail.com, phone: +62853-2084-3996, **tiofaizintio@gmail.com, phone: +62857-2055-2924,
***
camonie99@gmail.com, phone: +6281371373847

Abstract: The industrial revolution 4.0 challenges us to provide information that is fast, easy and unlimited. Weather and
meteorological information in Indonesia is less desirable and underutilized for daily activities, while in various developed countries
weather information has always been awaited because of its enormous influence on daily activities. The ITB students in meteorology
department empowers a popular social media platform, i.e Instagram to provide weather and meteorological information to Indonesian
people with interesting and different packaging through an official account called MEFact. Access to information is easy because it is
supported by Instagram features which are widely used. It was found that the public curiosity about weather and meteorological
information was quite high. Many questions from followers about basic weather and meteorological sciences are answered by the
expert and students. Weather prediction information is also more often seen because it uses the Instagram story feature that is easy to
reach. MEFact development is needed to answer the challenges of the industrial revolution era 4.0 regarding the availability and ease
of use of weather and meteorological information.

Keywords: Meteorology, Weather, Information, Instagram, MEFact.

1. Introduction
In the 21st century, in the era of digital information
and industry 4.0, Indonesia has become one of the
promising markets for the development of world
information technology. Based on research conducted
by We Are Social in collaboration with Hootsuite in
2018, there are 130 million Indonesians who are active
on social media. The most favorite social media is still
occupied by YouTube and followed by Facebook,
Instagram and WhatsApp. Despite being ranked 4th,
Instagram managed to soar and attract many users
since it has been launched in October 2010. According
to the research conducted by We Are Social, as of
January 2018, Indonesia was ranked 3rd as the country
with the most Instagram users in the world with about
53 million people [1].
The high number of Instagram users in Indonesia
can make this social media potential for various things,
like for an educational media. In this case, educational
media to convey meteorological information in
Indonesia is carried out by BMKG (Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics Government Agency).
However, BMKG has not been able to build a curious
and awareness society about meteorology itself. Thus,
the information conveyed is sometimes not
overlooked by the public. Given that meteorology is
actually very important because it is closely related to
daily activities, meteorological information needs to
be made more interesting and interactive.
Based on this, ITB students in meteorology
department intends to make Instagram media called
MEFact which provides education on meteorology.
Not only meteorology, but there are also weather
forecasts obtained from the Weather and Climate
Prediction Laboratory (WCPL) ITB and
meteorological community information that will be
presented interestingly in this account. It is hoped that
meteorology can become more familiar to the public
so that its benefits can be felt optimally for daily
activities.
2. Method
2.1 Making an Official Instagram Account
We have made an official Instagram account since
November 2018. Our username is @me.fact. MEFact
account is education-based. MEFact is regularly
promoted from students, high school students to the
general public of Instagram users. MEFact brings
information to the community with easy access, unlike

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other platforms that are not affordable and unattractive
for the Indonesian people. People now can easily
search and follow @me.fact.
Figure 1: MEFact official Instagram account
2.2 General Survey
To obtain actual data regarding the knowledge and
interests of the community about meteorology, an
open survey was conducted. A survey conducted on
the Instagram page uses the ask question feature
conducted by the student’s meteorological association.
The weakness of the survey method using this feature
is the uncontrolled response from the public, although
there are still many answers related to meteorology
which can be discussed later. The survey was
104
conducted on October 31, 2018. Before the survey was
conducted, a meteorological information was provided
to ignite the enthusiasm of Instagram users in
responding to the survey questions. The survey results
include Instagram users wanting to get a discussion
about rain, climate change, tropical cyclones, weather
predictions, butterfly effects, flat earth conspiracy,
clouds, aurora, hydrometeorological disaster and
strange weather phenomena. We received more than
100 responses but only a half that satisfied our
requirement (ask about weather and meteorological
science things).
2.3 Gap Analysis
Gap analysis is an analytical method in
management science in which there is a comparison
between actual performance and expected potential
performance [2]. Gap analysis can be used to identify
the gap between the ideal conditions desired and the
current conditions so that further actions can be
determined and the desired conditions can be realized.
Some gap analyzes on MEFact were shown in Table
1.
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Table 1: Gap Analysis

Desired Present
Gaps Gaps causes Action needed Follow-up
condition condition

Creating a social
media account in
Packing
the form of
Less information on
Instagram MEFact,
popular Less meteorological
Information on Meteorological which provides
and people interesting and phenomena by
simple science and content about
less rare of attracting them
meteorological information simple
interested information and making
phenomena access meteorological
to know access access to the
phenomena,
more information
packed attractively
easier
and also easy to
understand
In general, the
Presenting daily
daily weather
Presents daily weather predictions
dynamics have
weather through the
not had much
Attractive and predictions and Instagram Story
Rarely influence on
reliable daily as a reminder of feature presented
trusted and Needs, trust community
weather weather interesting and
used activities.
forecast conditions. Use interactive. Using
Prediction
trusted sources WCPL ITB's
accuracy is
for predictions prediction,
still
accuweather etc.
inconsistent

2.4 Organize Structure and Staff 2.4.3 Public Relation Division

In the course of the project, human resources that
support and competent are needed to run well. One
element in management that needs to be fulfilled is the
structure and staff. Management of human resources
and their duties are grouped into several divisions
needed:
2.4.1 Creative Division
The job description of the creative division is to
create logos, create attractive designs for content that
will be published and to manage the Instagram account
page.
2.4.2 Content Division
The job description of the content division is to
make regular posts on the Instagram page. At the
beginning of the release of the account, a post is made
based on the results of a survey to get what content the
community want to discuss. Furthermore, the content
division will sort and discuss selected content.
References related to content must be trusted such as
from scientific journals and books. The contents of the
post that have been made are then given to the creative
division to be packaged and eligible for upload.
The background for the creation of this
division is because meteorology is a science that
is rarely known by the public. Only a few
elements of society are familiar with
meteorology. The Public Relations Division deals
directly with one or several meteorological
science-based communities in the society. The
job description is to hold joint activities and
disseminate them.
3. Finding and Argument
From the method that has been made, job
description for all of the division are:
3.1 Creative Division
Job description for creative division are:
3.1.1 Making a Logo
A Logo is only a part of the overall visual
identity. A visual logo is designed and an identity
is created by consistent use. The logo and various
design elements over a period of time across
several applications must be related to the

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organization [3]. The fact is that every

community/company needs a logo, because a
logo is simply illustrate brand identity and every
good business/company has ideals to have a
strong brand identity [4]. The logo is made in
various shapes. The MEFact logo is depicted in
the form of a yellow tornado and a light blue
background.

Figure 2: MEFact logo

3.1.2 Making a Grand design

At this planning stage, the creative division made
a manual for poster design. The creative division
determines the color palate.
Figure 4: Daily Bandung weather forecast layout

3.2 Content Writer Division

Figure 3: Color palate grand design
Content marketing has become a leading
marketing technique in digital marketing
communication and uses the point of view of
consumers to build relationships by creating and
sharing the engaging content in social media that
enhance their daily lives [5]. This division contains
various meteorological content such as weather
information, facts about the phenomenon of
meteorology and the latest information that is
happening in the community.

3.1.3 Make Daily Weather Forecast Layouts

The creative division creates a weather forecast
layout used Adobe Photoshop (.psd) formatted daily.
Daily forecast is updated daily using Instagram story
feature.

Figure 5: Exemple of weekly post

3.3 Public Relation Division

Example of a meteorological-based community
that has developed in the community is the Smansa
Meteo Club. Smansa Meteo Club is a meteorological-
based science club in Bandung Senior High School.
The purpose of this visit was to introduce and

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demonstrate weather parameter measurements at the
Bandung Institute of Technology Meteorological Park
so that Smansa Meteo Club can add references to
weather gauges.
Purbalingga. The biggest percentage is the city of
Bandung with a large portion of 44% followed by
Jakarta, Padang, Bogor, and Purbalingga with the
proportion of 9%, 2%, 2%, and 1%, consecutively.
Female followers have a presentation of 60%, while
the percentage of male is 40%.

Figure 8: Domicile of followers

Figure 6: Smansa Meteo Club visit to ITB Meteorological

Park (November 21, 2018)

3.4 Daily Forecast

This is for presenting Bandung City's daily weather
predictions with a prediction time of 3 hours, namely
10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00 and 22:0 with more
accurate information on a 77% skill score and easy to
understand. The main source is WCPL (Weather and
Climate Prediction Laboratory) with a 57% skill score
and supporting sources, AccuWeather. Based on the
evaluation, there was an increase in predictive Figure 9: Gender of followers
accuracy, namely a true prediction of 77 events out of
100 events. The skill score shows us that MEFact daily
forecast is representative.

Figure 10: Followers age

Until February 2019, followers have reached 540

accounts. Followers' backgrounds are dominated by
students. The MEFact account has been active in
providing information to followers. We always
provide opportunities for followers to ask questions
about the meteorology phenomenon using various
features on Instagram.

Figure 7: Daily forecast shows rain intensity (above) and

rain probability (below). Forecast produced by WCPL
(Weather and Climate Prediction Laboratory) ITB

3.5 Followers Feedback

Followers consist of users in various cities,
including Bandung, Jakarta, Padang, Bogor, and

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and practicality. As a student association based on

meteorology, we must be able to answer the challenges
of the times, where the industrial revolution 4.0
requires fast, easy and unlimited information traffic
including weather and meteorological information.
The enthusiasm of social media users such as
Instagram on meteorological information is quite high.
Curiosity about the phenomena around us can be
easily asked in the MEFact account and answered by
experts and students. Weather prediction is even easier
to reach and use considering that the Instagram story
feature is now very popular. In the future, MEFact
weather prediction will be carried out not only for the
Bandung region but also for all of Indonesian.
Meteorological-based communities in Indonesia need
to be developed. So that public sensitivity and
awareness of weather information can increase to
answer the arrival of the industrial revolution era 4.0.

Figure 11: Exemple of followers question via direct 5. Reference

massage
[1] We are Social, Hootsuite.”Digital in 2018,
Essential Insight into Internet, Social Media,
Mobile, and Ecommerce use around the world”.
2018.
[2] Addagada, Tejasvi C. "Business Analyst | Do We
Need a Mature GAP Analysis?".
Clients.criticalimpact.com. Archived from the
original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
[3] Tailor Brands, “The Important of Having Logo”,
https://www.tailorbrands.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/11/Ebook_7steps_all.pdf
(Accessed on 23/02/2019).
[4] Government of India Ministry of Personnel Public
Grievances & Pensions Department of Personnel
& Training, “Guidelines for Logo Version 1”, pp.
4, 2010.
Figure 12: Example of followers question via ask question
[5] South African Journal of Information
Management, “The role of content marketing in
4. Conclusion social media content communities”, pp. 1, 2017.
In this era of industry 4.0, the influence of social
media makes people require information fast. With
MEFact, it can increase people's enthusiasm about the
existence of weather and meteorological information.
MEFact puts forward the ease of access to information

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 CISAK 2019

Towards Smart Coffee Industry: Designing IS/IT

Portfolio for Sustainability of Smallholder in Gunung
Tilu Cooperative, West Java
Arariko Rezeki Pasa and Widya Ayu Agustania

Department of Industrial Engineering, Telkom University, Indonesia

Corresponding author: ararikopasa@gmail.com1

Abstract. The Indonesian Coffee Industry has a strategic role and potential in evolving people welfare as well as
Indonesia economic growth. However, the industrial world’s trends are transformed a lot, one of which is the smart
industry: digital industry concept which is relevant to the technology era today. Smart industry offers various
advantages. The industries which do not implement the concept will be arduous to compete with others. The
technology problem even becomes one of the top barriers for the development of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
in Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesian coffee smallholders are expected to adapt to the smart industry concept. When
an organization comes to implementing a smart industry, they need a systematic IS/IT strategy so that the
investment spent becomes effective and the target of the organization will be realized at once. The case study of
this research is Koperasi Gunung Tilu. This study aims to design a systematic IS/IT implementation strategy
towards smart industry realization of coffee smallholder. The analysis and design method used is the Ward &
Peppard framework which consists of internal and external phases in business and IS/IT area. The output of this
research is the design of IS/IT and IS/IT management strategies.

Keywords: IS/IT Portfolio, Enterprise Architecture, Coffee Smallholder, Coffee Industry, Smart Industry

A. INTRODUCTION However, in Indonesia, technological problems are included in the

The coffee industry is the third largest contributor to the
foreign exchange of Indonesia. With a total plantation area of
1,227,787 ha [1], the level of Indonesian coffee production
exceeded 11,491,000 tons in the 2016-2017 period while at the
same time occupying the position of the world's fourth-largest
coffee producer and exporter [2]. Based on the status of the
company, the Indonesian coffee industry is divided into 3
categories, namely smallholder, government, and private [1].
Smallholders are plantations owned by households and are not
legal entities. Smallholder farmers are the largest contributor with
a percentage of the land area of 96.19% of all types of coffee
producers, both private and government [1]. With this strategic
role and potential, Indonesia's coffee smallholders are expected to
continue to grow amid global competition.
Now, given that the industrial world has evolved, organizations
around the world are slowly adapting the concept of smart
industry, a concept that is a breakthrough for every industry to be
able to compete amid rapid technological developments [3]. Smart
industry can be interpreted as the concept of optimizing the digital
role of industrial activities that are well integrated with the
production process [4][5] as well as information management [6].
Among the benefits of smart industry for organizations is that
product development can be faster, can save resources [7],
improve productivity, increase the need for skilled labor, increase
investment [8], make optimal decision making, process
engineering, and improve business dynamic, and can give birth to
new business models and new ways of making added value [9].
5 main problems that hinder the development of Small Medium
Enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, to enable to develop and remain
competitive, the Indonesian coffee industries should apply the
concept of smart industry.
As previously explained, the concept of smart industry has a focus
on optimizing the role of Information Systems/Information
Technology (IS/IT). Therefore, the implementation of smart
industry requires a systematic implementation strategy of IS/IT to
be a satisfying solution in building the target of an organization
[10]. The application of IS/IT that is not planned carefully results
in an organization not having a priority scale of development
project [11] which results in a decrease in organizational
productivity [12]. In designing an IS/IT strategy, the organization
needs to pay attention to business alignment and IS/IT, where it is
very susceptible to problems. [13] Even, the problem of IT-
business alignment is one of the top IT management issues and
concerns from year to year. [14] Without aligning IT-businesses,
organizations cannot create a sustainable competitive advantage
as a manifestation of the benefits of such IS/IT investments [15].
Therefore. organizations that want to adopt the smart industry
concept need to pay attention to the strategy of IS/IT
synchronization of organizational needs, so that the application of
smart industries to be built can simultaneously reduce the gap
between the business and the IS/IT organization.
To realize smart industry, the involvement of academics was
needed in the form of research and development [9]. Therefore, in
this study, the development of the implementation of smart

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industries will be built through the perspective of aligning IT-
business as well as will be used as a reference for the research on
the smart industry development in the coffee industry. The object
of this study is the Gunung Tilu Cooperative. This cooperative is
located in Cimaung Village. The cooperative has a number of
problems including the lack of transparency of data (especially
financial) for members. Often, there was the occurrence of IJON
practices or a kind paying for the commodity to farmer purchases
long before the harvesting period and the service quality is still
low.
The method used to design IS/IT at the Murbeng Puntang
Cooperative is the ”Ward & Peppard” framework. Among the
strengths of the ”Ward & Peppard” framework is the classification
between structured IS and IT definitions so as to facilitate the
IS/IT strategy to be understood [16]. Furthermore, the existence
of external analysis can take account of outside organizational
factors that affect the organization's business processes, and steps
taken do not have to be sequential so that you can prioritize which
steps are most likely to be done [17]. This framework is divided
into two stages, namely the input and output stages. The input
stage includes internal business analysis, external business,
internal IS/IT and external IS/IT. At the output stage, it consists of
designing an IS/IT management strategy, business information
system and IT strategy that will generate a portfolio of Information
Systems that will be needed to support the organization's business
processes [12]. The output produced in this study is a portfolio of
IS/IT strategy designs that are expected to realize the
implementation of smart industries that are in line with the
objectives of the coffee cooperative business.
B. LITERATURE REVIEW
IS/IT strategy is an important part to achieve organizational goals
and is a guideline in the preparation of strategies for business units
inside. Combination between organizational IS and IT
development can be one of the strategies in improving
organizational competitiveness. Information System Strategy
Planning (SI) is a set of long-term goals that describe the purpose
of the system and information technology architecture to achieve
company goals (Turban 2003, p432). According to Wijaya (2006),
Information Technology Systems (IT) are known as strategy
weapons because they can be used to implement strategies that can
provide competitive advantage. In order to achieve what has been
planned and desired, effective and efficient SI/IT design is needed.
A comprehensive plan is needed and should developed in
accordance with the specifications needed by the organization to
build the IS/IT. Therefore, it is very necessary to design
information system strategic planning in the Gunung Tilu
Cooperative as the object of this research.
The methodology used in designing information systems strategic
plans is Ward and Peppard. The advantages of the Ward and
Peppard method itself compared to other methods, are:
1. There is an external business analysis which takes into account
external factors that affect the company's business processes
2. The separation between the definition of SI and IT makes it
easier for the IS/IT strategy to be understood.
110
3. The steps taken do not have to be sequential, making the
compiler can choose to do which steps are first possible to
do.
After conducting the IS/IT strategic planning, a portfolio
document from the IS/IT strategy design will be obtained as a
reference for implementing recommendations for the future to be
implemented in the Gunung Tilu Cooperative, and expected to
realize the implementation of smart industry at once in line with
the coffee cooperative business objectives. The Ward and Peppard
version of the methodological approach starts from an analysis of
the environment business with the considerations that IS/IT was
rated less effective. Further step is to analyse the conditions of the
external business so that it can increase the competitive advantage
of an organization. The analysis of the utilization of IS/IT has been
maximized, and then the users compared it with the tendency of
the IS/IT conditions used outside. Sometimes, the usability of
IS/IT for organizations is because IS/IT is more focused on
technology, not based on business needs.
The followings are the steps in the Methodology version of Ward
and Peppard []:
1. The input stage consists of:
b. Analysis of the internal business environment, which covers
aspects of the current business strategy, goals, resources,
processes, and cultural values of the organization's business.
c.Analysis of the external business environment, which includes
economic, industrial, and competitive climate aspects of the
company.
d. Environmental analysis of internal SI/IT, which covers the
condition of the IS/IT organization from the current business
perspective, how maturity (how to maturity), how to
contribute to business, human resource skills, resources and
technological infrastructure, including how ISSP documents
from SI/IT currently available.
e. Environmental analysis of external IS/IT, which covers
technology trends and their utilization opportunities, as well
as the use of IS/IT by competitors, customers and suppliers.
2. While the output stages are part of the process to produce an
IS/IT strategic planning document whose contents consist of:
f. IS Business strategy, which includes how each business
unit/function will utilize IS/IT to achieve its business
objectives, ISSP document applications and information
architecture descriptions.
g. IT strategy, which includes policies and strategies for
managing IS/IT technology and human resources.
h. IS/IT Management Strategy, which includes general elements
that are applied through the organization, to ensure consistency
in the implementation of the required IS/IT policies.
The tools used to support IS/IT strategic planning in this
methodology are PEST, SWOT, CSFs, Value Chains, and
McFarlan's Strategic Grid analysis. PEST analysis is an approach
that focuses on the external environment of the business, based on
Political, Economic, Social and Technology factors (Gupta,
2013). SWOT stands for Strength, Weakness, Opportunity,
Weakness. Schmoldt and Peterson (2000) emphasize that SWOT
CISAK 2019

analysis can provide a framework for analyzing situations and

developing appropriate strategies and tactics as a basis for
assessing core capabilities and competencies as well as evidence,
and key, change and success and also provide stimulus to
participate in group experience. CSF is a series of policies of an
organization that influence the success or failure of the
organization (Tozer, 1996). In line with the same definition
Zawawi et al. (2011) state that the usefulness of CSF is a method
that measures the performance of a company in achieving its
targets. Value chain analysis according to Porter (1980) is used as
an analytical method used to understand the competitive
advantage well, where companies can increase added value and
decrease costs so they can make businesses more competitive. Mc
Farlan strategic grid is used to map IS application requirements
based on the priority scale of contributions to the organization.
The mapping uses four quadrants: strategic, high potential, key
operation support (J. Ward and P Griffiths, 1996).
C. METHOD
This design consists of the process of collecting primary and
secondary data through observation and interview. Observations
are conducted from January to March. Primary data was obtained
from respondents who were the chairman of the Gunung Tilu
Cooperative. The comparative study was conducted at the
Murbeng Cooperative in Bandung Regency and the Sarahate Figure 1 Fig. 1. Ward and Peppard Framework.
Cooperative in Takengon, Central Aceh with consideration to
study aspects of increasing credibility, anticipating IJON and D. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
transparency of assets and finance. Secondary sources refer to the
previous relevant studies [18][19]. The method used is “Ward and 1. Business Environment Analaysis
Peppard” with some analysis techniques which are PEST, Value a. Political Factors:
Chain, SWOT, CSF and McFarlan Strategic Grid, analysis of The Government of Indonesia regulates the course of
internal and external business environments, and analysis of cooperatives Law No. 25 of 1992 where the Law requires
internal and external IS/IT environments. There are issues to cooperatives to regulate several principles, capital, business
produce IS strategy, new information system portfolio design, IT processes and organizational structures that must exist in the
and management strategy for IS/IT for Gunung Tilu Cooperative Cooperative. This encourages KGT to have accountable and
and the design phases that will be carried out to analyze the transparent documentation and organizational bureaucracy.
strategy issues are as follows: Law No. 19 of 2013 regulates the agricultural cooperatives in
importing, counseling, and empowering land. So, KGT must pay
1) Interview and Observation Stage: aiming to identify the attention to business processes and have documentation of data
organization environment in order to find primary and secondary that can be accounted for.
data that are useful as preliminary data before conducting the
analysis. b. Economic Factors:
2) Organization Environmental Analysis Stage is started The trend of world coffee consumption and fluctuations in
with analyzing internal and external business environments using foreign currencies greatly influence the selling price of coffee.
organization functionality, Value Chain, PEST, internal and The economic level of coffee farmers is relatively low. So,
external IS/IT environments analysis using McFarlan Strategic they need money to meet their daily needs while coffee harvesting
Grid to identify available IS/IT, and the needs of IS/IT based on only occurs on biannual basis. This has resulted in the potential of
current technology development. IJON practices or pre-harvest purchases being very vulnerable to
3) Analysis Process Stage: using data generated from farmers.
environment analysis, SWOT analysis techniques, CSF Analysis,
and McFarlan Strategic Grid c. Social Factors
4) Stage of strategy formulation: the result of analysis
process will be arranged in a portfolio for the application. In
information system strategy, management strategy formulation of
information system and new information technology and
arranging roadmap in IS/IT field is done to support the
performance of Gunung Tilu Cooperative.

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The coffee industry should have a good relationship among
themselves because of the need for imports which require certain
conditions, as well as from the marketing side where they
generally use certain coffee workshops or events to market their
products.
On the other hand, the participation of the international
community through certification is very influential in
guaranteeing the welfare of farmers, including guarantees of
buyers. Like UTZ and Fair Trade, the cooperatives that want and
have contracts for these organizations have to meet the
requirements and have special obligations that must be fulfilled.
d. Technology Factors
As explained in the introduction, the role of ICT in the
industrial world has developed rapidly. Therefore, adequate
infrastructure is needed by cooperatives.
2. SWOT analysis
• Strengthen the branding and marketing. especially in
preparation for competitions and events.
• Join other international coffee certifications.
• Hold research and development efforts
• Increase transparency of data both internally and externally.
• Implement IS that is integrated mainly in the business
process of production, membership (HR), finance and
reports.
• Improvement of education methods and capital system.
112
3. IS/IT Strategy
The result of IS/IT strategy can be seen at table 1.
E. CONCLU SION
The design of the IS/IT strategy for Cooperative in Indonesia is
important to increase competitiveness in this sector. One of the
relevant frameworks used for designing IS/IT strategy is Ward and
Peppard. This study uses Gunung Tilu Coperative as an object of
study which is a collection of smallholder coffee in Bandung
regency that has a problem that makes them endangered. The
results of this study showed that the IS/IT strategy design that
starts from the identification of external and internal business
environments of the organization. After identifying the design
requirements, a formulation is conducted to define and determine
the strategy. Next is defining CSF, determining IS/IT needs and
prioritizing categories for IS/IT implementation, and finally
design an action plan for implementing the Cooperative IS/IT
strategy.
REFERENCES
[1] Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan,
http://ditjenbun.pertanian.go.id/tinymcpuk/gambar/file/statistik/2017/Kopi
-2015-2017.pdf visited on 09/12/2018
[2] ICO, http://www.ico.org/historical/1990%20onwards/PDF/1a-total-
production.pdf visited on 09/12/2018
[3] P. Hoedi, S. Wahyudi, ”Industri 4.0: Telaah klasifikasi aspek dan arah
perkembangan riset,” Jurnal Teknik Industri, Vol. 13, No 1, 2018
[4] Huizinga, G., Walison, P., Bouws, T., Kramer, F., Herm van der Beek, Tops,
P., . . . Grosfeld, T. (2015). Smart Industry. Dutch Industry Fit for the Future
CISAK 2019

[5] C. Marina, V. Ivica, and B. Nikola,”From Concept to the Introduction of

Industry 4.0,” International Journal of Industrial Engineering and
Management 8(1):21-30, 2017.
[6] J. Lee, B. Bagheri, and H. A. Kao,” Recent advances and trends of cyber-
physical systems and big data analytics in industrial informatics,”
International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), 2014
[7] Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H.G., Feld, T. & Hoffmann, M. (2014). Industry
4.0. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6(4), p.239.
[8] M. Rüßmann, M.Lorenz, P. Gerbert, M. Waldner, J.Justus, P. Engel, and M.
Harnisch, (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in
manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group, p.14.
[9] H. Kagermann, W. D. Lukas, and W. Wahlster, (2013). Final report:
Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE
4.0. Industrie 4.0 Working Group
[10] R. Irfanto, and J. F. Andry,“Perancangan Enterprise Architecture
Menggunakan Zachman Framework (Studi Kasus: Pt.Vivamas
Adipratama),” Seminar Nasional Sains dan Teknologi 2017, November
2017
[11] P. Nastiti, N. Eko, and F. Ridi,”Model perencanaan strategis SI/TI untuk
industri startup menggunakan metode ward peppard dan samm,” Seminar
Nasional Ilmu Komputer (SNIK 2015) ISBN: 978-602-1034-19-4, 2015.
[12] J. Ward, and J. Peppard, Strategic Planning For Information Systems, 2nd Ed.
John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2002.
[13] D. Proença and J. Borbinha, "Enterprise Architecture: A Maturity Model
Based on TOGAF ADM," 2017 IEEE 19th Conference on Business
Informatics (CBI), Thessaloniki, 2017, pp. 257-266.
[14] L. Kappelman, E. McLean, V. Johnson, and N. Gerhart,“The 2014 SIM IT
key issues and trends study,” MIS Quarterly Executive, 13(4), 237–263,
2014 -journal
[15] J. Luftman. (2003) Measure Your Business-IT Alignment: The Longstanding
Business-IT Gap can be Bridge with an Assessment Tool to Rate Your
Effort [Online], Available:
http://davidjf.free.fr/new/Xgov_luftman_align.pdf .
[16] R. F. Indah, ”Analisa Perencanaan Strategi Sistem Informasi dan Teknologi
Informasi (SI/TI) Dengan Menggunakan Framework Ward & Peppard di
Perguruan Tinggi ABC,” Seminar Nasional Sistem Informasi Indonesia
(SESINDO), September 2014
[17] M. Afriano, E. Darwiyanto, dan G. A. Agung, ”Perencanaan Strategis Sistem
Informasi Menggunakan Metode Ward and Peppard Pada PT. Grahacipta
Bangko Jaya,” e-Proceeding of Engineering: Vol.3, No.1, pp.1003, April
2016.
[18] K. Sarirahayu, and A. Aprianingsih, “Strategy to Improving Smallholder
Coffee Farmers Productivity,” The Asian Journal of Technology
Management Vol. 11, No. 1, pp 1-9, 2018.
[19] Y. Pratiwi, and S. Ita, (2015), “The role of farmer cooperatives in the
development of coffee value chain in east nusa tenggara Indonesia,”
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Humbold University of Berlin, Berlin.
2015.

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Community Empowerment Program as a Motivation for

Increasing Internet Use in the Village
(Case Study in Ciseupang Village, Nagrog Village)
Yulianingsih 1,Khalid Abdul Hakim 2, Falya Alifa Ihyana 3
1,2
Department of Anthropology, Padjadjaran University,
Sumedang, West Java
3
International Relations, Padjadjaran University,
Sumedang, West Java
*
yulianingsih2121@gmail.com, phone: +6289682455182

Abstract: This study describes the behavioral changes of rural communities in using the internet as part of the era of industrial
revolution 4.0. The change in community behavior was motivated by the existence of a community empowerment program called Youth
Environment Social (YES) Project. The program aims to improve the economic level of the people of Ciseupang Village. The program
consists of teaching quilling art, cooperative management, and digital marketing training, as well as exhibiting the results of work
during the training. This research was carried out using a descriptive qualitative method using a case study research model. The
sampling method was conducted by purposive sampling method. Informants of the research were participants in the development
program and committee of the YES (Youth Environmental Social) Project, community leaders, and participants of the program. This
research was conducted in Ciseupang Village, Nagrog Village. After the program was implemented, there were changes in people's
behavior in using the internet. These changes will be explained based on the social cognitive theory which is one of the theories that
explain behavioral change. This research was conducted in Ciseupang Village, Nagrog Village, Cicalengka District, Bandung
Regency, West Java from September 2018 to February 2019.

Keywords: community empowerment, behavior change, internet

Introduction command centers, have social media accounts for promotions

Industrial Revolution 4.0 is a new chapter in the
development of increasingly dynamic technology. The era
marked by the existence of artificial intelligence and the internet
of things brought various changes in various aspects of human
life. Based on data released by the Indonesian Internet Service
Providers Association (APJII), in 2017, internet users in
Indonesia reached 54.68% of the total population of Indonesia
or around 143.26 million internet users. This figure has
increased by 10.56 million users compared to 2016 [1]. Even
so, in the midst of the incessant use of the internet as part of the
use of technology in Indonesia, there are still many people who
are not used to using information technology that is connected
to the internet, especially in rural communities.
At present, various government policies have also been
linked to the Industrial Revolution 4.0. One of the government
policies that use the concept of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is
the Digital Village Program initiated by the Governor of West
Java Province, Ridwan Kamil. The Digital Village program will
be developed in 5300 villages in West Java, one of which is in
Nagrog Village. Nagrog Village area is in West Java Province,
namely in the District of Cicalengka, Regency of Bandung. The
existence of the Digital Village Program will cause all public
services in the village area to be digitized. So that all
information will be connected to wireless networks, have
and news, and e-commerce systems and applications that are in
accordance with the character and economic potential of each
village [2].
A study states that the level of information technology and
communication literacy in villages in Bandung Regency can be
categorized as low. The type of application used by the internet-
based community is Whatsapp applications and online games
only [3]. These data provide strong reasons that the level of
technology literacy in Bandung Regency is still categorized as
low. The findings of the data also illustrate the situation in the
Nagrog Village, Cicalengka District, Bandung Regency, West
Java. The findings will be an obstacle to the implementation of
the Digital Village Program initiated by the Governor of West
Java Province, Ridwan Kamil.
However, there is a change in the behavior of the residents
of Ciseupang Village in using the internet as a result of the
Youth Environment Social Program community development
program implemented in the village. This program combines
the traditional skills and digital marketing which aims to enable
residents in Ciseupang Village to improve their economy. In
accordance with the understanding of community development,
namely a process: developing and enhancing the ability to act
collectively, and outcomes: (1) taking collective action and (2)
the result of action for improvement in community or all realms:

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physical , environmental, cultural, social, political, economic,
etc [4].
This study aims to describe the impact of the Youth
Environment Social Project on changes in population behavior
in Ciseupang Village in the use of the internet as a source of
information to the community. The results of the study were
analyzed using social cognitive theory. Social cognitive theory
reveals that changes that occur in society are not influenced by
internal factors but by external factors. This model states that
human functioning can be explained by a triadic interaction of
behavior, personal and environmental factors [5].
Figure 1. Social Cognitive Theory Design
Methods
This research was carried out using a descriptive qualitative
method using a case study research model. Case studies are used
in research with exploratory, descriptive and explanatory
objectives [6]. This research was conducted in Ciseupang
Village, Nagrog Village, Cicalengka District, Bandung
Regency, West Java Province. Demographically, Nagrog
Village is dominated by males with 8179 people, while females
are 7929 people. The least population is lived in Empat hamlet,
where the Ciseupang village is an area within the hamlet. The
population in Empat Hamlet is 1072 people of males, and 1041
people of females. Most of the population working as farmers,
which are 742 people. Farmers in the Ciseupang Village area,
Nagrog Village are members of the Girimukti Farmer Group.
The object of this research is focused on participants of the YES
(Youth Environmental Social) Project, that consists of wives of
farm workers who are members of the Girimukti Farmer Group.
The sampling method was conducted by purposive sampling
method. Purposive sampling is a method of sampling by
selecting specifically the people who are able to provide
information and not be obtained through other informants [7].
Informants from the study were participants in the YES (Youth
Environmental Social) Project development program, the YES
Project committee, and community leaders. The analysis is
carried out by reducing the data, displaying data, and
summarizing the findings from the field derived from the
informant data [8].
Findings and Argument
The Implementation of Youth Environment Social
Program in Ciseupang Village
YES (Youth Environment Social) Project is a community
development program engaged in processing HVS waste paper.
The development program transforms HVS waste paper into a
craft called quilling art. This program is intended to improve the
115
economic level of the people of Ciseupang Village. This
program has a purpose in strengthening women's groups that
consists of the wives of farmers in the Girimukti Farmer Group.
The participants from the implementation of the activity are 20
people, according to the members of the Girimukti Farmer
Group.
Ciseupang Village is one of the areas that are adjacent to the
development of a tourist attraction namely the Keanekaragaman
Hayati (Kehati) Park. The development was carried out because
of the potential in the forestry sector. The potential that exists
there is 8 hectares of forest area with an altitude of 700 meters
above sea level. Another potential that exists in the Ciseupang
Village area is the presence of local plants that will be focused
as the main crop in the development of the Kehati Park as a
tourist attraction, namely the Warulot Tree.
The implementation of the YES Project aims to be a solution
to the development of the tourism sector, namely Taman Kehati.
Strengthening women as producers of handicrafts is expected to
be able to produce a work that can be traded. The ultimate goal
of this program is to make the community of Ciseupang Village
capable of taking economic benefits with the construction of the
Kehati Park.
The YES program has four stages of implementation. The
first stage is research using the Participant Rural Appraisal
method. The results of this study show that the wives of farmers
who live in Ciseupang Village mostly do not have productive
and sustainable economic activities. The daily activities of the
farmers' wives are mostly spent at home or gathering with
neighbors.
The second stage in this program is to conduct paper quilling
training by utilizing waste paper. This training is held every
Saturday and Sunday when the participants have completed
their daily activities. The training was conducted eight times
with different material. In each meeting, there are games where
participants will be challenged to make works. The work
created will be contested based on the level of attraction and
creativity. For participants who get the best work title, they will
be given prizes as a form of appreciation.
The third stage in this activity is cooperative management
and digital marketing seminar. Through these activities, the
training participants are expected to be able to form a
sustainable business community. At this time, the participants
from the Yes program had given birth to a community called
Campernik. This community has as many as 20 people.
The final stage of this activity is an exhibition of works that
have been produced by program participants during the training
period. The exhibition was carried out by inviting village
leaders and Nagrog village mothers. The trainees then promote
the products they produce. Through the YES program, the
participants expressed that they had great benefits including
participants knew the procedures for using paper waste, and the
free time they had could be used for more productive activities.
“Biasanya mah kalau habis dari pasar, gak ada
kegiatan jadi gak ngapa-ngapain. Tapi setelah belajar
quilling, jadi lebih giat kitu. Kalau ada kegiatan
CISAK 2019
langsung cepat-cepat dibereskan. Jadi bisa buat quilling
abis itu”- Ibu Entin
“Usually, after I go to the market, there are no
activities to do. But after learning quilling, my times
become more productive. If there is an activity cleared
up, I quickly use the time to make a quilling art.” – Mrs.
Entin
The Behavior Change of Internet Use in
Ciseupang Village Based on the Design of Social
Cognitive Theory
a. Behavior in Ciseupang Community
Before the YES program was implemented in
Ciseupang Village, the villagers accustomed to use their
free time to gather with other residents. There were also
those who only spent time at home. The villagers have a
homogeneous population characteristic and have the
same kinship line so it causes social closeness between
the villagers is quite high. [9] Therefore, the use of
communication tools among the villagers is still rarely
used.
The behavior of residents of Ciseupang Village in
using communication tools changed after the YES
program was conducted. Besides because in the program
digital marketing was taught to adapt participants to
current technological advancements, the participants
have another motivation to use the internet. Their
motivation in using the internet was to seek inspiration
in making works produced in processing paper waste.
Some participants claimed that for the first time they
used youtube to watch a quilling art tutorial video.
“Ibu baru pake youtube beberapa bulan ini setelah
diajarin quilling. Di youtube bisa liat-liat cara buat
karya yang bagus.” – Ibu Entin
“I started using youtube in these several months after
I was thaught quilling art. On youtube, I can see the
techniques to make a beautiful quilling art.” – Mrs.
Entin
b. Personal Factor in Ciseupang
Community
Internet using is not a new thing for people in
Ciseupang Village. The internet usage in the Ciseupang
Village became important when the program of YES
from grantee of Paragon Scholarship started. The
internet usage was an important thing for them, because
the internet usage was able to enrichment their skills of
quilling art. The internet usage in Ciseupang Village was
used to open many media social, such as Facebook,
Youtube, and Instagram. Everyone of the people will be
competing to increase their skills to make a better
creation of quilling art paper. The competition in
Ciseupang’s community has a role to increase internet
using as a personal factor.
116
In addition, there were also participants who knew
that Facebook and Instagram media could also be used
to find tutorial videos on making quilling art so that the
use of both social media was utilized more optimally.
“Abi mah belajar teknik baru coba-coba sebagian
lagi lihat media di facebook. Terus liat video di
youtube sama instagram juga.”– Ibu Sri
“I learnt the new techniques by trying it out and
then I saw the example on the facebook. Then I also
saw the video on youtube as well as instagram.” – Mrs.
Sri
c. Enviromental in Ciseupang Village
The findings of this study showed the behavioral
change of YES program participants in using the
internet. Based on the analysis using social cognitive
theory, changes in people's behavior in using the internet
are influenced by personal factors and the environment.
The personal factors in this study are the motivation
of individuals to use the internet so that the works
created by them become better. These personal factors
are influenced by environmental factors which consist
of: an environment where participants are taught how to
access the internet and a competitive environment during
the course of the program. This then motivates
participants to use the internet to get inspiration so they
can create works that better than other participants.
Conclusion
There are social changes that occur in the target community
as a result of the implementation of the Youth Environmental
Social Project program. These changes are influenced by two
factors: internal factors and external factors. The internal factor,
in this case, is the personal desire to be superior to others.
Meanwhile, external factors are the introduction of the internet
and the encouragement to compete. The conclusion of this study
is that internal factors in changing the behavior of participants
of the YES program are influenced by external factors. This is
in accordance with the social cognitive theory that is used to
explain changes in people's behavior that are the object of a
policy or program.
The writing of this research report is expected to be a
reference for various parties who have similar goals to improve
the lives of rural communities for the better. All advantages in
this program can hopefully be used as a model in community
empowerment programs. The shortcomings of this program can
hopefully be evaluated to create a better community
development program. After this program, hopefully, there will
be many programs that can become educational instruments for
internet use for positive purposes in the community.
CISAK 2019

References
[1] Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia, 2017.
[Online]. Available: https://apjii.or.id/. [Accessed 21
February 2019 February 2019].
[2] Humas Jawa Barat, "Ridwan Kamil Launching Desa
Digital," Website Resmi Pemerintah Jawa Barat, Bandung,
2018.
[3] S. A. M, "Analisis Tingkat Literasi Masyarakat Desa Dalam
Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi,"
Konferensi Nasional Sistem Informasi 2018, pp. 894 - 899,
2018.
[4] R. Phillips and H. R. Pittman, An Introduction To
Community Development, Canada: Routledge, 2009.
[5] The Communication for Governance and Accountability
Program (CommGAP),The World Bank, "Theories of
Behavior Change," The Communication for Governance
and Accountability Program (CommGAP), Washington
DC, 2009.
[6] K. R. Yin, Case Study Research Design and Methods Fourth
Edition, United State of America: Sage, 2009.
[7] J. A. Maxwell, Qualitative Research Design An Interactive
Approach, California: Sage Publications, 2013.
[8] M. B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data
Analysis, United State Of America: SAGE Publication,
1994.
[9] K. A. Hakim, Yulianingsih and H. Karimah, "Sabilulungan
as a Tourism Development Strategy in Rural Communities,"
in ASEAN Youth Conference 2018, Kuala Lumpur, 2019.

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IV
Entrepreneur Business

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“Tanah Ngatas Angin” Branding As An Optimizing Of Local

Region Potential Based On Free Trade System To Realize
Prosperous Community In Nganjuk
Laililia Binti Mohamad Sofyan1*, Muhammad Fadhel Maulana2, Novia Anggita Aprilianti3

1
Economics and Business Faculty, Airlangga University
2,3
Sains and Technology Faculty, Airlangga University

corresponding author : 1* laililiabintimsofyan@gmail.com phone: +62813-1958-9598

Abstract. Ngatas Angin Kingdom (Nganjuk Regency, East Java) has a historical place that is still maintained by the local community.
It is a rose plantation located in the mountains of Wilis. However, the place has not been utilized optimally by the local community due
to the lack of knowledge about marketing. The method of this research is qualitative by taking data directly at the location of the rose
plantations. The theory used in this study is Karl Marlk's theory, citing his writings about developing product branding from regional
to international levels. Based on the above problems, the author offers an innovation in product branding based on the free trade
system, with stakeholders as the managers of the potential of the region. The results of managing this area are conceptualized in the
brand of “Tanah Ngatas Angin” as a culinary, educational and cultural attraction. The stakeholders consist of: 1. Rose farmers or the
local community as the main producers of rose plantation products; 2. the government as a companion to the local community during
the management process; and 3. The companies as investors who help develop rose plantation products through investment. Thus, the
management of the potential of the "Tanah Ngatas Angin" area is expected to be able to help to improve the economy of the people in
Nganjuk Regency.

Keywords: Ngatas Angin Land, Branding, free trade system

A. INTRODUCTION
The regional potential is one of the assets of high value-areas.
If the regional potential can be utilized to the fullest, the welfare
of the surrounding community will increase. The rose plantations
are considered as a local potential in the Nganjuk Regency area
that can be used as a source of income for the people of Nganjuk
Regency, especially in Ngliman Village, Sawahan District.
However, the rose plantations currently have not been fully
utilized because of the lack of knowledge of the community to
cultivate the natural potential and the rose plant. This situation
encourages the writer to offer an innovation in solving the
problem. The innovation offered is the branding of rose plantation
products based on a free trade system with the background of
“Tanah Ngatas Angin.” A branding is a collection of
communication activities carried out by companies in the
framework of the process of building and improving brands
(Maulana, 2012 in an anonymous thesis). The "Tanah Ngatas
Angin" branding was done to make consumers interested to visit
the rose plantations in Ngliman Village, Sawahan sub-district,
Nganjuk Regency. The attractions are supported by the existence
of the free trade system method that makes consumers indirectly
recognize it until they feel they need a product from “Tanah
Ngatas Angin.” The free trade system supports the accelerating of
the branding process because this method can be used on products
that have value and taste that are in line with the tastes of
consumers in the present. The products offered to consumers can
be any kind of drinks and foods taken from the rose plantations
such as syrup, tea, jam and cake. With the existence of these
products, the authors hope that process of the rose plantations can
be implemented by all groups in accordance with the concept of a
free trade system. This has been examined in a journal that
discusses the development of a free trade system that suits the
needs and tastes of consumers (B N Ganguli Annual Number
February 1968).
B. METHOD
The research method used in this writing is a qualitative.
Penjahit Bogdandan was quoted by Moeleong, identified that the
qualitative methodology is a research procedure that produces
descriptive data in written words, oral, and policy actions
(Moeleong, Lexy J. 2002: 112). The technique of data collection
is Direct Observation in which the researchers observe the
subjects or things they want to learn, and jump directly by seeing,
feeling, listening, thinking about the subject or things that are
being studied (Paul S., 2008). Observations were taken place in
the mountains of Wilis, Nganjuk Regency. The direct observation
was done 1. by recording information about the origin of rose
plantations and its locations that can be used as tourist attractions
in the area; 2. by observing the natural conditions around rose
plantations, and 3. by observing how the Bungan rose harvesting
and processing of roses become a food product.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS
In this section, the researchers discuss the branding strategy
of “Tanah Ngatas Angin” which utilizes rose plantations in
Ngliman Village, Sawahan District, Nganjuk Regency as the main
resource. This potential place was tested using the concept of a
free trade system. To facilitate the branding of "Tanah Ngatas

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Angin", the author worked with rose farmers and residents of
Ngliman Village, the local government, and investors or private
companies in Indonesia, especially in Nganjuk regency. All those
three group of people are called stakeholders. The free trade
system method used in branding “Tanah Ngatas Angin” was
carried out by the stakeholders mentioned above. Rose farmers or
residents of Ngliman Village had the role to turn the planted roses
into some products that have high value and quality. This planted
roses can be transformed into a some culinary products and
tourism service products that related to “Tanah Ngatas Angin”.
The process of making this product involved the local government
to help with production permits, procurement of equipment, and
the provision of branding facilities such as the internet. In
addition, the branding process also involves investors consisting
of some companies around Nganjuk regency. Investors however
have the right to invest in this rose plantations and get reciprocity
in the form of profit sharing with rose plantation business owners.
With funds from investors, the branding process can go
accordingly. (Money Policy, Smith Dantton 1899). The strategy
was applied in the "Tanah Ngatas Angin" branding process to
simplify and accelerate the production process to a branding
process that targets a variety of consumers ranging from middle to
upper class society consumers. Thus, the branding of "Tanah
Ngatas Angin" can be recognized by the wider community.
The free trade system is a place to accommodate what each
individual produces based on understanding the freedom given to
economic actors following the wishes without interference from
the government (Adam Smith). Some countries trade without
getting obstacles from other countries and the country itself. From
the opinions of Adam Smith and David Ricardo above, it is stated
that with a free market system will be more likely to help the
economic development and improve the quality of goods, and
improve the use of economic factors in a more efficient way. In
this study, the authors interacted with the owner of the rose
plantation to work on the free trade system and the branding
process “Tanah Ngatas Angin”. With the free trade system, the
branding process can implemented in various types of branding
procedures based on the free trade system. These products can be
produced in creatively and innovative ways, such as rose syrup,
rose tea, rose jam, and rose cake. In addition, the potential of rose
plantations can also be processed into tourism services by
presenting exotic views of it. The combination of culinary
products with tourism services can be the identity of “Tanah
Ngatas Angin”. Thus rose plantation products have value and
excellence things that can compete at the level of global
marketing.
According to Karwan A Salikin 2016, agro-complex is a part
of an agro-ecosystem that is inseparable from the health
subsystem and the natural, human and cultural environments
which are interrelated in the production process for joint survival.
In this sub-section, the author explains the development of the rose
plantation complex as a branding object of “Tanah Ngatas Angin.”
The branding process is done by processing rose plantations into
culinary products and tourism places. The development of agro-
complex in the culinary field is done by processing rose
plantations from nurseries to food production. The existing
120
nurseries have long been cultivated and have become the potential
of Ngliman Village, Sawahan Regency, Nganjuk Regency. The
cultivation of roses is a plantation owned by each family member.
From the results of the nursery, one local resident had the idea of
processing rose plants into a high-value food product. Ms. Lina, a
resident of Ngliman Village who was the first person to learn how
to process roses explained that:
"Pemikiran ini muncul karena saya merasa bahwa desa ini
belum dapat mengolah perkebunan ini untuk menghasilkan
produk yang memiliki nilai mbak. Paling mentok itu hanya
digunakan sebagai bunga tabur untuk ziarah ke makam."
"This thought arises because I feel that the society have not
been able to cultivate this plantation to produce products that
have value. The roses are only for pilgrimage to the tomb."
The author offers innovations in the form of food products
that are suitable and exist in the global marketing. The roses are
manifested into syrup, tea, jam, and cakes. The author offered four
variants of these foods because the products are very trendy and
can be enjoyed by all people. In addition, to support the culinary,
the development of rose plantation agro-complex can also be
processed into a place of tourism. The process is done by utilizing
rose plantations which are located starting from the slopes to the
top of the Wilis Mountains. Rose plantations can be used as a
tourism service by presenting natural scenery and a touch of
design that is synonymous with “Tanah Ngatas Angin”.
D. CONCLUSION
Ngatas Angin rose plantation, which has been the potential
area in Nganjuk Regency can be used as an agro-complex to
support the economy of the local community. The agro-complex
business can be the great place for natural tourism and culinary
tourism with its identity, “Tanah Ngatas Angin.” With the free
trade system method, the culinary tourism puts forward products
that are in great demand, and are used by consumers today, such
as rose syrup, rose tea, rose jam, and rose cake. In developing the
agro-complex business, the stakeholders consist of 1. local
communities, working as managers of tourist attractions and
producers of creative products from rose plantations; 2.
governments that oversee the permits, facilitate brand production
and publication processes, and 3. companies in Indonesia,
especially in Nganjuk Regency as the investors to help in
developing the local potential by means of investment. The
management of Ngatas Angin plantation is expected to be able to
improve the economy of the local community.
E. REFERENCES
[1] B. N. Ganguli. Marx’s Theory of Trade Policy.
https://www.epw.in. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
[2] Kerk, Toger SL. 2014. Free Branding : Grow Your Brand
Organically.
[3] Mulana, A., 2012. Analisis Postur Kerja dengan Tinjauan
Ergonomi di Industri Batik Madura. Jurnal Inovasi dan
CISAK 2019

Kewirausahaan Vol. 1 No. 3 167 – 171.

[4] Moleong, Lexy. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif.
Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
[5] Salikin, Karyawan A. 2011. Sistem Pertanian
Berkelanjutan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.

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How Student Cafes in Tembalang Build Their Atmospheres

Adani Fildzah Handiani1, Aqmarina Sekar Cynantya2, Bangun IR Harsritanto*3

1,2,3
Architecture Departmen, Universitas Diponegoro Jl. Prof H Soedarto SH, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1* bangunirh@arsitektur.undip.ac.id, phone: +6281229999446

Abstract. Café or coffee shop is a rapidly developing business in the world, and becomes a popular trend in food services. Many cafes
also developed themselves into lifestyle places. Students have been the primary customer for the café. Thus many student’s cafes were
built at campus areas to meet the costumers’ demand. Previous studies have mentioned that students use the café as a place to study
and hang out with their colleagues. Therefore some student café designed their interior to hit these potential demands. This study is
aimed to explain the relation between café building atmospheres and student’s preferences. Questionnaires were used to collect the
student’s preferences, site observation on four student cafés, and they were performed to relate the physical environment and student’s
perception. The results were a specific relation between designed café fulfilling customer demands and attributes in building café’s
atmospheres.

Keywords: student’s cafe, atmosphere, physical environment, perception, design

INTRODUCTION limited area made the designers or architects more concentrate on

Café is a part of food and beverage service business which
grown rapidly in Asia this decade. Some cafes only serviced in a
year or less, which eventually replaced by the franchise coffee
shops. In this point, café needs to have an x-factor for significant
identity. The café atmosphere is an X factor that may attract
customers [1,2]. The physical environment brought impact on
creating an image that manipulates customer behavior especially
in the café [3,4,5] Furthermore; previous studies argued that there
is a unique relationship between the physical environment and
customer satisfaction [6]. A recent trend in designed café was
provided as an alternative space for customers to sense the café
space as wider than a place to drink coffee. Understanding the
customer’s behaviors may growth the possibility of best practice
design. Studies in Design indicated that the first positive
customer’s impression, may give to the positive judgments and
behavioral intents. Customers recognized the cafe as a memorable
and functional place in which they then eager to promote positive
score on the society and made their preference to visit again. So,
the physical environment factors demand to grab the costumer’s
pleasant senses. The senses were involving sight, smell, hearing,
touch and obviously the taste, as customer easily remember
physical environments and atmospheres that leave an impact to
them.[7]
Berman and Evans [8] stated that atmosphere of store consist
of 4 elements, such as: exterior, general interior, store layout, and
Interior display. However, student’s café only has 3 elements. The
elimination of the exterior was the result of a limited area. The
interior side of café. Later on, the interior area will be the main
discussion on this study. Furthermore, in the context of retailing,
atmospherics was sentient design of physical environment that
created the impact in consumers preference to purchase more
goods [9,10].
The purposes of this study is to explain about the café’s
atmosphere, student preferences, the activitities in the café, and
suggesting some criteria to improve designed café. This study is
designed by research tools to improve the design guidelines,
especially designed café for students.
METHOD
This study uses mixed approach method to examine the
existing framework with process-based (qualitative) and outcome-
based (quantitative) perceptions [13]. The mixed approach method
is used to fix the issues of designed café (qualitative approach)
with the statistical confirmations of student’s perception
(quantitative analysis).
The questionnaires were developed from literature review
using the semantic deferential method, so the student perceptions
can be obtained on frame of atmosphere criteria. The answers were
collected via online by some code to make sure only students will
fill the questionnaires (purposed), and no pressure during the data
collections. The scales were bipolar 5 point scale on each
atmosphere sensing statements. The statement consist of 15
adjective that represent the café atmosphere (see figure 1).

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Figure 1. questionnaire with bipolar 5 points scales on 15 adjectives [7]

The site observation was taken place at four student’s cafes in
Tembalang, Semarang area. Tembalang is well known as campus
areas, such as Universitas Diponegoro, Universitas Pandanaran,
Politeknik Negeri Semarang, Unika Soegijopranoto, Stikes, etc.
The observation object are: general interior, store layout, and
Interior display as mentioned before. The cafes: Folkafe (F) Anak
Panah Kopi (A), Peacockoffie (P), and Jendela Coffee Brewers
(J)., There were also the initials that represent the café on
discussion. The site observations were performed twice a day at
lunch and dinner times with natural and artificial lighting.
The studies of design’s application were done in two ways,
by existing design appraisal and by adding more parameters to be
the next appraisal items. [12]. This study evaluated the four cafes
environments with costumer preferences.
FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
The four café indicated 11 out 15 similarities toward the
atmospheric feelings such as: informal, exclusive, flexible,
leisure, modern, funny, enjoyment, socialness, universal, freedom,
and unified., On the other hand, the affordable-expensive,
traditional-futuristic, quiet-noisy, and gloom-bright were still
debatable (see figure 2 and 4). Author represents the figure 2 in
English and 3 in Bahasa Indonesia so readers in Indonesia may
understand the adjective clearly as in questionnaires.

Figure 2. Attributes in english on Anak Panah (left) and Folkafe (right)

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Figure 3. Attributes in bahasa Indonesia on Peacockafe(left) and Jendela (right)

From above 11 similar feelings which represent students’ café
atmosphere, authors classified those into three elements of store
atmosphere, they are general interior, store layout, and interior
display [8] with exclusion of exterior element by considerations
(see table 1). The Bermans and Evans (1995) mentioned that the
general interior consists of physical elements such: flooring, walls,
ceilings, etc [15]; and physiological elements consists of scents,
sounds, service, cleanliness, etc. lastly, the store layout consists of
space configurations and flows. And the interior display
mentioned the decoration details to attract consumers [8,9].

No. Elements Atmospheric feelings

1. General interior Informal
Exclusive
Enjoyment
Leisure
2. Store layout Flexible
Socialness
Unified
Freedom
Universal
3. Interior display Funny
Modern

Table 1. The cafe elements and their attributes

GENERAL INTERIOR ANALYSIS using the darker colors but still in soft tone color scheme (see
The feelings of informal, exclusive, enjoyment, and leisure figure 4).
represent the student café’s general interiors element. The
The exclusive atmosphere was created by interior elements
flooring, wall, ceiling and furniture of the cafes representing the
theme. The four cafe’s colorings were applied through every part
informal looks is to support the leisure atmosphere to be more
of the cafes and become their own identities amongst the
enjoyable for students. Though some study and discussion
competitors. In some examples, the Jendela applied the wooden
activities were taken place at the site observations. The soft colors
coloring theme, The Peacock themed the in white and brown with
on the flooring, walls, ceiling and furniture like ivory, snowflakes,
complicated lamps. Meanwhile, the Folkafe used grey and white
blue sky, bright coatings brought the informal atmosphere among
scheme, and lastly, while Anak Panah used white and brown with
the customers. Some accents on the door and window frame are
simple detail in furniture.

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Figure 4. The general interiors of Jendela, Peacock, Folkafe and Anak Panah
The soft theme of general interiors meets the students demand
in this era [17]. The general design of interior theme are
independent (thus, the strategic focus on the specific theme can
attract the targeted customer). In addition, there is a great
relationship between interior design theme and customer loyalty.
However, it can be interrupted that the result of the independence
of café with general interior design theme cannot be fully
supported by analysis due to its questionable results [10].
However, Café ambiance is part of the, atmosphere which
consists not only the physical layout but also the total,
environment including the sensory of views, scents, sounds,
cleanliness, etc [2]. Lumination is an integral part of views. The
normal visual light used 200 lux so it makes easy reading, chatting,
or doing other indoor activities [11]. Below is the criteria may
burden the consumers. The result in average lighting during night
observations were Anak Panah (60 lux), Folkafe (200 lux),
Jendela (30 lux) and Peacockafe (220 lux). The variations of low
light (A and J) and proper light (F and P) emphasized the result of
gloom-bright atmosphere at attributes (see figure 2 and 3).
Furthermore, the sounds or noises were also being tested in
those four cafes. The average results came out as respectively as:
Anak Panah (75dB), Folkafe (70dB), Jendela (81dB) and
Peacockofe (85dB). However, the proper noises for the indoor
retail was 70dB [14] . The result of the variations of noisy and
silence at four cafes can be explained in this attributes. Since the
physic conditions of noise and light were subjective things for
consumer, they may coped with the problems to enjoy the café in
some limits [16].
STORE LAYOUTS ANALYSIS
Flexible, socialness, freedom, unified, and universal
atmosphere were detected on the cafe‘s layouts. From the café
layout on figure 5, 6, 7, 8, it can be observed that the atmosphere
they design can be felt by the costumers while enjoying the place.
Anak Panah showed Open Plan of total unified with no rigid wall
boundaries toward the table use (see figure 5). However, the
Peacock, Folkafe and Jendela brought separation between
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smoking and non smoking rooms. The universal-socialness and
flexible-freedom with unification were shown at the table-chair
configurations. The table chairs were removable and easy to be set
according to the social/group activities. The flexibility of (easy to
re-set) furniture was applied by four cafes. Furthermore the
consumer demands for grouping with same facilities can be
supported by these furniture’s flexibilities and semi-open plan.
The atmosphere was formed by physical setting and sensed by
emotional perception [17]. Student Café provides easy to be re-set
furniture as their effort on consumer demand in making their own
atmosphere.
Peacockafe and Jendela have more circulation which brings
the advantages in resetting the layout or adding more tables and
chairs in demands (see figure 7 and 8). On other side, Folkafe and
Anak Panah made the layout near to limit in furniture additions
(see figure 5 and 6). Both layouts made characters of study-
oriented café for Folkafe and Anak Panah, meanwhile, hangout
café is for Peacockafe and Jendela. Students needed no addition in
furniture during their study but demanded more furniture in
hangout activities. The images of café were derivated by their
building environments [18]. The images were considered to be
further theme in developing the café, so the costumers will be
satisfied and be more loyal to the café. The other classification of
atmosphere design is offering value that has extrinsic or intrinsic
meanings toward their customers. The extrinsic meanings play a
role as the facilitator of what a customer ultimately aimed to
achieve [20]. The considerations and its expressions of designed
cafes aimed for specific customers may offer specific feelings of
helping the same consumers while consuming the offerings.
Additionally, for someone who had a dream to visit an student
cafés in respectful university like Cambridge or MIT, the
consuming experience may increase the self-esteem and the
fulfilment of these individuals [10]. The local case will be student
from outer Semarang may dream to visit or study at student café
in the area near Universitas Diponegoro, so they will gain their
self esteem then improve their academic achievements in their
school.
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Figure 5. Anak Panah Plan

Figure 6. Folkafe plan

Figure 7. Peacokafe

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CISAK 2019

Figure 8. Jendela Plan

INTERIOR DISPLAY ANALYSIS
The funny and modern display in interior were noticed by the
customers. The catchy display may attract customers to come and
experienced the café as well as to see its modern look. In those
cafes, the atmosphere did not only relate to the physical layout but
also the detail of general environment including the visual sensory
[2]. For example, customers may appreciate the funny modern
chair in the Folkafe in terms of the demand for comfort, photo
spot, and reflecting their character (see figure 9) . However, the
chairs could rarely be attributed to the ultimate purpose of visiting
the café. It was still arguably the atmosphere of the café or the
products and services offered to the customer [20].
Given that well-designed services, including demand for
comfort, photo spot, character matching the offers to customers,
the perception toward a specific object or an element of service
provision raise various emotions [10]. The linked emotions and
café atmosphere may bring more costumers loyalty [20].
Modern looks can be listed as simple and easy to function the
space or furniture. It didn’t matter how recent style the cafe
displayed their looks, as long as they look simple, and work as
universal items, the products then can be considered as modern
ones.
By using caf as the case study, this research idea of
emphasizing the relationship between the customers’ impressions
and behavioral attentions towards the store display could give the
impact on the customers’ preferences and re-visiting the place [7].

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Figure 6. Funny looks of Folkafe display
CONCLUSION
This study may be summarized that variations of interior
design may bring the same atmosphere. The built atmospheres by
the cafes will meet the consumer demands in certain atmospheres.
Students don’t only take café as a place for study and hangout, but
also as place to consume baverages. The informal café theme,
flexible layout, and funny display are the main attributes of
students café which highly demanded for the atmosphere
buildings.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Chang, “The Impact Of Perceived Physical
Environments On Customers’ Satisfaction and Return
Intentions”, Journal of Professional Services Marketing,
21(2), 75-85, 2000.
[2] Siti Aisyah Muhammad, SungPil Lee. Designing a coffee
shop: did you consider the atmosphere?. Indian Journal of
Arts,2016, 6(17), pp 1-15
[3] K.. Ryu and S. Jang, “The Effect Of Environmental
Perceptions On Behavioral Intentions Through Emotions:
The Case Of Upscale Restaurants”, Journal of Hospitality
& Tourism Research, 31, 56-72, 2007
[4] M. K. Hui, L. Dube and J. Chebat, “The Impact of Music
on Consumer’s Reaction to Waiting for Services”, Journal
of Retailing, 73, 87-104, 1997.
[5] N. Raajpoot, “TANGSERV: A Multiple Item Scale For
Measuring Tangible Quality In Foodservice Industry”,
Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 5, 109-127,
2002.
[6] J. Chebat and R. Michon, “Impact Of Ambient Odors On
Mall Shoppers’ Emotions, Cognition, and Spending”,
Journal of Business Research, 56, 529-539, 2003.
[7] Aisyah Muhammad, Sungpleeb, Factors of Customer’s
128
Preference of Visiting Coffee Shop in South Korea,
International Journal of Sciences:Basic and Applied
Research (IJSBAR) (2015) Volume 24, No 7, pp 252-265
[8] Berman & Evans, (1995), Retail Management : A
Strategic Approach, 6th ed., New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
[9] P. Kotler, “Atmospherics a s a Marketing Tool”, Journal
of Retailing, 49:48-64, 1973.
[10] Ki Woong Nam, The Impact of Design for consumers in
the Food and Beverage Industry: Design Value and
Measurement, 2016, The University of Leeds, School of
Design
[11] Standarisasi Nasional Indonesia. 2002. SNI 03-6197-
2000. Konservasi Energi pada Sistem Pencahayaan.
Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional
[12] Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (Eds.). (2009).
Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating
quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and
behavioral sciences. Sage Publications Inc.
[13] Bangun IR Harsritanto1, Urban Environment
Development based on Universal Design Principles, E3S
Web of Conferences 31, 09010 (2018)
[14] Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup. 1996.
Baku Tingkat Kebisingan. No. 48
[15] Neufert, Ernst. 2003. Data Arsitek Jilid 2. Jakarta:
Erlangga
[16] Slameto. 2010. Belajar dan Faktor-faktor yang
Mempengaruhinya. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta
[17] Wright, Angela. 2008. Psychological Properties of
Colours. (online) Available at: Colour Affects:
http://www.colour-affects.co.uk/the-colour-affects-
system. Diakses 24 Oktober 2018
[18] Zumthor, Peter. 2006. Atmospheres. Berlin : Birkhäuser
Verlag AG
[19] Baker, J, Grewel, D., & Parasuraman, A,1994, The
Influence of Store Environment on Quality Inferences and
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Store Image. Journal of the Academy of Marketing

Science, 22, 328-329.
[20] Holbrook, M.B.,1999. Consumer value: A framework for
analysis and research. Routledge.

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CISAK 2019

A Product of Industry Revolution 4.0 : Change.org as a

New Social Movement
Anjumuzzuhriyyah1, Raisa Akmalie2, Safara Akmaliah2
1
Department of Sociology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60285, Indonesia
2
Department of Politics, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60285, Indonesia
1anjumuzz11@gmail.com
2akmalieraisa@gmail.com
2safarakmaliah@gmail.com

Abstract. This research analyzed a product of Industry Revolution 4.0, change.org, as a basis of New Social Movement (NSM).
Change.org is a well-known site in Indonesia that enable its users to make an online-based petition. It was established in 2012, and
increasingly growing ever since. It was proved by the event that happened this early year when a controversially viral case, rejection
of Draft Laws on Music Regulation, was signed through change.org. However, the New Social Movement through this online petition
is not always been approved by the government even if the cases get signed by a huge amount of masses or supporters. That may be
the effect of change.org which does not have legal protection. However, some cases that have been brought up in this online petition
won the government’s heart and was approved to be processed. Therefore, this research focuses on how effective change.org is as an
online-based New Social Movement. This research uses a literature study to analyze the cases. The results of this research show that
some cases such as: (1) a demand to free the witness of forest burning; and (2) a cancellation to deliver whale sharks from Berau
Regency to Ancol were approved by the government to be processed. These two cases make change.org as an effective medium in the
New Social Movement, specifically in the context of the audiences who take part on it.

Keywords: change.org, new social movement, industrial revolution, online petition

A. INTRODUCTION aims and goals to decide whether to sign or not. By this, we can
assume that the new social movement brought by change.org as a
product of industrial revolution 4.0 connects people in certain
Industrial Revolution 4.0 started to get recognized when the
issues. The unique thing that can be seen in this kind of movement
technology were still in development. The industrial revolution
was not only limited by the exact certain of collective goals, but it
presented in this paper is linked with the use of technology that
also contains so many preferences of individuals’ goals that make
enables people to meet and have various perspectives on some
them participate in signing the petition individually, but in a
issues. This revolution can also lead to create a virtual based group
collective way.
without having an obligation to meet in real life. In this context,
There were so many cases that had been shared with
Industrial Revolution 4.0 enables the internet to be used as the
change.org Moreover, many cases that have been shared were
main tool, and even to have a great potential for people to develop
signed by many participants, and they affected the government’s
themselves economically, socially, and politically.
decision to take further action regarding the matters. Two of the
The development in the industrial revolution 4.0 could not be
cases that left an impact to public opinion and the government’s
denied as a way of changing people’s life. Industrial revolution
decision are: (1) Bambang Hero’s forest burning case ; and (2)
4.0 can be distinguished as digitalization of all life aspects, from
Berau whale shark case. This paper will describe two cases that
little things regarding an individual’s interests, such as the needs
use change.org as their platform of social movement based on
to shop and do grocery online, to an activity consisting of
literature study.
collective behavior that can affect the government’s policies.
These activities can be done digitally. With the existence of online
petition such as change.org, the industrial revolution in the context
of social science field can create a new system, specifically in
Indonesia.
Through change.org, people have a right and access to speak
out about some issues with the help of scientific rationality and the
support to act on behalf of justice. It can be argued that this
phenomenon can be classified as a new social movement (NSM).
The participants who sign in this platform have their own personal

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B. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT: CHANGE.ORG
AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS
A social movement used to be understood as an activity that
involves collective wills of the members who participate in a
certain movement. The collective wills of the participants form
a collective identity that unites all the participant into a unison.
The intended purpose of people do a movement is to change a
certain system. Therefore, the social movement itself is fulled
by goals and aims to be achieved. However, this understanding
has shifted as a new variant of social movement was introduced
as a New Social Movement (NSM).
A new social movement has certain elements that
distinguish it from the old social movement. These elements
are: (1) identity; (2) tactics; (3) structure; and (4) participant.
Identity in new social movement emphasizes the role of an
individual’s identity to shape the individual’s urgency to
participate in the movement (Pichardo 1997, 414). Tactics
reflect the ideology of the movement. Basically, a new social
movement has a strategic orientation which doesn’t not
emphasize the movement itself as an institutionalized
movement. In other words, a new social movement has a
strategy to move on its own way and tend to be out of the
political circle. However, this does not mean new social
movement rejects institutionalization and politics (Pichardo
1997, 415). Structure of a new social movement tends to be
fluid and dynamics (Pichardo 1997, 416). Participant in a new
social movement is an individual who chooses to contribute to
the movement because of certain issues (Pichardo 1997, 416-
417).
Based on the explanation above, a social movement has
been developing ever since the first time it was understood as
an activity based on the collective identity and common goals
to activity that emphasizes the role of personal identity and
encourages issues that involve the development of life’s quality.
Generally, the movement, whether it is a new social movement
or old social movement, they require to have goals or purposes
to be achieved even though the elements shaping these
movements have shifted.
In this industry 4.0 era, a social movement started to
develop from the movement that has to be done in a road by a
march to the activity that can also be done by the help of
technology and information. Internet is an important instrument
to make social movement in this industry 4.0 era can be done.
A social movement that held with the help of internet is mainly
known as E-movement (Gangopadhyay 2015, 8). The example
of internet based-social movement can be seen in a media
platform of an online petition such as change.org as an
instrument to create, share, or make a move about certain issues.
Basically, E-movement is a new social movement’s form with
a different method and media. Change.org is one of the online
petitions that exists so far, and it works based on certain issues
that have an urgency to catch the policy’s stakeholder attention.
This intention to catch the attention of stakeholder is what
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makes change.org effective. In this sense, effectiveness, as
defined by Lon Roberts, it is how well the process can obtain its
planned purpose. To make it simple, effectiveness can be
defined as doing the right things (Reference for Business 2019).
In other words, issues that were brought up to change.org have
a big chance to grab stakeholder’s attention in the process of
decision making. If the case successfully grab the attention of
policy stakeholder, change.org can be said as an effective
movement to make a change of certain issues.
C. THE CASES OF BAMBANG HERO’S
FOREST BURNING AND BERAU WHALE
SHARK
1. Bambang Hero’s Case of Forest Burning
The two cases this study will explain are the cases that
used change.org as a media to solve the main issues of the
problem. In the first case of forest burning, there is Bambang
Hero Saharjo, as a forestry expert from Bogor Institute of
Agriculture (IPB) that was sued by PT Jatim Jaya Perkasa (JJP).
The problem was actually started when Bambang Hero sued JJP
due to the large scale evidence of forest burning in Sumatra
caused by the negligence of the company. Before that, PT Jatim
Jaya Perkasa was also sued by another environmental expert,
Basuki Wasis before Bambang Hero did it. The evidence from
both experts were also justified by the data and the
environmental damages that went with them. In the case of
Bambang Hero’s, who had already testified so many forest
burning cases was sued back by JJP because the lawsuit that
Bambang Hero issued was using IPB and ministry of
environment and forestry logo, so it was claimed to be a
misleading lawsuit by JJP (Jong 2018). The company sought for
510 billion rupiah by the damages that was claimed to be caused
by Bambang Hero.
This issue was brought up to change.org to be signed as a
petition. Its the goal was to free Bambang Hero from the charge
that was issued by JJP. This petition got public attention, and
earned signs by participants who have their urgencies to sign
the petition. Mostly, the participant who came to sign the
petition concerned more to the future of Indonesia’s
environment, especially in Sumatra island. They were afraid if
the forestry expert was sued, and the worst scenario was to put
him in prison. The other concern that urged the participant to
sign the petition was the issues that have been sued by JJP to
Bambang Hero did not have correlation compared to the
damages that JJP created. There was also a minor factor for
participants to sign the petition based on the closeness of their
relationship with Bambang Hero, such as being the same alumni
in the same school back then. By seeing those differentiating
factors, it can be considered as a social movement, specifically
a new social movement. Besides that, the structure of this
movement was rather fluid. In this sense, people regardless of
their origins were able to sign the petition as long as they had
 CISAK 2019
their own reasons to sign it. Also, this case also earned a
sympathy from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. This
case also earned the support from many stakeholders such as
WALHI and Ministry of Environment and Forestry. These
stakeholders, advocated this case to the government in order to
make this case cleared. They advocated this type of case to be
processed into a regulation especially presidential regulation.
However, the least things they could do at that time was
advocating the matters into ministerial regulation as the first
step (Jong 2018) to reach the intended purposes, which is to free
Bambang Hero from the charge and to protect all citizen that
have a similar testimony about environmental violation.
The urgency that united these stakeholders in advocating
this these matters is to regain justice. In this case, Bambang
Hero who had JJP’s evidences of forest burning in Sumatra was
legally maltreated due to suing the reversal by JJP. With the
help of online petition like change.org, it could gather people to
sign the petition, and this could be considered as a movement to
free Bambang Hero from injustice charge. The participants that
join in signing the petition were coming from all ranges of ages,
identity, and origin. They were all united because this online
petition goes viral. This viral indicated that the structure of this
movement was rather fluid. Bringing the issues to be signed by
the help of change.org was also considered as a strategy to gain
the attention of the government in order to get the petition to be
processed thoroughly. In the end, this case gained support from
WALHI, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and
environmental activists to advocate this case and the similar
cases like Bambang Hero. These supports is to protect the
individuals and experts that care about environmental
violations. By the end of this case, Bambang Hero was freed
from the charge that was intolerantly made by JJP. He earned
more than 52.000 signatures per October 2018 (Jong 2018).
2. The Case of Whale Sharks from Berau Regency
Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in Berau Regency, East
Kalimantan, was planned to be moved to Ancol by the local
Government and PT Pembangunan Jaya Ancol which had
already signed the memorandum of understanding (MoU)
(Ambari 2018). This act gained the attention from nautical and
environmental activists as they assumed the transference of
D. CONCLUSION
Change.org, as an industrial revolution 4.0 product
manages to connect people from all ranges of age, area, and
identity into one place with the consciousness of a certain issue.
The way this media platform connects and gathers people with
different identities and motivations is what makes it considered
as a new social movement. The two cases above have four
elements of the new social movement that made them classified
into one. This platform has an intended purposes to reach goal
for certain issues of problems that want to be solved. The way
these two cases reach more than the minimum target of the
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Berau’s whale shark to Ancol can make the species live in
danger and risk. This matter also gained public attention, and
since then, it was brought up to change.org to gather people to
sign the petition to in stopping the transference of Berau’s whale
shark to Ancol. By the end of the case, the petition earned more
than 83.237 signatures exceeding the minimum target of 75.000
signatures (Ambari 2018).
The most important factor that motivated people to
participate in signing the petition was the matter of whale shark
life. A whale shark is a species which migrate routinely in an
open ocean (Ambari 2018). If whale the sharks were transferred
to Ancol, and put them in a gigantic aquarium; it could decrease
their health quality. Beside, it could also lead to the high risk
reproduction of the whale shark itself. This species already has
a low rate of reproduction., Moreover, if the species got stressed
during the transference, it could also lead to a failure
reproduction. Another reason that urges people to sign the
petition was the matter of tourism in Berau regency itself. If the
whale sharks were successfully transferred, the tourism would
not work maximally.
Like the previous cases, the ways change.org as a platform
gather people from different range of age, identity, and area
could be considered as a new social movement. The factors that
motivated people to sign the petition of Berau’s whale shark
case were a reflection of their identity that has been brought up
to their consciousness in order to choose whether they should
sign the petition or not. The structure of the movement was also
fluid like the previous case. This movement came from the of
internet to make the issues and the petitions went viral to reach
the wide targets. The way nautical and environment activists
brought the issue to change.org was also a strategy to gain the
attention of policymakers so that the transference of the whale
shark from Berau regency to Ancol got rejected or canceled. It
surely got the attention not only from public, but also from the
government.. Finally, the plan of whale shark’s transference
was still in a mere of consideration.
signatures could make them classified as an effective
movement. Even though there is still no final decision for
Berau’s whale shark the case at least was already brought up to
the discussion between local government, both executive and
legislative roles. Besides, these two cases made people realized
how important environment and other living creatures are. This
leaded environmental activists put a lot of effort to advocate the
matters. These two cases also made people realized how big the
role of the internet is to connect people and gather people
regardless their background and their motivations to participate
in signing the petition as a part of social movement.
 CISAK 2019
E. REFERENCES
[1]Ambari, M. Hiu Paus Akan Masuk Akuarium Raksasa di
Ancol? 2 April 2018.
https://www.mongabay.co.id/2018/04/02/hiu-paus-akan-
masuk-akuarium-raksasa-di-ancol/ (diakses March 21, 2019).
[2]Gangopadhyay, Saswati. “Digital Media and Social
Movements.” Communication Today, 2015: 7-15.
[3]Jong, Hans Nicholas. Second Environmental Expert Sued Over
Testimony Against Palm Oil Firm. 11 October 2018.
133
https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/second-environmental-
expert-sued-over-testimony-against-palm-oil-firm/ (diakses
March 20, 2019).
[4]Pichardo, Nelson A. "New Social Movements: A Critical
Review ." Annual Review of Sociology, 1997: 411-430.
[5]Reference for Business. Effectiveness and Efficiency. 2019.
https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/De-
Ele/Effectiveness-and-Efficiency.html (diakses March 18,
2019).
CISAK 2019

The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems on

Earning Management Activities (Case Study of Indonesian
Companies)
Alfi Jauharo1*, Nur Alif2, Tryana R3, Rafi Riyanto4

1
Faculty of Economic and Business, Airlangga University,
2.3,4
Faculty of Social and Political Science, Airlangga University,

corresponding author : 1* alfi.jauharo-2015@feb.unair.ac.id, phone: +62857-4807-6740

Abstract. This study aims to investigate the impact of Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system toward earning
management activities. We use the absolute value of total discretionary accruals as a proxy for earning management. In this study, ERP
implementation is treated as a dummy variable, which is set as 1 for companies that implement ERP, and 0 for companies that do not
implement ERP. The population of this study is all of the companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample used in this
study is 170 public listed companies that have implemented ERP system in 2015-2017. This research provides evidence that ERP
implementation has negatively affected the earning management activities by companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange.

Keywords: ERP, earning management activities, enterprise resource planning

A. INTRODUCTION explain that earnings management is an intervention carried out

The Indonesian government, as a regulator of the economy,
has been intensively trying to accelerate the implementation of 4.0
industrial revolution. The era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 is a
milestone in of change in every line of life, especially in the
business aspects that require every company to innovate in the
field of technology. The industrial revolution made every
company compete to renew mechanism based on 4.0 technology.
One of the systems that reflect the application of Industrial
Revolution 4.0 is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system has a massive impact
on companies and widely used in the 4.0 era.
In a business world, the industrial revolution requires almost
every kind of job to use computer-based systems (digitalization).
Before that, it was implemented inefficiently due to management
information systems that cannot communicate freely, as a result of
vertical communication. This efficiency causes some difficulties
for the systems to work with interrelated systems. As a result, the
system cannot guarantee the changes of data in a system will be
updated on another system at the same time. The existence of this
ERP system can overcome those problem by connecting all
systems from various functional units with general data-based.
The implementation of this ERP system brings substantive
changes in a company, especially in the field of accounting
information. The ERP system provides benefits to financial
reporting easily and quickly when company needs it. The ERP
systems make financial data to be stored, centralized, and updated
quickly and ultimately which will increase the effectiveness and
efficiency of company performance. Finally, financial
information doesn’t the users of financial statements.
One of the trends in accounting practices that lead to bias in
accounting information, and is still debatable is the practice of
earnings management. Dechow, Sloand and Sweeney (1995)
by parties who have certain interests and intentions on external
reporting to obtain some personal benefit [1]. Thus, earnings
management can create some errors in making decisions. One of
the ways to find out the existence of earnings management
procedures is to measure the number of discretionary accruals.
The existence of an ERP system should have a positive impact on
the limited practice of earnings management. The integration of
financial information makes accounting information more
transparent, visible, and unbiased at all levels in the organization,
and it eventually affects the quality of financial statements. The
ERP system that is implemented in the company is expected to be
able to limit earnings management practices that causes
accounting information to be unreliable.
According to O’Leary (2000), ERP is a powerful software
package that allows companies to integrate various separate
functions [2]. According to Hall (2015), ERP is an information
system model that enables companies to automate and integrate
various key business processes [3]. According to Monk and
Wagner (2013), ERP programs are core software that companies
use to coordinate information in each business area [4]. ERP
programs help to manage a company's business processes widely
using one database and one management reporting system.
Earnings management is a management choice for accounting
policies (accruals), or real activities, which affects profits to
achieve certain goals for reported profits (Scott, 2009) [5]. The
company's profit becomes one of the company's performance
indicators. So many cases of management try to manipulate profits
because investors want to invest with companies that have good
profit assessment. If the company has a relatively high profit,
investors will tend to provide incentives to management for their
performance that is able to run the company well. The earnings
management action is supported by several opportunities owned

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by the management. First, management has more information
about the company than the company owner. Second, accounting
standards provide freedom for companies to choose several
accounting policies to enable management to use or change
methods so that their goals are achieved.
Based on the research conducted by Morris and Laksmana,
(2010) they stated that the relationship between ERP and earnings
management in 143 companies that had implemented ERP in 1994
to 2003, showed that ERP significantly reduced the value of all
discretionary accruals, while companies that had not implemented
ERP systems showed a decrease in discretionary accruals [6].
Using regression analysis, controlling other variables that can
influence discretionary accruals, Morris and Laksmana confirmed
that ERP firms show a significant decrease in absolute value of
discretionary accruals and total working capital discretionary
accruals after the implementation related to non-ERP companies.
Conversely, Moris and Laksmana did not find a significant
difference before and after implementation of between the
absolute value of long-term discretionary accruals, both for ERP
or non-ERP companies. Overall, the results obtained by Morris
and Laksmana following the existing hypothesis that ERP systems
reduce earnings, management and reduction were mainly driven
by short-term discretionary accruals. It generally controlled lower
management levels in decentralized organizations. Morris and
Laksmana's results also showed that ERP systems did not seem to
ERP systems
(X1)
C. RESEARCH DESIGN
This study measures the level of earning management activity
using discretionary accruals. Discretionary accrual for the year is
residual value of equation (1). Absolute discretionary accruals
(ABSDAC) is a proxy of Earning management activity.
This study also uses the absolute value of total discretionary
accruals as a proxy for earning management by the modified Jones
(1991) model [8]. The model uses the following STATA
regression to estimate total accruals.
1 (ΔRev𝑖.𝑗.𝑡 −ΔAR𝑖.𝑗.𝑡 ) 𝑃𝑃𝐸𝑖.𝑗.𝑡
TACi.j.t= α1jt ( ) + α2jt + α3jt
𝑇𝐴𝑖.𝑗.𝑡−1 TA𝑖.𝑗.𝑡−1 𝑇𝐴𝑖.𝑗.𝑡−1
(1)
Where:
TACi.j.t = total accruals scaled by total assets for sample firm i
in industry j at period t;
𝑇𝐴𝑖.𝑗.𝑡−1 = lagged total assets for sample firm i in industry j at
period t – 1;
affect the level of earnings management activity at the top level of
management.
While based on the research by Brazel and Dang (2008) stated
that companies which decide to implement an ERP system had a
positive effect on earnings management and expenditure dates [7].
Brazel and Dang's results showed that, once ERP was adapted, the
level of earnings management increased. In particular, the
absolute value of discretionary accruals in financial statements
increased significantly after the system was installed. The study
also found a positive relationship between the number of modules
implemented and revenue management. In connection with the
management of earnings release dates, ERP systems appear to
help companies reduce late report (e.g. previous earnings release
dates) when researchers spread the good news to the market.
Therefore, this study aims to examine whether the impact of
before and after the implementation of an ERP system is
significant towards earnings management activities within the
company.
B. METHOD
In this study, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems
implementation is treated as a dummy variable and independent
variable. ERP announcements are found on Annual Report. This
variable is stated to 1 for a company which implements ERP
system, and 0 for a company which does not implement ERP
system. Earning management activities as dependent variable.
H1
Earning
Management
Figure 1
(Y1)
ΔRev𝑖.𝑗.𝑡 = change in net revenues for sample firm i in industry j
at period t;
ΔAR 𝑖.𝑗.𝑡 = change in net receivables for sample firm i in industry
j at period t; and
𝑃𝑃𝐸𝑖.𝑗.𝑡 = gross property plant and equipment for sample firm i
in industry j at period t.
The sampling method is purposive sampling, using a sample
of publicly listed companies in the Indonesia Stock Exchange for
+ 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑡
the 170 companies with fiscal year of 2015 to 2017. Meanwhile,
the samples in this study are companies that fulfill criteria such as
having complete financial data. Data sources used in this study are
the Indonesia Capital Market database and companies website.
This study uses 170 firms from manufacturing industry
implementing ERP systems in the perod of 2015-2017. Table 1
provides a summary of the selection process for the ERP adopters.
The population of this study is all of the companies listed in the
Indonesia Stock Exchange.
This study investigates whether ERP system negatively
affects Earning Management (decrease in absolute value o
discretionary accruals).
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CISAK 2019

H1: Implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP)

systems will reduce earning management activities, as measured
by discretionary accruals

TABLE 1 Data Selection and Sample Size

Selection Procedure
Firm Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015 – 2017 599
Less:
Firms without incomplete data 65
Firms in non-manufacturing industry 364
Final Sample 170

D. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
Based on the sampling process described on Table 1, this
study used 170 firms as samples to be included in this research.
The samples consisted of 50 ERP-adopted and 120 non-ERP-
adopted firms in 2017, and 47 ERP-adopted 123 non ERP adopted
firm in 2016. The total observation was 170 firms. By comparison,
both the ERP-adopted Firms and non-ERP-adopted firms selected
in this study came from a similar sector. The data sample is
presented in Table 1 .
Table 2. presents the descriptive statistics (Mean, Minimum,
and Maximum values) of the absolute value of discretionary
accrual (ABSDAC) for the three-year period of time. It can be
seen that the mean of ABSDAC is 0,068. The range between
maximum (0,542) and minimum value (0,000) is 0,542. Since this
variable is an inverse measure of predictive value of ERP, hence,
the smaller the value, the bigger value of Earning Management.
ERP has a mean value of 0,292. The range between maximum
(1,000) and minimum value (0,000) is 1,000.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistic for Absolute Value of Discretionary Accruals

ERP ABSDAC
Mean 0.292 0.068
Q1 0.000 0.020
Q2 0.000 0.047
Q3 1.000 0.085
Minimum 0.000 0.000
Maximum 1.000 0.542

assumptions of the regression model were tested before the

Variable Definitions: regression statistics analysis was conducted. Table 3 provides
Pearson correlation matrix of the variables used in the models. The
ABSDAC = absolute value of discretionary total accruals assessment shows that the data were normally distributed and
ERP = Enterprise Resourch Planning there were no problems with multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity,
In order to test the hypotheses, this study used regression and autocorrelation in the data. The regression analysis results and
statistics analysis with software STATA. The traditional reliability quality testing is also presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Correlation Matrix and Descriptive Statistics (Pearson)

ERP ABSDAC
ERP 1.000

ABSDAC -0.201*** 1.000

(0.000)

p -values in parentheses
*
p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Based on our hypotheses, the sign is predicted to be negative,
indicating that the firm implementing ERP should expect to see a
Variable Definitions: reduction in the value of ABSDAC.
ABSDAC = absolute value of disvretionary total accruals Table 4 presents results of the ABSDAC regression.
ERP = enterprise resourch planning Regression results shows that determination coefficient (Adj. R2)

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CISAK 2019
is 0,042 or 4,2 percent. This number shows that independent
variables is only able to explain 4,2 percent effect of independent
variables on dependent variable. Table 4 shows a significant (p =
0.032) and negative coefficient for ERP. Since ABSDAC is an
inverse measure of earning management activities, this result
indicates that earning management activities decrease in the firms
that implement ERP systems. Therefore, this result supports H1 of
Table 4 Earning Management Regression Results
Prediction
Direction
ERP
_cons
r2
N 321
t statistics in parentheses
*
p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01
Variable Definitions:
ABSDAC = absolute value of discretionary total accruals
This study presents evidence of negative impact of ERP
implementation on the earning management activities for
companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in the
absolute values of total discretionary accruals. Meanwhile, non
ERP firms do not experience such a decrease. Morris
(forthcoming) found that firms implementing ERP systems were
likely to report internal control weakness, a related measure of
earning quality than matching control firms when complying with
Sarbanes-Oxley’s (SOX) Section 404 reporting requirements.
These mixed results suggest a need to further examine these
issues, especially the relationship between ERP and earnings
management.
E. CONCLUSION
This study examines the relationship between ERP systems
and earning management for a sample of 170 firms that
implemented ERP system from 2015 to 2017. We use
discretionary accruals to measure the level of earning management
activities.
This research provides evidence that ERP implementation has
negatively affect the earning management activities by companies
listed in on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in the absolute values
of discretionary total accruals, while non ERP firms do not
experience such a decrease. These results instead show that the
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System decreases for
companies which implement ERP. Using regression analysis, this
study is consistent with our predictions that ERP system reduces
earning management activities. These results support H1 which
states that Implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP)
system will reduce earning management activities. These result
are consistent with Morris (2010), whom also found a decrease in
this research. The finding of this study is consistent with prior
research by Morris (2010) whom found that ERP implementation
reduced management earning activities.
The results show that the interaction term is negative and
statically significant in the ABSDAC regression (at level of
significant) showed by p value is less than 0,1 (p value = -0,032).
(3)
ABSDAC
- -0.032***
(-3.55)
0.080***
(10.64)
0.042
total discretionary accruals for a sample of firms that implemented
ERP systems [6. Therefore, it can be concluded that as a whole,
ERP implementation negatively affects earning management
activities.
F. REFERENCES
[1] Dechow, P., R. Sloan, and A. Sweeney. 1995. Detecting
earnings management. The Accounting Review 70: 193–
225.
[2] O’Leary, D. (2000). Enterprise Resource Planning
Systems : Systems, Life Cycle, Electronic Commerce and
Risk. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University
of Cambridge.
[3] Hall, J. (2015). Accounting Information Systems 9th.
Boston: Course Technology Cengage Learning.
[4] Monk, E., & Wagner, B. (2013). Concepts in Enterprise
Resource Planning. Boston: Course Technology Cengage
Learning.
[5] Scott, William R, 2009. Financial Accounting Theory.
Fifth Edition. Canada: Prentice Hall.
[6] Morris, J John and Indrarini Laksmana. (2010).Measuring
the Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Systems on Earnings Management. Journal of Emerging
Technologies in Accounting. Vol 7. Pp 47-71. DOI:
10.238/jeta.2010.7..1.47.
[7] Brazel, F Joseph and Li Dang.The Effect of ERP System
Implementations on the Management of Earnings and
Earnings Release Dates. Journal of Information Systems.
Vol 22, No 2. PP 1-21.
[8] Jones. J, "Earning Management During Import Relief
Investigations," Jurnalof Accounting Research, vol. 29,
pp. 193-228, 1991.
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CISAK 2019

Farmer’s Technology Bank as Inclusive Places Using

Technology
Dian Agustin1, Aditya Putra Pratama Santosa2, Fitra Riyanto3, and Mohammad Fakhrul Ardiansyah4

1
Indonesian Literature, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
2, 3, 4
Historical Science, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1dianaugust5@gmail.com

2aditya.santosa78@gmail.com

3fitra18riyanto@gmail.com

4ardiansyah.mfa10@gmail.com

Abstract. In realizing Making Indonesia 4.0, the Indonesia government targets technology investments to boost agricultural sector
productivity in the Era of Fourth Industrial Revolution. This investment targets farmers to apply technology to increase the upstream of
agricultural sector productivity. Basically, the use of technology must be inclusive, including the use for farmers. Therefore, this
innovation should consider farmer’s needs and capacities in adopting technology to farmers as a subject, so that they can access
technology optimally. When limited access to technology is not handled properly, it will lead to bias that will make the farmers stay
away from technology. This paper aims to answer the farmer’s problems in using technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution through
our concept of Farmer’s Technology Bank. This technology bank can help farmers use technology to solve their problems while
increasing their ability to farm. This study uses observational and literary study method to collect data or information in accordance
with the topic. Furthermore, the collected data were selected to obtain relevant data to be discussed. The purpose of this paper is to offer
the solution to farmers in order to contribute related ideas to create inclusivity using technology in Indonesia.

Keywords: farmers, inclusive technology, technology bank

A. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture in Indonesia is still relatively low in terms of
innovation and technology. This lack has resulted in low
agricultural productivity in Indonesia. According to the MIT G
Lab (Global Entrepreneurship Program), low productivity is
caused by low education, lack of skills, lack of access to
information, and lack of application of agricultural technology.
Therefore, increasing upstream productivity in the agricultural
sector is one of the priorities of the Indonesian government in
facing the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This effort is in line with
the roadmap of Making Indonesia 4.0 which targets technology
investments to support this. Technology investment in agriculture
will certainly boost agricultural productivity when it is applied
optimally by farmers. However, the problem of agricultural
technology is the low adoption of technology by farmers. The low
adoption is not due to the low relevance of technology developed
with farmer's needs or problems, but rather due to low farmer's
adoption capacity for technology [1].
Based on several studies related to innovation, the absorption
of innovation is influenced by several socio-economic
characteristics of prospective users. Rogers and Shoemaker (1971)
had examined the characteristics of adopters that allowed
diffusion. They identified that innovation for socio-economic
status, personality variables, and communication behavior
determined the adoption of innovation process [2]. Another study
that reviewed adoption of technology was research by Burkhardt
and Brass (1990), they stated that even age was strongly related to
the ability to adopt innovation [3]. This shows that village farmers
as adopters of technology have limited technology adoption
capacity, and also have limited experience especially in terms of
device operation and ownership.
According to Rudiantara, Minister of Communication and
Information of the Republic of Indonesia, the use of cellular
technology can solve the problems of farmers. In addition, based
on a study conducted in 26 countries outside Europe by a
consulting company stated that cellular technology could increase
farmer income by as much as 11% [4]. William Kennard, Chair of
the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) said that if
everyone does not have an access to technology, they will be left
behind in the dark ages. It is time to bring the technology to
farmers. It can be started by providing a centralized technology
bank for them to use technology following their adoption capacity
and farming needs. So, even without ownership of the device,
farmers can still reach out the technology to increase agricultural
productivity and their prosperity. The adoption of technology to
farmers will prevent farmers from becoming more outdated, and
it also cuts the gap in wealth distribution in Indonesia.
B. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND
1. Adoption of Innovation
Adoption of innovation is a mental process or change in good
behavior in the form of cognitive, affective, or psychomotor in a
person since everyone knew innovation until they decided to adopt
it after receiving innovation [2]. The adoption process goes

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through several stages, namely: awareness, interest, evaluation,
trial, adoption, and confirmation [7]
Figure 1: Adoption of Innovation Process
2. Inclusive Technology
Pitula and Radhakrishnan (2007) define inclusive technology
as a technology which overcomes the conditions in order to
increase the available opportunities [5]. Inclusiveness eliminates
the impression that technology is a rare item because anyone can
reach it. Besides, it can be a stimulus for innovation to develop
faster and more innovative. According to George Hotz, the way
more people involved in open source or free access, it makes
technological development faster [6]. With equity and easy access
to technology, people can feel the benefit of the technology,
including village farmers. Inclusive technology should also be
able to penetrate various regions.
3. Technology Bank
The authors define the technology bank as an area, activity
center, learning center, and interest center that aims to educate
people so that they are aware of the use of technology, both
theoretically and practically, and use technology into their daily
activities.
The Farmer's Technology Bank is a place for activity, learning,
and interest in the use of technology which is expected to make it
easier for farmers to use technology to increase their productivity.
The availability of access and knowledge also supports the
concept of inclusive technology that reaches various groups
including farmers.
C. METHOD
The method to discern literature reviews and condition
analysis in this study was collected by research articles and other
literatures. These sources were obtained from both electronic and
conventional searches. The collected data was selected to obtain
relevant data to be discussed.
D. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
Innovations developed by the wider community will have a
major impact in realizing national agricultural development. This
could be realized when national innovations such as technology
investments from upstream to downstream went well [1]. To knit
the transition between the procurement of innovations (generating
subsystem) with the delivery of innovations (delivery subsystems)
and the acceptance of national innovations (receiving subsystems),
the authors need to provide farmer's technology banks in each
village so that farmers can access it.. The farmer’s technology
139
bank is a method of delivering social service innovations to
farmers under the auspices of the village government. The central
function of this technology is the process of increasing and
adopting made by Agricultural Research and Development to
farmers. In addition, this technology bank will cut the distance
between Agricultural Research and Development and farmers
because they are connected through network. The technology
bank will provide extension equipment and volunteers to help
them use technology such as the internet and also the agricultural
applications.
1. Important Requirements
Here are the criteria of ideal village for implementing farmer’s
technology bank:
a. The majority of villagers work as farmers;
b. The location of the village is close to the agricultural land;
c. The village has a farmer group (kelompok tani);
d. The villages is connected to the internet
The farmer's technology bank will connect farmers in through
the network and support them to use the internet. Therefore, every
village needs to procure at least 1 unit of Personal Computer (PC)
and 1 unit of smartphone to access agricultural applications. It will
greatly facilitate farmers to access information about agriculture,
monitor the prices, and sell their farm products directly.
Procurement of this device can be budgeted in the village fund
plan with the approval of the village government. There is no
owner of these devices, and they will be placed centrally in each
village like in a hall. By this, farmer technology banks can also
take advantage of that public place. The youth, especially village
youth who understand in using technology well, will assist farmers
to use technology at the farmer’s technology bank because they
understand the farmer’s characters in their villages. This will also
involve academics and practitioners to answer all problems
regarding agriculture. The villages that aren’t reached by
telecommunications networks yet can use Pusat Layanan Internet
Kecamatan (PLIK), BP3TI, or Mobile Pusat Layanan Internet
Kecamatan (MPLIK).
CISAK 2019
Figure 2: Design of Farmer’s Technology Bank
Figure 3: Agricultural Apps on Play Store
F. Implementation
A factors that influences the acceleration of adoption and the
diffusion of innovations is whether or not to use innovation
counseling methods [1]. This process is important to go through
several stages in adoption of innovation, such as: influencing
awareness, attracting interest, and estimating farmers to try an
innovation. Farmers need to realize the great benefits that
technology brings when applied to the agricultural sector.
Therefore, farmers need to observe the ease of accessing the
internet and using agricultural applications with devices at the
farmer's technology bank. Here is the role of the village
government as a counseling facilitator for farmer groups. These
conveniences will boost farmers to try using technology. The
indicator of the success is determined by how many farmers
decide to adopt innovation because this also marks the usefulness
of these innovations for the lives of farmers.
E. CONCLUSION
From the variety of views regarding the concept of
empowerment, it can be concluded that the adoption of the
technology by farmers will boost the productivity of agricultural
sector as targeted by the Indonesian government. Technology
investment in agriculture will be optimal if the farmer's adoption
140
capacity is also increased. The intervention that needs to do is by
providing farmer's technology banks within reach of farmers to
cut the distance between agricultural innovation and the farmers
themselves. In addition, for reasons of justice, farmers have the
right to feel the ease of using technology in their daily lives. The
ability to use technology to solve agricultural problems will
increase the productivity of agricultural sector while at the same
time, it will improve the prosperity of our farmers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank to Indonesian Department and Historical
Science Department Faculty of Humanities Universitas Airlangga
especially for Shinta Devi Ika Santhi Rahayu, S.S., M.A as our
guidance lecturer who always support and give guidance during
the process of preparation of this manuscript. So that, it can be
solved well.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Musyafak and T. M. Ibrahim, “Strategi Percepatan Adopsi dan Difusi
Inovasi Pertanian Mendukung Prima Tani,” Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian,
vol. 3, pp. 20-37, 2005.
[2] Rogers, E. M. and E. F. Shoemaker, Communication of Innovations: A
Cultural Approach. New York, The Free Pass, 1971.
[3] Burkhardt, M. E. and D. J. Bass, “Changing Patterns or Patterns of Change:
The Effect of A Change in Technology on Social Networks.” Administrative
Science Quarterly. (35): 104-128, 1990.
[4] (2016) Rezkiana N. “Menkominfo Ingin Petani Melek Teknologi Berbasis
Aplikasi.” [Online]. Available at: http://infobanknews.com/menkominfo-
ingin-petani-melek-teknologi-berbasis-aplikasi/
[5] K. Pitula and T. Radhakrishnan, “A Conceptual Model of Inclusive
Technology for Information Access by Rural Sector,” UAHCI’07
Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Universal Access in
Human Computer Interaction: Coping with Diversity, pp. 243-252, 2007.
[6] (2018) L. Bliss, “You’re Thinking About Autonomous Vehicles Wrong,”
[Online]. Available at:
https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/06/youre-thinking-about-
autonomous-vehicles-wrong/562058/
[7] P. Mundy, Adopsi dan Adaptasi Teknologi Baru. Bogor, PAATP3, 2000.
V
Fisheries Biology

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Accumulation of Pb and Cu in Padina sp. in Tawang and

Pidakan Beaches, Pacitan, East Java
Ilham Cahyo Nugroho1*, Chalvia Zuyyina1 , Andhika Puspito Nugroho2
1
Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
2
Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia

corresponding author : *icnugroho9@gmail.com

Abstract. Macroalgae is a eukaryotic organism capable do photosynthesis. This organism is commonly used in pollution analysis in an
aquatic environment. Padina sp. is one of the species of brown algae for biomonitoring and phytoremediation of toxic heavy metals
from coastal tropical environments. Tawang Beach is a beach that functioned as a port with a high harbour activity. There are over 100
fishing boats anchored on this beach every day, so that pollutants can get into the environment easily. Pidakan Beach is a beach that
functioned as a tourism object. The purpose of this research is to know the lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) accumulation in Padina sp. on
Tawang and Pidakan beaches. Accumulation of heavy metals determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The data obtained
were analyzed using One-way ANOVA. The results showed that Pb metal in Padina sp. higher than Cu, both at Tawang and Pidakan
Beaches. However, the level of Pb and Cu in Tawang Beach is higher than Pidakan Beach.

Keywords: Padina sp.; Lead (Pb); Copper (Cu); Accumulation.

A. INTRODUCTION Padina sp. on Tawang and Pidakan Beaches and compare the
Indonesia is an archipelagic country, and is one of the results.
countries with the longest coastline in the world. As a maritime B. METHODS
country, Indonesia has many important cities located in the coastal Sampling was carried out at Tawang Beach and Pidakan Beach,
areas, and is rapidly developing into a big city. A lot of large cities Pacitan on June 15, 2017. On each beach, Padina sp. was taken
on in the coastal area of Indonesia are fuctioned to be various in 3 different sites along the beach. The sample was taken using
kinds of activities, such as administrative areas, trade centers, purposive random sampling. Samples of Padina sp. then to be put
industries, and services [1]. High activity in the coastal area can a in zip-lock plastic, and stored in an icebox. Wet weight was taken
significant factor in pollutants entering the environment. and dried at 50oC for 24 hours. After reaching a constant weight,
Macroalgae is a primary producer that plays an important role the sample was weighed to determine its dry weight.
in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Species and the number of
macroalgae can reflect the quality of water they occupy [2].
Phaeophyta (brown algae) is a type of algae that is good at
accumulating heavy metals (such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+)
especially Padina and Sargassum [3]. Pacitan is a coastal city
located in southwestern, East Java Province. Pidakan beach is one
of a tourist attractions in Pacitan. This beach is often visited by
tourists from various regions. Pidakan beach will be increasingly
crowded during the holidays. This beach has a long coastline.
Pidakan beach has a sand substrate and rocking towards the sea.
The water on this beach is clear. Coral fish, mollusks,
Ophiuroidea, and crabs are easily found on this beach.
In contrast to Pidakan Beach, Tawang Beach is functioned as
a traditional fishing boat port. At Tawang Beach, there is a Fish
Auction Place (TPI) which causes high activity on this beach
every day. Tawang beach is a bay and surrounded by hills. High
activity in the port can be a source of pollutants such as heavy
metals entering the water environment. Therefore, an analysis of
heavy metal pollution in this area needs to be done. This study is
aimed to know the accumulation levels of Pb and Cu metals in

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present in water and cannot provide information about

contamination patterns, especially at higher food chain levels [3];
therefore bioaccumulator organisms are used in pollution analysis.
Algae and mollusks are examples of organisms that are often used
in this analysis. Phaeophyta (brown algae) have proven to be very
effective in analyzing and bioremediations of heavy metal (such
as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+) in the aquatic environment [3].
Padina and Sargassum species are reported to be the best species
of Phaeophyta for biomonitoring and phytoremediation of toxic
heavy metals from coastal tropical environments [7][8].In this
study, two different beaches were used. Tawang Beach is assumed
to be polluted in this study while Pidakan Beach is a controlled
beach.

Fig.1. Sampling site on (A) Pidakan Beach and (B) Tawang Beach

Fig.3. The accumutation of Pb and Cu metals in Padina sp. on Tawang and

Pidakan Beaches

The results (Fig.3) show that Pb metal has a higher

concentration compared to Cu metal on both beaches. Tawang
beach has higher Pb and Cu metals accumulation than Pidakan
Fig.2. Sample of Padina sp. Beach. The results obtained were also compared using One-way
ANOVA (SPSS ver.20) statistical analysis with a significance
The dried Padina sp. is crushed using a blender to form a value of 0.05. The results of the statistical test show that the
powder. A total of 100 mg of sample at each sampling location accumulation of Pb and Cu metals have a sig. ANOVA values are
was put into Erlenmeyer then added 8 ml of HNO3 and 2 ml of 0.001 and 0.023, respectively. Both results are less than 0.05 so
HCl and let it overnight. The solution was heated into clear that the results of metal accumulation on both beaches show a
solution. The clear solution was put into a 100 ml volumetric flask, statistically significant difference.
and diluted with distilled water to the marked boundary. The
diluted solution is filtered using filter paper. There were three Table 1: One-way ANOVA Test of Pb Metal Accumulation
times repetition for each sampling point on each beach. The Sum of df Mean F Sig.
sample was sent to BBTKL Yogyakarta to be analyzed with AAS Squares Square
(Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). The obtained data were Betwee
analyzed statistically by variance analysis (One-way ANOVA) n ,240 1 ,240 89,332 ,001
using SPSS ver. 20 (sig. 0,05) to determine the accumulation of Groups
Pb and Cu metals in Padina sp. on both beaches Within
,011 4 ,003
C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Groups
In the analysis of pollution in coastal areas, commonly toxic Total ,251 5
pollutants are found only in small amounts in water, and often at
higher levels in sediments. Pollution analysis using water only is Table 2: One-way ANOVA Test of Cu Metal Accumulation
generally less representative [4][5]. The concentration of Sum of df Mean F Sig.
pollutants in water is usually below the detection limit, and varies Squares Square
spatially and temporally [6]. On the other hand, data from Between
sediments may not represent concentrations of contaminants ,017 1 ,017 12,846 ,023
Groups

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Within
,005 4 ,001
Groups
Total ,022 5 accumulation.
Lead (Pb) metal originating from rocks, especially limestone,
is a natural source of Pb that can enter the aquatic environment.
Pb metal is also an additive in petroleum fuels such as gasoline
and oil [9]. On this beach, there are more than 100 (500 ever be
reported) fishing boats anchoring and departing every day. The
engine of the boat used by traditional fishermen is diesel engines
that use fuel oil. Oil and gasoline spills often occur in Tawang
Beach as a result of high fishing activities. This oil spill is one of
the causes of metals pollutant entering the environment. Copper
(Cu) metals enter the aquatic environment due to erosion from
rocks, use of copper-containing equipment, from combustion and
fuel mobility [10]. Tawang Beach has been reported to have
coastal siltation due to the erosion process that occurred there.
This silt causes sunken fishing boats on the coral substrate.
Tawang Beach is a bay covered with high hills that surround it.
The waves on this beach are quite calm, and it is not directly facing
the ocean, covered by hills at the bay. Calm waves make
sedimentation from the erosion deposited on the coast, and it is
difficult to carry the deeper sea.
Pidakan Beach is functioned as a recreational beach. This
beach is managed by the Regional Government with the help of
the community. The activities carried out on this beach are mostly
tourism activities. This beach is quite far from the city center. This
beach has low visitors on weekdays and high on weekends or
holiday, so the entry of polluters to be less. This beach is a beach
facing directly to the ocean, which causes the exchange of material
in the coastal area to be more active.
From the previous research, the levels of Pb and Cu metals in
seawater with the bay location tend to have higher accumulation
compared to the coast directly facing the open sea [11]. In this
study, Padina sp. can accumulate Pb as much as 0.353 - 0.376 ppm
and Cu at 0.124 - 0.213 ppm on Beach Pidakan. The accumulation
of heavy metal on Tawang Beach reached 0.681 - 0.813 ppm for
Pb and 0.245-0.287 ppm for Cu. From the research conducted by
[12], Padina sp. can accumulate Pb metal at 3.50 - 22.22 ppm and
Cu metal at 2.15 - 13.98. In another study, Padina sp. can
accumulate Pb metal by <0.3 [13]-38.9 ppm [14] and Cu metal at
0.2 [13] - 32.4 ppm [15]. Padina sp. has phytoextraction
mechanism in accumulating heavy metal. Phytoextraction itself is
the absorption of pollutants by plants from water or soil and then
accumulated / stored in plants, this kind of plants are called
hyperaccumulators. After pollutants have accumulated, the plants
can be harvested, and the plants should not be consumed but must
be destroyed by incinerators then landfilled. The accumulation of
Pb and Cu metals on Padina sp. forming chemical bonds with
alginate on the cell wall [16].
D. CONCLUSION
Pb metal accumulation in Padina sp. on Tawang and Pidakan
Beaches is higher than the accumulation of Cu metal. Comparison
of Pb and Cu metal accumulation on both beaches shows that the
accumulation of Pb and Cu metals in Tawang Beach is higher than
144
Pidakan Beach. High activity on the beach, sedimentation,
siltation, and the oil spills to be the main cause of heavy metal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study canot be done if it isnot supported by people
around me. Thanks to Timbul Cahyono, Widyaningsih,
Sulistiyono Lie, Arisma Kusuma D, and Sevina Rahmi.
REFERENCES
[1] W.S. Hantoro, “Pengaruh Karakteristik Laut dan Pantai terhadap
Perkembangan Kawasan Kota Pantai. Prosiding : Kerugian pada Bangunan
dan Kawasan Akibat Kenaikan Muka Air Laut pada Kota-Kota Pantai di
Indonesia,” Program Studi Teknik Kelautan, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Bandung, 2008.
[2] Q. Zhou, J. Zhang, J. Fu, J. Shi, G. Jiang, “Biomonitoring: an appealing tool
for assessment ofmetal pollution in the aquatic ecosystem,” Anal Chim Acta,
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[3] M. A. Torres, M. P. Barros, S. C. Campos, E. Pinto, S. Rajamani, R. T.
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of trace metal contamination in acid sulfate aquaculture ponds,” Sci. Total
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[5] F. Melville, A. Pulkownik, “Investigation of mangrove macroalgae as
biomonitors of estuarine metal contamination,” The Science of the total
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heavy metals in two green seaweeds,” Environ Pollut, vol. 119, pp. 79–90,
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biosorption by red, green and brown seaweed biomass,” Chemosphere, vol.
70, pp.1128-1134, 2008.
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Rameswaram Coast by Some Sargassum species,” American-Eurasian J.
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31.
[10] H. Palar, “Pencemaran dan Toksikologi Logam Berat,” Rineka Cipta Karsa,
Jakarta, 1994, pp.46-50.
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“Distribusi Logam Berat di Perairan Natuna,” Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi
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CISAK 2019

The Effect of Avocado Seed (Persea americana Mill.) to Pre-

Starter Feed on Growth Performance and The Weight of Lien
and Bursa Fabricius in Rooster Layer [(Gallus Gallus Gallus
(Linnaeus, 1758)]
Adinda Rizki Ramadhanti1,2, Nur Octaviana Jaya Puspita1,2, Hendry T. S. S. G. Saragih1,2

1
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Laboratory of Animal Structure and Development, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

corresponding author : 1,2adindarizkir@gmail.com

1,2octavianavia22@gmail.com

1,2saragihendry@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. Indonesia, besides producing Broiler and Kampung chickens, the country also produces Layer chickens obtained from hatching chicken
breeding.. Rooster layer does have high production value. Avocado seeds have the potential as one of the natural immunomodulators for livestock
in the presence of proactive compounds contained in avocado seeds that are antioxidant and antimicrobial. In this research, 30 rooster layer
were divided into control (C), treatment 1 (T1) with the addition of 1% avocado seed powder per 1 kg of basal feed, and treatment 2 (T2) with
the addition of 2% powder avocado seeds. The results shows the mean of lien weight successively are 0,052; 0.074; 0.064, the mean of bursa
fabricius weight are 0.112; 0.164; 0.192, the mean of lien index are 0.11; 0.13; 0.11, and the mean of bursa fabricius index are 0,24; 0.28; 0.33.
Also, T2 has a significant difference between C and T1 in the amount of weight gain. The value of FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio) T2 is the lowest.
Based on these results, it can be concluded that in the treatment of T2 can significantly affect the weight of bursa fabricius organ, improve the
growth performance, and reduce the amount of Rooster Layer’s feed.
Keywords: Growth Performance, Rooster Layer, Avocado, Bursa Fabricius, Lien

A. INTRODUCTION
Chicken has an important role as a source of animal protein.
It is one of the most favorite foods among Indonesian people
because of the lower prices with the same quality as beef.
According to Indonesian Central Statistics Agency, the average
consumption of chicken per capita per week in 2015 is higher than
the consumption of beef at the same time, which is at an average
value of consumption of chicken at 1,940 kg/capita/week while
the average value of beef consumption is 0.008 kg/capita/week
[1]. It is estimated that in 2016-2019, the production of chicken
meat will increase by 3.30%, and the average increase in the
surplus of chicken meat is 37.40 tons according to an increased
analysis in 2016-2019 [2].
Protein requirements are influenced by the age of chickens.
The older the chickens, the more protein needs will be increased.
Protein requirements for broiler chickens at the age of 0-3 weeks
are 23%, with a minimum of 19% and drop to 20%, with a
minimum recommendation of 18% in broiler chickens, which
takes 3-6 weeks. While in native chickens at the age of 0-12 weeks
requires protein requirements as much as 15-17%, down to 14%
at 12-22 weeks and >22 weeks [3]. The protein needed by broiler
chickens is not total protein, but rather the amino acid content. The
high percentage of protein in feed is related to the energy value
contained in the feed. Each metabolism energy value per kilogram
will affect protein percentage of chickens needed [4].
Besides of broilers chickens, currently in Indonesia has been
developed a layer of chickens. Layer chickens are obtained from
the hatchery business of layer chickens carried out by farmers [5].
The results of the hatching are certainly not only with hen layer.
However, because laying products with male gender have no
selling value, rooster layer is made as a by-product. In many of
these conditions, it can consider the coverage that can be achieved
from rooster layers that are developed as broilers.
Rooster layer does have high production values, but the
resistance to disease is not too good. This results in low production
efficiency of rooster layer is caused by low body resistance to
disease. So, an attempt is made to mix commercial feed by adding
additional herbal feeds that can increase the immunity of rooster
layer. Chemical substances contained in herbal plants have
various health benefits, so this additional feed produces optimal
product quality.
Avocado seeds have the potential as one of the natural
immunomodulators for livestock, containing proactive
contributions contained in avocado seeds that contain antioxidants
and antimicrobials. Avocado seeds contain 15-20% of oil, and
contain compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and
tannins. Flavonoids themselves are useful in antibacterial, hypo-
allergenic, antioxidant, and anticarcinogen antioxidant
polyphenols [6]. Therefore, to study the use of avocado seeds as
an additional feed, this research was conducted on the use of
avocado seeds using powder against the body defense system of
rooster layer which among others was indicated by the
development of the weight of the lymphoid organ. Along with the
development of a good lymphoid organ associated with the

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defense system, it is assumed that it can stimulate the growth of 70

the body's defense cells in the immune system in the body of the
chicken. 60
B. METHODS 50
The method carried out by preparation, making of 40 C

Body Weight
avocado seed powder, giving the treatment, calculation of 30 T1
body weight and FCR, taking the lymphoid organs such as
lien and bursa fabricius, and then calculate those organ’s 20 T2
weight. 10
The treatment is given consisted of three groups, 0
namely the Control group (K), Treatment 1 (P1) and 1 3 5 7 Age
Treatment 2 (P2). The control group was only given basal
Figure 1. Weight Growth Rooster Layer from each group of avocado seed
feed. Group P1 was given 1% avocado seed powder in 1 kg powder treatment at age 1, 3, 5, and 7 days.
of basal feed. P2 group was given 2% avocado seed
powder in 1 kg of basal feed. Based on figure 1, it appears that the increase in Rooster
The day after chicken hatching is acclimatized for two Layer weight occurs in each treatment for seven days. T2 has the
days. The first day of acclimatization of chickens was not highest increase in body weight between Controls, T1, and T2. It
is proven that T2 (basal feed + 2% avocado seed powder) is the
given any food. The second day of acclimatization of most effective in increasing body weight even though given the
chickens was given a little basal feed in the morning and same portion of feed from all three.
evening to learn to eat.
Chickens were given the first treatment at the age of Table 1. FCR (g) of rooster layer in each treatment group of avocado seed
powder at age 1, 3, 5, and 7 days.
three days. The next day before being fed, the rest of the
day's feed was weighed and written. After that, the Growth Performance

remaining feed was separated and given a new feed. Body Weight Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2
Weighing and feeding activities were carried out until the Day 1 39 42.1 42.1
7th day. Chickens are weighed on the first, third, fifth, and Day 2 46.5 46.5 48.2
seventh day of treatment. Day 5 47.89 55.1 57.8
On the seventh day of treatment, the chickens were Day 7 46.2 57.8 58
Feed Intake/day 3.154 2.97 2.96
euthanized by decapitation. After that, it was doing surgery Weight Gain/ day 1.03 2.16 2.24
on the abdomen. The digestive tract was separated from the FCR 3.062 1.37 1.33
connective tissue and then spread from the ventriculus to
the anus. After that, the lien and bursa fabricius were In table 1, T2 weight gain was seen to be the highest
taken. The organ was inserted into the cup containing a compared to Control and T1. There is a significant difference
solution of bouin and then in the middle part of the organ is between Control and T2 on the seventh day . The FCR value of
cut slightly so that the bouin solution can sink into the growth performance has the smallest value in T2 with 1.33 grams.
organ. The two organs in each treatment that were taken On the fifth day began, there was a noticeable difference between
and fixed using bouin were then weighed using analytical T2 and Control and T1. After additional feed in the form of
scales in a dry state from a bouin solution. avocado seed powder on basal feed, there was a significant
In this study used the FCR calculation formula and used one difference between T1 and T2 on the fifth day. Moreover, on the
way ANOVA analysis and carried out the Tukey Test with seventh day there was also a significant difference between T1 and
significance p ≤ 0.05. The correlation between body weight and T2. This shows that the ideal use of AGP avocado seed powder is
organ weight was analyzed using the Pearson correlation T2.
coefficient. In table 1, T2 weight gain was seen to be the highest
compared to Control and T1. There is a significant difference
C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
between Control and T2 on the seventh day. The FCR value of
Based on the research, the results obtained in the form of growth performance has the smallest value in T2 with 1.33 grams.
weight growth of rooster layer, FCR, the weight of lien and bursa It is then followed by T1 and Control. The smaller of the FCR
fabricius, and also index of lien and bursa fabricius to determine value indicates the better business conditions (other factors being
the growth of lymphoid organs after treatment with avocado seed the same). This shows that the addition of a number of feeds can
powder. The results of this study can show the effect of avocado result in an increase in the weight of chickens with a greater
seed powder in enhancing rooster layer immunity. proportion [7]. From this, T2 is the most effective in producing a
greater addition of chicken weight compared to T1 and Control.

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Table 2. Weight growth of lien, bursa fabricius, index of lien, and index
of bursa fabricius in rooster layer in each treatment group.
Treatment Weight of Weight of Index of Lien Index of
Lien Bursa Bursa
Fabricius Fabricius
K 0.05±0.01a 0.11±0.004a 0.11±0.024ns 0.24±0.007a
b a,b ns
P1 0.07±0.01 0.16±0.038 0.13±0.017 0.28±0.049a,b
a,b b ns
P2 0.06±0.01 0.19±0.055 0.11±0.013 0.33±0.086b

Note: a-b Notation differences in values in the same column show

significant differences.
ns
The value does not differ significantly.
Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the weight of lien does
not show significant results between controls and P2, but shows a
significant result between control and P1. On bursa, fabricius
weight shows a significant result between control and P2, while
the control with P1 shows results that are not significantly
different. The lien index in the control group did not show
significant results for either P1 or P2, while the bursa fabricius
index showed significant results between controls and P2.
Then a regression test was performed to see the level of
influence of the weight of lien and bursa fabricius on increasing
rooster layer’s weight. The regression test results obtained are as
follows.
Figure 2. The correlation between bursa fabricius weight and Rooster
Layer weight in each treatment group.
Based on Figure 2, it can be seen that the R-value between
the weight of lien and body weight is -0.212 with R2, which is
0.045. If the percentage, then the effect of the weight of the lien
on the increase in rooster layer weight is 4.5%.
Figure 3. The correlation between lien weight and Rooster Layer weight in
each treatment group
Based on Figure 3, it can be seen that the R-value between
the weight of lien and body weight is -0.167 with R2 which is
0.028. If the percentage, then the effect of bursa fabricius weight
on rooster layer weight is 2.8%.
Avocado seeds have the potential as one of the natural
Immunomodulators for livestock, given a large number of
proactive compounds contained in avocado seeds that are
antioxidant and antimicrobial. Immunomodulators are certain
compounds that can enhance the body's defense mechanisms, both
specifically and non-specifically for immune system function and
activity [8]. Therefore, to find out the effect of using avocado
seeds as an additional feed, a study was conducted on the use of
avocado seeds in the form of powder against the body's defense
system, especially male layer chickens, which among others
indicated by the development of the weight of lymphoid organs.
In this study, weighing of chicken lymphoid organs was
carried out after surgery first. After obtaining the weight of
lymphoid organs, the organ index is then calculated. The organ
index is the ratio between organ weight and chicken weight per
individual. The weight of lymphoid organs can show the mass of
its constituent, tissue so that it can be associated with the body's
ability to provide immunocompetent cells in lymphoid tissue
during the immune response [9]. The lymphoid organs used in this
study were a lien and bursa fabricius. A lien is one of the
secondary lymphoid organs that plays a role in the immune system
and has a part called the white pulp which plays a role in the
accumulation of lymphocyte cells that form lymphoid tissue and
spread naturally since embryonic development [10][11]. In
addition, a lien is one of the secondary lymphoid organs that is
most easily observed in 9-day-old chickens. Bursa fabricius is one
of the primary lymphoid organs that plays an important role in
defense of the chicken body and is responsible for producing
antibodies in young chickens. Antibodies that are produced 700
times more than the thymus organ in young chickens that are only
about one week old. Bursa fabricius will grow fast in the first three
weeks of chicken life, so it will be easier to observe [12].

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The composition of the addition of AGP in the form of [8] K. I. Block, and M. N. Mead. “Immune system effects of Echinacea,
Ginseng and Astragalus: A review”. Integrative cancer therapies, vol. 2. no.
avocado seed powder is evident in increasing growth performance
3, pp. 247-267, 2003.
for rooster layer with a smaller FCR value than control and weight [9] M. A. S. Tabeekh, and A. A. S. Al-Mayah. “Morphological investigation of
gain every day. This is due to the content of avocado seeds in the bursa of fabricius of imported broilers and local chicks vaccinated with two
form of 4-5% fat and several other nutrients so that there is an types of IBD vaccine”. J.Vet. Sci, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-206, 2009.
[10] D. A. Hewajuli dan N. L. P. I. Darmayanti. “Peran Sistem Kekebalan Non
increase in body weight in rooster layer. With these results, later
Spesifik dan Spesifik pada Unggas terhadap Newcastle Disease”. Wartazoa,
avocado seeds can be used in feeding by mixing with basal feed vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 135-146, 2015.
to increase the production of rooster layer due to time efficiency [11] S. Hanum, H. Budiman, dan D. Masyitha. “Gambaran Histologis Limpa
in increasing body weight and efficiency in feeding. Ayam Kampung (Gallus gallus domesticus) pada Umur Berbeda”. JIMVET,
vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 552-557, 2017.
AGP avocado seed powder is also a natural growth promoter
[12] N. Machdum. (2007). Penyebab dan Dampak Imunosupresi pada Ayam.
so it is good for human consumption, and AGP can be used as an Infovet: Majalah Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan. [Online]. Available:
alternative in natural growth for chickens because AGP itself has http://www.majalahinfovet.com/2007/08/ternak-sehat-ternak-
been banned by WHO because it endangers humans who consume produktif.html
it. So that with the existence of a natural growth promoter in the
form of avocado seeds, it not only utilizes the avocado seed waste
itself but also can increase growth performance for male layer
chickens that are good for consumption. Manufacturers can also
speed up the maintenance time of the chicken layer and save
feeding. From above explanation, there is a saving in the
maintenance of chickens that are profitable for producers. Also,
consumers also benefit from the availability of chicken for
consumption.

D. CONCLUSION
Based on the research, it can be concluded that AGP, in the
form of avocado seed powder as an additional things to the pre-
starter feed, can increase the growth performance of rooster layer.
The treatment given T2 (basal Feed + 2% avocado seed powder)
is the ideal and effective treatment for increasing body weight. In
addition, it has the smallest FCR value, and affects bursa fabricius
weight significantly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge Rahma Nabilla, Elgio Venanda Ginting and
Arifa for helping us to collect the data.

REFERENCES
[1] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Rata-rata Konsumsi per Kapita Beberapa
Macam Bahan Makanan Penting 2007-2015. [Online]. Available:
https://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/950
[2] H. P. Muliany. 2015. Outlook Komoditas Pertanian Subsektor Peternakan
Daging Ayam. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian
Sekretariat Jenderal Kementrian Pertanian, 2015, p. 10.
[3] P. P. Ketaren. (2010). Kebutuhan Gizi Ternak Unggas di Indonesia. Balai
Penelitian Ternak. Bogor. [Online]. Available:
http://peternakan.litbang.pertanian.go.id
[4] R. Fadilah. Beternak Ayam Broiler. Jakarta Selatan: PT AgroMedia Pustaka,
2013, p. 81
[5] M. Rasyaf. Beternak Ayam Petelur. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya, 2002.
[6] A. Zuhrotun. “Aktivitas Antidibetes Ekstrak Etanol Biji Buah Alpukat
(Persea Americana Mill) Bentuk Bulat”, Thesis, Postgraduate Program
Padjajaran University, Bandung, 2007.
[7] Suwarta. “Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) Usaha Ternak Ayam Broiler di
Kabupaten Sleman”. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian,pp. 133-134, 2014.

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Development of Shellfish/Melamine-based Eco-Composite Tiles

for Conventional Tiles Replacement
Kevin Oktaviandra*, Bobby Yusuf Haka, Muhammad Nur Slamet and Shochibul Ma’arif

Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember,

Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia

corresponding author: *kevinoktaviandra@gmail.com

Abstract. Nowadays, the development of innovative materials continues to increase with the development of technology, which is
composite material. Applications of composites are widely used in construction industries, and one of them is the manufacture of
polymer tiles. A breakthrough presented in this paper was polymer tiles made from plastic waste with a mixture of shellfish waste and
melamine so that it was expected to replace the existing conventional tiles. The materials used in this study are waste PET&PP plastic,
shellfish waste, and melamine. The shellfish waste is milling and meshing, with 30 mesh particle size, and melamine is milling and
meshing with 10 mesh particle size. The manufacturing process is carried out with a melting process for 3 to 5 minutes at 165oC by
means that all the prepared materials are mixed with a ratio of PP: PET: Melamine: Shellfish is 60:10:15:15, and printed according to
testing standards. From this study, results obtained flexural strength of eco-composite is 12.19 MPa. Eco-composite flexural strength is
higher compared to others. For conventional tile, the flexural strength is 11 MPa, 9.5 MPa for polychem tile with SBR latex, and 10
MPa for polychem tile with epoxy. It was observed that shellfish and melamine (fillers) could improve the physical-mechanical
properties of polymer tiles so eco-composite became the best choice for tile applications.

Keywords: Composite materials, Polymer tiles, Conventional tiles, Shellfish waste, Melamine.

A. INTRODUCTION composites certainly requires reinforcing substances to add

Currently, people still use conventional ceramic-based
tiles with various disadvantages. Ceramic tiles which are usually
made of clay easily break during installation and transportation.
Age development changed the mindset of the community to
develop tile technology by making composites that have good
mechanical properties. Composite tile is one type of tile that is
being developed because it has several advantages, including
flexible, lightweight, and easy to install. In addition, the use of
lightweight polymer tiles is expected to make occupancy resistant
to earthquakes, given that earthquakes often occur in Indonesia
[1]. Eco-Composite tiles for tile applications can be made by
utilizing waste that is more environmentally friendly. Composite
tiles utilize materials containing polymer fibers with certain
reinforcement. Environmentally friendly polymer fibers can be
obtained from PP / PET that utilizes plastic waste.
According to data from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs
and Fisheries (KKP), waste in Indonesia in 2018 was ranked
second in the world under China with a total waste of 1.29 million
tons / year [2]. This garbage brings a big problem that damages
the ecosystem. Using plastic in making tiles will reduce the
amount of plastic waste in Indonesia. In addition, Indonesia's
territory as a maritime country certainly has abundant shellfish
commodities. Shells that only use the meat leave the shellfish
waste. The underutilized shellfish causes sedimentation on the
beach and river flow. So, it is necessary to use clam waste to
overcome environmental pollution around the coast.
This study aims to compare the physical and mechanical
properties of conventional tiles, polymer tiles from previous
studies and Eco-composite tiles. Making polymer matrix
mechanical properties. Previous research on polymer tiles has
been carried out by Asthana (2004) using epoxy and latex SBR
[3]. However, the results of the study have not shown significant
figures to increase the mechanical properties and the exact
physical properties. So, in this study, the latex epoxy and SBR
were substituted by shellfish waste, which could be used as a filler
in the manufacture of these composites in the hope of improving
the mechanical properties of the previous [4].
B. METHODS
1. Tools and Materials
The tool used in this study is a Professional Digital Table
Top Scale digital balance sheet and weight-drop test equipment
impacted by a Medium Carbon Steel impactor weighing 1.052 kg.
While the material used consisted of PP plastic waste obtained at
Keputih Village restaurant, Sukolilo Surabaya. PET plastic waste
obtained from waste disposal sites in the Keputih Tegal Timur
area, Sukolilo, Surabaya. Melamine waste is obtained from waste
disposal in Pasar Rembang area, Central Java. While shellfish
waste is obtained from the coast of Pamekasan Beach, Madura,
East Java.
2. Research Procedure
2.1 Material Preparation
The research materials are cleaned of impurities attached
to the surface. PP and PET materials are only chopped into small
pieces with more or less 3 cm in particle size. Then, for shellfish,

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milling, and meshing are carried out with 30 mesh particle size.
While melamine is carried out milling and meshing with ten mesh
particle size.
2.2 Eco-Composite Tile Making
All ingredients that have been prepared are mixed evenly
with a ratio of PP: PET: Melamine: The shell is 60: 10: 15: 15.
The melting material is carried out while still stirring. The
working temperature is kept constant 165oC for 3 to 5 minutes.
Then it is printed according to the testing standard. The results of
specimen making were then carried out by SEM characterization.
(a)
(b)
a b
Figure 7 : Eco-Composite (a) Before Testing (b) After Testing
2.3 Testing
The test is divided into two, namely to get physical and
mechanical properties. Physical properties are in the form: of
density and water absorbability. While, mechanical properties are
in the form of bending and weightdrop impact.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
1. Eco-Composite Tiles Properties
After testing eco-composite products, physical properties were
obtained with a density value of 1.106 g/cm3 and water
absorbability of 3.99%. In addition, the results of the test obtained
the value of flexural strength 12.19 MPa. From the test results, a
table is made to simplify the comparison with conventional tiles
and other polymer tiles contained in table 1. Other additional
properties that are observed in eco-composite are impact energy
of 9.29 Joules. Impact energy shows the toughness of eco-
composite materials
Table 1 Comparison Properties of eco-composite with conventional and
other polymeric tiles
150
Property Conventional
Eco- Polychem Polychem
composite tile with tile with
tile
tile SBR latex epoxy
Density 2.05 1.106 2.15 2.16
(g/cm3)
Water
absorpti 12.0 3.99 6.0 5.0
on (%)
Flexural
Strength 11.0 12.19 9.5 10.0
(MPa)
From table 1, it was found that the Eco-Composite tile
PP / PET / Melamine / Shellfish was 1,106 g / cm3 [4]. Whereas
conventional tiles of 2.05 g / cm3, polychem tiles with latex SBR
were 2.15 g / cm3, and polychem tiles with epoxy were 2.16 g /
cm3 [3]. The Eco-Composite density is lowest compared to
conventional because it is eco-composite from polymers while
conventional from ceramics so that density will indeed be lower.
Tiles that have good quality are tiles that have high hardness but
low porosity and density. Low density also provides a light burden
on the foundation of the house in weight, thereby reducing the risk
of accidents to humans.
Water absorption based on the table above shows that for
Eco-Composite tile PP / PET / Melamine / Shellfish obtained
3.99%. While the conventional tile value of 12%, polychem tile
with latex SBR was obtained 6%, and polychem tile with epoxy
obtained water absorption value of 5% [3]. Eco-Composite PP /
PET / Melamine / Shellfish has low water absorption due to small
particle size so that the absorbability value is low. The advantages
of low water absorption will minimize micro-cracks that occur in
tiles because they have low porosity [7,8].
Flexural strength is obtained for Eco-Composite tile PP
/ PET / Melamine / Shellfish obtained 12.19 MPa [4]. While
conventional tiles are 11 MPa, polychem tiles with latex SBR are
obtained with Flexural strength of 9.5 MPa, and for Polychem tile
materials with 10 MPa epoxy [3]. From there, it can analyzed that
the Eco-Composite PP / PET / PET / Melamine / Shellfish tile
material has the best flexural strength. Flexural strength is a
measure of resistance to fracture when a sample is bent (flexed).
Then, it can analyzed with higher flexural so that it helps in terms
of strength so that the material is not easy to occur plastic
deformation quickly and longer in the usage period.
2. SEM Analysis (Scanning Electron Microscope)
To study the morphology of a material, it can be done by SEM
analysis method. From looking at the morphology, it can be
gathered the information about the distribution of fillers and
thermoplastic binders on composite products. Morphological
observations on eco-composite
CISAK 2019
Skin core
PP
Fibrous
PP
(A)
Spherical
Ball
Flake
Mela-
mina
Fibrous
PP
Shellfish
(B)
Figure 2: Micrograph of Eco-Composite tile (a) 250x Mag; (b) 1000x Mag
It can be seen that in the SEM results at 250x
magnification on PP / PET / Melamine / Shell shells, morphology
of skin-core (skin core) is seen with spherulitic morphological
patterns (thin slices) since there is a part that directly contacts the
mold and air, and it tends to faster cooling so skin-cored is formed
in the area closest to the surface [9]. In figure (a) there is a fibrous
PP morphology that is formed in the middle during printing, here
the distribution is fibrous so that it has mechanical advantages,
namely increased strength and stiffness in the longitudinal
direction [4]. In figure (b) with a 1000x magnification there is a
flake morphology that is from melamine [10]. Whereas shells have
small rounded morphology so that the flake of melamine is seen
to be greater than the morphology of small particles of shells [11].
The bond between melamine and shells that bind to each other can
increase bending strength and impact energy with according to the
right mix of compositions [4]. It can be seen that the size of the
melamine particles rather than shellfish powder particles can also
cause bonding between composite particles to weaken. At the
sighting there we also see shells and fibrous powder from PP
bonding together to form an interface. The interface is a phase
surface that borders on another phase due to the presence of two
or more constituents giving rise to several regions. For PET it has
morphology such as spherical ball which tends to be less because
PET alone has a composition of only 10%, spherical ball itself
does not mix with PP [12]
151
D. CONCLUSION
Eco-composite tile has mechanical properties that are far
better than conventional and other polymer tiles. Based on the test
results, the value that obtained of flexural strength for eco-
composite tile is 12.19 MPa. The flexural strength for
conventional tile is 11 MPa, and polychem tiles with latex SBR is
9.5 MPa while for polychem tiles with epoxy is 10 MPa. From
these results, it can be analyzed that eco-composite tile is better
than conventional tiles, polychem tiles with SBR latex and
polychem tiles with epoxy. The advantages of eco-composite tiles
are lighter, high bending resistant, stronger, and high impact
resistant than other tiles. In the near future, it is expected that
shellfish/melamine-based polymer tiles can replace the
conventional tiles that are currently used by the public
REFERENCES
[1] Lubis, H. A, Sembiring K. and Achiruddin. “Analisis dan pembuatan ubin
polimer dengan memanfaatkan limbah karet industri serta high density
polyethylene (hdpe) bekas”, Saintia Fisika. Vol. 2(1). 2013.
[2] Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan, “Lautan indonesia: tempat
pembuangan akhir sampah”, (2018), received at 2nd February 2019.
[3] K.K. Ashtana, R. Lakhani, “Development of polymer modified
cementitious (polycem) tiles for flooring”, Construction and Building
Materials, Vol. 18 (2004), 639-643.
[4] Shochibul Ma’arif, Sigit Tri Wicaksono, and Widyastuti, “Analisis sifat fisis
dan mekanik genteng polimer dengan matriks pp/pet dan filler
melamina/cangkang kerang” LPPM ITS JURNAL TEKNIK POMITS,
registered to publish.
[5] Heri Kiswanto, “Optimasi sifat –sifat mekanik ubin press dengan bahan
adiktif silika dan dolomit”, S.Si. thesis, Universitas Negeri Semarang (2011).
[6] Sriatun, Agus Yulianto, Sulhadi, “Analisis Sifat Mekanik Ubin Keramik
Hasil Campuran Lumpur Lapindo”, Unnes Physic Journal (2013), 58-64.
[7] Ahmad Mufidun, “Pengaruh variasi komposisi dan ukuran filler serbuk
cangkang kerang simping (Placuna placenta) pada matriks poliester
terhadap sifat fisis dan mekanis papan komposit”,S.Si. thesis, UIN Maulana
Malik Ibrahim, Malang, (2016).
[8] Corina-Maria Aldea, Surendra P. Shah, and Alan Karr, “Effect of
Crackingon Water and Chloride Permeability of Concrete”, Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 11 (1999), 181-187Switzerland.
[9] J. Výchopñová, R. Čermák, M. Obadal, “Morphology variations of
polypropylene”. Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy
(2007), 704-712.
[10] R. Shen, Y. Hong, J.J. Stankovich, Z. Wang, S. Dai, X. Jin, “Synthesis of
cambered nano walls of sno2/rgo composites using a recycable melamine
template for lithium-ion batteries”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A
(2013),1-9.
[11] A.A. Khan, “Efektivitas pemanfaatan limbah cangkang kerang dara
(Anadara granosa) sebagai media adsorben logam cu (ii) dalam air”, S.T.
thesis, Fac. Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, UII, Yogyakarta (2016).
[12] E.P.A. van Bruggen, R.P. Koster, S.J. Picken, K. Ragaert, “Influence of
processing and composition on effective compatibilization polypropylene–
poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends” Intern Polymer Processing XXXI
(2016), 179-187.
CISAK 2019

Biosorption Of Copper (Cu) From Silver Industrial

Wastewater Using Chitosan
Sevina Rahmi1, Arisma Kusuma Dewi2*, Andhika Puspito Nugroho3

1 2,3
Laboratory of Ecology,Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada,

corresponding author : 1*andhika_pn@ugm.ac.id, phone: +6281917010242

Abstract. Copper (Cu) is one of the metals contained in the silver coating industry wastewater in Kotagede, Yogyakarta. Wastewater
is commonly directly discharged into aquatic ecosystems. At high concentrations, Cu can be toxic to aquatic organisms. Chitosan is a
chitin derivative which source is abundant in nature after cellulose, non-toxic, and biodegradable. Wastewater treatment using
biosorption techniques using chitosan is expected to reduce metal concentration. Some important parameters that affect the adsorption
of Cu ions such as the adsorbent dose and stirring time. Biosorption analysis of Cu by chitosan was carried out on samples with
variations in the concentration of chitosan 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 gram, and stirring time for 5 and 15 minutes. Determination of Cu content in
the sample was carried out using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that the concentration used of chitosan
0,3 and 0,5 gr could reduce Cu concentration in wastewater higher than 0,1 gr. However, the stirring time did not affect the decrease
in Cu concentration. The efficiency of chitosan used as biosorption technique reaches more than 90%.

Keywords: Absorbants, Remediation, Chitosan, Metals, AAS

INTRODUCTION after cellulose. Chitin compounds are the main components of

The metal coating industry contributes hazardous waste to
the environment. Most of the waste is a type of hazardous waste
because it comes from various chemicals containing metals.
Liquid metal coating industry contains heavy metals. Heavy
metals are contaminants because they are non-biodegradable or
destroyed, and can accumulate over a period of time [2].
Metal coating industry activities in Kotagede, Yogyakarta
produces large amounts of liquid waste containing copper (Cu).
Industrial wastewater is discharged directly into the aquatic
ecosystem without going through an effective treatment process.
Waste containing Cu is toxic, durable, and can enter the body or
organ of the organism and can accumulate so that the excess levels
will be harmful to health. Processing efforts are needed on the
residual waste of the Kotagede silver industry. One effort that can
be done is by applying biosorption techniques using chitosan,
which is abundant in our country. Besides that, there has not been
much applicative research that provides information regarding the
effectiveness of the application of biosorption techniques with
chitosan to reduce the metal content of industrial wastewater.
Chitosan is a compound that is not soluble in water, soluble
in strong bases, slightly soluble in HCL and HNO3 whereas in
H2SO4 it is insoluble. Chitosan is non-toxic and easily
biodegradable [7]. Chitosan has the ability to adsorb metals by
forming chitosan complexes with metals, and can be used to treat
waste [5], [6]. The interaction of chitosan with metal ions occurs
because the complex process that occurs due to ion exchange,
absorption, and drying. This process causes chitosan to be able to
bind metals to the polymer chain [9].
Biosorption is a method that is often used to eliminate
heavy metals through passive binding of biomass organisms [3]
Chitosan is one of the most important derivatives of chitin which
is the second most abundant natural biopolymer found on earth
crustacean shells such as crabs and shrimp. Chitosan can be used
as a metal absorber. Zul Alfian (2003) [1] has examined the
absorption of chitosan with an immersion method of Cu of 72.17%
while the absorption of chitosan with dissolution method on Cu is
45.4% at the addition of 0.05 g. This research aims to study the
biosorption of Cu in the wastewater of silver industry using
chitosan.
METHOD
This research was conducted at the Laboratory of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, from
October to November 2017.
Metal solutions were taken from silver industry
wastewater, Kotagede, Yogyakarta, and were used throughout this
work without any preliminary purification. Chitosan is purchased
from chemical stores.
For metal removal kinetics studies, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g of
biosorbent was mixed with 25 mL of metal solutions in a beaker
agitated vigorously by a magnetic stirrer using a water bath
maintained at a constant temperature of 27°C. In all cases, the
working pH was that of the solution and was not controlled. At 5
and 15 minutes time intervals, stirring was stopped and moved to
the centrifuge. The sample was then centrifuged for 20 minutes
briefly interrupted while 5 ml volumes of supernatant solutions
were pipetted from the reactor were analyzed to determine the
residual metal concentration in the aqueous solution. The pellets
are dried in an oven at a temperature of 60-70°C and then
destructed with HCl and HNO3 in a ratio of 1: 4. Then the
destruction results will be analyzed using AAS (Atomic
Adsorption Spectroscopy) to determine the concentration of Cu in
the adsorbent and wastewater. The metal uptake q (mg ion metal/g
sorbent) was determined as follows:

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CISAK 2019
q= (Co − Ct).v/m
(Co − Ct)
Eff = 𝑋 100%
𝐶𝑜
[8]
(1)
Where C0 and Ct are the initial and final metal ion
concentrations (mg L-1), respectively, v is the volume of solution
(ml), and m is the biosorbent weight (g) in dry form).
Data analysis is using ANOVA to determine the significant
differences in the effect of stirring time and chitosan concentration
on the absorption of Cu in the Silver Industrial Wastewater.
Findings and Argument
FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
Based on the testing of wastewater in the silver industry, Cu
content is 14.02 mg L-1. These levels exceed the quality standards
of DIY Governor Regulation No. 7 of 2010 [4] with a maximum
level of Cu is 0.6 mg L-1. In this study Cu concentrations in the
silver wastewater decreased with the addition of chitosan. The
treatment of chitosan weight variation is related to the
concentration of chitosan in liquid waste.
1.0
Supranatan
Cu Concentration
Stirring time 5
0.5
mg/L
minutes
0.0 Stirring time
0,1 0,3 0,5 15 minutes
Weight of Chitosan per 25 mL wastewater (gr)
Figure 1: The Cu concentration in the supernatant after the treatment
using chitosan 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 gram (per 25 mL of liquid waste) for 5 and
15 minutes.
The largest concentration of chitosan is 0.5 grams generate
the largest decrease in Cu concentration to 0.2 mg L-1 while 0.1
gram generate the reduction of Cu concentration in liquid waste at
least to 0.5 mg L-1. A similar study was conducted by Ajeng
Tanindya Apsari and Dina Fitriasti in his thesis entitled "Study of
the Kinetic of Chromium Ion and Copper Ion Transmission Using
Chitosan Products from Crab Shells". The results showed that at
15 minutes stirring, the remaining Cu content from the use of 10
grams of chitosan was 186.93 ppm while the remaining Cu content
from the use of 20 grams of chitosan was 177.25 ppm. This shows
that more chitosan mass used to follow by more contact surfaces
that interact and bind metal ions. Chitosan is an amino-
polysaccharide that efficiently absorbs metal ions. The absorption
process occurs through binding of the amine functional groups
free of chitosan with metal cations and forming covalent bonds
with transition metal ions [5], [6].
The treatment of chitosan concentration showed a significant
effect on the reduction of Cu concentration in silver industrial
wastewater (Figure 1), which was indicated by the value of 0.001
153
in the ANOVA analysis. The significant effect of concentration
was seen from the use of chitosan concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5
grams per 25 mL of liquid waste. However, the stirring time does
not show a significant effect on Cu content, indicated by a
significance value of 0.578 in the ANOVA analysis which means
there is no significant difference between the time treatments.
Pellet
Cu Concentration mg/L
14.20
14.00
13.80 Stirring time
13.60 5 minutes
13.40
Stirring time
13.20 15 minutes
13.00
0,1 0,3 0,5
Weight of Chitosan per 25 mL wastewater
(gr)
Figure 2: The Cu concentration in the pellet after the treatment using
chitosan 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 gram (per 25 mL of liquid waste) for 5 and 15
minutes.
The decrease in Cu metal ion concentration in waste occurs
because metal ions are absorbed in chitosan. In this study also
tested the concentration of metal Cu ions in deposited chitosan
after centrifugation. From the results of the study, it was found
that 0.5 grams of chitosan contained 13.9 mg L-1 of Cu and 0.1
grams of chitosan contained 13.4 mg L-1 of Cu. These results
explain the reason for decreasing the concentration of Cu metal
ions in liquid waste. In a biosorption process, the influential
factors include contact time. The contact time treatment aims to
determine the rate of removal of metals related to the maximum
capacity of an adsorbent used to absorb absorbates in certain
concentrations[10]. From this study, different results were
obtained. It is known that the treatment of contact time of 5
minutes and 15 minutes does not have a significant effect. This
can be caused by the limited number of active sites available in
chitosan so that it quickly reaches saturation after making contact
with metal ions with high concentrations in waste. This event
causes the required contact time to be relatively short or less than
5 minutes of stirring time. The treatment of 5 minutes and 15
minutes for the stirring time did not have an effect because
chitosan was saturated. It is not yet known the equilibrium time to
produce maximum absorption capacity so that further research
needs to be done with a narrower time range.
CISAK 2019

[4] DIY Governor Regulation No. 7 of 2010, About “Baku

99.0 Efektifitas Kitosan MutuLimbah-CairKegiatanIndustri Di Propinsi Daerahd
Istimewa Yogyakarta”.
Efisiensi penyerapan (%)

98.0
97.0 [5] Guibal, E. 2004. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-
96.0 Stirring time 5 based sorbents:a review. Separation and Purification
95.0 minutes
94.0 Technology. 38(1). pp: 43-74.
93.0 Stirring time [6] Guibal, E., Touraud, E. & Roussy, J. 2015. Chitosan
92.0 15 minutes Interactions With Metal Ions And Dyes: Dissolved-State
91.0
Vs. Solid-State Application. J.World J Microbiol
0,1 0,3 0,5 Biotechnol. 21(6-7). pp: 913-920.
Konsentrasi kitosan (gram) [7] Muzarelli,R.A.A.A. and Rocchetti,R. 1978. Enchanced
Capacity of Chitosan for Transition Metal Ions in
Sulphate-Sulphuric Acid Solutions. Talanta.
Figure 3: Efficiency of using chitosan to absorb Cu in waste after heavy
treatment of chitosan 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 gram during stirring time 5 and 15
Vol.21(11).pp : 1137-1143
minutes [8] Sofiane,B. And Kara, S.S. 2015. Biosorption of heavy
metals by chitin and the chitosan. Der Pharma Chemica. 7
The efficiency of using chitosan is obtained through a (5). pp :54-63.
comparison of the concentration of metals absorbed in chitosan [9] Jassal, PS. 2008. A Study of Copper Binding with
with the metal concentration in the waste initially converted into Chitosan. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad. 74(2). pp. 57-60
percent. From this study, it is known that the efficiency of the use [10] Unagolla, J.M. and Adikary, S.U. 2015. Adsorption of
of chitosan as an adsorbent reaches more than 90% or in other Cadmium and Lead Heavy metals by Chitosan
words, it can almost absorb all metals in waste. Biopolymer: A Study on Equilibrium Isotherms and
Kinetics. Published in: Moratuwa Engineering Research
G. CONCLUSION
Conference (MERCon). DOI:
From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that 10.1109/MERCon.2015.7112351.
chitosan sold on the market can be applied well as an absorbent to
reduce the concentration of Cu metal ions in the liquid waste of
the silver industry, Kotagede, Yogyakarta with an efficiency level
of more than 90%. The greater the concentration of chitosan is, the
more Cu concentration decreases. The stirring time did not
significantly influence the reduction of Cu concentration in silver
industrial wastewater.

Further research is needed to determine the equilibrium time

of chitosan as absorbent of Cu metal ions to produce maximum an
absorption capacity. Further research is needed to determine the
equilibrium time of chitosan as an absorbent of Cu metal ions to
produce maximum absorption capacity. In addition, further
research is needed to obtain the most effective method in the use
of chitosan as an absorbent of Cu.

H. REFERENCES
[1] Alfian,Z. 2003. Study Perbandingan Penggunaan Kitosan
Sebagai Adsorben Dalam Analisis Logam Tembaga
(Cu2+) Dengan Metode Pelarutan Dan Perendaman.
Jurnal Sains Kimia.7(1). Pp:15-17.
[2] Azimi, A., Ahmad, A., Mashallah,R., Meisam, A. 2017.
Removal of Heavy Metals From Industrial Wastewaters:
A Review. ChemBioEng. 4(1). pp: 37–59 37.DIY
Governor Regulation No. 7 of 2010, About “Baku
MutuLimbah-CairKegiatanIndustri Di Propinsi Daerahd
Istimewa Yogyakarta”.
[3] Barakat,M.A.,2010. New trends in removing heavy
metals from industrial wastewater. Arabian Journal of
Chemistry. 4.Pp: 361–377

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CISAK 2019

Biosorbtion of Silver (Ag) in Silver Industrial Waste with

Chitosan
Arisma Kusuma Dewi1, Sevina Rahmi1, Andhika Puspito Nugroho*1

1
Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281

corresponding author : 1arisma.kusuma.d@mail.ugm.ac.id, phone: +62857-2551-4077

1*
andhika.pn@ugm.ac.id, phone: +62812-2800-3075

Abstract. Metal elements can be toxic waste, such as silver waste (Ag). Metal waste treatment requires an adsorbent compound that
can bind metallic elements. One of the compounds that can adsorb metal is chitosan. Chitosan compound obtained from chitin
processing on crab and shrimp skin waste. This study examined the effect of chitosan on silver waste by treatment of chitosan
concentration, and length of stirring. Sample of silver waste is taken from the silver plating industry in Kota Gede, Yogyakarta. The
Methods were performed on 18 silver waste solutions with three chitosan concentrations of 0.1gr, 0.3gr, and 0.5gr. Then, the shaker
treatment is for 5 minutes and 15 minutes each concentration. The mixture is centrifuged for 20 minutes then distilled with HCl and
HNO3 1:4 for the pellet and supernatant. According to AAS analysis, the amount of initial concentration of silver metal in the waste
sample was 704.7 mg/L, and the final concentration in the supernatant averaged 3.57 mg/L, pellet 1.66 mg/L. The results obtained show
that the stirring time of 15 minutes reduces more silver metal than in 5 minutes. The more concentration of chitosan given to the silver
waste sample, the more the silver metal adsorbed.

Keywords: chitosan, adsorbance, silver waste, metals

INTRODUCTION
Pollutant substances are mostly toxic, undegradable, and
hazardous. It contains certain chemical solution that is radioactive.
There are pollutant substances come from metal, such as
silver(Ag), Pb, mercury, arsen, and chromium. [1],[2]. The silver
substance pollutant in this research is from wastewater of silver-
plating industry in Kota Gede, Yogyakarta. Metal or silver
pollutant on wastewater was very dangerous for the environment,
which unfortunately those wastewater are mostly just thrown up
to the river near this home industry. In the environment, particle
silver from wastewater may become sediment of ground floor
water body and soil area.
The accumulation of silver on organisms are toxic for
organism cell. The characteristic of silver may break reduction
reactions and oxidations, and result on ROS (Reactive Oxygen
Species) that is very dangerous for cell [3]. On the human, silver
may cause greyish (Argyrosis) on skin, that was caused by silver
deposit on the mucus membrane of cell tissue that interacted with
melanosit/skin pigment [4]. The effect of silver on inside of the
human body also leave an impact to circulatory disorder on heart,
red blood cell disruption, and triggering anemia as the effect of
blood coagulation [5],[6]
The adsorbent matter may be a solution to decrease the
amount of metal pollutants. In this research, the reserachers use
chitosan as the adsorbent to decrease the amount of metal
pollutants. Chitosan is abundance on crab and shrimp skin.
Usually, it is only thrown away as seafood waste. As the chitosan
structure can adsorb metal substances, a crab and shrimp skin can
be processed to be chitosan extract by distillation, and dry for
industrial purpose. Chitosan is chosen as one of bio adsorbent
since its characteristic that biodegradable and unharmful.
Capability of chitin in adsorbing textile dye color and metal
substance is the impact of linear amino component on each ring
glucose so that it makes each electron pair can bind with free ions
[7]. The functional group (-OH, C=O and N-H) on chitin
molecules also give more efficiency to improve the ability of
absorbance that environmentally friendly [8],[9].
In this present study, the researchers examined the ability of
chitosan on degraded silver waste. There is also a treatment that
tested on chitosan as bioadsorban by amount of concentration of
chitosan, and time range of mixing chitosan with silver waste.
METHODS
The sample of wastewater collected from silver plating
industry in Kota Gede, Yogyakarta, the amount of sample was
around 2,5L. Wastewater of metal research and observation to
chitosan was conducted from 3-6 October 2017 at Biochemistry
Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University. The
initial concentration of silver (Ag) was analyzed with AAS
(Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy) as a comparison with the final
concentration after treatment with the chitosan.
The chitosan that uses is crab-shrimp waste basic as in powder
form, the characteristic of chitosan that found on product label is
:

Table 1. Chitosan characteristic on product label

Parameter Character
Colour / Appearance White

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CISAK 2019
Particle size
Moisture regaint
Residue of ignition
Degree of deacetylation
Viscosity
Molecular weight
Proteint content
Heavy metals
Micro organism
Kinetic treatment to adsorbs silver on wastewater with
chitosan was done by the various concentration of chitosan; 6 x
0,1gr, 6 x 0,3gr and 6 x 0,5gr mixing with 25mL wastewater
sample in erlenmeyer. Water bath shaker was used to shake
constantly the sample on 25ºC with various interval; 5 and 15
minutes for each treatment. Centrifuge treatment was conduct for
20 minutes, pellet and supernatant was taken for destruction with
acid. Pellet drained on oven with around temperature 60-70 ºC and
destructed with HCl and HNO3 1:4, as well as the supernatant but
without draining. Sample that was destructed then analyzed with
AAS to know the metal residue amount on the sample. Data
analysis using the formula (1) [10]
(𝐶 −𝐶 )V
q= 0 𝑡 (1)
W than 15-minute mixing treatment (fig 1.). The effect of mixing on
q : quantity of metal adsorbed on balance (mg/g) ; C0: initial
concentration of silver (mg/L); Ct: metal concentration after
treatment (mg/L); V: volume (L); W: amount of chitosan (g).
Efficiency of metal adsorption shows the level of metal
solution that can adsorbed by chitosan from deviation of metal
initial concentration with final concentration after the treatment.
Efficiency of metal that adsorbed from chitosan measured with
formula (2)
(𝐶0 −𝐶𝑡 )
Efficiency = x 100 % (2)
𝐶0
Data statistical analysis that collected was analyzed using
One-way ANOVA also LSD and DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test) with application SPSS version 16.
I. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
Treatment of sample by destruction is only to release the
metal ions by the waste sample for further reactions with chitosan.
This destruction will not affect the losing metal from basic
treatment of shaking or chitosan concentration, so the amount of
metal waste on sample will not be affected [11]. The characteristic
of chitosan is alkali; meanwhile, the basic principe on degrading
metal basically was affected by acid pH. On In this case, the metal
substance still adsorbed by chitosan without pH treatment.
Chitosan structure with linear amina and OH will easily bond into
kovalen binding with metal substance, it supports metal
adsorption process so there are many metal waste that bound[12].
The supernatant will show the metal left, and cannot be bound
with chitosan; meanwhile, the metal concentration on pellet
showing how much the metal bound with chitosan. The total
amount of metal concentration from pellet and supernatant should
be same as the initial concentration of metal waste. In this
156
Powder
7,05%
0,685%
94,76%
30-50 mPas
100 KDa – 200 KDa
< 0,5 %
< 5ppm
Negative
research, it is not happening, total both sample have a very few of
silver concentration that not reach the initial concentration. It
shows that there are silver molecules that split up or disappear as
the treatment given. The composition of wastewater that contains
various components such as cyanides giving impact on adsorption
process of metal molecules. Cyanides are commonly used for
metal industrial as precussor between metal and another materials.
The effect of cyanides on metal adsorbtion is giving affinity as
cyanides take a role on ligan by become anion with another metal
transision molecules. This effect may resulting on faster
adsorbance of silver by chitosan.
According to the result of mixing, both supernatant and pellet
have more metal waste concentration left after 5-minute mixing
adsorption metal waste is that this process will increase the surface
area for binding with metal molecules.
Figure 1: Average result of silver amount on supernatan and pellet
sample
Chitosan has a big molecule mass that will bind metal on
amina group and hydrogen. The result of supernatant and pellet on
treatment of various chitosan concentration shows 5 minute
shaking as more chitosan concentration added, the metal
molecules left is lesser, meanwhile on 15 minute treatment is
otherwise(fig. 1). Basically even on 15-minute mixing treatment
giving result as more chitosan aded, the silver molecule left is
higher, that difference is not really significant.
Final result of metal that left is very low compared to initial
concentration of silver on waste water (704,7 mg/L), with
effectivity of chitosan adsorbance with metal molecules more than
98%(fig. 2). This result indicating chitosan very effective as silver
bioadsorban. The difference between treatment of chitosan
CISAK 2019
concentration is not significant because the efficiency is less than
1%.
Figure 2: Effectivity of silver adsorbancy by chitosan on supernatant
sample
The significant silver absorption by chitosan supported by the
analysis result on supernatant and pellet with ANOVA that shows
both treatment significantly different (Sig.<0,005, H0 rejected;
significantly different). This shows both the mixing treatment and
the amount of chitosan concentration are not correlated on
adsorbing silver even though it is done in a row. LDS analysis
shows the difference range between the initial concentration of
silver waste water wastewater sample as a control compared with
the treatment 5-minute mixing, 15-minute mixing on each
chitosan concentration that added. All of chitosan concentration
(0,1; 0,3; and 0,5) show treatment 5-minute is significantly
different with 15 minute treatment whether on supernatant sample
or pellet sample. Result of Duncan analysis giving grouping of
similarity between treatment, only chitosan concentration of 0,3
that shows the same grouping between 5 minute mixing and 15
minute.
According to the result of the silver calculation on wastewater
sample, the silver concentration was 704,7 mmg/L. That result
was so high for silver amount on water body compared to
international standard according to WHO for clean water that is
around 0,2 – 0,3 µg/L. This should be a concern that metal
concentration on waste water exceeded the standard level.
However after the treatment resulting range of silver concentration
become only 10 mg/L.
CONCLUSION
Chitosan is the effective decreasing silver amount on
wastewater solution. Treatment is by mixing and adding various
chitosan concentration effecting on bigger absorbance of the metal
solution by chitosan. Pellet and supernatant only show the metal
amount that left on the solution; they are not showing the amount
of the metal that bound by chitosan. Composition on wastewater
157
is very important to know for consideration on wastewater
analysis.
REFERENCES
[1] M.S. Abdel-Raouf, and A.R.M. Abdul-Raheim,
“Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Waste Water
by Biomass-Based Materials: A Review,” Journal of
Pollution Effects & Control, vol. 5, p. 180, 2017.
[2] H.K. Alluri, S.R. Ronda, V.S. Settalluri, J. Singh, B.
Suryanarayana, and P. Venkateshwar, “Biosorption: An
eco-friendly alternative for heavy metal removal,”
African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 6, pp. 2924-2931,
2007.
[3] H.S. Jiang, X.N. Qiu, G.B. Li, W. Li, and L.Y. Yin.
“Silver Nanoparticles Induced Accumulation of Reactive
Oxygen Species and Alteration of Antioxidant Systems in
the Aquatic Plant Spirodela polyrhiza,” Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 33, pp. 1398-1405, 2014.
[4] S.H. Gulbranson, J.A. Hud, and R.C. Hansen, “Argyria
Following the Use of Dietary Supplements Containing
Colloidal Silver Protein,” Cutis, vol. 66, pp. 373-374,
2000.
[5] N. Aquilina, and R. Blundell, “Biochemical and
Physiological Effect of Silver Bioaccumulation,” Open
Journal of Pathology, vol. 5, pp. 57-71, 2016.
[6] W. Zhang, Q. Zhang, F. Wang, L. Yuan, F. Jiang, and Y.
Liu, “Comparison of Interactions between Human Serum
Albumin and Silver Nanoparticles of Different Sizes
Using Spectroscopic Methods,” Luminescence, vol. 30,
pp. 397-404, 2014.
[7] M.A. Lobo-Recio, F.R. Lapolli, T.J. Belli, C.T. Folzke,
and R.R.T. Tarpani, “Study of the removal of residual
aluminium though the biopolymers carboxy methyl
cellulose, chitin and chitosan,“ Desalination Water Treat,
vol. 51, pp 1735–1743, 2013.
[8] M.L. Wysokowski, Klapiszewski, D. Moszynski, P.
Bartczak, T. Szatkowski, I. Majchrzak, K. Siwinska-
Stefanska, V.V. Bazhenov, and T. Jesionowski,
“Modification of Chitin with Kraft Lignin and
Development of New Biosorbents for Removal of
Cadmium(II) and Nickel(II) Ions,” Mar. Drugs. vol. 12,
pp. 2245-2268, 2004.
[9] H. Tang, W. Zhou, and L. Zhang, “Adsorption isotherms
and kinetics studies of malachite green on chitin
hydrogels,” J. Hazard. Mater, pp. 209–210; 218–225,
2012.
[10] A.L. Ahmad, B.H. Hameed, and S. Sumathi, “Adsorption
of residue oilfrom palm oil mill effluent using powder and
flake chitosan:Equilibrium and kinetic studies,” Water
Research, vol. 39, pp. 2483-2494, 2005.
[11] C. Zhang, “Fundamentals of Sampling and Analysis,”
Wiley, 2007.
[12] T.W. Ming, L.T. Yen, W.C. Chich, and C.C. Chich,
“Synthesis, Characterization, and Highly Acidresistant
Properties of Cross Linking B-Chitosan Withpolyamines
for Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption” RSC Advances, vol. 6,
CISAK 2019

pp. 104754-104762, 2016.

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CISAK 2019

Effect of Different Biomc4 Doses on Black Soldier Fly

(Hermetia illucens) Flour to Optimize Nutrition of Fish Feed
Nada Dzatalini1, Muhammad Fauzan1, Mirni Lamid2 Annur Ahadi Abdillah2 and Widya Paramitha2

1
Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyosari, Surabaya, , Indonesia
2
Product and Technology Departement, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Jl Mulyosari Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Vetinary Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyosari, Surabaya Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*Nadadzatalini@gmail.com 2fauzanm1998@yahoo.com

2*annur.ahadi@fpk.unair.ac.id

Abstract. Flour of Black Soldier Fly Larva (BSFL) is one of the alternative raw material for fish feed due to its high content of protein
(35%) and lipid (7,9%). However, this larva also has a very high content of fiber (30%), while the maximum limit average of fiber yield
for fish feed is 12%. The prime objective of this research was to simultaneously know the best doses of Biomc4 to enhance the protein,
and reduce the fiber content from the flour of BSFL. This research was experimental research where 100-gram flour of BSFL were
fermented for seven days and given 4 four different doses of Biomc4 (0,1%,5%, and 10%) with additional molasses and distilled water.
Proximate analysis was carried out for each sample. The best result showed that 10% is the best doses that can enhance 3,25 % of
protein and reduce 10,56% of fiber. The higher dose of biomc4 enhance the protein content and decrease fiber content. This is because
BIOMC4 has cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria. In conclusion, 10% is the best doses of Biomc4 on the flour of BSFL, more research
on flour of BSFL fermentation using other doses or microorganism is needed to optimize nutrition contain

Keywords: Black soldier Fly, Biomc4, and Fermentation

A. INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture is a sector that continues to develop
compared to the capture fisheries sector whose productivity has
declined due to overfishing, Aquaculture production in Indonesia
experienced a significant increase from 7,93 million tones in 2011
to 17.22 million tones in 2017 [1]. The increasing price of a fish
feed ingredient is a challenge to develop the aquaculture sector
because most of the fish feed raw materials are imported
especially protein sources. In the last decade, Insect based on feed
products especially Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) has
been studied as feed ingredients to replace fish feed [2].
Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) is a non-pest insect
that has the ability to convert organic waste into a source of
methane energy through a fermentation process involving living
microorganisms through bioconversion [3]. The Black Soldier Fly
is the preferred insect because this insect is easy to culture and
does not spread any of disease. The Production of BSFL can be
realised bellow the cost of production of existing fishmeal [4].
Research on feeding trial has been shown that BSFL can
successfully replace fish feed in fish diet as reported by preference
study on Catfish (Pangaisus pangasius ) [5] , rainbow fish, [6]
and other report.
The proximate analysis results have been carried out in
the Feed Laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas
Airlangga show that the BSFL flour obtained from PT Puspa
Agro, Sidoarjo has a protein content of 35%, 7.7% fat, and 30%
crude fiber. While the average limit fiber crude content for fish
feed is 8-12% [7] high levels of fiber crude on BSFL flour will
accelerate the digestion process of feed in the digestive tract due
to the chance of the gastrointestinal tract to absorb food substances
[8].To optimize the raw material of fish feed, BSFL Flour should
be at the optimum concentration.
The effort that currently used to improve the quality of
the feed ingredient is Fermentation. Fermentation is a chemical
process of organic substrate change in the presence of biochemical
catalyst. Those are enzymes produced by certain microbes, with
the aim to simplify nutrient bond that is difficult to digest such as
crude fiber. [9] Probiotics are live microbial feed supplement
which provides good effects to the host through increase intestinal
microbe balance [10]. One type of probiotics is Biomc4 that
containing the isolates of Enterobacter sp, Bacillus sp,
Cellulomonas sp, and Actinomyces sp, BioMC4 has a
concentration of 4.2 x 109 cells/ml [11] and has been widely used
to improve the quality of raw material such as peanut shells [12]
B. MATERIAL AND METHOD
Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) was obtained from PT.
Puspa Agro Sidoarjo, BSFL had been cleaned and despatched by
pouring hot water, Steamed for 30 Minute, laid in the oven to dry,
sieved up, and crushed into flour. Biomc4 is a Probiotic containing
bacteria that was isolated from bovine rumen fluid waste of
Surabaya Abattoir from previous study [13]. Fermentation was
started by weighing 100 Gram flour of BSFL, and put in a sealed
plastic bag for a week. There are four different doses of inoculums
(0%, 1%,5%,10%) that has been multiplied by added 3% molasses

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and distilled water in a closed bottle for one day. Proximate addition of inorganic nitrogen through fermentation. The
analysis was carried out with Kjeldahl method [14] increase of protein was also due to the biomass of growing
bacteria in the fermentation proses which is a single cell
C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION protein (SCP) and would contribute as a source of protein
[17]Furthermore Bacillus spp strains has the ability to survive
Proximat Analysis of Fermented BSFL the pelletization process [18]
Proximate analysis BSFL flour fermented with different Level of Fiber Crude
doses of Biomc4 Showed in Table 2. Inoculum doses showed that
the higher inoculum would increase the level of protein crude and Proximate analysis result (Table 1) showed that fiber
lipid; however, the level of crude fiber was lower than control. content before fermentation was 30,28%. It is noted that the
decrease in crude fiber content was highest in the doses of 10%
Figure 1. Proximate analysis result of BSFL flour fermented probiotic, which is 10,56 %. A decrease in crude fiber was caused
with different doses of Probiotic by the breaking down of complex substance to a simpler
component by the activity of Cellulomonas spp, Actinomyces spp,
50 and Enterobacter spp. The three types of bacteria is a cellulolytic
40
No Fermentation bacteria that produce cellulase enzyme, and converted crude fiber
30
into dissolved carbohydrate. Cellulase can decompose fiber
20 0%
10 material into fermentable sugar (glucose) that will be digested by
1% microorganism as source of energy to release protein, starch, and
0
Crude Lipid Crude 5% their nutrition on it [19].
Protein Fiber
10% Level of Lipid
proximat analysis
Proximate analysis result (Table 1) showed that Lipid
content was increased during fermentation process compared to
the control, but the higher inoculum would reduced lipid content.
The lipid content increased 8,38 % in 0% doses probably because
of mollasess addition and unknown microbial strain in the BSFL
Table 1. Proximate analysis result of BSFL flour fermented flour that is able to accumulate fatty acid in their cells, making
with different doses of Probiotic them potential source of single cell lipid. Furthermore, the doses
of 1%,5 % and 10% reduced the content of lipid due to the activity
Treatment Protein crude Lipid Fiber Crude of bacteria that used carbon source from molasess as an energy
BSFL FLOUR 34,96/ 36,43 7,78/8,1 30,28/ 31,55 essential source of bacteria. Molasses are residue left after the
Fermented BSFL 34,86 16,16 21.31 crystallization of sucrose usually in the fermentation process. [20].
Flour (0%)
the optimum lipid content for fish growth is 6-18% therefore lipid
Fermented BSFL 35,52 15,28 20,68
Flour (1%) content in fermented BSFL flour is still optimum.
Fermented BSFL 36,38 13,91 19,85
Flour (5%)
CONCLUSION
Fermented BSFL 38,21 10,61 19,72 In conclusion, Fermentation of BSFL Flour with Biomc4
Flour (10%)
can improve the nutritional quality through fiber degradation, and
Level of Protein content enhance the protein content. Succeed fermentation will give a
Proximate analysis result (Table 1) showed the protein simple and easier compound of product to digest than the original
content before fermentation was 34,96 %. The highest percentage product. More research of BSFL flour fermentation using another
of increased protein was 3,35% with 10% inoculum doses. It is microorganism and doses are still need to improve the quality of
noted that the higher doses of probiotic would increase higher pres BSFL.
crude protein. Increased crude protein on fermented BSFL flour
was caused by the addition of probiotic containing of Bacillus sp.
[15] Bacillus sp. is a proteolytic bacteria that produce protease
enzyme and work to hydrolyzes protein substrate in alkaline
condition. [16] added that proteins are converted into peptides
and then peptides will be overhauled into amino acid by the

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Authors would like to express gratitude to : [14] H Y kang and P Y yang , Bioprocessing papaya processing waste for
potential aquaculture feed suplement- economic and nutrient analysis with
1. Prof. Dr.Mirni Lamid, drh., MP. Prof. Moch Amin shrimp feeding trial, vol. 101, pp. 7973-7979, 2010.

Alamsjah and Dr. Widya Paramita as my [15] EL-Haroun and A-S Goda AM, Kabir Chowdhury MA, "Effect of dietary
Academic counselors. probiotic Biogen supplementation as a growth promoter on growth
performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
2. Mr. Annur Ahadi Abdillah, Muhammad Fauzan (L.)," pp. 37:1473-1480, 2006.
Masbukin, and Shindy Novia for the endless
support and advices. [16] L Han, S Ma zhang, and X Liu , "Research and optimization of
tecnological process based on fermentation for production of seeweed
3. My Research Team feed," Green and sustainable Chemistry, vol. 9(3), p. 4, 2012.

[1] Kementrian Perikanan dan Kelautan, "Produktifias Perikanan Indonesia,"
Jakarta, 8-14, 2017.
[2] Hendry, M., Gasco , L., Piccolo, G. and Fountoulak, "Review on the use of
insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future.," vol. 203, pp. 1-22,
2015.
[3] L Newton, "Using the Black Soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, as a Value-
Added Tool For the Management of Swine Manure," 2005.
[17] N F Colovos, H A Keener, and J R prescott, "The Nutritive Value of Wood
Molasess as Compared with Cane Molasess," Dairy science Journal, vol.
32, pp. 907-913, 2019.
[18] Iskandar and Elrifadah, "Pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan ikan nila
(Oreochromis niloticus) yang diberi pakan buatan berbasis kiambang," vol.
40(2), pp. 18-24, 2015.

[4] Iskandar and Elrifadah, "Pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan ikan nila
(Oreochromis niloticus) yang diberi pakan buatan berbasis kiambang.
40(2): 18-24 hal," vol. 40 (2 ), pp. 18-24 hal, 2015.

[5] A Bazera, "Growth and Protein Disgestibility of Tambaqui ( Collosoma

macropomum) Fish diet based on Fish Siage," Thesis Aquaculture
Departement, p. 106, 2002.

[6] Siti Aslamyah and Muh Yusri Karim, "Fermented seeweed Flour with
various fermentors to improve the quality of fish ingridient," Journal
Aquaculture Indonesia, vol. 16 (2), pp. 8-14, 2017.

[7] Lokapirnasari, Widya Paramita; A.R, Dewi; A, Fathinah;, "Effect of

Probiotic Containing Enterobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Cellulomonas Spp.,
Actinomiyces spp Suplementation on The laying Performance and Egg
cholesterol of Quail," , 2018.

[8] Dian Arif Satriawan, "Pengaruh Probiotik dan Herbal Terhadap Rasio
Konversi Pakan pada Ayam Pedagang," Skripsi Fakultas Kedokteran
Hewan Universitas Airlangga, 2016.

[9] Rochmah Kurnijasanti, "Hasil analisis proksimat dari kulit kacang yang
difermentasi dengan probiotik biomc4," Journal Agro Veteriner, vol. 5(1),
pp. 28-33, 2015.

[10] w p Lokapirnasari, D S Nazar, T Nurhajati, Supranianondo, and yulianto,

"Production and Assay of celulolitik enzyme activity of Enterobacter
cloacae WPL214 isolated from bovine rumen fluid waste of Surabaya
Abbatoir," Indonesia Vetinary world, vol. 8(3), pp. 361-371, 2015.

[11] Robert Bank Gibson, "The Determination of Nitrogen by Kjeldal

Methode," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 26, no. 1, pp.
105-110, 1904.

[12] W.H Chou, "Optimization of extracellular alkaline protease production

from species of Bacillus," Journal of Industrial Microbiologi and
Biotechnology, vol. 34, pp. 241-245, 2007.

[13] Anggordi, Ilmu makanan Ternak. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1994.

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Flavor Characteristics of Lemi from Blue Swimming Crab

(Portunus pelagicus) with Different Maltodextrin and
Carrageenan Concentration
Rani Tri Mustika Novitasari1*, Fatichatus Sholicha1, Nindita Praba Daniswara1,
Dinda Viera Nursabrina1, Prianindio Muhammad Izmail1
1
Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University,
Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Diponegoro University,
Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1* nouvitaranny@gmail.com

1fatichatus.sholichah98@gmail.com

1ninditadaniswara@gmail.com

1dindanursabrina@gmail.com

1prianindio@gmail.com

Abstract. In 2017, the export value of blue swimming crab meat in Indonesia took the fourth largest position after shrimp and tuna,
which took 22.8 million tons with a value of 411 million US dollars. Moreover, it has produced a large waste with a range of 75-80%
from the blue swimming crab weight consists parts of shell, gills, viscera, and mustard (lemi). Lemi is yellowish part of blue swimming
crab that can be found under the surface of its shell after boiling. Whereas the raw material of lemi contains high protein, which is
17.08%. This study aims to optimize the lemi crab, which contains high protein as a food flavor with adding the different concentrations
of maltodextrin and carrageenan. Method of the study conducted by weighing the sample and carrier agents, , mixing a foam making,
pouring on a flat, pan oven with a 58oC temperature, refining, sieving, and testing. The best result for glutamic acid is 67.13%, which
is obtained at 2.5% maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan concentration. The best result for protein is 48.20%, which is obtained at 2.5%
maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan concentration. According to the solubility result with the addition of different concentrations of
maltodextrin increased to 4.85%, and the best result is 85,18%, which is obtained at 7.5% maltodextrin and 0.5% carrageenan
concentration. The best result for water content is 5.94% which is obtained at 7.5% maltodextrin and 0.5% carrageenan concentration.
Based on 30 panelists, the highest result of taste was found at 2.5% maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan concentration. The highest
result of aroma was found at 5% maltodextrin and 3% carrageenan concentration. To that end, lemi is appropriate to be a food flavor
because of the high value of protein and glutamate.
Keywords: Blue swimming crab, lemi, maltodextrin, carrageenan, and flavor

A. INTRODUCTION The main component of flavor making is glutamate acid. The

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Republic of
Indonesia (2018) reported that export value of blue swimming
crab meat in 2017 in Indonesia took the fourth largest position
after shrimp and tuna was 22.8 million tons with a value of 411
million US dollars. The enhancement of blue swimming crab’s
production absolutely will be producing the waste from the blue
swimming crab’s stripping process. The meat that has been taken
from blue swimming crab’s body was about 20-25%, and it has
produced the waste about 75-80% that consists of shell, gills,
viscera, and lemi[1].
Lemi is the potential waste which is underutilized maximally.
Lemi is yellowish part of blue swimming crab that can be found
under the surface of its shell after boiling. This part of blue
swimming crab has a delicious taste like its meat. Lemi cannot be
included in canned blue swimming crab meat because it leads to
discoloration during storage in a certain time, and it cannot be
accepted by the consumer[1]. The utilization of fisheries’ waste
potential is not maximal; therefore, the utilization of its waste in
the form of natural powder flavor is expected to improve the
economic value of blue swimming crab’s waste[2].
strong and typical aroma of flavor is produced from its liquid
filtrate (broth) that still contains protein. The flavor is the material
that gives aroma and emphasizes its taste, and often added on food.
This time, there is not much natural flavor that has aroma and taste
of seafood. Therefore, the making of natural powder flavor from
the waste of the blue swimming crab’s meat processing is very
potential as an alternative flavor, food, and snack. The making of
flavor needs natural carrier agents that use to increase the result of
texture flavor. Carrier agents that can be used are maltodextrin and
carrageenan. The using of maltodextrin in flavor is as water
binder[2], coating flavor components, increasing the total amount
of solids, enlarging the drying process, preventing material
damages due to heat, and increasing solubility and organoleptic
characteristics of powder flavor[3]. Carrageenans, sulfated cell
wall polysaccharides found in Rhodophyta, are extensively used
for stabilizing and texturing products in the food industry[4].
The making of powder flavor from lemi is using foam-mat
drying. Foam-mat drying is useful for producing dry products
from liquid material which is sensitive to heat. foam-mat drying
technique has some advantages, such as low dryer temperature,

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rapid evaporation of water, low cost, and easy to do also drying of studies argued that red seaweed contains higher percentages of
foaming material will reduce drying time[5]. both aspartic and glutamic acids[10]. Glutamic acid is one of the
many types of amino acids found in nature. Glutamate is an
B. METHODS important component of the taste of cheese, seafood, meat broth,
and other foods. Glutamic acid is another example of a flavoring
Determination of the concentration of maltodextrin and ingredient produced by fermentation in large volumes[11]. First
carrageenan is with a ratio of 2.5% and 5.5%; 5% and 3%; 7.5% discovered as a major flavor constituent of Japanese seaweed.
and 0.5%. Research about the making of flavor from tiger Glutamate gives foods a savory character often referred to as the
shrimp’s (Penaeus monodon) boiled water using oven dryer has umami flavor attribute[12].
resulted that the best concentration of maltodextrin is 5%[6].
Material that is used in the making of powder flavor from blue
2. Protein
swimming crab is obtained from a miniplant in Rembang, Central
Java, Indonesia. Carrier agent such as maltodextrin is obtained
from chemical shop.
The processes of making powder flavor from blue swimming
crab’s lemi are: lemi (100 g) is added with maltodextrin and
carrageenan with a ratio 2.5% and 5.5%; 5% and 3%; 7.5% and
0.5%. The making of foam is using a mixer with 3000 rpm for 10
minutes then pour it in baking sheet 30 x 30 cm which has been
coated with HDPE plastic (the thickness of the dough is 1-3 mm).
After that, use oven with temperature 58oC for 3-4 hours then
doing destruction with a blender. Furthermore, sieve using strainer
(60 meshes)[6].

C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT

1. Glutamic Acid
fig. 1. The Results of Glutamic Acid Content
Method for testing glutamic acid is using HPLC. The best
result for glutamic acid is 67.13%, which is obtained at 2.5%
maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan concentration. Dextrin
characteristic is acidic which is soluble in hot and cold water and
dextrin is classified as a carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is the main
component in some compounds, and binds to another molecule
such as protein as glycoprotein. Glycoprotein is between protein
and carbohydrate which is complex protein in hydrolysis and it
produces amino acid and other substance[7]. One of protein
characteristic is hydrolysis, so the protein in shrimp’s head is
hydrolyzed with acid that contained in dextrin then glutamic is
deaminated and forming glutamic and the glutamic is
increased[8].
Most of the seaweed contains sufficient aspartic acid and
glutamic acid in the total of amino acid composition[9]. A number
fig. 2. The Results of Protein Content
Method for testing protein is using the Kjeldahl method
according to AOAC[13]. The best result for protein is 48.20%,
which is obtained at 2.5% maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan
concentration, whereas the lowest result for protein is obtained at
8% maltodextrin concentration (control). The higher addition of
carrier agent concentration, the result of protein content in powder
flavor will be lower. This is due to many additions of carrier agents
such as maltodextrin and gum arabic. Maltodextrin and gum
arabic comes from a type of carbohydrate which is a type of
polysaccharide. The higher its carrier agent concentration, the wall
coating made from carbohydrate will be thicker[14].
The value of protein content is proportional to the level of
glutamate, if the value of protein content increases, the level of
glutamic acid also increases. Glutamic acid is a part of the main
structure of various types of protein molecules contained naturally
in food and low protein content causes the least protein that can
be decomposed into amino acid so then resulting glutamic acid
value was also lower. The resulting glutamic acid value is directly
proportional to the protein content. This is because glutamate acid
is a forming compound of proteins, so that if the protein content
decreases that glutamic acid will also decrease[15].
3. Solubility

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fig. 3. The Results of Solubility

fig. 4. The Results of Water Content
Method for testing solubility is using gravimetric method Method for testing water content is using the oven method that
which is determined based on percentage of residual weight that refers to AOAC[13]. The highest result for water content is 6.53%
can’t be obtained through Whatman filter paper. The formula which is obtained at 2.5% maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan
shown in Eqs. (1) [11]: concentration, whereas the lowest result for protein is 5.08%
Solubility = (1) which is obtained at 8% maltodextrin concentration. Addition of
different maltodextrin and carrageenan concentrations in the
Where: drying process produced significant results in reducing the
a = the weight of used sample moisture content in the flavor. The higher the concentration of
b = the weight of dry filter paper maltodextrin, the water content will be lower[20]. Addition of
c = the weight of filter paper + dry residue maltodextrin can increase the total solids in the material which
ka = sample water content will be dried and reduce the water content of the product[19].

According to the solubility result with the addition of different 5. Hedonic Test
concentrations of maltodextrin increased to 4.85% because the
powder flavor solubility in water is influenced by the water The results of the panelist hedonic data on the taste and aroma
content of the dissolved material. The highest result for powder of the blue swimming crab’s lemi powder flavor are presented in
flavor’s solubility with different treatment is 87.63%, which is Table 1.
obtained at 8% maltodextrin concentration, whereas the lowest The highest result for taste test is 7,68 < µ < 8,16 which is
result for protein is 82.78%, which is obtained at 2.5% obtained at 2.5% maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan
maltodextrin and 5.5% carrageenan concentration. Maltodextrin concentration and it produces savory flavor, whereas the lowest
has characteristic that is able to bind hydrophobic substances. result for taste test is obtained at 8% maltodextrin where the flavor
Besides that, maltodextrin is an oligosaccharide which is very easy is not specific and not strict also smells slightly fishy. Savory taste
to dissolve in water, so that it is able to form a solution system is caused by the presence of free amino acids forming flavors such
which is evenly dispersed[17]. The granular structure of as glycine, alanine, lysine, especially glutamate acid produces a
dextrination makes dextrin molecules split in smaller sizes with delicious taste[17].
more hygroscopic components. So, when heating with low Table 1. Hedonic test result of blue swimming crab’s lemi
pressure, starch particles are damaged as a result the water easily powder flavor
moves into it while releasing components that are easily soluble
in water[18]. Solubility is also influenced by the moisture content Concentration Taste Aroma
of the material. Increasing the amount of water in the material in Maltodextrin 8% 6,69 < µ < 7,31 6,97 < µ < 7,64
large quantities will cause the formation of clots, consequently it Maltodextrin 2,5% 7,68 < µ < 8, 16 7,21 < µ < 7,59
takes a long time to break the bonds between particles so that the Carrageenan 5,5%
product's ability to dissolve decreases[19]. Maltodextrin 5% 7,42 < µ < 7,94 7,88 < µ < 8,44
Carrageean 3%
4. Water Content Maltodextrin 7,5% 7,15 < µ < 7,89 7,44 < µ < 8,16
Carrageean 0,5%

The highest result for aroma test is 7,88 < µ < 8,44 which is
obtained at 5% maltodextrin and 3% carrageenan concentration
and it produces fragrant aroma and specific, whereas the lowest
result for taste test is obtained at 8% maltodextrin where the flavor

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is not specific and not strict. The aroma is one of the parameters
that determine the good taste of a food. The main results of the
maillard reaction are melanoidin compounds that do not affect
flavor, but small amounts of intermediates and volatile
compounds are significant flavor formation[21].
D. CONCLUSION
The higher the concentration of carrageenan, the higher
content of glutamic acid will be, and the higher the concentration
of maltodextrin, the better solubility will be. If the carrageenan
concentration is getting higher, the clumping will occur, and the
solubility will decrease. Lemi is appropriate to be a food flavor
because of the high value of protein and glutamate. This powder
flavor from lemi can be used as a food-safe and good for
consumption because it does not exceed the maximum limit of
glutamic consumption per day, which is 120 mg/kg weight. The
best result is obtained from 2.5% maltodextrin and 5.5%
carrageenan concentration. It should also do a test with storage
time treatment and find another material for increasing the
glutamic acid content to substitute the carrageenan with liquid
smoke.
[14] Putra, D. G., “Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Rasio Carrier Agent terhadap
Karakteristik Bubuk Flavor dari Ekstrak Kepala Udang Vannamei
(Litopenaeus vannamei),” S. TP skripsi, Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2014.
[15] Sasongko, A.Y., E.N. Dewi, and U. Amalia, “The Utilization of Blue
Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus) Waste Product, Lemi, as a Food
Flavor,” International Symposium on Food and Agro-biodiversity (ISFA),
vol. 102, pp 1-7, 2018.
[16] Fardiaz, “Petunjuk Laboratorium Teknik Analisis Sifat Kimia dan
Fungsional Komponen Pangan,” Bogor, Institut Pertanian Bogor, 1992.
[17] Winarno, F.G., Kimia Pangan dan Gizi, Jakarta, PT. Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, 2004.
[18] Sutardi, S.H., and R. Constansia, “Pengaruh Dekstrin dan Gum Arab
terhadap Sifat Kimia dan Fisika Bubuk Sari Jagung Manis (Zeamays
saccharata),” Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan, vol. 21, pp 102-107,
2010.
[19] Widyasanti, A., N.A. Septianti, and S. Nurjanah, “Effect of Maltodextrin
Addition on the Physicochemical Properties of Tomato Powder Processed
by Foam Mat Drying,” Agrin, vol. 22, pp 22-38, 2018.
[20] Ayu, M., U. Rosidah, and G. Priyanto, “Pembuatan Sambal Cabai Hijau
Instan dengan Metode Foam Mat Drying,” Prosiding Seminar Nasional
Lahan Suboptimal, pp 464-489, 2016.
[21] Suharsono, T., “Pembuatan Bubuk Flavor Kepala Udang Windu (Penaeus
monodon) secara Enzimatik sebagai Bumbu Instan Masakan,” S. Pi skripsi,
Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2006.

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Bentuk Bubuk dengan Penambahan Maltodekstrin,” Jurnal Pengolahan dan
Bioteknologi Hasil Perikanan, vol. 3, pp 67-74, 2014.
[3] Oktaviana, D, “Kombinasi maltodekstrin dan suhu pemanasan terhadap
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CISAK 2019

Diversity of Biota Marine in Intertidal Zone of

Reudeup Beach, Nasi Island, Aceh Besar, Aceh
Chalvia Zuyyina1,2, Ilham Cahyo Nugroho1,2, Shafira Arini Sundari1,2, Rury Eprilurahman,1,2

1
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Laboratory of Animal Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada

corresponding author : 1,289chalvia@gmail.com

Abstract. Nasi Island is one of Indonesia's western regions which has a natural beauty and potential for biodiversity. Reudeup beach is located
on the potential area with a variety of marine biota inside. The initial data collection on the diversity of marine biota needs to be done as a
database, especially for the government to prevent the extinction of diversity due to climate change and human behavior. It is used for the
development of further research. This study was conducted in the Intertidal zone of Reudeup Beach which was conducted in July 2018. Samples
are collected with a purposive random sampling method. The results show there are five Phylum, Echinodermata, Crustaceae, Chlorophyta,
Mollusca, and Coelenterate.. Echinodermata consists of three species, namely Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Diadema setosum, and Holothuria sp.,
Crustaceae consists of Coenobita rugosus and Haspiosquilla raphidea; Mollusca consists of Octopus vulgaris; while Chlorophyta consists of
Gracillaria sp., Halimeda sp., Padina sp., And Cladophora sp.; Finally, Coelenterata consists of Tubipora musica and Acropora sp. This initial
exploration will be a preliminary study for further research on nature conservation, utilization of marine biota in various fields.

Keywords: Marine biota, Intertidal, Diversity, Nasi Island

A. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagic countries in the
world that widely between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific
Ocean, while according to data from the Ministry of Maritime
Affairs and Fisheries (2011) Indonesia has a coastline reaching
95.181 square kilometers. Two-thirds of the area consists of
oceans with geographical conditions that support the high level
of marine biodiversity (Yusro, 2005). Biodiversity is the whole
of organisms from various levels of species and genes in a
region (Behera and Das 2008). The high level of biodiversity
possessed makes the Indonesian nation predicate the world as
"Mega Biodiversity" as the center of world biodiversity
concentration (Sutarno and Setyawan, 2015). Reudeup Beach,
one of the locations on Nasi Island in the western tip of
Indonesia, Aceh Province, has the potential of marine
biodiversity to be utilized and preserved. This beach has white
sand, coral and rocks making it suitable for marine biota habitat,
as well as very natural coastal conditions. The diversity of
marine biota consists of various phylums, including
Echinodermata, Crustacea, Mollusca, Chlorophyta, and
Coelenterata. Many of these organisms are found in the
intertidal zone which is a coastal area located between the
lowest high and low tide and this zone represents the
representation of the transition from sea conditions to land
conditions so that the diversity of organisms in this area is very
high (Nyabakke, 1988). The life of marine biota among
organisms is interrelated to create a balanced ecosystem, but the
current environmental conditions are threatening one of the
causes of climate change which is expected to cause the
extinction of about one-quarter or more of all terrestrial species
by 2050, even beyond habitat loss as a threat greatest for life
(Kawai et al. 2016). Data Collection The diversity of marine
organisms needs to be carried out as a first step to prevent
extinction, so that later, conservation efforts can be made,
managed, utilized these organisms. So the purpose of this study
is to provide a list of the diversity of marine biota as a
preliminary study of the diversity of marine biota on the coast
of Reudeup, Pulau Nasi, Aceh.
B. METHODS
The research was carried out on 11th July 2018, and data
collection was carried out at noon at 2:00 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.
Sampling was carried out in the intertidal zone on Reudeup
Beach, Nasi Island with coordinates 05ᵒ37'0 "North Latitude
and 95ᵒ37'0" East Longitude. The condition of the intertidal
zone of the coast is covered by dead corals. At the time of data
collection weather is cloudy and the sea water recedes. The
method used in this study is purposive random sampling along
the coastline. The materials and tools used were GPS,
penjempit, Ziplock, clamp, gloves, camera, carpet and
guidelines for identification of Indo West Pacific Echinoderms
namely Monograph of shallow water, for identification at
Crustacea identification A guide to decapod crustaceans of the
South Pacific, guidelines identification with Mollusca, food and
agriculture organization (FAO), Identification guidelines for
Chlorophyta namely algae base whereas in Coelenterata namely
Extraordinary Echinoderms

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C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The diversity of marine life organisms in Reudeup Beach,
Nasi Island, Aceh can be classified into five groups (figure 1)
including Echinodermata, Crustaceae, Mollusca, Chlorophyta and
Coelenterata. From the 5 five phylum of organisms, it is seen that
the highest diversity of organisms is in the distribution of
Chlorophyta, and the lowest is Mollusca
Diversity Phylum di Pantai
Reudeup, Pulau Nasi
6
Jumlah
Echinoderms are usually found in almost all marine ecosystems
but often in habitats that have coral reefs such as live corals, coral
fragments and dead corals in the intertidal zone (Nyabakke, 1987).
Collecting data was carried out on Reudeup beach, Nasi Island,
Aceh. It was found three classes from this phylum including
Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. In the Ophiuroide
class which is a type of snaking star found Ophiocoma
scolopendrina has a lower body white gray and a dorsal part gray
with irregular transverse lines; besides that, it has middle discs and
arms with a number of limes functioning to move (Aziz , 1991).
The species Ophiocoma scolopendrina lives in groups under dead
coral colonies, this type of organism can also immerse itself in the
sand for protection against tense environmental conditions such as
excessive sunburn. On the other hand, this species also has an

4
2 important role in the marine ecosystem because it takes up detritus
0 around it (Aziz, 1991). In the Echinodiea class is a type of sea
urchin found, Diadema setosum. The morphological features of
Diadema setosum have a round shape of purplish black and long
spines as a means of movement. This species is able to live alone
Phylum or clustered and is herbivore, on the other hand these organisms
have a role in the food chain as a food provider for certain fishes
Figure 1. graph of diversity of organisms. and snails and the contents of their salts can be consumed which
contain aprodosia (Suharsono, 2014). In the Holothuroidea or sea
The diversity of each phylum is characterized by certain cucumber class, Holothuria sp. Species were found, having
species (Table 1). Each phylum has a special character that morphological characteristics, namely the dorsal part composed of
distinguishes one another. The species found in each group were 2 ambulacral regions called sole, the ventral part composed of 3
Echinodermata found Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Diadema ambulacral, having the least skeleton and reducing the ocular. This
setosum and Holothuria sp., Then in the Crustaceae group species is generally green, brown or black, and many are found in
consisted of Coenobita rugosus and Haspiosquilla raphidea. muddy, rocky areas and deep seas. Holothuria sp., often used for
Diversity in Chlorophyta consisted of Gracillaria sp., Halimeda the food industry, but some other types are also toxic. (Suharsono,
sp., Padina sp. and Cladophora sp., Then on Mollusca found 2014.
Octopus vulgaris. While in Coelenterata found species of
Tubipora musica and Acropora sp.
Table 1. Organism diversity is found on Reudeup Beach, Nasi Island, Aceh..
Phylum Spesies
Echinodermata Ophiocoma scolopendrina
Diadema setosum
Holothuria sp.
Crustaceae Coenobita rugosus
Haspiosquilla raphidea (A)
Chlorophyta Gracillaria sp.
Halimeda sp.
Padina sp.
Cladophora sp.
Mollusca Octopus vulgaris
Coelenterata Tubipora musica
Acropora sp.
Echinodermata is an important organism for the ecosystem
(B)
because it involved in the food chain as an eater of organic waste
(Dahuri, 2003). In addition, Echinodermata contains chemical
elements that can be used in the health and food fields.

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CISAK 2019
(C)
Figure 2.(A) Ophiocoma scolopendrina, (B) Diadema setosum (C) Holothuria sp
The Crustaceae subphylum rom Arthropoda has a role in
marine ecosystems as an indicator of the waters because it has a
stable habitat, the diversity of these groups is the key to other
organisms that can live besides playing a role in the food chain as
decomposers (Eprilurahman et. al. 2015). In this group 2, species
were found, namely Coenobita rugosus and Haspiosquilla
raphidea. In the Coenobita rugosus species, crabs are often found
in marine ecosystems, and have a form of adaptation to their
environment by burying themselves into the sand substrate when
the temperature is high (Pasaribu et. al. 2018). Coenobita rugosus
is generally gray, white or black, and has a small body and has a
pattern on the shell (Davie, 2002). The second species,
Haspiosquilla raphidea, or commonly called mantis shrimp,
belongs to the predator group, often found on the bottom of the
water. The morphology of this group is characterized by a dark
line that extends along the posterior edge of the thorax, the dark
body and carapace only partially cover the first three segments
(Davie, 2002). Mantis shrimp live among coral reefs and have a
living behavior by digging holes in coral reefs so that it has a
positive impact on the occurrence of a good oxygenation process
for the health of coral reefs, because of that mantis shrimp plays a
major role in the survival of coral reefs which are indicators of
marine ecosystems ( Situmeang, et. al., 2017).
(A) (B)
Figure 3.(A) Coenobita rugosus dan (B) Haspiosquilla raphidea
Chlorophyta is an organism that has an important role in the
environment as a place to live and protect certain species,
especially fish. In addition, it acts as a producer of organic
materials and sources of oxygen for aquatic organisms in the
aquatic environment, and is currently being developed in the field
168
of an industry because the content of chemical compounds owned,
for example for cosmetic ingredients (Bold and Wynne 1985). As
one of commercial type of Algae, Gracilaria (Rhodophyta)
known as one of certain algae that has been cultured. These red
algae are covering from intertidal to subtidal area. Gracilaria has
parenchymatous thallus and discoid holdfast. We can find easily
at rock substrate. Commonly, We can find the with dichotomous
branches, but some species have irregular branches (Rodgers and
Cox, 1999). Menurut Great Lakes WATER Institute.2004
Cladophora sp., the cells has multi-nucleat type and have filamen
shape. We can found them at intertidal zone and they always
covering on a big rocks. This algae have no mucus on it and tend
to be dry. This species has high sensitivity with light, pH, and
temperature. Halimeda sp., This species is so unique. The shape is
like lined up shells and have concrete structure. It is because they
do deposite CaCO3 more than Padina. We can find this
Chlorophyta at near the ouline of intertidal zone especially on sand
substrate Padina sp., This paeophyceae species has a thin layer of
thalli and have traditional fan-shape. We can found them easily at
sand substrate. They have concentric rings on theri thalli and they
do deposits od CaCO3 (Bold et.al., 1987).
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Figure 4.( A) Gracillaria sp., (B) Cladophora sp., (C) Halimeda sp. (D)
Padina sp.
The Mollusca phylum group found in the Reudeup Beach of
Nasi Island is a member of the Cepalophoda class with octopus or
Octopus vulgaris. These organisms have habitat in deep waters but
are often found while tidal and take refuge in the cracks of rocks,
rocks and seaweed. Octopus vulgaris has a living type by
swimming in a large herd in the waters (Budiyanto et. Al, 1997).
This type of organism is often used as a food ingredient because it
has a high protein content and has a high economic value for the
CISAK 2019
community (Budiyanto et. Al, 1997). Octopus is a nocturnal
organism that is active at night with morphological features
having 8 arms attached to the head, half-shaped mouth and 2
sucking lines (suckers) under each arm (Bagaskoro, 2018).
Octopus moves and swims using the eight arms and in certain
conditions can change color (Budiyanto et. Al, 1997).
The Phylum Coelenterata found comes from the Anthozoa
class or group of coral reefs. Coral reefs are associations of
complex organisms with a number of different habitat types in
marine ecosystems (Septyadi, et. Al., 2013). This group has an
important role in marine ecosystems as a source of food for other
marine biota organisms, besides that it is used for shelter and has
the main key in water filters that are able to clean various organic
and inorganic substances (Suharsono, 2014). Distribution of coral
reefs is only available in tropical and subtropical regions, therefore
Indonesia is included in the coral triangle area which has the
richest coral reef population in the world (Wilkinson, 2008). In
Anthozoa class, 2 species were found that is Tubipora musica and
Acropora sp., This type of organism has 2 phases of life cycle,
namely as medusa and adult phase. The morphological
characteristics of Tubipora musica are red and the only type of
distilled coral, besides this species falls into the category of the
red zone of rare coral reefs in the world. This organism has a role
as a place to live marine biota in the waters and also hold waves
to prevent erosion of the beach (Suharsono, 2014). The second
organism of this class, Acropora sp., has morphological features
of colonies with sturdy branches that are thick and form clumps
and sharp branches and have a single axial corallite. Acropora sp.
dark brown with white branches and found in shallow water
habitats with bright light and a place to live for underwater
organisms, these organisms play a role as pioneers in the
formation of coral reef ecosystems (Veron, 2002).
Figure 5.( A) Tubipora musica (B) Acropora sp.
D. CONCLUSION
Based on the research, it can be concluded that biodiversity in
Reudeup Beach, Nasi Island, Aceh, consist of five phylum.
Echinodermata consists of three species, namely Ophiocoma
scolopendrina, Diadema setosum and Holothuria sp., In
Crustaceae, it consists of Coenobita rugosus and Haspiosquilla
raphidea. In Mollusca, it consists of Octopus vulgaris, while in
Chlorophyta, it consists of Gracillaria sp., Halimeda sp., Padina
169
sp., And Cladophora sp., Finally, Coelenterata consists of
Tubipora musica and Acropora sp.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge KKN team Nasi Island 2019 for helping us to
collect the data.
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Skripsi. Fakultas perikanan dan ilmu kelautan. Institut
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Principles and Practice. Kindle edition, PHI, New Delhi.
4) Budiyanto, Agus dan Herri, Sugiarto. 1997. Catatan Mengenai
Si Tangan Delapan (gurita/octopus spp.). Oseana. Jakarta.
Vol: XXII. No. 3: 25 – 33
5) Bold, H. C., C. J. Alexopoulos& T. Delevoryas, 1987.
Morphology of plants and fungi. Harper & Row, New York.
(5th ed.). 912pp.
6) Dahuri, Rokhmin. 2003. Keanekaragaman Ha-yati Laut.
Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
7) Davie, PJF 2002. Katalog Zoologi Australia. Penerbitan
CSIRO. Collingwood, pp 170-171, 505. 204-205
8) Eprilurahman, R. Wahyu. T.B., Trijoko,. 2015.
Keanekaragaman Jenis Kepiting (Decapoda: Brachyura)
di Sungai Opak, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.
Biogenesis. Vol 3; (2) hal 100-108.
9) Great Lakes WATER Institute.2004.Cladophora
Research and Management in the Great
Lakes.University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
10) Kawai, Tadashi dan Neil Cumberlidge. 2016.
Tinjauan Global tentang Konservasi Decapod Crustacea
Air Tawar. Springer: Amerika Serikat
11) KKP. 2013. Statistik Kelautan dan Perikanan 2011.
Jakarta. Marine Fisheries Statistics 2011.
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Suatu Pendekatan Biologi. Jakarta. Gra-media.
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Kelomang (Superfamili: Paguroidea) Di Ekosistem Mangrove
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Kappaphycus striatum, and Gracilaria salicornia and 20) Veron, J. E. N. 2002. “Reef Corals of the Raja
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Analysis of Pigment Concentration Common Macroalgae

on the South Coast of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta by
Spectrophotometric Method
Afifah Nur Aini Putri1* Duwi Ayu Sulistiyani1 Muhammad Miftah Jauhar1 Aditiana Vimala Guna1 Arisa Ayuda
Prasmiasari1 Nofita Ratman1 Abdul Basith Azzam1 Abdul Razaq Chasani2
1
Marine Study Club Faculty of Biology Universitas Gadjah Mada
2
Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jl.Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 52281 Indonesia

corresponding author : afifahnurainip@gmail.com

1*

1duwi.ayu.sulistiyani@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract. Macroalgae is photosynthetic organisms that live in watery environments, especially in the sea. Macroalgae has various
types of chlorophyll depending on the types, including chlorophyll a, b, c, and d. One of the dominant pigments in red seaweed
is phycobilin which consists of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin. Macroalgae is abundantly found in the
intertidal zone of the south coast of Gunungkidul; however, there are still few studies on the macroalgae potency. This research
aimed to determine pigment concentration of macroalgae in the south coast of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta in order to understand
the potency of macroalgae pigments for small to industrial purposes. The method used is spectrometry, then analyzed by the
formula.The result of this research, it was found that from three species were abundantly found in south coast of Gunungkidul,
Ulva lactuca has concentration of Phycobilin pigment like Phycocyanin 0,005 mgml-1, Allophycocyanin 0,112 mgml-1 and
Phycoeritrin 0,027 mgml-1 also Chlorophyll a 0,022 mgg-1 and Chlorophyll b 0,026 mgg-1. Padina minor has concentration of
Phycobilin pigment like Phycocyanin 0,088 mgml-1, Allophycocyanin 0,270 mgml-1 and Phycoeritrin 0,033 mgml-1 also
Chlorophyll a 0,026 mgg-1 and Chlorophyll b 0,028 mgg-1. Gracilaria textorii has concentration of Phycobilin pigment like
Phycocyanin 0,027 mgml-1, Allophycocyanin 0,112 mgml-1 and Phycoeritrin 0,008 mgml-1 also Chlorophyll a 0,019 mgg-1 and
Chlorophyll b 0,007 mgg-1.

Keywords: Gunungkidul, macroalgae, pigment, spectrophotometry

A. INTRODUCTION to 650 nm, when chlorophyll a absorbs light poorly, and

Macroalgae is photosynthetic organisms that live in
watery environments, especially in the sea. Because of that,
macroalgae has pigments that function as light capture
devices; one of which is mainly in the form of chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment that functions to capture
sunlight to be transmitted to chemical energy by an
organism. Macroalgae has various types of chlorophyll
depending on the types, including chlorophyll a, b, c, and
d. However, from the four chlorophylls, chlorophyll a and
b were the most dominant [1]. Several studies have verified
the benefits of pigments for human prosperity especially
for food, industry, and pharmaceutical. Manufacturers
have tried to produce natural dyes such as chlorophyll and
some carotenoids to replace synthetic dyes that have been
known to have carcinogenic. The process of
photosynthesis occurs not only using chlorophyll pigment
as is known in general, but there are complementary
pigments which also play an important role in the
photosynthesis process., Phycarciprotein is a pigment that
has a large role as a accessory or complementary pigment
during photosynthesis. Ficarciprotein forms an antenna on
the stromal surface of the red thylakoid algae
membrane[1]. Light is absorbed in wavelengths of 450 nm
transfers energy to Photosynthesis I.
One of the dominant pigments in red seaweed is
phycobilin [4] which consists of phycoerythrin,
phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin. Phycobilin is a protein,
has a tetrapirol ring and is included in the chromophore
group. All phycobilin chromophores bind cysteine
specifically to the polyphyletic chain by tioete bonds.
Phycobilin absorbs light at a wavelength of 450-650 nm,
with three peaks in its spectral pattern, phycoerythrin
absorbs light in green areas (495-570 nm), phycoyanin in
yellow green areas (550-630 nm) and all phycocyanin in
red-orange areas with long waves 650-670 nm [2][3].
Indonesia is a tropical country in Southeast Asia which
possesses long coastal area but the utilization of marine
resources, especially pigment, is yet optimized.
Gunungkidul, a district of Yogyakarta province, has
several beaches with high organism diversity. Macroalgae
is abundantly found in intertidal zone of the coast but there
are still few studies on the macroalgae potency. This
research aimed to determined pigment concentration of
macroalagae in south coast of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta in
order to understand potency of macroalgae pigments for
small to industrial purposes.

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B. METHODS in sediment stability includes two things, protection of

The research was conducted on 8-11th February 2019. plants from sea water current and processing and supplying
Sampling was carried out on the southern coast of nutrients. So, species that used in this research was carried
Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta by purposive sampling, taking one of the most abundant species from each division
one of the most abundant species from each division Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta in south coast
Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta, while the of Gunungkidul were Ulva lactuca, Padina minoris, and
extraction of samples and analysis of pigment samples was Gracilaria textorii (Figure 1).
carried out at the Student Research Facility Laboratory
(FALITMA) using 90% acetone. The extract that was
obtained then measured its absorbance with a
spectrophotometer. Wavelength used for qualitative
analysis of pigments at intervals of 25 nm between
wavelengths of 400 nm -800 nm, and for quantitative
analysis of the concentration of Chlorophyll pigment (a,b)
using wavelength 645 nm and 665 nm, while the
concentration pigment of phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin, (a) (b)
and phycocyanin using wavelength 615 nm, 560 nm, and
650 nm and then calculated by the formulas below [5]:
Chlorophyll a = 11,85 A664 -1.54 A647 -0.08 A630
Chlorophyll b = 0,0229 A645 – 0,00468 A663
Phycocianin (PC) = OD615 – 0,474(OD652)
5.34
Allophycocianin (APC) = OD652 – 0,474(OD615)
5.09
Phycoeritrin (PE) = OD562 – 2.41 (PC)-2.84(APC) (c)
9.62 Figure 1. Species of Cholorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta : (a)
Ulva lactuca, (b) Padina minor (c) Gracilaria textorii
This study was preliminary research to determine the
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS pigment of common macroalgae in Gunungkidul in order
Some species tended to growth such as Padina to understand potency of macroalgae pigments for
autralis, Chaetomorpha crassa, Gigartina sp., etc industrial purpose using simple method, and to analyze the
and the highest abundance of macroalgae was quantity. Pigment extraction was analyzed by
Rhodophyta (50,76%), followed by Chlorophyta spectrophotometric method and distinguished by pigment
(43,37%) and the lowest one was Phaeophyta polarity. Pigment absorb visible light which ranged 400 nm
(5,88%) [7]. Monitoring the availability of to 700 nm. Acetone was used for non-polar pigment
extraction. This solvent system has previously been shown
macroalgae is needed since macroalgae is one of
to be effective for extracting pigments from plant materials
pigment sources. Eligible species should available [5][6].
abundantly in order to fulfill industrial demand on
pigment.
4
In this research, environmental parameters were
Absorbance

measured, temperature by thermometer and acidity of 3

seawater by pH meter. The average water temperature is 2
290C. Temperature between 15-300C is an optimum 1
temperature for Chlorophyta [8]. Temperature is the most
0
important factor operating in tide pools. While a pool has
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
exposed the temperature such a small body of water may
rise considerably and then when the tide returns the cold Wavelength
sea waters will lower temperature suddenly. Substrate type
also affects the presence of certain species in the area. The Figure 2. Absorption spectra of Chlorophyta (Ulva lactuca ) were
extracted with acetone
water pH is 7 neutral that indicated the water is not
polluted. The substrate in the south coast of Gunungkidul
mostly is the rocky and sandy substrate. Rocky substrate is
suitable for growth Rhodophyta, sandy substrate is suitable
for growth Phaeophyta, while rocky and sand substrate is
suitable for gwoth Cholorphyta. The role of substrate depth

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3 0.300 0.270

Concentration mgg-1
Absorbance

2 0.250
0.200
1
0.150 0.112 0.112
0 0.088
0.100
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
0.050 0.027 0.0270.033
Wavelength 0.005 0.008
0.000
Figure 3. Absorption spectra of Rhodophyta (Gracilaria textorii) were Phycocyanin Allophycocyanin Phycoeritrin
extracted with acetone
Phycobilin
1.500
Ulva lactuca Padina minor Gracilaria textorii
Absorbance

1.000
Figure 6. Concentration of Phycocyanin, Allophycocyanin and
0.500 Phycoeritrin

0.000 From the quantitative analysis obtained Padina minor

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Wavelength
Figure 4. Absorption spectra of Phaeophyta (Padina minor) were
extracted with acetone
Macroalgae species of Chlorophyta Ulva lactuca
exhibited absorption peaks in the range 430 to 475 nm and
625 to 650 nm (Figure 2). Macroalgae species of
Rhodophyta Gracilaria textorii had maximum absorption
peak at the range between 410 to 450 nm (Figure 3), while
macroalgae species of Phaeophyta Padina minor between
between 425-450 nm, 575-625 nm and 660 nm (Figure 4).
0.030 0.026 0.026 0.028
Concentration (mg g-1)
have the highest concentration of Phycobilin pigment like
Phycocyanin (0,088 mgml-1), Allophycocyanin (0,270
mgml-1), and Phycoeritrin (0,033 mgml-1) (Figure 6) also
the highest concentration of Chlorophyll a (0,026 mgg-1)
and Chlorophyll b (0,028 mgg-1) (Figure 5).
Based on Figure 5, we know that Padina minor has the
highest concentration of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
between Ulva lactuca and Gracillria textorii, namely
Chlorophyll a 0.026 mgg-1 and Chlorophyll b 0.028 mgg-1.
It is known that Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b are
pigments in plants, and algae, which play important roles
in the process of photosynthesis. The difference between
the two chlorophylls lies in the number of H and O atoms.
Chlorophyll a absorbs long wave light and little short
waves. Whereas Chlorophyll b only absorbs light in short
waves [9]. So that from figure 3 know that padina minor

0.025 0.022 has a higher absorption rate of long wave light and short
0.019
0.020 wave light compared to Ulva Lactuca and Gracillria
0.015 Textorii. In Ulva lactuca and Padina minor, has higher
0.010 0.007 Chlorophyll b concentration than Chlorophyll a, but it's it
0.005 is not much different. Whereas in Gracillaria textorii the
0.000 concentration of chlorophyll b is a lower than the
Ulva lactuca Padina minor Gracilaria concentration of chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a
textorii concentration was 0.019 mgg-1 and chlorophyll b was
Species 0.007 mgg-1. This means that the possibility of Gracillaria
textorii photosynthesis tends to focus on the absorption of
long waves rather than absorption of short light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
Based on the analysis of the pigment content obtained,
Figure 5. The Concentration of Chlorophyll a dan Chlorophyll b from the content of Chlorophyll a in a row was Ulva lactuca,
Ulva lactuca, Padina minor and Gracilaria textorii Padina minor, and Gracilaria textorii. The surface of the
water absorbs light strongly, but with increasing depth, the
absorption of light gets weaker. the success of light
absorbed by plants depends on the intensity[10]. Ulva
lactuca and Padina minor are generally on the surface of
the waters that receive longer irradiation, compared to
those planted in deeper and more distant waters away from
the coast such as Gracilaria textorii. The difference in light

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intensity and duration of irradiation of algae is thought to
affect the formation of chlorophyll. The pigments also have
important bioactivity. Chlorophyll has a bioactivity that
can improve and accelerate body cell growth and increase
the amount of blood hemoglobin and have antioxidant
activity
Based on an analysis of the pigment content of fikobilin,
from all the pigment components of fikobilin (fikoeritin,
allofikosianin, and fikobilin) Padina minor has the highest
content. Allophycosianin is a pigment in the red orange
color area which is indeed owned by brown algae such as
Padina Minoris. Besides that, fikoeritin is a red pigment
that is owned by red algae like Gracilaria textorii. As the
depth of the sea grows, the content of the fikoeritrin
pigment increases. This is because the low content of
chlorophyll a, which triggers the formation of fikoeritrin
more to help absorb light used for photosynthesis. This is
consistent with the study, when the chlorophyll content of
Gracilaria textorii was at the lowest level compared to
other algae, Gracilaria textorii has a high content of
fecoritine. Ficarciprotein has a high economic value
because it sees some potential it has. However, the
availability of pigments is limited, the purification
method is difficult and takes a lot of time, and for crude
pigment extract is not easy because requires a method to
release polysaccharides from macroalgae cells, where
macroalgae is an organism that contains many
polysaccharides.
D. CONCLUSION
Macroalgae species from Chlorophyta, Phaeopyta,
and Rhodophyta which were abundantly found in
south coast of Gunungkidul were Ulva lactuca,
Padina minoris, and Gracillaria textorii. From three
species were abundantly found in south coast of
Gunungkidul, Ulva lactuca have concentration of
Phycobilin pigment like Phycocyanin 0,005 mgml-1,
Allophycocyanin 0,112 mgml-1 and Phycoeritrin
0,027 mgml-1 also Chlorophyll a 0,022 mgg-1 and
Chlorophyll b 0,026 mgg-1. Padina minor have
concentration of Phycobilin pigment like
Phycocyanin 0,088 mgml-1, Allophycocyanin 0,270
mgml-1 and Phycoeritrin 0,033 mgml-1 also
Chlorophyll a 0,026 mgg-1 and Chlorophyll b 0,028
mgg-1. Gracilaria textorii have concentration of
Phycobilin pigment like Phycocyanin 0,027 mgml-1,
Allophycocyanin 0,112 mgml-1 and Phycoeritrin
0,008 mgml-1 also Chlorophyll a 0,019 mgg-1 and
Chlorophyll b 0,007 mgg-1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
174
We are grateful to members of department Algae and all
the members of Marine Study Club Faculty of Biology
Universitas Gadjah Mada for the support.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Gantt. “Structure and function of phycobiliprotein: light harvesting
pigment complexes in red and blue-green algae”. International Review of
Cytology, vol. 66, pp. 45-80, 1980
[2] R. Haryatfrehni, S.C. Dewi, A. Meilianda, S. Rahmawati and I. Z. R.
Sari,“Preliminary Study the Potency of Macroalgae in Yogyakarta:
Extraction and Analysis of Algal Pigments from Common Gunungkidul
Seaweeds,” Procedia Chemistry, vol.14, pp. 373 – 380, 2015.
[3] S. Kawsar, F. Yuki, M. Ryo, Y. Hidetaro and O. Yasuhiro, “Protein R-
phycoerythrin from Marine Red Alga Amphiroa Anceps: Extraction,
Purification and Characterization,” Phytologia Balcanica, vol. 17, pp. 347-
354, 2011.
[4] S. Pugalndren, B. Sarangam, and R. Rengasamy, “Extraction of R-
Phycoerythrin from Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva and
Analyses of Its Physico-Chemical Properties,” Youth Education and
Research Trust (YERT), vol. 1, pp. 407-411, 2012.
[5] P. B. Torres, F. Chow, C. M. Furlan, F. Mandelli, A. Mercadante, D. Y.
Alves and C. D. Santos, “Standardization of a protocol to extract and
analyze chlorophyll a and carotenoids in Gracilaria tenuistipitat Var. Liui.
Zhang and Xia (Rhodophyta),” Brazilian Journal of Chromatography, vol.
62, pp. 57-63, 2014.
[6] A.O.A.C., “Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official Analytical
Chemists E. U. A,” 14th Ed., 1984.
[7] W. Pratama , C. Shinta, Dewi, Z.R. Ihda, H.S Anisa, and A. E
Wajong.“Distribution and Abundance of Macroalgae in Intertidal Zone of
Drini Beach, Gunungkidul”. Life Sciences, pp. 515-517, 2015
[8] G.D. Pulido, Mc. L. Cook. Environtmental Status: Macroalgae (Seaweeds).
In Chin A (ed) The State of the Great Barrier Reef On-line, 2008
[9] Arrohmah. “Studi Karakteristik Klorofil pada Daun sebagai Material
Photodetector Organik”, 2007
[10] M.B. Saffo. “New Light on Seaweeds”. Biological Science, vol. 37, pp.
654-664
.
CISAK 2019

Comparison of Macroalgae Abundance and Diversity in

Intertidal Zone of Porok Beach, Gunungkidul between Two
Seasons
Arisa Ayuda Prasmiasari1*, Nofita Ratman1* Duwi Ayu Sulistiyani1, Aditiana
Vimala Guna , Afifah Nur Aini Putri1, Muhammad Miftah Jauhar1Abdul Basith Azzam1 Sri Eko Purwanti1 Abdul Razaq
1

Chasani2
1
Marine Study Club, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
2
Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
JalanTeknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*Arisa.ayuda.p@gmail.com, 1*Nofitaratman15@gmail.com

Abstract. Macroalgae are marine plants that play important roles in the marine ecosystem. This study aims to gain information about
diversity and abundance of macroalgae in the intertidal zone of Porok Beach, Gunung kidul, Yogyakarta in rainy and drought seasons.
This research utilizes line transect and stratified random sampling method, which is used 1x1 m plot. The samples are identified by
morphological characters thallus. The taxonomical classification key was used as a guide for species identification. The results show that
the response of macroalgae growth varies between times and seasons of the year. Based on the results of the study in 2017, it was found
that species with the highest coverage value in drought season is Cladophora sp (19.44% / m2), while the lowest coverage of macroalgae
is Boergesenia sp. (0.002% / m2) and in 2018 the highest coverage in the rainy season is Ulva lactuca (9.07% / m2), while the lowest
coverage of macroalgae is Gigartina sp.( 0.10% / m2).

Keywords: Macroalgae, abundance, diversity, drought season, rainy season

A. INTRODUCTION beach is much seaweed that grows as benthic organisms. Until

Macroalgae is a formed of algae as a marine benthic organism
and multicellular. Although some of the larger ones have complex
structures that provide support for transport nutrients and
photosynthesis. Macroalgae are classified into three major groups
: green algae (Chlorophyceae), red algae (Rhodophyceae), and
brown algae (Phaeophyceae). As all of the groups contain
chlorophyll granules, their characteristics colors are derived from
other pigments [1]. Seaweed plays important roles in the ecology
of coral reefs and major food source for a wide variety of
invertebrates and vertebrates of ecological and economic
importance [2]. Seaweed is the most significant marine plant that
important for development in the aquaculture industry and
fisheries [3].
One limiting factor in seaweed cultivation is the planting
season. The results show that the response of seaweed growth
varies between times and seasons of the year. Harvest failure that
is often experienced by seaweed farmers is caused by the influence
of large waves which destroy the media and cultivation biota, as
well as the presence of anomalies and climates in the form of very
high rainfall or sustainable summer so that it can result in the
emergence of decaying cultivated seaweed [4].
Gunung Kidul is a regency in the southeast of D.I. Yogyakarta
with the total area 1.485,36 km2 coordinate 110ᵒ21’ – 110ᵒ50’ BT
and 7ᵒ46’ – 8ᵒ09’ LS. Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Porok Beach is one
of the beaches in Gunung Kidul regency located in Kemadang,
Tanjungsari, Gunungkidul, D.I Yogyakarta. This beach has a
rocky substrate with flat topography. In the intertidal zone of the
now, there are still little information and research have studied
diversity and abundance of seaweed in Porok Beach. Therefore,
the information about diversity and abundance of seaweed in
Porok Beach Gunung Kidul, D.I. Yogyakarta is needed to
cultivation approach based on changes in seasons and the
condition of the aquatic environment that is optimal for the growth
of seaweed, is expected to be a reference for the management and
utilization of marine aquaculture areas to increase seaweed
production optimally and productively.
B. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was carried out on 17th September 2017 and
15th September 2018 at 3.30 pm during low tide, when
macroalgae exposed in Porok Beach Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta.
Samples of algae were collected with random sampling method
along the intertidal zone of Porok Beach by 100 m x 100 m quadrat
plot with sub-plot 10 m x 10 m (figure 2). Transects line were
created by differences in depth, transect A at the seaside, transect
B in the middle, and transect C at the end of the zone. Then each
transect was divided into eight sampling points based on the
results of 1% of the area of the sampling zone. The distance
between transects is 15 m, and the distance of each sampling point
is 10 m (figure 3). In each plot, environmental parameters were
measured, temperature by a thermometer, acidity by pHmeter, and
salinity of seawater by refractometer. The environmental
parameters were also monitored in this study area, such as air
temperature, water temperature, pH, salinity, and substrate type.

175
CISAK 2019

The materials and equipment used in the research included

zip-lock plastic for storage the sample, thermometer,
refractometer, and pH meter for measured the environmental
parameters and FAO Species Identification Guide For Fishery
Purpose for Identification.
The samples are identified by morphological characters
thallus. The taxonomical classification key was used as a guide for
species identification. Identified specimens results show the
macroalgae diversity and percent coverage specimens result show
the macroalgae abundance. Percent cover of seaweed calculated
using the following formula.

Figure 3. Sampling design

C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 4. Coverage of macroalgae at intertidal zone of porok beach in

drought seasons

Figure 1. Map of Research Location: Porok Beach

Figure 2. Quadrat plot

Figure 5. Coverage of macroalgae at intertidal zone of porok beach in

rainy seasons

Based on the results of the study in 2017, it was found that

species with the highest coverage value in the drought season of
the Chlorophyta class were Cladophora sp. (19.44% /m2), while
in 2018 the highest coverage in the rainy season is Ulva lactuca of
(9.07% /m2). Species of the genus Cladophora are colonized by a
wide variety of epiphytes and motile animals because they can

176
CISAK 2019
offer protection from predation. Cladophora sp. occurs throughout
the year but attains maximum development in summer near low
tide levels.
Based on the results of the study in 2017, it was found that
species with the highest coverage value in drought season of the
Chlorophyta class was Cladophora sp. (19.44% / m2) and in 2018
the highest coverage in rainy season is Ulva lactuca (9.07% /m2).
In drought season and the highest rainy season coverage is found
in the Chlorophyta class, it is due to the occurrence of green tide
or often algae from the Chlorophyta class experience
eutrophication or blooming, but red algae still possible to grow.
Green tides and red tides generally have similarities, namely the
growth of algae that has accelerated growth. Red tides are
generally caused by macroalgae and cause sea water to become
reddish [5], while green tides are caused by the acceleration of
macroalgae growth from the type of ulvoid which causes the algal
biomass to cover all areas of the water and look like a green carpet
[6]. In the drought season macroalgae closure Cladophora sp.
higher than in the rainy season; it is 19.44%/m2, and 4.77% /m2,
respectively, related to nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon content.
Based on this, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon is
more common in the drought season than in the rainy season.
Changes in N: P: Si ratio continuously in coastal areas that
experience nutritional enrichment can change the balance of the
ecosystem. The entry of nitrogen from land to the coastal area can
change the ratio of N: P: Si. The nitrogen source can be inorganic
nitrogen, especially from soil (nitrate) and from waste (ammonia
and nitrite). The abundance of anthropogenic nitrogen in coastal
waters triggers a macroalgae population explosion. In this
condition, nitrogen is no longer a limiting factor for the growth
and proliferation of green macroalgae [7]. Ulva lactuca has the
highest macroalgae cover area in the rainy season from the
Chlorophyta class than Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta; this is due to
the coastal morphology. A flatter beach edge will have the
possibility of even distribution of nutrients so that Ulva lactuca
can grow along the coast simultaneously, and with eutrophication
there can be a population explosion Ulva lactuca [8]. Sea water
temperature obtained in the growth around Ulva lactuca is 280C,
so it is directly proportional to the abundance of macroalgae and
in accordance with the theory that growth will increase when it
reaches the optimum temperature conditions 28-30C [9], as well
as Cladophora sp. In drought season the lowest macroalgae
closure is in the Rhodophyta class, namely the Gigartina (0.10% /
m2), this is because these species usually have the most internal
intertidal zones, whereas in our study, only take species in the
littoral zone (tidal zones) with the shores of the coast with depth.
Because of macroalgae closure Gigartina sp. only a few are found
in the littoral zone, but not all Rhodophyta classes have little
macroalgae closure, there are some that are high in macroalgae
compared to the drought season and rainy season specifically for
Rhodophyta classes such as Amphiroa sp. (3.85% /m2). Amphiroa
sp. is abundant because this species including thallus species
composed of lime, and in Gunung Kidul Beach itself there is much
coral, so the species is easy to adapt and its nutritional supply can
be sufficient to survive in the litoral zone. Changes in the seaweed
growing season can be seen from climate change include air
177
temperature, rainfall intensity, and wind speed. The productive
planting season generally occurs in the month where rainfall is low
(drought season) and the air temperature is also low (24oC-27oC).
The climate conditions that are most considered in the preparation
of the seaweed planting calendar are summer and rainy season.
Very high rainfall intensity will affect the condition of water
salinity in the form of a decrease in salinity value that is suitable
for seaweed cultivation. Lower salinity changes affect the
osmoregulation process in seaweed. When low water salinity
occurs the process of absorption of water by more seaweed, the
condition of seaweed becomes brittle and will slowly fall out.
Conditions like this often occur during the rainy season. Low
water salinity (less than 20 ppt) can also trigger ice disease. On the
contrary, the prolonged summer which caused the sea water
temperature to rise to around 33oC-35oC which was accompanied
by the current and unfavorable current conditions could also cause
ice or also known as white spot.
D. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the study in 2017, it was found that
species with the highest coverage value in drought season of the
Chlorophyta class was Cladophora sp. (19.44%/m2), in the
drought season, the lowest macroalgae closure is in the
Chlorophyta class, namely the Boergesenia sp. (0.002%/m2), and
in 2018, the highest coverage in the rainy season is Ulva lactuca
of (9.07% /m2). Meanwhile, in the rainy season, the lowest
macroalgae closure is in the Rhodophyta class, namely the
Gigartina sp (0.10% / m2).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to kelas keilmuan Algae and all of the
members of Marine Study Club Faculty of Biology Universitas
Gadjah Mada for the support.
E. REFERENCES
[1] G. Mouristen. Seaweeds Edible, Available, and
Sustainable. (The University of Chicago Press Chicago
and London, 2013.
[2] Stevenson, R. Jan, Max L. Bothwell, and Rex L. Lowe.
Algal Ecology Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems,
Academic Press, 1996.
[3] FAO. Secod report on the world’s plant genetic resources
for food and agriculture. (Food and Agricultural
Organization, Rome, 2010, pp. 1-96.
[4] Radiarta, I N, Erlania, dan Rusman. Pengaruh Iklim
terhadap Musim Tanam Rumput Laut Kappaphysus
alvarezii di Teluk Gerupuk, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah,
nusa Tenggara Barat, vol. 8 (3), pp. 453-464, 2013.
[5] D. M Anderson, P. M Gilbert, and J. M Burk Holder.
Jurnal Estuaris, vol. 25 (4), pp. 704 -726, 2002.
[6] A. Nelson, A. V. Nelson, and M. Tjoelker. Botanica
Marina, vol. 46, pp. 263-275, 2003.
[7] A. Menesquen and P. Cugier. Limnol Oceanogr, vol. 51
(2), pp. 591- 601, 2006.
[8] D. Gravier. Primary Producers of the Sea (Monitoring of
green tidess on the Brittany coasts France, 2012, pp. 1-9.
CISAK 2019

[9] T.N Perrot, A. Rossi, Menesguen and F. Dumas. Journal

of Marine Systems, vol. 132, pp. 38-53, 2014.

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CISAK 2019

The Diversity of Echinoderms (Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, and

Holothuroidea) in Slili Beach, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
Alfi Fatona Putri1*, Ni Made Sri Winasti1, Safira Rizki Ramadhanti1, Septi Lutfiatun Nafiah1, Herin Yoga Lesti1, Naila Nabila
Rahmani1, Farhan Wali Bachtier1, Bellia Alda A. P.1 and Rury Eprilurahman2

1
Marine Study Club, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
2
Laboratorium of Animal Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*alfi.f.putri@gmail.com

1secondauthor@second.edu

2rurybiougm@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. Gunung Kidul is one of the regencies in Special Region of Yogyakarta that is famous for many beaches. Slili Beach is one of
the beaches in Gunung Kidul Regency with the dominant substrates covering corals, sand, and little bit algae. This beach is dominated
by sands, and covered coral rock with marine biota, which is one of them is Echinoderms. This research was conducted in the intertidal
zone of Slili Beach using purposive random sampling methods, and continued by preserving and identifying the collected samples.
There are three classes, six families, and eight species of Echinoderms. The species are Stomopneustes variolaris, Echinometra mathaei,
Diadema antillarum, Tripneustes ventricosus, Tripneustes gratilla, Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Ophiocoma erinaceus, and Holothuria
atra.

Keywords: echinoderms, biodiversity, slili beach

A. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the countries with high biodiversity,
including marine biodiversity. An example of the abundant marine
life found in Indonesia is a member of phylum Echinodermata.
Echinodermata is a group of marine invertebrates that has spines
attached on the surface of the body. The member of the phylum
Echinodermata have radial symmetry body as an adult, have an
endoskeleton, and moves with the water vascular system with
ambulacral feet [1].
Echinoderms meaning ‘spiny skin’, are easily recognized by
their distinctive adult radial symmetry, calcareous projections
(spiny) and the absence of a clear anterior end or head, except in
the sea cucumbers which have become secondarily bilaterally
symmetrical. They occur exclusively in marine environments and
are found at all known depths and in all habitats [2].
Echinoderms habitat is ranging from shallow water at tides
line to the deep sea. Echinoderms consist of 5 classes,: including
Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and,
Holothuroidea [3]. Each class of Echinodermata has its own
characteristics and has a different habitat. Asteroidea and
Echinoidea are usually found in intertidal areas with rocky
substrates. Ophiuroidea and Holothuroidea can be found in areas
with seagrass substrates, and Crinoidea is usually found in shallow
sea to deep sea [4]. In the environment, Echinoderms play an
important role in the food chain (food web), generally as eaters of
detritus and predators in coral reef ecosystems [5].
Slili Beach is one of the beaches in Gunung Kidul Regency,
Yogyakarta with the dominant substrates are covered corals,
sandy and little bit algae. This beach is dominated by sands and
covered coral rock with marine biota which is one of them is
Echinodermata. Research on the diversity of specific Echinoderms
in Slili Beach has not been done, so this study aims to explore
further about the diversity of Echinoderms, especially for
Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, and Holothuroidea Classes, and also
study the specific characters of each species.
B. METHOD
The research was conducted in the intertidal zone of Slili
Beach, Tepus, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, located at -
8.144953 S latitude and 110.602873 E longitudes, on February 7,
2019 at 05.30 a.m. The beach consists of substrates: coral,
macroalgae, and sandy coral. Samples were taken by purposive
random sampling method. The materials used were animal
samples and pH universal indicator. The tools used were tweezers
to take sharp prickly animal; hammer to make it easier to take
samples that are trapped on the reef; roll meters to measure
beach’s length and beach’s width; thermometer to measure
temparature of sea water; and stationery to write down data.

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The collected samples are then preserved using chemical

Figure 1. Map of the research site in Slili Beach, Gunung Kidul,
Yogyakarta (Source: Google Maps)
reagent. First, the samples are placed in the first container filled
with sea water to wash it and then take a picture oral and aboral of
this samples on millimeter block. Second, the samples moved to
another container filled MgCl2 for more or less one minute. The
samples classified as Ophiuroidea are then formed like comets.
Third, the samples moved to another container filled alcohol 70%
for fixation. Then a bottle jam that contains 70% alcohol is used
to place the sample so that the sample is durable. Specimen
identification was analysed by morphological characters using the
key taxonomic classification as a guide, namely the Monograph of
Shallow-Water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms [6].
C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
There were eight species of Echinoderms that can be found in
Slili Beach , Gunung Kidul,Yogyakarta. There are also habitat
parameters taken in Slili Beach, and temperature that measured
using a thermometer and pH using a pH meter.

Table 1: Diversity of Echinoderms in Sarangan Beach, Gunung Kidul, DIY.

Class Family Species
Stomopneustidae Stomopneustes variolaris
Echinometridae Echinometra mathaei
Echinoidea Diadematidae Diadema antillarum
Toxopneustidae Tripneustes ventricosus
Tripneustes gratilla
Ophiuroidea Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma scolopendrina
Ophiocoma erinaceus
Holothuroidea Holothuriidae Holothuria atra

Table 2: Habitat Parameters at Sarangan Beach, Gunung Kidul, DIY.

No. Parameters Range Optimum

1. Water temperature (°C) 27 – 28 20 – 30

2. pH 7 7,5 – 8,6

1. Echinoidea
Table 1 shows that there are four families of class Echinoidea
found in Slili Beach; Stomopneustidae, Echinometridae,
Diadematidae, and Toxopneustidae. The species of family
Stomopneustidae that found in Slili Beach is Stomopneustes
variolaris. The test and the spines are totally black or dark purple.
The spines are solid, where the oral side much smaller than on the
upper side. This species lives in the littoral zone, mostly exposed
to heavy waves on rocks or between coral rubbles. One side of the
test carries longer spines than the other side. It is supposed that (a) (b)
they sit with the shorter spines toward the wall, exposing the
longer ones against possible predator [7]. Figure 2. Stomopneustes variolaris (a) aboral side; (b) oral side (Source:
Personal documentation)

The species of family Echinometridae that found in Slili

Beach is Echinometra mathaei. The body of this species is mostly
dark brown, while the spines are lighter, often with white tip and

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white milled ring at the base. The color many vary from white to
black, greenish, or pinkish. The species live in hole of coral block
in reefs and feed on plants and sponges. Echinometra mathaei is
restricted to littoral zone and down to 30 m [7]. This species most
commonly found in the Indo-West Pacific.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Echinometra mathaei (a) aboral side; (b) oral side (Source:
Personal documentation)
The species of family Diadematidae that found in Slili Beach
is Diadema antillarum. This species recognized by thin and long
spines. The spines are long, thin, hollow, and break easily with
range from 300-400 mm in length. The test is rigid, and there is a
reduced amount of soft tissue in the body wall. In mature
individuals the test and spines are typically black [8]. Their habitat
in shallow hard-bottom, seagrass and mangrove communities
associated with coral reef ecosystems, feed on benthic algal turf
and macroalgae, in limited supply it will feed anything essentially
that is available, including coral [9].
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Diadema antillarum (a) aboral side; (b) oral side (Source:
Personal documentation)
The species of family Toxopneustidae that found in Slili
Beach is Tripneustes ventricosus and Tripneustes gratilla.
Tripneustes is a circumptropical genus that extends into
subtropics. Tripneustes ventricosus closely resembles Tripneustes
gratilla. The test diameter up to 150 mm [7]. In life, the test is
mostly dark brown, the spines strongly contrasting, white or dirty
whitish [7]. Sometimes, the spine and the test are entirely white.
Tripneustes ventricosus is found in shallow water extending
from Bermuda and southern Florida, throughout the West Indies
south Brazil, at Trinidad and Ascension Island on the west coast
of Africa from the Gulf of Guinea Bay [10]. T.ventricosus are
often found in shallow seagrass where the water temperature
ranges from 20-31 oC. T.ventricosus has a relatively narrow
181
temperature range for embryonic development, with 100%
mortality of the plutei at 20-30 oC in contrast to about 10% at 25
oC [10].
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Tripneustes ventricosus (a) aboral side; (b) oral side (Source:
Personal documentation)
Tripneustes gratilla is one of the sea urchins that commonly
found in intertidal and littoral zones. This echinoid feeds on
seagrasses and algae. Tripneustes gratilla has such a “covering
behaviour”, usually consists of the accumulation of debris such as
drift algae, shells, and stones, on top of the body. This “covering
behaviour” aimed to provide a shade to reduce incident light or
ultraviolet radiation, camouflage, hoarding food (usually algae),
and may serve as ballast. [11]. In general, T. gratilla has white
spines, globiferous pedicellariae not enlarged but inconspicuous;
only one in three or four ambulacral plates with a primary tubercle;
test high, almost globular; pore-pairs in horizontal arcs and spaced
to form three distinct vertical series in larger specimens [6].
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Tripneustes ventricosus (a) aboral side; (b) oral side (Source:
Personal documentation)
2. Ophiuroidea
Table 1 shows that there is one family of class Ophiuroidea
found in Sarangan Beach; Ophiocomidae. The species found in
Sarangan beach are Ophiocoma scolopendrina and Ophiocoma
erinaceus.
Ophiocoma scolopendrina are intertidal ophiuroids that
distributed in the whole tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean and
commonly can be found in rocks pool [11]. Both side uniformly
in brown color but aboral side has a bit darker color than the oral
side. It has five long arms full of the spine. The blotchings are on
every arm and pentagonal disc. The blotching differentiate
Ophiocoma scolopendrina from other species of Ophiuroidea
Family [12]. They using their arms to get food by filtration or by
CISAK 2019
sweeping the substrate or surface of water, feed on particles or
material suspended in the sea and also bacteria attached to the
sediment [13].
(a) (b)
Figure 7. Ophiocoma scolopendrina (a) aboral side; (b) oral side
(Source: Personal documentation)
Ophiocoma erinaceus is jet black all over, and it has five arms
with many arm spines on each arm. It also has two tentacle scales
on ventral [11]. Ophicoma erinaceus’s body is dominated by black
color. Some lighter blotching found at the end of every arm. The
pentagonal disc does not have any blotching on it.
Diagnostic characters of O. erinaceus are two tentacle scales,
colour uniformly dark, above, and below, uppermost arm spines
usually cylindrical or cigar-shaped, sometimes (some specimens
of O. erinaceus) somewhat clavate but then alternate ones on each
side of the arm are so modified; arm spines not banded though
sometimes spotted; usually two tentacle scales, sometimes only
one beyond the basal segments [6].
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Ophiocoma erinaceus (a) aboral side; (b) oral side (Source:
Personal documentation)
3. Holothuria
Table 1 shows that there is one family of class Holothuroidea
found in Sarangan Beach; Holothuriidae. The species found in
Sarangan beach is Holothuria atra.
The body of Holothuria is generally elliptical or cylindrical
around 10-30 cm, with the mouth at one end and the anus at the
other end. The Holothuria’s mouth is surrounded by tentacles or
touching arms that sometimes branch out. His body is muscular,
while his skin can be smooth or grainy.
Holothuria atra, is one of the most common shallow-water
tropical sea cucumbers in the Indo-Pacific, spanning from
Madagascar to French Polynesia [6]. The shape of the sea
cucumber is an elongate cylinder. Pedicles numerous and crowded
182
on the ventral side. Papillae are rather thicker than the pedicels and
sparsely arranged. The posterior end of the sea cucumber is
enlarged and becomes narrower towards the anterior end [14].
(a) (b)
Figure 9. Holothuria atra (a) ventral side; (b) dorsal side (Source:
Personal documentation)
Table 2 shows that the water temperature in Slili Beach when
the research conducted was about 27 – 28°C and the pH level was
7. The optimum pH for Echinoderms is about 7.5 – 8.6 [15] and
the optimum temperature for Echinoderms is about 20 – 30oC
[16]. The pH obtained is lower than the optimum pH. That
condition can be caused by decomposition of organic matters. If
the water pH is very acid, it will endanger the survival of living
animals in the ocean, including Echinoderms. The temperature
obtained is still around the optimum temperature, so it can provide
the best condition for Echinoderms.
Substrate types found in the location were coral and sandy,
and it also found very abundance of algae. This type of substrate
is related to the dissolved oxygen and availability of nutrients in
the sediment. In the sandy substrate type, the dissolved oxygen is
relatively higher compared to other substrates [17]. Aside of from
natural factors such as type of substrate and availability of algae,
there are also other things that can affect the abundance of
echinoderms. One of them is human activities in the presence of
tourists. The existence of human activity can affect the
composition of the substrate, water temperature and also water
pH, so it will affect the diversity of Echinoderms in the beach.
D. CONCLUSION
Based on this research, it can be concluded that there are three
classes, six families, and eight species of Echinoderms. The
species are Stomopneustes variolaris, Echinometra mathaei,
Diadema antillarum, Tripneustes ventricosus, Tripneustes gratilla,
Ophiocoma scolopendrina, Ophiocoma erinaceus, and Holothuria
atra.
E. REFERENCES
[1] T.J. Pandian, Reproduction and Development in
Echinodermata and Prochordata. USA: CRC Press, 2018,
p. 3.
[2] L.J. Atkinson, C. Mah, Z. Filander, J. Olbers and A.
Thandar, Field Guide to the Off shore Marine
Invertebrates of South Africa. Pretoria: Malachite
Marketing and Media, 2018, pp. 393-476.
[3] M.E.J. Llacuna, A.M.P. Walag, and E.A. Villaluz,
CISAK 2019

“Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in

Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines,”
Environmental and Experimental Biology, vol. 14, pp.
213–217, 2016.
[4] M.W. Denny and S.D. Gaines, Encyclopedia of Tidepools
and Rocky Shores, California: University of California
Press, 2007, pp. 194, 196.
[5] C. Birkeland, M. Jangoux, J.M. Lawrence, “The
Influence of Echinoderm on Coral Reef Communities,”
Echinoderms Studies, vol. 3, p. 79, 1989.
[6] Clark, A.M. and Rowe, F.W.E., 1971. Monograph of
shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms. The
British Museum Publication (Natural History).
[7] H. Schultz, Echinoidea Volume 1, Hemdingen. De
Gruyter, 2015, p.203, 302, 366.
[8] Puckett, E. 2002. “Diadema antillarum” long-spined sea
urchin. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed 20 February
2019.
[9] Precht, Lindsey L. and Precht William F. 2015. The Sea
Urchin Diadema Antillarum-Keystone Herbivore or
Redundant Species. Peerj Preprints. Miami Lakes. pp. 5-
6.
[10] J.M. Lawrence, Edible Sea Urchin : Biology And
Ecology Second Edition, UK: Elsevier, 2007, p. 500-503.
[11 ] Byrne, M and O’Hara, T.D. 2017. Australian
Echinoderms: Biology, Ecology and Evolution. CSIRO
Publishing. Clayton South, Australia.
[12] J.M. Olbers and Y. Samyn. 2012. The Ophiocoma species
(Ophiurida: Ophiocomidae) of South Africa. Western
Indian Ocean J.Mar.Sci. 10: 137-154.
[13] McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Ophiocoma scolopendrina.
Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2.
Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust. Rarotonga.
[14] Tehranifard, A. & M. R. Rahimibashar. 2012. Description
a Sea Cucumber Species Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833
from Kish Island Iran (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea).
Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. 2(12):
12660-12664.
[15] A. Aziz, “Habitat dan Zonasi Fauna Echinodermata di
Ekosistem Terumbu Karang,” Oseana, vol. 24, pp. 33-43,
1996.
[16] A. Aziz, “Pengaruh Tekanan Panas terhadap Fauna
Echinodermata,” Oseana. vol. 13, pp. 125-132. 1998.
[17] Kastoro. 1970. Hasil Pengamatan Hidrologis di Perairan
Sekitar Pulau Lancang. Teluk Jakarta. Pengkajian Fisika,
Biologi dan Geologi. Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional-
LIPI, hal. 151.

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Exploiting the Shell Wastes for Fishermen’s Health Insurance

in Kenjeran Beach Surabaya through INSAM (Integrated
Smart Management)
Farid1*, Shulkhiatus Syafa’ah1

1
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Budaya, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga, Short address of institution

corresponding author : 1Shulkhiatus_syafaah@yahoo.com, phone: +6285730139226

Abstract. Kenjeran is known as a sub-district that has a good and potential diversity of biological resources. In the coastal area of
Kenjeran Surabaya, the business is currently increasing. Trading and fisheries service activity is on the main road. In this case, the
businesses are to support their family economy. On the other hand, the businesses produce the wastes. In every day, the shell wastes
that are produced in the coastal area of Kenjeran Surabaya, approaching 1000 kilograms in the average. All this time, solid waste such
as shells have been used as handicrafts and animal feed instead. However, the utilization of wastes has still not been optimal. The
current study is about “Exploiting the Shell Wastes for Fishermen’s Health Insurance in Kenjeran Beach Surabaya through INSAM
(Integrated Smart Management)”, in which INSAM is a management innovation that is managed by the community by processing the
shellfish wastes and being used for health insurance. INSAM integrates among fishermen, community manager, hospitals, and the
government. This study uses descriptive research method. It will be expected that it can be used in especially for the government as a
administrator and problems solver for Indonesia regarding to the environment and health.

Keywords: Shell Wastes, Health insurance, INSAM

A. INTRODUCTION animals processing. The protein of MBM is about 45 – 55% that

Kenjeran district is known as a coastal area that produces is as the mixture of animal feed obtained through the shellfish
shells wastes every day until approaching 1.000 kilograms in the wastes.
coastal Kenjeran beach. Utilization of the potential shellfish B. METHOD
wastes has not still socialized well in the coastal communities so The methods of data collection in this present study are
that it makes the wastes are more piled up and polluting the descriptive research, the literature of study by various secondary
environment potentially. Therefore, it is required the efforts and data obtained from many references such as scientific journals,
plans in order to reduce them through utilizing the shellfish wastes scientific articles, literature, online articles, newspapers, and
as an insurance premium for health. By the health insurance, it is several supporting scientific papers. The techniques of data
expected that it helps to solve two main problems. First of all, is processing use a qualitative data analysis that describe, clarifying
the problem of the shellfish wastes, then, it is utilized and managed a phenomenon, and observe how the appearing concepts relating
well. The second, the health-related problems of fishermen who to each other (Sukmadinata, 2006).
are prone to respiratory, and heart attack. This circumstance is C. FINDING AND ARGUMENT
according to the data of from the Health Ministry of Indonesia in 1. The utilization of the shells wastes as fishermen’s
2018. Based on the problems above, it brings out the present study
health insurance.
based on qualitative data analysis about the utilization of the
The health insurance by paying the shells wastes as the
shellfish wastes titled as “the utilization of shellfish wastes for
premium becomes an alternative problem solving in the
fishermen’s health insurance in Kenjeran beach, Surabaya through
environment and the guarantee for the fishermen’s health. A
(integrated smart management)”. It will be expected that the
number of shells wastes in Kenjeran beach can be decreased and
present study is able to find out the success and suitability of the
used maximally to reduce the polutions.
method with the facts occurred. Besides, there are two statement
of problems in this present study including, (1) how the utilization
of shells wastes as health insurance, and (2) how the mechanism
of health insurance through INSAM (Integrated Smart
Management).
Furthermore, the idea of this present study is supported by
Literature of study used by National Research Council
Washington DC about Meat, Bone, Meal (MBM) or flour, meat,
and bone that are the ingredients of feed from the wastes of

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until marketing process. The result of shellfish flour selling will

Figures 1. Scallop Shells in Kenjeran]
Each client or member of Health Insurance Coastal Village
program or Program Asuransi Sehat Desa Pesisir is able to pay the
insurance premium using shells that are paid every month with the
minimum value as much as 30 kilograms per month according to
the following calculation table:
Table 1. Table 1 Calculate the added value of shellfish waste
Variety Price
Shellfish Wastes Rp. 1.000,00 per kilogram
Shellfish Flours Rp. 6.000,00 per kilogram
Value-added Rp. 5.000,00 per kilogram
The fishermen and administrator implement a profit-sharing
method which if the participants make the minimum payment as
much as 30 kilograms per month, so they get Rp 30.000 for selling
the shells. Besides that, the participants of Health Insurance
Coastal Village Program (Program Asuransi Sehat Desa Pesisir)
gain the profit sharing as 40% from the profit of selling the
shellfish flours. Moreover, the participants is equal to pay the
premium as much as Rp 90.000 per participant in every month.
Afterward, if there is no any claim so that the payment will be
invested with the system as the following chart:
be processed by the management of community groups as the
health insurance. The Health Insurance Coastal Village (Asuransi
Sehat Desa Pesisir) collaborates with the BPJS (Badan
Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial) insurance that is accommodated
by the government.
D. CONLUSION
The conclusion of this study is about the utilization of shells
wastes for the fishermen’s health insurance in Kenjeran beach,
Surabaya through INSAM (Integrated Smart Management)
program, including firstly, it has substantial potential to be
expanded in the coastal areas in Kenjeran beach, Surabaya. In this
circumstance, the abundant shellfish wastes potential are
underutilized. Secondly, this program will benefit certainly for the
coastal communities regarding their health. Indeed, the program
helps to provide the security for the fishermen and the Kenjeran
beach communities themselves.
E. REFERENCES
[1] Agustini, T. W., A.S.Fahmi., I. Widowati., A. Sarwomo.
2011. Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Simping
(Amusium Pleuronestes) dalam pembuatan cookies kaya
kalsium Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia
Volume XIV nomor 1, 8-13.
[2] Anonim. 2009. Data Monografi Kecamatan Kenjeran
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2014. Kecamatan Kenjeran dalam
Angka 2014. BPS Kota Surabaya
[4] Lovell, T. 1989. Nutrition and Feeding of Fosh. Van
Nostrand Reinhold.New York.
[5] Sukmadinata, N.S. 2006. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan.
Bandung: Rosda
[6] National Reserach Council. 1993. Nutrien Requirement of
Fish. National Academy Press: Washington D.C.
[7] Weaver CM, Heaney RP. 1996. Modern Nutrition in
Heath and Diesease, 9th

2. Health insurance mechanism through INSAM

The utilization of shells wastes for the fishermen’s health
insurance in Kenjeran beach, Surabaya through INSAM
(Integrated Smart Management) integrates the roles of various
parties including, fishers, the management managed by the
community groups, and the government. The community groups
have the database of the participants of Health Insurance Coastal
Village (Asuransi Sehat Desa Pesisir) and the income of shells that
will be recorded and updated every day. Meanwhile, if the
participants who temporarily resign while the contract period is
still ongoing, they will still do the premium payment the same with
the participants’ savings and profit sharing. The participants’
savings that is given to is the savings since they become the
insurance participants until they resign. The community groups do
shellfish wastes management becoming flour by using a machine

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VI
Food Agriculture

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CISAK 2019

Integrated Tools of Seeding Process: Smart Farming Product

Innovation As a Solution To Minimize Complaints of
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) To Increase Productivity
M. Iqbal Sabit1*, Dennis Kusuma2, Adidya Rangga Pratama3, Rahmawati Fanansyah Puri4,
M Awfar Iskar Ahya5 , Ali Parkhan6
1,2,3,4,5,6
Industrial Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia
Kaliurang km. 14,5 Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584
*Corresponding author: 1iqbalsabit59@gmail.com
2
denniskusuma05@gmail.com

Abstract: The high prevalence of musculoskeletal disease for Indonesian farmers is the impact of manual work process and awkward
bending posture during long work hours. Conventional agricultural activities also have the potential to harm farmers in terms of energy,
time, resources, effectiveness, and efficiency. Excessive workload, fatigue, and musculoskeletal complaints result in a decline in work
productivity. Supporting tools for agricultural activities need to be designed in accordance with ergonomic aspects, utilities, and
capacity in order to increase work productivity. Setting the spacing of seeds during the planting process is still done manually without
a precise measurement system. Based on these problems, this study aims to design automatic seed planting tools to support the nursery
process (extracting planting holes, setting the spacing and laying the seedlings) using participatory design methods and Kano model.
This tool is designed to reduce work fatigue and the risk of musculoskeletal disease in repeated working conditions. The evaluation
results of the tool using the REBA method show that after the use of this tool the REBA final score is reduced from 9 to 2 with the risk
level of work posture being low and corrective action may be required.

Keywords: Seeding, productivity, musculoskeletal, innovation

A. INTRODUCTION farmers, compared to amongst other occupations, has the highest

Indonesia is an agrarian country in which the agricultural
sector holds a crucial role in supporting the national economy by
providing food, clothing, and shelter. Based on the data obtained
from the Central Bureau of Statistics (2017), the number of
farmers reached 44% of the total workforce in Indonesia, which
equals to approximately around 107.4 million people [1]. The
demand for food commodities continue to increase each year, yet
the production cannot offset the demand due to the continued
reduction of agricultural land due to the shift in land functions. In
order to meet the shortcomings of national food commodities
demand, the government decided to adopt an import policy for
several food commodities.
The agricultural process in Indonesia is generally still
carried out traditionally by relying on human and animal strength,
highly dependent on natural conditions, as well as traditional
management. The problems faced by the agricultural sector in
Indonesia are the lack of ability of farmers to manage quality,
quantity, and sustainability of production in a consistent and
optimal manner. One of several agricultural activities that use
many manual methods is the seeding process. Manually planting
seeds using poles and other traditional planting tools is a time-
consuming inefficient process, in addition to the limited
availability of seedlings, variations in spacing, and higher risk of
Musculoskeletal Disorders [1]. Chandel et al. [2] state that
agricultural workers continually perform bending postures for
long periods of time, causing work discomfort, and acute back
pain. The prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases for Indonesian
value which amounts up to 31.2%. Musculoskeletal complaints
may occur due to excessive work and can result in a decrease in
work productivity up to 60% [3].
In addition to that concern, the growth of plant seedlings is
influenced by several factors, including the number of seeds
planted, soil conditions, uniformity of distribution, spacing, and
environmental conditions [4]. Most farmers still conduct the
process of spacing manually without making precise
measurements. Hence, there is no consistency in the appropriate
spacing distance.
The productivity of the agricultural sector must continue be
improved in order to fulfil the increasing needs of food
commodities. Agricultural productivity can be improved through
agricultural technology innovation [5]. The problems of seeding
process mentioned above can be solved by applying an automated
system in the soil treatment process, setting the spacing and laying
the seeds.
B. METHODS
In this research, kano model is used to identify the
customer’s satisfaction. The Kano model is a model purposed to
categorize attributes of goods or service based on how goods or
service can meet the needs of the customer. The categorization of
the customer above can change as the development of time. By
using the Kano model, the company is supposed to create
innovative goods or service, which can attract the customer, which
is in above Must-be and one-dimensional category. The strategy is

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producing the goods or service, which have attractive quality. This Table 7. Requirements for Seed Planting Tools
strategy pushes the company to pay attention to how to create Product Atributes
Atributes
attractive quality in developing new goods or service. Specifications Code
Able to punch holes in the
A1
ground
Planting Process
Able to plant seeds A2
Able to cover the ground A3
Appropriate spacing
B1
between seeds
Depth of planting hole is
Accuracy B2
appropriate
The number of seeds
B3
planted is appropriate
Reduces fatigue C1
Figure 1. Kano Model
Minimizing processing
Minimize C2
time
The questionnaires are distributed to 112 respondents, Minimizing Workers C3
farmers who work in the areas of Ngemplak and Ngaglik, both in Durability D1
Sleman, Yogyakarta. Data, which are collected in functional and Durability tools Easy to maintain D2
dysfunctional, then prepared using Kano Evaluation Table by Easy to fix D3
tabulating. Therefore, the attributes are tabulated by predicate. The Easy to operate E1
predicate is presented in Scatter Graphic to obtain the distribution. Use
Easy to move E2
The criteria obtained by presenting into a design, which can
find the required items accordingly. After the design created, the
To identify the level of importance of consumer
next step is designing the product and testing the first product.
preferences towards the attributes or specifications of seed
planting tools into the Kano category, a questionnaire was
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT prepared using functional and dysfunctional statements.
In discovering and identifying customer requirements for Respondents were asked to provide preference categories for each
seed planting tools, initial questionnaires were distributed to 112 attribute based on the questions given, namely attractive (A),
farmers. The initial questionnaire that has been collected was indifferent (I), one dimensional (O), must-be (M), questionable
tested for validity and reliability before further processing. Based (Q), and reverse (R). The results of the tabulation of evaluation of
on the calculation results, it is known that all variables are declared consumer preferences and classification of categories are
valid and reliable. Criteria and attributes of the needs of users of demonstrated in Table 2.
seed planting tools can be seen in table 1.

Table 2. Degree of Importance of Consumer Preferences

DISSATIS- SATIS-
FACTION FACTION
Attributes Product A O M I Total Category O+M A+O
Code Specifications A+O+M+I A+O+M+I
A1 Able to punch holes 10 15 82 5 112 M 0,867 0,224
in the ground
A2 Able to plant seeds 12 18 75 7 112 M 0,831 0,268
A3 Able to cover the 55 16 34 7 112 A 0,447 0,634
ground
B1 Appropriate spacing 10 78 21 3 112 O 0,884 0,786
between seeds
B2 Depth of planting 38 53 9 12 112 O 0,554 0,813
hole is appropriate
B3 The number of seeds 35 49 15 13 112 O 0,572 0,75
planted is
appropriate

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DISSATIS- SATIS-
FACTION FACTION
Attributes Product A O M I Total Category O+M A+O
Code Specifications A+O+M+I A+O+M+I
C1 Reduces fatigue 88 10 12 2 112 A 0,197 0,875
C2 Minimizing 76 19 17 0 112 A 0,322 0,849
processing time
C3 Minimizing Workers 59 8 22 23 112 A 0,268 0,599
D1 Durability 12 6 91 3 112 M 0,867 0,161
D2 Easy to maintain 24 42 28 18 112 O 0,625 0,59
D3 Easy to fix 29 11 35 37 112 I 0,411 0,358
E1 Easy to operate 14 25 63 10 112 M 0,786 0,349
E2 Easy to move 63 12 35 2 112 A 0,42 0,67

Based on the evaluation of consumer preferences table,

the next stage is to map the attribute categories that can be seen in
Figure 2. The graph is the mapping graph of the attributes of seed
planting tools based on the dissatisfaction and satisfaction index
assessment to determine the exact position of the attributes.
The next step is designing seed planting tools according to the
mapping of attribute categories obtained using Kano models.
Aside from that, discussions were held between researchers,
stakeholders, and tool users as the implementation of the
participatory design method. The discussions were done in order
to produce a design that represents the needs and desires of each
party towards the technology or innovation of the tool being
designed. Seed planting tools were designed to look like scooters
by integrating several individual tools that are able to operate the
process by providing each of their own functions. Integration of
these tools is done to minimize the effort needed to plant seedlings.
The following is a visualization of the tool as presented in Figure
3.

Figure 2. Mapping Chart of Seed Planting Attribute Categories

The graph is the mapping graph of the attributes of seed

planting tools based on the dissatisfaction and satisfaction index
assessment to determine the exact position of the attributes. Based
on the attribute category mapping in Figure 2, the classification is
as follows:
1. Must Be, in this category, there are four attributes,
namely planting tools that are able to puncture the
ground, insert seeds, durable, and are able to operate
easily.
2. One Dimensional, in this category there are four
attributes, namely planting tools that can adjust the
spacing according to the appropriate planting depth,
number of suitable seeds, and planting tools that are easy
to maintain.
3. Attractive, in this category, there are five attributes,
namely seed planting tools that are able to cover the
planting hole, speed up the process, minimize workers,
and easy to move.
4. Indifferent, in this category, there is a tool that is easily
fixed.

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Figure 1. Ilustrasi Sistem Kerja Alat Tanam Benih
The following is the explanation of the illustration of the
working system of seed planting tools as shown in Figure 4:
1. Planting Distance
The core working principle of this tool is to precisely
measure the appropriate spacing that may vary in
accordance to what the farmer wants. By utilizing a
measuring wheel under the tool wheel, farmers can
measure the spacing when the tool is operated. In addition,
on the digital display of the measurement section, farmers
can see the distance they have traveled so that throughout
the whole seeding process, farmers can easily determine the
right time to release the seed.
2. Seeding system
The working principle of the second tool is an instrument
in the seeding process. By using a seedling funnel as a
container for seeds and also a seed tube as a connector
between the mouthpiece of the seed and the tube hole, the
tube hole itself becomes the spot that releases the seeds and
brakes which functions as the controller to regulate the
opening and closing of the tube hole so that when the tool
190
Figure 3. Visualization Of The Tool
is operated, when the farmers are certain about the
appropriate seeding distance, the farmer will be able to
control the brakes easily causing the seeds stored in the
seed funnel to flow down through the hole tube and will
come out even though the hole tube is open.
3. Armament System
The working principle of the third tool is as an instrument
in creating the soil structure needed for seeding processes
by using the tine at the bottom frame of the tool as a plow
when the seeding process takes place. Moreover, the tine
eye can be replaced according to the soil structure needed
for the seeding process so that farmers will no longer plow
using conventional tools when it comes to it.
In relation to the Humanity Factor and Environmental
Factor, a product design requires an ergonomic evaluation and
approach to be used as a reference. In addition, if a product
design/tool is met by its ergonomic aspects anthropometrically,
functionally, biomechanically and psychologically compatible
with the user, it can be said that the product is suitable for
production, distribution, installation, operation, and friendliness in
terms of its maintenance [6].
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Table 3. Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) Analysis c. CTDs (Cumulative Trauma Disorders) are injuries on the
musculoskeletal system which gradually increase as a
result of minor trauma to the musculoskeletal system that
is caused by poor design which is a design of a working
device / system that requires body movements in
abnormal positions [7]. This tool can reduce fatigue and
the risk of bone and muscle damage under repetitive
working conditions in the seeding process.
Using this tool, the final REBA score is reduced from 9 to 2.
Based on this score, the level of work posture risk is low and action
may be needed.

D. Conclusion
This seed planting tool is a multifunctional tool that can be
used to process soil, seeds, and precisely measure the appropriate
spacing to help farmers during the seeding process. This tool is
designed by considering various ergonomic aspects where farmers
will work with better postures. This is due to the fact that this tool
is designed to reduce fatigue, risk of bone, and muscle damage in
repetitive working conditions, with the hope that it can improve
farmers' efficiency in the seeding process so that productivity will
also increase.

Table 4.Criteria REBA Index E. References

Based on the results of the work posture for seeding process under
the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method in table 3, it
is safe to say that some problems already persist in the current
conditions, namely:
a. The body posture of the worker presented in this study is
a seeding position. In the first case, workers plant seeds
manually, resulting in the final REBA score of 9 which
indicates a high level of risk which requires further
investigation (action needs to be done immediately) and
work techniques and / or methods need to be changed in
order to reduce or eliminate the risk of injury. The posture
of the stem is too bent, creating an angle of 132.56
degrees. In addition, the work in the seeding process is
carried out repetitively in a short period of time.
b. If a user performs a job with an improper posture, health
problems can arise in the long run. The tool is designed
in such a way that it does not require abnormal
movement, and can be used effectively with normal
posture and low pressure so that the user will perform
his/her work with a good posture. Thus, it will increase
speed, efficiency, and work productivity, as well as
reduce work fatigue.
[1] D. Ramesh and H.P. Girishkumar, "Agriculture Seed Sowing
Equipments: A Review," International Journal of Science,
Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), pp. Volume
3, Issue 7, 2014.
[2] Narendra Singh Chandel, Vidhu Kampurath, and V.K.
Tewari, "Engineering Innovation In Developing Rural Load
Carrier Operated Jute Seed Drill For Farm Workers," African
Journal of Agricultural Research, pp. 797-805, 2014.
[3] Velina Silviyani and Tantut Susanto, "Hubungan Posisi
Bekerja Petani Lansia dengan Risiko Terjadinya Nyeri
Punggung Bawah di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Sumberjambe
Kabupaten Jember," Artikel Ilmiah Hasil Penelitian
Mahasiswa, pp. 1-8, 2013.
[4] W.E. Finch-Savage and G.W. Bassel, "Seed vigour and crop
establishment: extending performance beyond adaptation,"
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2015.
[5] Anna Fatchiya and Siti Amanah, "Penerapan Inovasi
Teknologi Pertanian dan Hubungannya dengan Ketahanan
Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani," Jurnal Penyuluhan, pp. 190-
197, 2016.
[6] Gregorius.H.Sri.W, Sritomo Wignjosoebroto, and Arief
Rahman, "Perancangan Alat Penanam Benih Biji Palawija
Yang Berbasis Ergonomis," ITS, 2012.
[7] F. Tayyari and J.L. Smith, Occupational Ergonomics
Principles and applications. Great Britain: T.J. Press Ltd,
1997.

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Tealurku (Eggshell Tea) as A Product Environmental-Based

Economy Creative
Ndaru Luriadi1, Sarah Tsabituddinillah1 and Mohamad Adhiyaksa prima2

1
Biology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
2
Accounting, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*ndaru.luriadi@ui.ac.id

1sarah.tsabituddinillah@ui.ac.id

2mohamad.adhiyaksa@ui.ac.id

Abstract. The fulfillment of food needs is fundamental to humans. The industrial revolution 4.0 is a great opportunity for the Indonesian
government in the field of food security, since Indonesia has an abundant diversity of natural resources. This development spurred
Indonesia in thinking solely and creatively in answering existing problems. Today, there is a paradigm shift from the green revolution
in organic farming. Based on the national strategic plan, one of Indonesia's visions is to achieve food sovereignty. The system is not
only related to meeting human food needs but also paying attention to environmental aspects. The higher the food produced, the greater
the waste produced. One of the most common food commodities is eggs. Based on the central body of egg production statistics,
Indonesia produced 1,644,460 tons in 2018. This is a great opportunity for creative economic actors to implement zero food waste in
the implementation of the industrial revolution 4.0. "Tealurku" (Eggshell Tea) is a product innovation in answering creative economic
issues and the environment. This tea is made from a mixture of original tea leaves combined with eggshell powder. The benefits of this
tea, besides containing anti-oxidants, also include calcium, because 97% of the composition of the eggshell is calcium carbonate, which
is a supporter of calcium fulfillment. To face the challenges of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution in the future, the authors conclude that the
discovery of economic product innovations alone is not enough, the environment-based creative economy is very important to be
instilled in response to the challenges of the industrial revolution 4.0.

Keywords: eggshell, industry revolution 4.0, tea, zero food waste.

A. INTRODUCTION Based on the data of the Ministry of Agriculture of the

One of the 17 goals of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) is responsible for consumption and production. The
purpose hereinafter referred to SDGs 12 focuses on efforts to
encourage the management of resources and energy, and the use
of sustainable goods and services. Head of the Center for
Environmental and Forestry Standardization, Noer Adi Wardojo
said that when environmental problems arise, people solve them
by changing lifestyles, such as becoming a vegetarian or avoiding
the use of plastic. It is good but does not solve the problem from
the source because it requires changes at the operational level of
the Government, business, and society [1].
Changes in government are focused on office operations.
Businesses also have an obligation to achieve good ecolabel and
management systems. In addition, clean production is a preventive
and integrated environmental management strategy that is applied
continuously to the production and management of product waste
with the aim of reducing risks to humans and the environment.
Almost all of the world, egg products produce eggshell as waste
products that have serious environmental problems. Chicken
eggshells are waste materials from domestic sources such as
hatcheries, poultry farms, egg product factories, homes, and
restaurants [2].
Republic of Indonesia in 2016, the number of eggs per capita
consumption reached 99.796 eggs. Based on the central body of
egg production statistics, Indonesia produced 1,644,460 tons in
2018. Total consumption is a very rapid increase of the amount of
consumption during the previous five years [3].
On the contrary, Ines Yumahana, the Senior Nutrition Manager
Fonterra Brands Indonesia, said that Indonesia adult community
calcium intake of less than 300 mg per day. This number is very
far from the minimum standard set by the World Health
Organization (WHO), which is 1,000 mg per day for adults up to
50 years of age and 1,200 mg per day for those above 50 years [4].
It's a worrying condition and the best solution must be found. For
that, we are present through a combination of eggshell and tea
product. We hope this product is able to meet overall needs. Fulfill
the drinking needs of calcium per human day, create community
empowerment, and creative economic potential and preserve
nature.
B. METHODS
1. Material
The ingredients used in making eggshell tea are,
a. Eggshell

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The eggshell used in making eggshell tea is a shell from

chicken eggs. Making a tea from chicken eggshells
because the use of chicken eggs in daily necessities is
higher than duck or goose eggs [5].
b. Tea Powder Blend with mortar and pestle
The tea used in eggshell tea is black tea. The use of
black tea in making eggshell tea because black tea is easier
to find. In addition, among other types of tea, black tea is
the most common type of tea produced in Indonesia and is
the fifth largest exporter in the world. Therefore, the use of Strain the mashed eggshell powder
black tea has become more targeted for community
consumptions [6]. Fig 1: Preparation of Eggshell Powder
c. Product packaging
Making eggshell tea by combining black tea powder with
The authors mixed powder from eggshell with powder eggshell powder will illustrate the flow below:
from black tea. This aims to produce a combination of
tea powder with eggshell powder, to avoid the level of Blend black tea with mortar and pestle to make it smoother
combination between different eggshell powders and tea
powders, one mixing is used for one package. This aims
to equalize the same combination level in each package.
2. Tool Strain the black tea with a sieve to make the granules finer
The equipment used in this paper are,
1. Vessel : functions as an eggshell container before
processing.
2. Mortar : serves to smooth the eggshell to become
granules. Combine tea powder with eggshell powder with the ratio of 1: 2
3. Microwave : function of eggshell sterilization. powdered egg powder
4. Pan : function for sterilization of eggshells.
5. Stove : functions as a heater when sterilizing.
6. Filter : functions as a fine powder egg filter.
3. Steps
The authors must first make powder from the eggshell. Pack the eggshell with packaging and the eggshell ready to be
To make eggshell powder can be described in the served
workflow below [7]:
Fig 2: Preparation of Eggshell Tea
The eggshell is washed with running water, removing
the epidermis Making Eggshell Tea is made by making powder from the
eggshell. After that, the eggshell. -The authors use about 200
grams of chicken eggshells collected from fried rice traders
around the campus. Furthermore, the collected eggshell is cleaned
under running water and the awning of the epidermis. This aims
to maintain cleanliness and eliminate the fishy odor from the
Boil with water for 30 minutes eggshell. After the eggshell is clean, boil the eggshell with boiling
water for 30 minutes and dry it. Then enter the microwave egg
with a temperature of 80 o C for 2 hours. This decoction and
drying are intended for the process of cleaning the eggshell from
dirt to make it safer to consume. [7]
After going through the cleaning process, then the eggshell is
Boil with water for 30 minutes Eggshells dry in oven with mashed with mortar and pestle to form granules. After feeling
temperature 80OC for 2 hours smooth, strain to get finer eggshell powder. In a recessed

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container, puree the black using a mortar to get the fine grain
texture. This is so that when mixed with eggshell powder, the
combination will be more integrated. Mix eggshell powder with
the black powder with a ratio of 1: 2. To accurately compare the
amount of eggshell powder with the black powder, then for one
mixing, it is used to make one package. This is to minimize the
levels of mixing eggshell powder and black powder that are not
the same. After mixing, the eggshells are ready to be packaged and
served.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
1. Waste Eggshell Egg
Based on the data of the Ministry of Agriculture of the
Republic of Indonesia in 2016, the number of eggs per capita
consumption reached 99.796 eggs. Based on the central body of
egg production statistics, Indonesia produced 1,644,460 tons in
2018. Total consumption is a very rapid increase of the amount of
consumption during the previous five years [3]. If you look at the
graph, an increase in the amount of consumption occurs
continuously every year. Later in 2021, the number of chicken egg
consumption was estimated at 1.72 tons [8]. This is reinforced by
the high demand for eggs by the consumer. The last five years,
the average demand for eggs in Malang reached 6.24 kg / person /
year. In addition, more research can predict the amount of egg
consumption in Indonesia will continue to grow until a few years
into the future using mathematical models [9].
Total consumption of eggs highly impact on potential waste
eggshells are abundant too. In fact, 10% part of the egg is an egg
shell itself. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics
Indonesia, egg shell waste in 2012 reached 1.54075 million tons,
and is increasing rapidly every year. Egg shell waste into the
environment threat if left alone. District residents Jombang, East
Java, Indonesia never complained about eggshell waste from a
chicken farm. Residents demanded the government to crack down
on the farm because they do not have a solution to the waste-
shelled eggs and let the wastes it on public land. As a result, the
stench of sewage eggshell disturbing the surrounding community.
In the year 2014, a company in Bali also protested by residents for
waste eggshells unpunished. The company said the waste is no
longer their responsibility but a third party. This further
strengthens still many eggshell wastes that pollute the
environment and adds to the total number of bins in Indonesia [9]
[10].
January 6th, 2016, the Indonesian central government with a
wide range of environmental care organizations will agree ideals
"Trash Free Indonesia 2020" [11]. One of the goals of sustainable
development goals agreed in 2030 that many countries in the
world is life on land that upholds the sustainability of terrestrial
and combat all the things that lead to soil degradation or inhibition
of growth of the diversity of living organisms [12]. Trash is one
that should be dealt with by the destination's number 15. Waste
eggshells can also harm the environment by microbial activity in
it. Therefore, the use of eggshell as a food supplement ingredient
in this tea, could be one solution to reduce waste in Indonesia.
194
2. Lack of Calcium Intake Indonesian Community
Calcium is a mineral that has an important role in the body. In
the process of metabolism, calcium regulate communication
between cells and other important processes. Normally, calcium
levels are gradually lost with increasing age. Based on research,
people aged 35 years, of calcium in the body begins to decline by
1%. At age 50, calcium fading up to 30% of the total amount of
calcium in the body. Until finally, loss of calcium in the body
reaches 50% at the age of 70 years [13]. Lack of calcium in the
body has a negative impact on health conditions such as muscle
cramps, osteoporosis, heart rate, increase in cholesterol, and
insomnia [14].
Ines Yumahana, the Senior Nutrition Manger Fonterra Brands
Indonesia, said that Indonesia adult community calcium intake of
less than 300 mg per day. This number is very far from the
minimum standard set by the World Health Organization (WHO),
which is 1,000 mg per day for adults up to 50 years of age and
1,200 mg per day for those above 50 years [4]. These facts
illustrate the magnitude of the opportunities for health problems
in human resources in Indonesia due to inadequate calcium intake.
Health problems will hinder the productivity of a person.
Meanwhile, the industrial revolution 4.0 requires a deft human
resource, able to adapt quickly, and many other capabilities that
need to support good health. Therefore, calcium intake is one part
of the health aspect of the Indonesian people that needs attention.
There have been many studies done about the use of eggshell.
One result is that eggshells have a proven content of 97% calcium
carbonate, 1% potassium phosphate, and 1% magnesium
carbonate which is safe for consumption. Therefore, currently,
eggshells are being used as a source of calcium for the body which
is packaged in the form of supplements. This fact is one of the
solutions to overcome the problem of lack of calcium intake in
Indonesian adults [15].
3. Tea and Eggshells
Utilization of eggshell as a calcium supplement for the body
has begun to flourish in Indonesia. However, the prices are high
in calcium supplements are relatively expensive. Moreover, it is
generally only the upper-income groups who have the awareness
to take supplements as a step to meet the needs of calcium to the
body. Therefore, the authors need a strategy that Indonesian
society gets an additional intake of calcium associated evenly,
particularly the lower middle.
Tea is one drink that is popular Indonesian people from various
circles. Almost all Indonesian people consume tea in the morning
and or evening. Tea culture had been planted long ago in each
region. If tea contains calcium that is high enough, the tea can
become fodder for the Indonesian people, who are able to meet the
needs of calcium that the body needs every day. Sources of
calcium do not just come from tea. Every food consumed
generally contain calcium; however, the levels are very slightly.
In addition, not all the calcium contained in the food that is
absorbed into the body. Meanwhile, the body needs calcium every
day is quite high. There should be an additional intake to meet
calcium needs. Tea can be a substitute beverage calcium
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supplements for Indonesian people, especially among the lower [1]
middle.
4. Tea Eggshells as Creative Economy Based [2]
Environmental Products
Egg shells tea production will involve a lot of lower middle-
income-people. Eggshell used comes from small traders who use [3]
eggs. As Tegal stalls, Martabak sellers, production of cakes at
home, traditional street food vendors, as well as other people who [4]
have eggshell wastes. Eggshell they provide is already in a clean
state of the epidermis. Then, the eggshell will be paid according [5]
to the standard price of tea producers’ eggshell. Tea is to be mixed
with the brewed tea egg shells are native to Indonesia. In addition
to the low levels of caffeine, fragrance original tea leaves brewed
tea is still maintained on. The process of making tea eggshell will [6]
use labor from surrounding communities. Hopefully,
Capital used to produce egg shells tea is not too expensive. [7]
Thus, the product can be marketed at affordable prices. Lower
middle-income people will have a better chance to buy these [8]
eggshells tea. Thus, not only the upper-class society that is able to
meet the body's calcium needs by taking supplements. Lower
middle-income people can also meet the calcium needs of his body [9]
easily through the tea eggshell.
D. CONCLUSION [10]
1. “Tealurku” as a product that plays a role in reducing the
amount of eggshell waste which is one of the causes of [11]
household waste accumulation.
2. “Tealurku” contains calcium to help the body fulfill daily
[12]
calcium, wherein my teal there is more than 90% calcium that
is useful for the body.
[13]
3. “Tealurku” as a creative economic product is a great
opportunity for Indonesia to face the industrial revolution 4.0
because it has advantages in various aspects, including health
[14]
as an increase in body calcium intake, reducing household
waste and becoming a way to a sustainable city and society in
[15]
the future.
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vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine, pp. 8, 38, 2008.
[20] T. C. M. V. M. &. A. L. M. Dinis, "Action of phenolic derivatives
(acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of
membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers," Archives
of biochemistry and biophysic, 1994.
[21] A. P. M.-C. H. A. P. L. C. &. C. F. A. Sánchez-Camargo, " Supercritical
CO2 extraction of lipids and astaxanthin from Brazilian redspotted shrimp
waste (Farfantepenaeus paulensis)," The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, p.
56(2), 2011.
[22] S. C. S. &. O. U. Tolasa, "Determination of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin
in salmonid," European Food Research and Technology, pp. 221(6), 787-
791., 2005.
[23] O. J. Torrissen, "Dietary delivery of carotenoids," Antioxidants in muscle
foods, pp. 289-313., 2000.
[24] T. L. M. &. K. W. Taksima, "Astaxanthin encapsulated in beads using
ultrasonic atomizer and application in yogurt as evaluated by consumer
sensory profile," LWT-Food Science and Technology, pp. 62(1), 431-437.,
2015.
[25] Grung, M., D'Souza, F. M., Borowitzka, M., & Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1992).
Algal carotenoids 51. Secondary carotenoids 2. Haematococcus pluvialis
aplanospores as a source of (3S, 3′ S)-astaxanthin esters. Journal of Applied
Phycology, 4(2), 165-171.
[26] Yokoyama, A., & Miki, W. (1995). Composition and presumed biosynthetic
pathway of carotenoids in the astaxanthin-producing bacterium
Agrobacterium aurantiacum. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 128(2), 139-144.
[27] Stradi, R., Celentano, G., Rossi, E., Rovati, G., & Pastore, M. (1995).
Carotenoids in bird plumage—I. The carotenoid pattern in a series of
Palearctic Carduelinae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 110(1), 131-143.

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[28] Yuan, F., Chen, Y., Dellian, M., Safabakhsh, N., Ferrara, N., & Jain, R. K.
(1996). Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in
established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial
growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 93(25), 14765-14770.

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Yogurt Tempe with Extract Flour Bone Catfish Fortified As

Functional Beverages Stunting Alleviation in Indonesia
Ririn Rahmawati1 and Amanatul Amriyah2

1
The Departement of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Bogor,
16680, Indonesia
1
The Departement of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*ririnrahmawati032@gmail.com

1amanatul_amriyah@apps.ipb.ac.id

Abstract. The prevalence of five babies under five years (toddlers) short or stunting became one of the national development priorities
set forth in the medium-term development plan of the year 2015-2019. Within the last five years, the number of baby stunting in
Indonesia tends to increase. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia was 33.2%. In addition to the impact of intelligence on sufferers,
stunting also lowered gross domestic income (GDI) 3%; in other words, the economy suffered losses of Rp 300 trillion. The yogurt
drink ferment is trusted can lower the chances of a child being a stunting. Tempe is an Indonesian local food produced from fermented
soy. Tempe is currently also considered as functional food (functional food) because the nutrient content and active substances that are
beneficial to health. As a traditional food, Tempe has nutritional composition is much better than soy. However, the per capita
consumption of Tempe in Indonesia is still not classified as high.

Keywords: Yogurt, tempe, flour bone catfish fortified, functional beverages, food diversification

INTRODUCTION
Yogurt consumption in Indonesia is increasing
because people are becoming aware of the importance of
healthy food. Yogurt is selected because it has many
benefits for digestive health. It is made up of yogurt with
probiotic bacteria called Bifidobacterium and
Lactobacillus acidophilus. Probiotics are beneficial
bacteria for humans. Probiotic yogurt has a good activity
during storage time when the bacteria still carry to the
intestines.1In addition to its probiotic properties, it also
contains a high grade of vitamin D.
Cow’s milk is the main ingredient of yogurt. It has
2.0 IU vitamin D per 100 ml, and calcium 125 mg per
100 ml. Based on the insufficient nutrition requirement
for vitamin D for 2-12 year-olds is ten micrograms
per days; whereas a perfect calcium requirement for 1-
6 year-olds is 500 mg per days, and calcium for 7-12
year-olds is 800 mg per days. According to Valentina
et al. (2014), the largest segment of foods containing
calcium is milk and its agricultural product of up to
42.38% and vitamin D in the milk is14.06%.2
Sufficient vitamin D can help bone metabolism,
regulate calcium homoeostatic metabolism, increase
calcium, and phosphate absorption.3
According to Valentina et al. (2014), 16.66% of
boys suffer from vitamin D deficiency, and girls are
22.10%. According to the research in the United
States, Europe, India, Australia, South America, and
South-East Asia show that 50% children and adults can
suffer from high vitamin D deficiency (BCF 2008).4
The factors that affect the lack of vitamin D are the
lack of food intake include vitamin D, food fiber
consumption, genetic factor, and exposure to sunlight
(Londhey 2011).5 According to WHO (2004), Setiati
(2008), Soejitno and Kuswardhani (2009) the lack of
exposure to sunlight can disturb metabolize vitamin
D.6
Community Indonesia certainly is familiar with one
of these food products, namely Tempe. Tempe is a
traditional food Indonesia produced from fermented
soybeans. Tempe has a compact form and dense
texture due to a copy of the mycelium soybean seeds
that tie to each other. Tempe has many benefits as a
fire retardant oxidation LDL, lowering cholesterol,
inhibit the biosynthesis of flatulence in the liver,
increasing the antioxidant enzyme SOD, and lowers
the risk of cancer.7
Indonesia is the largest producer of Tempe
manufacturers in the world. The number of
manufacturers of Tempe in Indonesia has reached over
100,000 producers who have registered at KOPTI until
2011. The increase in the value of selling Tempe with
product innovation is still very low. Therefore, the
addition of Tempe on yogurt is an attempt to increase
the economic value of Tempe so can improve the
welfare of producers of Tempe. The addition of Tempe

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on yogurt is one form of fortification of nutrients and

protein flavour of the product. Food fortification is the
addition of an attempt of one or more nutrients in the 30.8%
food content of nutrients to enhance existing or add
29.6%
nutrients that do not yet exist on the food. This effort 29.0%
28.9%
made to improve public health in dealing with the case
of a deficiency of nutrients that exist or increase the 27.5%
value of nutrients.
Nowadays, the fortification of food progressively
enhanced to reduce the deficiency of nutrients on the
community. Indonesia also is getting community care 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
on health, including bone health. Bone health currently
Figure 1 Fig. 1. The prevalence of five babies under five
is worth noting early on. According to Brashers years (toddlers) short or stunting in Indonesia
(2007), a low may increase bone fragility of the bone
so that it can cause osteoporosis that can interfere with Departing from these problems, Authors will make
daily activities.8 Movie based on data obtained from a product innovation called YOTELE, which is
Osteoporosis Society of Indonesia (Perosi) in 2007, a yogurt with tempe extract bone fortified catfish
there were 32.3% women and 28.8% of men aged flour.
above 50 years of age who have experienced
osreoporosis.9 Osteoporosis can be caused by an METHODS
unhealthy lifestyle, age, disease, and lack of calcium Authors use literature study methods and
intake. secondary data collection techniques. Secondary data
Table 1 Table 1. Chemical Analysis Results Data includes notes, study results, publication results,
Catfish. regulations, and policy documents from the relevant
agencies. In addition, this secondary data includes the
Num Type Whole Meat Bone results of literature review and articles of scientific
ber Analysis Catfish Catfish Catfish journals. The types of data used in this paper are
(%) (%) (%) secondary data, namely reference taking from general
1 Water 73.29 75.10 70.35 literature such as books, journals, theses, disertation,
2 Protein 12.83 18.79 6.75 and other written information that are related to the
3 Fat 3.70 4.03 0.56 topic of discussion of this paper.
4 Dash 2.70 0.12 7.85
5 Carbohydrates 2.60 1.96 5.14 FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
6 Calcium 5.59 0.65 9.35 Yogurt has lots of content of nutrients. Fermented
milk yogurt is rich in protein and calcium. In
Based on the data above, the bone of catfish is a addition, yogurt contains carbohydrates, vitamin B1,
great source of calcium, and has the potential to be vitamin B2, niacin, folic acid, phosphorus, and
used as alternative feedstock. The fishbone can be magnesium. Coarse fiber levels on probiotic yogurt
utilized once processed into flour fishbone. ranged between 0.57-1.197%. Tempe also is rich in
In addition to the above, another health problem in nutrients, namely food, fiber, B vitamins, calcium,
Indonesia is stunting. In 2018, 30.8% of total children and iron. In addition, Tempe has not saturated fatty
under five in Indonesia experienced acid content such as oleic. Saturated fatty acids do not
stunting.10 Launching from the National Planning have the effect of decreasing blood cholesterol
Agency of the Republic of Indonesia that in the 2014- against so as to neutralize the negative effects of
2018 period, the number of stunting toddlers tended to sterols in the body. Tempe also has vitamin B12. This
increase. In addition to impacting intelligence on vitamin is not produced by the mold Tempe but by
sufferers, stunting also reduced Gross Domestic bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia contaminants.
Income (GDI) by 3%, in other words the country's Minerals in Tempe is also quite high including iron
economy suffered a loss of Rp. 300 Trillion.11 9.39 mg/100 g, copper 2.87 mg/100 g, and zink 8.05

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mg/100 g of Tempe. Soy Tempe are also known to
contain antioxidant compounds genistein. Each 200
gram sample of Tempe in methanol extract contains
compounds genistein as much as 47.9 g fresh tempe.12
Bone flour Catfish is the result of grinding the
bonefish drying after a little over 24 hours. This
product has a high calcium and phosphorus so
potentially insufficient calcium intake. The amount of
calcium in the bones of starch content of catfish,
namely of 17.47%, moisture content of 11.34%,
59.49% ash levels, protein levels of 23.86% and 0.96%
fat content.13
The abundant content of nutrients in milk yogurt,
Tempe, and catfish bones into the background of the
author to make the product mix of the foodstuffs third
so that it can improve health benefits for consumers.
This product contains functional food products,
namely food ingredients it can provide additional
benefits in addition to the basic functions of the food
substance gisi in a specific community groups. The
process of making yogurt Tempe this catfish bones
starting with the manufacture of flour Tempe, flour of
catfish bones, and making yogurt.
The manufacture of flour Tempe that is sliced fresh
Tempe with a thickness of 1 cm then water until it
reaches the 105oC, and Tempe steamed for 9 minutes.
Tempe then drained. After being cold, oven dried
Tempe. Tempe already dried and then ground using
flour grinders. Tempe already smoothed then sift the
flour to get Tempe really smooth.
The manufacture of flour catfish bones that is
collecting the fish bone remaining production and then
boiled for 15 minutes. Catfish bone is cleaned from the
remaining meat is then washed to clean. Catfish bones
are then boiled again at 120oC for 1 hour. Next catfish
bones are dried and oven temperature 50-70oC for 30
minutes. After dried, catfish bones then milled and
sifted flour produced catfish bones until smooth.
The process of making yogurt Tempe with
additional bone catfish mixed with the raw material of
pasteurized milk, flour Tempe, and flour catfish bones.
The mixture then cooked at a temperature of 43-45oC
added sugar as much as 6.5%. Mix milk and then
heated to 85-90oC and kept it cool for 30 minutes. Then
mix the milk is cooled down to a temperature of 45oC
added starter Lactobacillus acidophilus
Bifidobacterium and 50:50. The milk mixture was
added the next starter put in PET plastic cup containers
and incubated 4-6 hours. After that, set yogurt that has
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been so chilled in the refrigerator for 12 hours to stop
the fermentation process.
YOTELE is product yogurt with extract of Tempe
and bone flour catfish fortified, which can provide an
alternative healthy yogurt product for the community.
Moreover, the addition of Tempe and bone flour
catfish will increase variation functional beverages
based on local products embody the creative and
innovative food industry. Packaging innovations using
plastic with oxygen and water vapor permeability of
the low expected to extend shelf life and can increase
consumer interest in healthy beverages will be rich in
calcium. In addition, product innovation is expected to
compete in the international arena so that it is able to
answer the problem.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of five-year baby (toddler) short or
stunting became one of the national development
priorities set forth in the medium-term development
plan of the year 2015-2019. Within the last five years,
a record number of toddlers stunting in Indonesia tends
to increase. On the other hand, the presence of bone
calcium-rich catfish becomes waste. Solutions offered
the author of these problems is the creation of
YOTELE products, namely innovation yogurt extract
Tempe and bone flour catfish fortified as functional
food rich in calcium. Product YOTELE will provide
alternative healthy drinks in Indonesia among the
public. In addition, YOTELE is the answer of the
national problem through its creative and innovative
products with the utilization of the local potential to its
full potential.
REFERENCES
[1]E. Purwijatiningsih, “Pengaruh Jenis Prebiotik tehadap Kualitas
Yogurt Probiotik”,vol.12, pp.177-185, 2007.
[2] Valentina V,Palupi NS,Andarwulan N,“Asupan kalsium dan
vitamin d pada anak Indonesia usia 2-12 tahun. J. Teknol. Dan Industri
Pangan”, Vol.25( 1), pp 83-89,2014.
[3] Almatsier S,”Prinsip Dasal Ilmu Gizi”,pp.132-150, Gramedia
Jakarta,2003.
[4] [BCF] The Bone and Cncer Foundation,”Vitamin D Deficiency:
Information for Cancer Patiens”, America,2008.
[5] Londhey V,”Vitamin D deficiendy: indinan scenario. J Assoc
Physicians India”,vol.59,pp. 695-696,2011.
[6] [WHO] World Health Organization,”Vitamin and Mineral
Requirements in Human Nutrition”,Bangkook,2004.
[7] Astuti, M, Andreanyta M, Dalais SF, Wahlqvist ML,”Tempe:a
Nutritious and Healthy Food from Indonesi in Asia Pacific Journal of
Clinic and Nutrition”, Vol.9,pp. 322-325,2000.
[8]Brashers VL, “Aplikasi Klinis Patofisiologi: Pemeriksaan &
Manajemen Edisi 2”,EGC. Jakarta,2007.
CISAK 2019 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

[9] Setiati S,”Pengaruh sinar ultraviolet B matahari terhadap

konsentrasi vitamin D dan horon paratiroid pada perempuan usia lanjut
Indonesia in Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional journals”,vol.2, pp.147:153.
[10]Semba RD, Shardell M, Ashour FAS, et al, “Child Stunting is
Associated with Low Circulating Essential Amino Acids”, vol.6,pp.246-
252
[11] Kemenkes RI, “Laporan Nasional Rikesdas 2018”,
www.depkes.go.id
[12] N.D. Sartika, “Studi pendahuluan daya antioksidan ekstrak
metanol tempe segar dan tempe busuk Kota Malang terhadap radikal bebas
DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil)”, 2007.
[13]S Mahmudah, “Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Tulang Ikan Lele
(Clarias Batrachus) Terhadap Kadar Kalsium, Kekerasan, dan Daya
Terima Biskuit. Jurnal Publikasi”, 2013

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VII
Health Care Pharmacy

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SI POLWAN: Alternative Mouthwash Made from Salam

Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) in Antibacterial Activity
Tests
Lalu Alan Kadarisman1 , Alfia Husna2, Zulfan Khaidir3
1
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Informatic Engineering, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia
1
alankadarisman05@gmail.com, phone: +6285238616234
2
alfiahusna90080@gmail.com, phone: +6282251471757
3
zulf4n.kh4idir@gmail.com, phone: +6285354358256

Abstract. Based on the statistical data, there is an increase in the prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia; namely, active dental caries
sufferers increased by 9.8% from 43.4% in 2007 to 53.2% in 2013; while those with experience of dental caries increased by 5.1 % from
67.2% in 2007 increased to 72.3% in 2013. This was considered simple but it would wider audience. The current limitation is to use a
toothbrush; however, it cannot regulate the part of the tooth and mouth gap. In order to deal with dental caries, it needs a proper medicine.
Dental caries mouthwash that are available in the market contain chemicals which have side effects when they are used excessively, such as
color abnormalities in the teeth. Indonesia has many natural resources that attract innovation, especially in overcoming dental health
problems. One of the natural resources is the Bay leaf tree. In Indonesia, people use a bay leaf as additional ingredients for cooking. In fact,
the bay leaf contains saponin compounds, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and essential oils which have an antibacterial activity to prevent dental
caries.The research method used in this process is extraction method to extract the transferred compounds as an antibacterial against
Streptococcus mutans by testing the antibacterial activity of bay leaf extract mouthwash with a concentration of 70%, 80%, 90%. It is hoped
that alternative herbal mouthwash can reduce the prevalence of dental caries and realize a healthy life through the challenges of dental
caries in Indonesia.

Keywords: Alternative medicine for gargling, bay leaves, dental caries, extraction methods.

A. Introduction The number of plants in Indonesia can be used as an alternative

ingredient in making mouthwash. The strategy for developing
In the current era of globalization, the proliferation of
mouthwash that utilizes natural resources in Indonesia must be
mouthwash made from chemicals that are available in the market
further developed [6]. Looking out the number of plant varieties
causes disease in the mouth. Many people consider that oral health
in Indonesia that have health benefits, especially for dental and
is not necessary. In fact, the mouth is an ideal place for the growth
oral health is inversely proportional to the knowledge and
and development of microorganisms [1]. The diseases then cause
development of potential natural resources in this sector is not
bad breath. One of ways to reduce microorganisms is using
optimal yet [7].
antiseptics. In this case, using mouthwash is more effective than
The side effects of mouthwash made from chemicals can be
using toothpaste. Mouthwash can clean areas that are difficult to
minimized with raw materials derived from nature. One of them
reach with a toothbrush. [2]. What can happen is that compilation
is bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum wight). Bay leaves are usually
neglects the teeth and mouth which eventually forms dental
only used as additives for cooking and they are less effective in
plaque. The dental plaque contains various kinds of bacteria and
their uses. Leaves are known to contain a combination of saponins,
its metabolic results, such as clumping by acidogenic bacteria
triterpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins and
which results in decalcification and destruction of tooth surfaces
essential oils that contain antibacterial activity [8] .
that are needed by caries [3]. The main bacteria that causes dental
The descriptions attract our attention to create an innovation.
caries is Streptococcus mutans. It is better that mouthwash to be
With this creativity program, the natural resources can be utilized
used as a carcinogenic community to divert saliva function [4] .
optimally using bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum wight) as
According to Riskesdas data (2013), there is an increase in the
a herbal mouthwash that is beneficial to health, especially for
prevalence of carious teeth in Indonesia; namely, active dental
dental and oral health.
caries patients increased by 9.8% from 43.4% in 2007 to 53.2% in
Based on the background above, the problems can be
2013. The data is also is also associated with increased dental
formulated as follows:
caries 5,1% from 67.2% in 2007 rose to 72.3% in 2013 [5].

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1. How to extract bay leaves (Eugenia Polyantha Wight) and how c. The ingredients (b) were emulsified with PEG-40 Hydrogenated
to identify compounds? Castro Oil. Then, adding the propylene glycol little by little and
2. What is the formulation in making herbal mouthwash from bay stirring them until homogeneous.
leaf extract (Eugenia Polyantha Wight)? d. Material (a) was added gradually to the materials (c) while
3. How is the effectiveness of herbal mouthwash derived from bay stirring until homogeneous. Then 70% sorbitol is added gradually
leaf extract (Eugenia Polyantha Wight) in inhibiting bakery to the preparation.
growth in the mouth? e. Mixing sodium benzoate dissolved in water Soluble
The purposes of this study is based on the problems that arise, homogeneous with materials d reached pH 6-7.
namely to: 4. Mouthwash Formula
1. Understand how to extract bay leaves (Eugenia Polyantha Formulations of SI POLWAN mouthwash preparations with a
Wight) and how to identify compounds. concentration of 70%, 80%, 90%.
2. Get to know the formulation in making herbal mouthwash from
bay leaf extract (Eugenia Polyantha Wight). Component FI F2 F3
3. Recognize the effectiveness of herbal mouthwash derived from Bay leaf 70 grams 80 grams 90 grams
bay leaf extract (Eugenia Polyantha Wight) in inhibiting bakery extract
growth in the mouth. Propilenglycol 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml
1. Benefits For Authors PEG-40 1 gram 1 gram 1 gram
Developing curiosity to raise the spirit of high researchers to hydrogenated
produce new information, especially in the use of medicinal caster oil
plants. Oleum 10 drops 10 drops 10 drops
2. Benefit for the community menthae
Providing the information to the public herbal mouthwash piperitae
medicinal plants that are more practical and efficient to maintain Asam benzoate 5 mg 5mg 5mg
dental and oral health. Natrium 2 grams 2 grams 2 grams
3. Benefit for education benzoate
Providing knowledge about the utilization of bay leaf structure Calcium 50 mg 50 mg 50 mg
and tissue (Eugenia Polyantha Wight) which can be used as the Lactate
main raw material in making herbal mouthwash. Also, it can be Calcium 100 mg 100 mg 100mg
used as a reference for further research. thiosianate
B. Methods Sorbitol 70% 15 ml 15 ml 15 ml
1. Sample Preparation Aquades Ad 100 ml Ad 100 ml Ad 100ml
Bay leaf samples were taken from the campus area 3 of Ahmad
Dahlan University. Samples of bay leaves that have been taken 5. The Procedure to Make BHI-B (Brain Heart Infusion Broth)
were washed thoroughly, then they were aerated for two days and Media.
then dried using an oven at 40 degrees Celcius. After drying, the The media to make procedure BHI-B are 3 grams of powder
samples were processed by using a blender until they became BHI-B and 100 ml sterile aquades. Both were mixed in an
powders. erlenmeyer tube. Then, they were stirred until homogeneous and
2. Sample Extraction sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15 minutes. After that,
Sample extraction is done by maceration. A number of 200 desicator was inserted and incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC. This
grams of sample were immersed in 100 mL of 96% ethanol procedure is to prove that the BHI-B media is sterile before
covered with aluminum foil and left them for 5 days at room inoculation.
temperature while stirring them occasionally. After five days, the 6. The Procedure to Make BHI-A Plate (Brain Heart Infusion
samples were filtered using filter paper to produce one filtrate and Agar) Media
one pulp. The existing pulp was then remacerated for two days The media to make BHI-A Plate Media are 4.7 grams of BHIA
using 96% ethanol as much as 500 mL. The samples were filtered powder and 100 ml of aquadessteril. Both were mixed in an
using filter paper to produce a two filtrate and two pulp. One Erlenmeyer tube. Then, they were stirred until homogeneous and
filtrate and two filtrates were mixed together, so that the thick sterilized in an autoclave at 121ᵒ C for 15 minutes. After that, they
extracted were obtained. The resulting thick extracts were put into were poured into petridish with a thickness of 2 mm to allow them
the oven. Then, the extracts were then weighed and stored in a to stand until solid and put in a desiccator. The sterilization test
closed glass container before being used for testing. was carried out by placing it in an incubator and incubating for 24
3. Making a mouthwash hours at 37oC.
a. Making water-soluble phases was by dissolving each water- 7. The Procedure to Make Suspension of Streptococcus mutans
soluble material, such as calcium lactate and potassium tiosinat. The way to make suspension of Streptococcus mutans is by
b. Materials that were less soluble in water (benzoic acid, bay leaf giving 2 cc of sterile BHI-B media that are inserted in a test tube
extract) are dissolved with menthe oleum

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and added with 1 ose of Streptococcus mutans. Then, the test tube
was placed in a desiccator by following below steps:
a. Inserting a burning candle into the desicator.
b. Inserting the test tube into the desiccator.
c. Closing the desicator with a lid equipped with air regulator.
d. Closing the air regulator and wait it until the candle dies (no
oxygen).
The desiccator was then put in an incubator for 24 hours at
37oC. After that, the suspension was shaken with thermolynedan
and turbidity level. The other way is using the absorbance which
was measured using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of
560 nm with an absorbance of 0.005 following Mac Farland's
standard solution for bacteria ie 0.5.
8. Antibacterial Power Test Procedure
The antibacterial power test in this study used a diffusion
method with filter paper discs. The procedure was carried out as
follows:
a. Dividing the bottom of the petri dish containing the BHI-A into
4 equal parts using markers.
b. Inoculating the suspension of Streptococcus mutans on 0.5 ml
agarHI-A plate media using a syringe asepsis and then flattened
by gigaskrin. Let it dry for 5 minutes.
c. Smearing discs with bay leaf extract mouthwash concentrations
of 70%, 80%, 90%.
d. Placing the discs on the medium of the BHI-A plate using
tweezers.
The discs were not pressed too hard so as not to hurt the surface
of the media. The distance between the discs must be quite wide,
so that the resistance zone does not coincide.
e. Inserting all plates into the desiccator and incubated in an
incubator at 37ᵒC for 24 hours.
9. Data Analysis
Data was obtained from the literature which were selected and
sorted by topic. Then, a proposal was prepared based on data that
had been obtained from a literature study.
C. Findings and Argument
The most common dental and mouth diseases found in
the community was dental caries. Many microorganisms
found in the oral cavity were bacteria that cause the initial
process of dental caries, Streptococcus mutans. Dental
caries can be prevented by brushing the teeth and using
mouthwash [9]. S. mutans can be inhibited by natural
ingredients such as bay leaves (Eugenia polyantha Wight)
[10]. Bay leaves are known to contain saponin compounds,
triterpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins
and essential oils that have antibacterial activity.
Sample extraction was done by maceration. A number
of 200 grams of sample was immersed in 100 mL of 96%
ethanol covered with aluminum foil, and left it for 5 days at
room temperature while stirring it occasionally. After 5
days, the sample was filtered using filter paper to produce
one filtrate and one pulp. The existing pulp was then
remunerated for 2 days using 96% ethanol as much as 500
mL. Then, the sample was filtered using filter paper to
204
produce a two filtrate and two pulp. One filtrate and two
filtrate were mixed together to obtain the thick extract. The
resulting thick extract was put into the oven. Finally, the
extract was weighed and stored in a closed glass container
before being used for testing [11].
The results of the research of bay leaf extract showed
that the resistance zone is formed to suppress the growth of
Streptococcus mutans which is 8.45 mm (concentration
60%), 8.06 mm (concentration 50%), 7.74 mm
(concentration 40%), 6.95 mm concentration (30%
concentration), and 6.59 mm (concentration 20%) [12].
In another study, some plant extracts that could inhibit
S. mutans growth are Celery leaf which has concentration of
12.5% with an inhibition zone of 2.76 mm (a concentration
of 25% has an inhibition zone of 3.26), and also Papaya leaf
which has the lowest concentration that could inhibit the
growth of S. Mutans. It is 25% with a 0.65 mm inhibition
zone, so it belongs to a weak antibacterial group to inhibit
the growth of S. mutans [13]. Based on these studies, a bay
leaf extract has the most potential to be used as an herbal
mouthwash because of its active antibacterial compounds.
This study aimed to formulate preparations of mouthwash
plants with concentrations of 70%, 80%, 90% 100%, and to
test antibacterial activity.
D. Conclusion
Alkaloid compounds including tannins, saponins,
polyphenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids in bay leaves
have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans
bacteria in the teeth and mouth. The results of the research
of bay leaf extract showed that the resistance zone is formed
to suppress the growth of Streptococcus mutans, which is
8.45 mm (concentration 60%), 8.06 mm (concentration
50%), 7.74 mm (concentration 40%), 6.95 mm
concentration (30% concentration), and 6.59 mm
(concentration 20%). These results have already covered a
large of antibacterial power group, so that it has the potential
to be used as an alternative tool for herbal mouthwash.
Innovative herbal mouthwash products can help to prevent
health problems. In another word, the quality of dental and
oral health increases.
E. References
[1] Ritonga, Nurhalimah. 2005. Plak Gigi. Skripsi. Sumatera
Utara: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
[2] Winarto W. P., 2004, Memanfaatkan Bumbu Dapur untuk
Mengatasi Aneka Penyakit. Jakarta:Agromedia Pustaka.
[3] Putri CA. Penggunaan Obat Kumur untuk Menjaga
Kesehatan Rongga Mulut. 2010. Sumatera Utara: Fakultas
Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumater Utara.
[4] Figueroa, M.S & Peyters, J.I. 2006. Congestive Heart
Failure: Diagnosis, Pathophysiolog. Journal of Therapy and
Implication. Vol 4. No.51. p:403-412.
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[5] Andyasari, Lelly. 2009. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi

Terjadinya Karies Berdasar Data Riskesdas 2007.
Puslitbang Biomedia dan Farmasi.
[6] Tjitrosoepomo, G., 2002, Taksonomi Tumbuhan, 211,
Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
[7] Sudarsono, Gunawan. D., Wahyono, S., Donatus, I.A., &
Purnomo. 2002. Tumbuhan Obat II (Hasil Penelitian, Sifat-
sifat dan Penggunaan) 66-68. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Obat
Tradisional UGM.
[8] Indriwati, R. Retno. 1999. Prevalensi Serotipe Streptoccocus
mutans yang Dominan pada Anak-anak TK di Surabaya.
Majalah Ilmiah Kedokteran Gigi Edisi Khusus FORWIL VI.
Hal:11-15.
[9] Farah CS, Mclntosh L, McCullough MJ.Mouthwashes.
2009. Australian Prescriber. 31 (6):162-164.
[10] Kidd, E.A.M dan Bechal, S.J. 1992. Essentials of Dental
Caries: The DSisease and It’s Management. Dasar-dasar
Karies: Penyakit dan Penanggulangannya. Jakarta: EGC.
[11] Prahasanti, C. 2000. Pengaruh Pasta Gigi yang
Mengandung Ekstrak Daun Sirih terhadap pertumbuhan
Plak Gigi. Majalah kedokteran Gigi vol. 33 No.4.
[12] John Wiley., Sons. 2010. Osseoinntegration and Dental
Implants. Medical Dentistry.
[13] Vandepitte., J., Engback K., Rohh,mar P., Pint P., Heuck
C.G. 2005. Prosedur Laboratorium Dasar dan untuk
Bakteriologis Klinis. Edisi 2. Jakarta: Kedokteran EGC.

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SCOFA literature review: SNEDDS Coconut husk (Cocos

nucifera) as a targeted treatment for breast cancer

Alfia Husna1, Lalu Alan Kadarisman2

1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia
1
alfiahusna90080@gmail.com, phone: +6282251471757

2
alankadarisman05@gmail.com, phone: +6285238616234

Abstract. The background of making this scientific paper is due to the high prevalence of cancer, especially breast cancer. Breast cancer is cancer with
the highest percentage of cases which takes up to 43.3% of total cases of cancers. Breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) can form due to gene mutations
accompanied by increased cell proliferation. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of the delivery system of SNEDDS on kaempferol
found in coconut fiber as an alternative treatment for breast cancer and to produce preparations that have the potential as alternative therapies for
breast cancer. The method used in this idea is library research. Data based on scientific articles and the latest data that are relevant, reviewed, and
analyzed so that they can be concluded as a whole idea. One of the natural ingredients found in Indonesia, that can be used to inhibit proliferation and
has cell inhibitory activity MCF-7 is coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera). The coconut fiber has kaempferol compound, which is one type of polyphenol
whose activity is high as an antioxidant. Kaempferol can break the pathways of blood vessels that supply nutrients to cancer cells so that cancer cells
will die. However, kaempferol has a weakness in its solubility which results in low bioavailability. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the
bioavailability of kaempferol. Based on an analysis of scientific article, one effort to improve the bioavailability of kaempferol was formulating it in
the form of SCOFA preparation, with a SNEDDS delivery system containing kaempferol found in coconut fiber. To increase the bioavailability of
kaempferol is by increasing the surface area of drug molecules. In addition, the SNEDDS delivery system is able to become a facilitator in delivering
drug compounds quickly to cancer cells. Based on the description above, SCOFA has the potential as a targeted treatment for breast cancer.

Keywords: Kaempferol, breast cancer, coconut fiber, SNEDDS.

dependent kinase (CDK) and in tumor suppressor products,

A. Introduction
Cancer is the second leading cause of death, contributing
13% out of 22% of deaths from the world's main non-
communicable [1]. According to the data it is known that
breast cancer is a cancer with the highest percentage of new
cases, that is equal to 43.3%, and the percentage of deaths
from breast cancer is 12.9% [2]. Breast cancer is a cancer
with the highest prevalence in Indonesia in 2013 with a
prevalence of 0.5% or an estimated 61,682 sufferers [3].
Breast cancer can occur due to gene mutations and cell
cycle disorders. Cell cycle disorders occur through
fundamental changes in protein molecules, such as cyclin-
such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes are caused by
mutations of the genes responsible for coding protein
molecules [4].
Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy agent that is often used
in the treatment of breast cancer. The use of doxorubicin in
the clinic is limited because it causes side effects, such as
cardiac and toxic toxicity to normal cells which increase
with increasing doses. Other side effect is to cause resistance
of tumor cells to drugs, including MCF-7 cell resistance.
Various mechanisms that deliver it include drug
inactivation, pumping out the drug on cell membranes,
mutations in drug targets and failure of apoptotic initiation.
However, doxorubicin is still used as a chemotherapeutic

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agent for MCF-7 because it is currently the drug of choice

for chemotherapy [5].

Herbal medicine can be used as an alternative solution to

overcome cancer, especially breast cancer. WHO estimates
that almost 75% of the world's population has experience of
using herbal medicines [6]. Natural materials began to be
investigated as chemopreventive agents that have the
potential as a companion agent for chemotherapy. The goal
is to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells and reduce the
side effects caused by chemotherapy agents. One of the
natural ingredients that can be used is coconut fiber (Cocos
nucifera).

The choice of coconut fiber raw material is due to the

large production of coconut plants in Indonesia which
results in the amount of waste that are not utilized in the end.
Indonesian coconut production controls 31.24% of the
world's total coconut area or 18.3 million tons per year, and
this number is the highest in the world [7].

The active compounds contained in coconut fiber are

carbohydrates and polyphenol compounds, such as catechin,
epicatechin, 4-hydroxybenzoate acid, and tannin. The
content of compounds in coconut fiber which have the
potential as breast anticancer is kaempferol with levels of
11.52 mg / g [8]. In addition, kaempferol can be

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an immunomodulator that will maintain the immune system 4. Source of Writing

of breast cancer patients [9]. However, kaempferol has a low In collecting the required data, the authors use the
solubility that will affect the bioavailability of drugs in the
body [10]. Efforts to improve the bioavailability of Literature Study method; namely, the information obtained
kaempferol can be made by making Coconut Coir nucleus refers to several national and international journals related
(SCOFA) Snedds with the Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug to the themes in Scientific Writing.
Delivery System SNEDDS delivery system. The surface
area of drug molecules in SNEDDS preparations is enlarged
by the formation of nanoemulsions so that the drugs formed 5. Objectives of Writing
have nano-size which can increase drug absorption in the
body because the solution can be absorbed better by the The goal in this writing is that it is expected that these
membrane and can increase drug acceptability [11]. In preparations can be utilized by the community as an
addition, SNEDDS can increase the bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs, increase the permeability of the
intestinal wall, extend gastrointestinal time, and keep the
drug in solution in the intestine [12]. The purpose of making
SCOFA containing kaempferol from coconut fiber (Cocos
nucifera) is to obtain alternative solutions in the treatment
of breast cancer in the SNEDDS delivery system that is able
to improve the efficacy and acceptability of patients in
breast cancer patients.

Methods
1. Writing Approach
In the preparation of this Scientific Writing, the author

uses an inductive approach; namely, the author emphasizes

the literature study from literature and journals, then draws
conclusions based on the study.

2. Writing variable

The writing variable used in this paper is to review the

literature, see the number of breast cancer cases that occur
in the community, especially women. In general, people use
synthetic anticancer drugs that have great side effects on the
body. Therefore, an innovative coconut fiber SNEDDS
formulation was carried out which we named SCOFA as an
anti-cancer preparation with an antioxidant mechanism.

J. Writing Design
The writing design begins by determining the title then

conducting a literature study of scientific articles and the

next journal determines the topic of the problem which can
be used as an idea to write and the latter draws conclusions.

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alternative solution for the treatment of breast cancer, so

Figure 1: Chemical Structure of Kaempferol [17].
that it can help cure breast cancer and prevent side effects
caused by the use of synthetic anti-cancer drugs.
Kaempferol compounds are included in flavonoid
compounds which have a mechanism to reduce the
C. Findings and Argument proliferation and inhibit the growth of Hela Cancer cells
(uterus) and MCM-B2 (Breast) [18].
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women
worldwide with more than 1.1 million cases and more than Kaempferol in concentration (50 μM) induced MCF-7
410,000 patients dying from breast cancer [13]. Globally, breast cancer apoptosis in mitochondria-dependent [19].
there was an increase in the number of breast cancer Kaempferol activates extracellular ligand, which first
sufferers from 641,000 sufferers in 1980 to 1,643,000 activates caspase -8, which in turn activates caspases-3 and
sufferers in 2010, with an annual growth of 3.1%, and -7 proteolytically, resulting in cleavage of the PARP
452,000 sufferers from breast cancer. substrate, causing apoptosis (death) of breast cancer cells
(Figure 2).
Cancer treatments, such as anticancer drugs and surgery
are considered very expensive. But rarely do patients
recover from cancer even though they have carried out
various medical treatment efforts. Alternative solutions that
can be used are using traditional medicine
[14]. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as an
alternative solution to overcome breast cancer is coconut
fiber (Cocos nucifera).
In the study, it was proven that coconut coir extract was
able to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells by
comparison with the tamoxifen drug test which had an IC50
value of 7.7 µg / ml [15]. Tamoxifen is first-line therapy in
breast cancer patients. In addition, antioxidants tested using
DPPH in 2016. His results showed that coconut fiber was
able to capture free radicals with LC50 of 60 µg / ml [16].
One of the compounds in coconut fiber which has the
potential as a breast anticancer is the kaempferol compound
(Figure 1).

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tool such as a simple mixer with agitation and volumetric

fluid measuring devices for large-scale devices.

In Figure 3, it has been explained that SNEDDS is an

effort to improve oral bioavailability with various
mechanisms. In the previous year, Nielsen et al. (2008) had
proven that administration of SNEDDS in the state of eating
and fasting did not affect the bioavailability of the drug [23].
In addition, SNEDDS is able to reduce drug dosages and
reduce drug side effects without affecting the bioavailability
of the drug. The ease of making SNEDDS is something
unique compared to other DDS (Drug Delivery System)
such as solid dispersion, liposomes, and nanoparticles.
SNEDDS requires a simple and economical
Figure 2: Pathway to the effects of kaempferol apoptosis on cancer cells [20].

The weakness of kaempferol in its low solubility causes

the bioavailability or drug level in the blood to decrease.
Based on the research that bioavailability (availability of
drugs in the blood/ systemic circulation) of kaempferol
compounds is only 1.9% [21]. This will have an impact on
the effect of kaempferol as an anticancer breast. The effort
to improve kaempferol is with SCOFA preparations with the
SNEDDS (Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System)
delivery system.

SNEDDS are preconcentrate nanoemulsions or

anhydrous nanoemulsion forms. This system is an isotropic
anhydrous mixture of oil, surfactants, and drugs. When they
are mixed into the aqueous phase in a regular agitation
(stirring) condition, it will form O / W nanoemulsion (Oil in
Water) (usually measuring <200 nm). Making SCOFA can
be done by mixing homogeneous anhydrous liquid from oil,
surfactant, co-surfactant, and kaempferol. Spontaneously
form transparent nanoemulsions at dilution of water with
regular stirring. Furthermore, SCOFA presents in the form
of nanodroplets that have a high surface area for the
absorption process. This aids the rapid absorption of
kaempferol into the systemic circulation and increases
kaempferol bioavailability [22].

In the body, the agitation needed for the formation of

nanoemulsions is obtained from digestive motility in the

gastrointestinal tract. Compared with ordinary

nanoemulsions, SNEDDS has advantages such as increasing
physical/chemical stability that is suitable for long-term
storage and increasing acceptability of patients.

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Figure 3: Mechanisms for increasing the bioavailability of drugs with SNEDDS
in the body.
The process of making SCOFA begins by mixing the oil
phase, surfactant, and co-surfactant with oil phase ratio:
Tween 80: Cremophor RH 40: PEG 400 (20: 16: 34: 30).
Surfactants (Tween 80 and Cremophor RH 40) and co-
surfactants (PEG 400) were mixed at a mixing temperature
of 50oC. The formation of nanoemulsions by mixing oil
phases gradually with regular agitation using a magnetic
stirrer. After that, the dispersion of nanoemulsion particle
size using a Sonicator Zetasizer for 20 minutes. The
dispersion is optimal when the particle size is <200 nm.
Then the addition of kaempferol to nanoemulsion can be
done by regular agitation using a magnetic stirrer at 50oC
[24].
The administration of kaempferol SNEDDS and
conventional kaempferol tablets has been carried out in vivo
testing in test animals based on research by Li et al. (2011).
Taking blood at every 2nd hour; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12, and analyzed
using HPLC / UV. The results of HPLC testing (Figure 4)
showed that kaempferol SNEDDS had much higher
bioavailability than kaempferol tablets. This occurs because
of nanoemulsion droplets with drugs are able to pass
through the membrane directly and are easily absorbed into
the systemic circulation to produce therapeutic effects.
Figure 4: Comparison of in vivo bioavailability graphs of Kaempferol SNEDDS
with Kaempferol tablets,
In the Tripathi et al. (2016) study, prophylactic activity
from the SNEDDS formulation was evaluated through the
DMBA breast cancer model induced in rat test animals. The
results show a productive potential for reducing intracellular
211
the lipids in SNEDDS have been re-esterified into
triglycerides in intestinal cells. They are then inserted into
the chromosomicrons, and removed from the intestinal cells
by exicytosis into the lymph vessels. Therefore, SNEDDS is
able to transport more drugs by intestinal lymphatics than
tablets and last longer because tablets depend on small lipids
of normal food and lipids that are of endogenous origin [25].
Based on Figure 4, the peak of kaempferol SNEDDS is
higher because additional lipophilic properties help reduce
the binding tighter to lipids and promote lymphatic
transport. SNEDDS spontaneously forms nanoemulsion in
the body and presents the drug in a dissolved state. This
makes the loose drug controlled in the process of absorption
of the drug (absorption) and ensures that the drug will not
clot or settle in the digestive tract. The small size
oxidative stress. In addition, SNEDDS has targeted
treatment for ROS (Reactive oxygen species) which is
associated with increased oral bioavailability of the drug.
Increased prophylactic activity is also caused by increased
delivery to lymph vessels that target lymph node cancer
[26].
Based on the explanation above, SCOFA preparations
which contain kaempferol from coconut fiber (Cocos
nucifera) with the SNEDDS delivery system (Self-Nano
Emulsifying Drug Delivery System) have the potential as an
alternative treatment for breast cancer.
D. Conclusion
Kaempferol in coconut fiber has a function as an
antioxidant that will help in the process of apoptosis of
breast cancer cells. Besides, kaempferol in coconut fiber can
inhibit the nutrition of breast cancer cells which will lead to
death in breast cancer cells. The SNEDDS delivery system
formulated in kaempferol compounds can increase its
bioavailability in the body so that the effectiveness of
kaempferol will increase in inhibiting or kill breast cancer
cells.
CISAK 2019
Regarding findings of this paper, further research is
needed on the formulation and clinical trials in order to
make SCOFA drug preparations to be an alternative
medicine that is clinically proven and can be distributed to
the public. Hopefully, this idea can help in the field of
alternative medicine in breast cancer by using coconut fiber
(Cocos nucifera).
E. Oemiati, R., Rahajeng, E. and Kristanto, A.Y., 2011.
Prevalensi Tumor dan Beberapa Faktor yang
Mempengaruhinya di Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian
Kesehatan, 39(4 Des), pp.190-204.
F. Globucan. 2012. Data Kanker Payudara di Indonesia.
G. Kemenkes R.I. 2015. Info DATIN. Stop Kanker:M. Callero, M. A., Rodriguez, C. E., Sólimo, A., de Kier
Kementerian Kesehatan RI Pusat Data dan Informasi.
H. Romadhon, Y.A., 2013. Gangguan siklus sel dan mutasi
gen pada kanker payudara. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran,
40(10).
I. Meiyanto, E., Susidarti, R.A., Handayani, S. and Rahmi,
F., 2008. Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu seeds inhibit
proliferation and induce apoptosis on MCF-7 cells.
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, pp.12-19.
J. Arung, E.T., Wicaksono, B.D., Handoko, Y.A., Kusuma,
I.W., Yulia, D. and Sandra, F., 2009. Anti-cancer
properties of diethylether extract of wood from sukunO. Safitri, MHs., Nurkhasanah, Nur. and Nurani, L.H.,
(Artocarpus altilis) in human breast cancer (T47D) cells.
TropicalJournal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4).
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tempurung kelapa dengan pembakaran sistem suplai
udara terkendali. Buletin Teknik Pertanian, 16(2),77-80.P. Narang, A.S., Delmarre, D. and Gao, D., 2007. Stable
E. Ferlay, J., Héry, C., Autier, P. and Sankaranarayanan,
R., 2010. Global burden of breast cancer. In Breast
cancer epidemiology (pp. 1-19). Springer New York.
F. Widowati, L. and Mudahar, H., 2009. Uji Aktivitas
Ekstrak Etanol 50% Umbi Keladi Tikus (Typhonium
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Anuchapreeda, S. (2010). Investigation of fruit peel
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Mat Electric Repellent as an Alternative for Dengue Fever’s

Prevention using Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil
Tiara Puspa Asriningrum1*, Fiona Lisa Yulinar1, and Nisa Nur Laila1

1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Dharmawangsa 4-6, 60286, Surabaya

corresponding author : 1* tiara.puspa.asriningrum-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

1fiona.lisa.yulinar-2015@ff.unair.ac.id
1an.nisa.nur-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

Abstract. Indonesia is one of the tropical countries where mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti as a virus vector for dengue fever, can
grow well. In 2017, the prevalence of dengue fever in Indonesia was 22.55% of 100,000 populations with 444 deaths. The prevalence
increased at the beginning of 2018 until the early week of 2019. Prevention of this disease can be done by looking for a safe and good
alternative, one of which is by using the basil (Ocimum bacilicum) plant. Ocimum bacilicum is a plant that grows a lot in Indonesia.
Essential oils from this plant known as larvacidal activity, especially for Aedes aegypti mosquito. Essential oils from basil plants are
made into electric insect repellents in matt form with certain formulations. The process of making this product is begun with the
extraction of basil leaves by distillation. Electric insect repellent media is made using cork that sterilized by 70% alcohol. The cork
then is soaked in basil essential oil for 20 minutes (until perfectly submerged). The test activities as larvacides obtained LC50 at 5,449%
concentration which show effective results. It can be concluded that this preparation can be used as an alternative for prevention of
dengue fever.

Keywords: Aedes aegypti, dengue fever, mat electric repellent, Ocimum basilicum

A. INTRODUCTION a tonic and anthelminthic drug [6]. Traditionally, basil is used to

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly
spread in recent years. Dengue virus is transmitted by female
mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti, to a lesser extent,
Ae. albopictus. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical
climates worldwide; mostly in urban and semi-urban areas, and
widespread throughout the tropics. Severe dengue (also known as
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever or Dengue Fever) was first
recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the
Philippines and Thailand. Today, severe dengue affects most
Asian and Latin American countries and has become a leading
cause of hospitalization and death among children and adults in
these regions [1].
The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in
recent decades. It is about half of the world's population is now at
risk. The number of cases reported worldwide increased from 2.2
million in 2010 to 3.2 million in 2015 [1]. In Indonesia, cases of
dengue fever occurred during 2017 were 59,047 cases with an
incidence rate 22.55% per 100,000 population and the number of
cases died was 444 cases [2]. As of February 3, 2019, nationally
there were 16,692 cases with 169 people died. The most cases are
found in East Java, Central Java, NTT, and Kupang [3].
Among the plants known for medicinal value, the plants of
genus Ocimum are rich in phenolic compounds, and they are very
useful for many therapeutic activities [4]. Moreover, among more
than 150 species of the genus Ocimum, Basil is the major essential
oil crop which is commercially used in many countries [5]. Basil,
binomial name Ocimum basilicum, is well-known as a plant of
folk medicinal value and as such is accepted officially in a number
of countries. The leaves of the Basil are used in folk medicine as
treat the diseases of heart and blood, biliousness kapha and Vata,
leucoderma, and etc. The juice relieves joints pain, gives luster to
eyes, is good for toothache, earache, and cures epistaxis when
used with camphor [7]. This plant also has some pharmacological
effect from its part. The flowers of this plant are stimulant, diuretic
and demulcent in action [8]. The juice of the plant shows
carminative, stimulant, and antibacterial actions [9][10]. Basil
essential oil possesses antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal
effects [11].
Eradication of dengue hemorrhagic fever is done by
eradicating the Aedes aegypti mosquito as a vector of dengue
virus. There are several methods to control the number of
mosquitoes, such as controlling the environment (3M programs),
biological control (use of mosquito repellent animals and plants),
and chemical controls (sprinkling abate powder and fogging) [2].
Recently, the government has been promoting a fogging program
to control the number of mosquitoes; however, this has a worse
impact on health. Fogging can cause poisoning because the
chemicals to kill mosquitoes contaminating the body through the
respiratory tract [12]. Gas-shaped pesticides that enter the lungs
more than 50 microns may not reach the lungs, but it can cause
interference with the mucous membranes of the nose and
esophagus [13]. Because of its toxicity, it needs another action to
control mosquito’s number. There are some forms of repellent;
one of them is mat-form.
Based on the statement above, it can be concluded that this
study needs an innovation to prevent the dengue fever. Prevention
activity can be used as another alternative than using curative
(fogging). Using repellent plant, it can be made through mat-
repellent form to prevent dengue’s virus.

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CISAK 2019
B. METHOD
The method used in this study is qualitative analysis based on
the study of literature at various sources. Sources are obtained
through the Google Scholar index using the keywords Ocimum
basilicum, basil leaves, dengue fever, larvicidal activity, mosquito
repellent, and electric repellent mat. The analysis starts with
identifying the problem based on existing data, analyzing the root
of the problem, and finding the best solution from the analysis that
has been done.
1. Materials
The materials used in this research are Ocimum basilicum
leaves, aquades, acetone, dog biscuits for mosquito's food, Aedes
aegypti larvae, dechlorinated water, sodium sulfate anhydrous and
alcohol.
2. Extraction of essential oil
Fresh leaves O. basilicium are sorted, cleaned, and weighed 7
kgs to be extracted. Extraction of essential oil is carried out by the
hydro-distillation method using the Clavenger Apparatus for 8
hours. The oil phase then is removed from the water phase using
a separating funnel. The essential oil is obtained by drying it with
sodium sulfate anhydrous. Every 1 ml of essential oil is
completely dissolved with 100 ml of acetone considered 1%
concentration, and prepared a concentration of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%,
10%. [14]
3. Larvicidal activity
Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae are fed with dog biscuits and
yeast at a ratio of 3: 1, maintained at a temperature of 28 ± 2 oC
with 70-85% relative humidity (RH) over 12 hour period. After
that, twenty-five instar I, II, III, IV larvae from Aedes aegypti are
stored in a 500 ml glass containing 249 ml of dechlorination water
and 1.0 ml of O. Basilicum essential oil. Perform three replications
for each calculation. The control used is added with 1.0 ml of
acetone in 249 ml of dechlorinated water. Calculation of LC50,
LC90, regression equation and 95% confidence level of the lower
confidence limit (LCL) and the upper limit of Wence Limit (UCL)
are calculated using probit analysis [15].
4. Manufacturing of mat electric repellent
Essential oils as much as 25 ml are taken using a pipette
volume, then they are diluted in 70% alcohol as much as 100 ml
in a measuring flask. The concentration of essential oil produced
is 25% v / v [14]. Cork is used as a medium in manufacturing of
electric repellent mat. Cork is sterilized by soaking 70% alcohol
Table 1. Larvicidal activity of O. Basilicum on different of instar larvae and pupa of Aedes aegypti [15]
Plants Larva Log LC50 LC50
Regression equation
species instar (Log LC90) (LC90(%))
I 0,572 (0,877) 3,734 (7,528)
for 48 hours, and then it is immersed in distilled water. Cork dried
in a sterile incubator for 30 minutes until no distilled water left.
After that, the cork is soaked in O. basilicum essential oil for 20
minutes. [16]
C. FINDING AND ARGUMENT
The methods used to control mosquito are chemical, physical,
or biological controls. Space spraying of insecticides (fogging) is
one of the chemical controls that are often used during emergency
situations when outbreaks of dengue fever are already in progress
[17]. Unfortunately, fogging is considered ineffective because it
can increase the incidence of DHF in the same period in the South-
East Asia region for 25 years [1].
The purpose of controlling mosquito in endemic areas,
especially dengue fever, is to prevent the transmission, and spread
of the virus as quickly as possible. N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide
(DEET), picaridin, and permethrin are several chemical
compounds that are widely used as a repellent in preventing
dengue fever because they can interact with the mosquito's
nervous system. The dosage forms that are marketed are pump
spray, aerosols, lotions, gels, sticks, and mat [1]. Larvicidal
chemical compounds have limitations because they can cause
resistance to mosquito vectors and cause negative impacts on the
environment because they cannot be destroyed or eliminated [18].
In this study, the researchers used hydro-distillation method
to extract essential oils from O. basilicum leaves. This method is
chosen because the temperature in the extraction process is lower
than 100°C. This is a suitable temperature to keep the essential
oils stable and it is not degraded in the process. Hydro-distillation
is cheaper and more efficient. When compared with other
extraction methods, the distillation method still classified as a
traditional method. However, the previous studies found that
extraction of essential oils from basil leaves by hydro-distillation
method can give good results. The percentage of yield from hydro-
distillation is greater (81.76%) compared to steam distillation
method (65.44%) [19].
Essential oils are produced by O. basilicum leaf extraction are
6.8 ml/kg leaves. The results of this extraction are used to test
larvicidal activity against the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Based on
research larvicidal and repellent potential of Ocimum basilicum
Linn against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, can provide larvicidal
activity with LC50 5,449% [15]. Another study states that with a
concentration of 50 ppm after 24 hour can provide larvicidal
activity with percent of death 86,7% [20]. Ocimum basilicum is
also effective as larvicidal with a concentration of 100 ppm can
provide larvicidal activity with an LC50 of 42,57% [21].
95% Confidence limit
Chi-square
LCL UCL
value
[LC50 LC90 (%)] [LC50 LC90 (%)]
Y=-1.261+0,338X 1,490 (6,057) 5,039 (11.386) 11,967*
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O. II 0,618 (0,919) 4,154 (8,292) Y=-1,286+0,310X 2,088 (6,745) 5,464 (5,464) 10,987*
Basilicum III 0,669 (0,942) 4,664 (8,746) Y= -1,465+0,314X 2,641 (7,087) 6,087 (13,271) 12,841*
leaf extract
IV 0,710 (0,981) 5,124 (9,767) Y= -1,415+0,276X 3,356 (8,000) 6,058 (14,359) 9,983*
Pupa 0,736 (1,192) 5,449 (15,474) Y= -0,697+0,128X 4,451 (13,052) 6,339 (20,027) 1,124*

Table 2. Larvicidal activity of O. Basilicum of Aedes aegypti [20]

Plant Time Concentration (ppm) % mortality ±SE LC50 LC90
species (LCL -UCL) (LCL - UCL)
O. 24 hour 25 28,51 ± 0,67 42,47 119,63
Basilicum 50 53,66 ± 0,58 42,57 119,63
leaf extract 75 70,84 ± 0,66 42,57 119,63
100 91,07 ± 0,57 42,57 119,63

The selection of electric mat dosage forms is based on the
ease of essential oils to evaporate when heated in the appropriate
temperature. Electrical energy will be converted into heat energy
which will cause essential oils from O. basilicum leaves to
evaporate and spread throughout the room. This method is more
effective because it has been proven to have potent activities, does
not cause toxicity, easier to use, and cheap.
Compared to electric repellent mat, liquid vaporizers also
have been widely used for plant essential oils as a repellent.
However, in terms of storage, the liquid form is not easy to carry
and easy to spill, and it requires an appropriate formulation so that
essential oils remain stable. Therefore, the electric repellent mat
can be used as a good and sustainable alternative to the eradicate
Aedes aegypti larvae.
D. CONLUSION
Based on the study, O. Basilicum essential oil has larvicidal
activity with LC50 5.447%. This concentration is being effectively
used to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Alternative media
that can be used as preventive is electric mat because the media is
safe, easy to use, and it does not produce residue. For the next
experiment, optimization is necessary to determine the
effectiveness of the mat electric from O. Basilicum essential oil as
a mosquito repellent.
E. REFERENCES
[1] World Health Organization, Comprehensive Guidelines
for Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue
Haemorrhagic Fever. New Delhi: WHO Library
Cataloguing, 2011.
[2] Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health, “Profil
Kesehatan Indonesia 2017,” p. 155, 2018.
[3] Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health, “Situasi
penyakit demam berdarah di Indonesia tahun 2017.” pp.
2–7, 2019.
[4] R. B. V. Satakopan, “In vitro antioxidant activities Of
Ocimum species: Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum
sanctum,” J. Cell Tissue Res., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 2145–
2150, 2010.
[5] A. Hussain, F. Anwar, S. S. Hussain, and R. Przybylski,
“Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils
depends on seasonal variations,” food Chem., no. 108, pp.
986–995, 2007.
[6] I. M, “Central properties and chemical composition of
Ocimum basilicum essential oil,” Pharm. Biol., vol. 44,
no. 8, pp. 619–626, 2006.
[7] K. K.R and B. B.D, Indian Medicinal Plants with
Illustrations, 2nd ed. Uttaranchal: Oriental Enterprises;,
2003.
[8] C. R.N, N. S.L, and C. I.C, Glossary of Indian Medicinal
Plants, 6th ed. New Delhi: NISCIR, 2002.
[9] J. DMA, Medicinal Plants, (Indigenous and Exotic) Used
in Ceylon, Part III. Colombo: The National Science
Foundation of Sri Lanka, 1981.
[10] N. K. M, The Indian Plants and Drugs. Shrishti Book
Distributors, 2005.
[11] K. C.P, Indian Medicinal Plannts, An Illustrated
Dictionary. New Delhi: Springer India Ltd, 2007.
[12] O. S. Pamungkas, “Bahaya paparan pestisida terhadap
kesehatan manusia 1,” Bioedukasi, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 27–
31, 2016.
[13] P. O. Juliana, P. Torres, J. R. Silva, B. Z. Diniz, and E. D.
Caldas, “No Title,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, no.
9, pp. 3051–3068, 2012.
[14] M. Govindarajan, R. Sivakumar, M. Rajeswary, and K.
Yogalakshmi, “ Experimental Parasitology Chemical
composition and larvicidal activity of essential oil from
Ocimum basilicum ( L .) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus
, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles subpictus ( Diptera :
Culicidae ),” Exp. Parasitol., vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 7–11,
2013.
[15] K. Murugan, P. Murugan, and A. Noortheen, “Larvicidal
and repellent potential of Albizzia amara Boivin and
Ocimum basilicum Linn against dengue vector , Aedes
aegypti ( Insecta : Diptera : Culicidae ),” vol. 98, pp. 198–
201, 2007.
[16] L. Fitriani D and E. Simaremare S, “POTENCY OF
ESSENTIAL OIL OF ZODIA (Evodia suaveolens Scheff)
LEAVES AS REPELLANT OF Aedes aegypti L WITH
ELECTRIC METHOD,” Pharamacy, vol. 14, no. 01, pp.
1–10, 2017.
[17] E. Esu, A. Lenhart, L. Smith, and O. Horstick,
“Effectiveness of peridomestic space spraying with

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insecticide on dengue transmission ; systematic review,”

Trop. Med. Int. Heal., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 619– 631, 2010.
[18] I. A. Rather, H. A. Parray, J. B. Lone, W. K. Paek, J. Lim,
and Y. Park, “Prevention and Control Strategies to
Counter Dengue Virus Infection,” Front. n Cell. Infect.
Microbiol., vol. 7, no. July, pp. 1–8, 2017.
[19] F. A. Listyoarti, L. L. Nilatari, and P. Prihatini,
“pemanfaatan Microwave terhadap Jumlah
Rendemenserta Mutu Minyak Daun Cengkeh,” J. Tek.
POMITS, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 39–43, 2013.
[20] A. Abdelkrim and M. Heinz, “Larvicidal effects of various
essential oils against Aedes , Anopheles , and Culex larvae
( Diptera , Culicidae ),” Parasitol Res, pp. 466–472, 2006.
[21] B. Sundararajan, A. K. Moola, K. Vivek, and B. D. R.
Kumari, Formulation of nanoemulsion from leaves oil of
Ocimum basilicum L. and its antibacterial, antioxidant
and larvicidal activities. Elsevier Ltd, 2018.

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CISAK 2019

Challenge for E-Health: e-appointment Implementation in

Wonosobo Primary Healthcare
Anita Damayanti Putri1* and Intan Dewiyanti2
1
Health Care Management and Policy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
2
Nutrition Department, Watumalang Primary Health Care, Kyai Jebeng Lintang Street, Wonosobo 56352, Central Java, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*anita.damayanti.putri@gmail.com

2intan.dewiyanti31@gmail.com

Abstract. In carrying out Industrial Revolution 4.0 (I4.0), Indonesia has established “Making Indonesia 4.0” roadmap that can be
implemented in all the sectors, including the health sector, which is called e-health. E-health itself has been trying to improve the health
service by utilizing technology. Previous Regulation of the Ministry of Health 43/ 2017 about E-health strategies has been established.
The product of which is an e-appointment app which is able to cut the time queue and help the healthcare data management. The purpose
of this study is to define the challenge and gap of E-health implementation in Wonosobo primary healthcare. This study uses descriptive
method through in-depth interview. The results showed that e-appointment implementation was still very low due to the minimum
promotion confirmed by respondents (30%). Administrative personnel who are associated with the program is still low even though the
user willingness is 100%. By understanding the opportunities, Wonosobo primary healthcare hopefully will be able to conquer the
challenges of E-health implementation, especially for its e-appointment.

Keywords: E-health, Implementation, e-appointment, primary health care.

A. INTRODUCTION of Health (MoH) enacted Minister of Health Regulation 46 of

We are facing the new innovative era digitalization which is
called Industry 4.0 that emphasizes digital reformation. For the
meantime, some industries embrace the Information system
technology (IT) which enables them to continually share the
information regarding market, trade, problem, and faults through
a network. As it is based on data, the system embeds all so it can
be easily gathered, analyzed, and utilized in order to support
policy and decision making [1]. Recently, researchers found that
IT could help healthcare managers to have a better understanding
the dimensions and services that can help to increase service
quality. IT initiatives, or the so-called E-health, provides several
benefits such as reduction of cost and patients’ empowerment [2].
On patient's planning and organization of online appointments
systems, it is proven to be useful as it can manage booking
appointments as efficient as possible. In Canada, the United States
and Europe findings showed that patients were willing to use e-
appointment systems and book given its availability. Respondents
ranked e booking system as one of the most useful online
consumer health services [3].
Healthcare aims to provide quality, effective, and efficient service
in order to improve the health status of the community [4]. One of
the strategies is by establishing national integrated information
system to provide reliable information for policymakers[5]. In
2007, Health Information System (HIS) was evaluated by Health
Metrics Network WHO, and it showed that Indonesia already has
existing yet not-adequate information system specifically in data
management and data sources components [6]. Therefore, in order
to strengthen HIS and maximize E-health care services, Ministry
2014, 92 of 2014 and 46 of 2017 regarding HIS and national
strategy E-health as a guideline to develop, monitor, and evaluate
the implementation of E-health in all healthcare facilities. As a
product of HIS and E-health, MoH has launched a user-friendly e-
appointment apps to increase the effectiveness of health care
service. However, not all areas are able to be managed through e-
appointment apps. Some services in rural area still use
appointment manually or offline [7]. As all healthcare services
must report all the data through HIS, they must record and upload
the data to the HIS so it can be integrated by MoH. As the result,
offline-record system created additional workload causing delay
in data reporting, which hinders gathering the up-to-date
information.
The design study is in primary healthcare facilities as a gatekeeper
of health services which classified into four different accredited
levels of primary health care based on their quality and facility
standard. The highest accreditation impacted to the patient trust.
In this study, the authors analyzed E-Health specifically e-
appointment in four different levels of primary health care,
challenge, and opportunity arise.
B. METHOD
This study uses qualitative analysis with the case study design in
four different accredited levels of primary health care in
Wonosobo area, Central Java, Indonesia. The authors conducted
in-depth interview to the health professionals to strengthening the
analysis. In order to understand the acceptance of community, the
e-appointment apps were modified into five critical criteria of

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Technology Acceptance Model asking through in depth interview
with 100 patients.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
1. Implementation in Wonosobo area
In Wonosobo, there are 24 primary health care facilities across the
area which have implemented HIS. All of them have accredited
into 4 distinguished levels which classified based on the quality of
health services, system data management, infrastructure, human
resources, patient safety, and healthcare risk management.
In order to enhance the quality health care services integrating
with E-health, the e-appointment app maintained by each health
care services helps providing reliable data for health information
system. However, there were some problem that happened during
trial process of e-appointment implementation, from health
workers perspective such as:
“I don’t mind using the apps, it gives us more advantages
because it is easily recorded. But when the system is down or
doesn’t connect, it gives us burden so we need to work twice:
fixing the system while recording the data manually. It
happens like p-care application” (health administrator).
“I am glad if this apps can be implemented totally, so patient
will spend less time waiting. However, it might create
misunderstanding since they choose their own treatments”
(doctor).
The higher accredited level of healthcare facility, the better health
worker acceptance of the app will be. As patients are already
imposed by HIS implementation, they are able to adapt easily
toward new online-based system. However, the patients in the age
range of 50-60 prefer to use the offline system because re-
appointment app is hard to understand. Else, due to the bad
internet connection, the app is not applicable and helpful for the
patients. After using the app, they felt worried that if it does not
record properly. Patients tend to do re-register for the appointment
after they arrived.
“already get used to the offline system, better stick to the
normal procedure”
“the app is not user friendly, because it’s hard to understand”
“since it depends on the internet connection, my house in a
rural area so the connection doesn’t work properly so I don’t
want to use it”
Defining the user satisfaction of the apps, this study analyzed
using five critical criteria such as perceived ease of use, perceived
usefulness, user experience, willingness to use, service quality,
and satisfaction through an in-depth interview [8,9,10]. The
indicators were measured by an in-depth interview with the
patients in four different accredited primary health care. However,
because the app has not been fully implemented and still in a trial
period, the service quality and satisfaction cannot be measured.
The characteristic of the respondent distributed evenly from age
range 18 years old- 72 years old. Both insurance and non-
219
insurance holders were chosen as the samples. From 100 samples,
90% agreed that e-appointment app perceived as easy to use, as it
needed basic information. However, only 30% acknowledged the
app could cut the queue time from other sources neither health
workers nor healthcare socialization. In terms of perceived
usefulness and willingness to use, 90% agreed to it even it was
still lacking. The patients wanted to use the app because it is more
efficient. Some user found it was difficult to use the app due to the
internet connection. However, regarding the website layout and
homepage, it considered as an easy and user-friendly. Sometimes,
the technical problems such as the app did not work and
automatically closed created disadvantages to the user. However,
it did not decrease user willingness to use the app since it brings
more advantages. Users hoped that all the technical problems
could be fixed as soon as possible so it could be perfectly useful.
During the trial implementation, District health office has had an
agenda to fix and promote the app by joining other stakeholders to
develop better app e-appointment.
2. Challenge in Wonosobo area
Knowing that the E-health era has begun since Minister of Health
regulation 46 of 2017 was established, it was found that
government put more concern regarding E-health and facilitates
program development in order to achieve health quality
improvement. Moreover, e-appointment is not only helpful for the
health worker for managing data quickly but also capable of
giving real-time information. The data being is integrated with
other HIS data also enable to provide disaggregated data of a
patient. The healthcare facility must report HIS to the district and
provincial health office monthly, and it is able to shorten the time
for data recording and produced a real-time data which has been a
problem in HIS MoH. As a healthcare provider, services should
emphasize patient demand and expectation. As e-appointment has
launched, it should be implemented holistically and widely to
promote it to the community. It is shown that 65% respondents
heard the information regarding e-appointment from sources other
than health workers. Therefore, there are several challenges need
to be prepared and conquered in order to successfully implement
e-appointment apps.
Infrastructure and human resources: Infrastructure and human
resources are critical variables during the implementation of a
system. Both tools and person in charge (PIC) should be fixed and
continuously maintain the system. In fact, while currently the PIC
responsible for monitoring the system is a ‘double-agent’ job.
Refers to Law 13 of 2003 concerning about employment, as a
government employee must be ready to be rotated or change a
workplace. Therefore, healthcare facilities need to do outsourcing
non-government employee to maintain the system. It might reduce
employee over workload and the developed system.
Data management: this challenge is similar in other domain. It
requires a standardization terms, variables, and guidelines in order
to prevent redundant data. The data that are collected should be
CISAK 2019

managed and associated with the HIS, so that it can be useful and
effective for the data use and dissemination.

Promotion to the administrator and patient: as it has not been fully

implemented, it required a massive promotion to the health
workers and patient regarding the use of e-appointment and how
to monitor the program. This is a key action of aiming to increase
the number of app user. Moreover, an administrator should be
educated about guidelines and manual of the app so they can come
out with alternative solution when there is a technical problem,
enabling patients to get health service promptly.

Bridging the data from e-appointment and HIS system: HIS

system should be integrated into the provincial and district health
office derived by MoH, so e-appointment app data should be
bridged into the same domain. As it will be useful to provide
aggregate data regarding patient frequent patient and current
medical status.

D. CONCLUSION

According to the in-depth interview, the higher level of healthcare

accreditation, the higher knowledge, acceptance of e-appointment
will be. Moreover, regarding the perceived ease of use, usefulness
and willingness to use, most patients agreed to use the app.
However, offline and call appointment should be provided for
those who could not access the app. Meanwhile, health workers
agreed on using e-appointment since it brings more advantages
even though it still needs clear manual guidelines and operational
standard. The arising challenges are infrastructure, human
resource availability, data management, socialization, and
bridging system.

REFERENCES
[1] Deloitte, “Industry 4.0, Challenges and Solutions for the Digital
Transformation and Use of Exponential Technologies” Deloitte: Swiss,
Zurich, 2015.
[2] M. N. Almunawar, Z.Wint, P.K.C.Low, M.Anshari, “E-health initiative and
customer's expectation: case brunei”, Int.J.Autom. Auton. Syst, 2012.
[3] G.Paré, M.C.Trudel, P.Forget, “Adoption, use, and impact of e-booking in
private medical practices : mixed-methods evaluation of a two-years how
case project in Canada”, JMIR Medical Information vol. 2, e24–e34, 2014.
[4] Law 36 of 2009 on Health.
[5] Minister of Health Regulation 192 of 2012 on Health Information System.
[6] Roadmap Health Information System 2011-2014, Ministry of Health,
Jakarta, Indonesia, 2012.
[7] Jashinta J. Logio, Posangi, Kandou, “Analisis Pelaksanaan Sistem Informasi
Kesehatan Puskesmas Di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara”, Fakultas Kesehatan
Masyarakat Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado, 2017.
[8] F.D. Davis, “Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user
acceptance of information technology”, MIS Quart. (1989) 19–340.
[9] S. De Rosis, S. Barsanti, “Patient satisfaction, e-health and the evolution of
the patient–general practitioner relationship: evidence from an Italian
survey”, Health Policy. 120 (2016) 1279–1292.
[10] M.Y. Chang, C. Pang, J.M. Tarn, T.S. Liu, D.C. Yen, “Exploring user
acceptance of an e-hospital service: an empirical study in Taiwan” in “E-
service Evaluation: user satisfaction measurement and implication in health
sector” Kitsios, Stefanakakisa, Kamariotoua, and Dermentzogloub, 2019,
pp. 16-26.

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Dendrimer Nanosensor and Smartphone-based Platform

Healthcare: An Integrated and Remote Healthcare for Health
and Lifestyle Self-Monitoring
Irbah Arifa1, Dea Dian Nurhikmah1, Diane Fauzi1 and Sandra Megantara1

1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*irbaharifa@gmail.com

1diandeaa@gmail.com

1dianefauzi15@gmail.com

1sandramegantara@gmail.com

Abstract. The pattern of disease in Indonesia has changed due to the alteration of the environment, lifestyle, and technology. As for
now, is dominated by Non-Communicable diseases, especially Metabolic Syndrome. Strategic disease prevention is by detecting early
metabolic abnormalities. Nowadays, nanosensor is providing new solution in physical, chemical, and biological sensing. Patient
healthcare recently is moving toward a distributed patient centered model which increasingly using sensors and smartphones. This
review intends to integrate the use of smartphone-based healthcare platform and nanosensor as a prevention of non-communicable
diseases, specifically metabolic syndrome diseases (obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), and intends as a
lifestyle monitoring. This study focuses on the development of nanosensors, which is based on a specific biomarker of the disease, a
smart device application and nanosensors. Healthcare system with nanosensors contains three components, they are nanosensor,
application in smartphone, and medical server. Thus, this system can recognize physiological signal, assemble patient’s health
information, and assemble data into patient’s medical record. As a multisensor component, dendrimer becomes a potential sensing
component as it enables to recognize physiological markers simultaneously. Therefore, the integration of dendrimer nanosensor and
smartphone-based healthcare platform may become a potential remote health and lifestyle self-monitoring of NCDs.

Keywords: Dendrimer, Health Monitoring, Nanosensor, Smartphone-based Healthcare Platform..

A. INTRODUCTION potential for multiple detections. The research to unveil this

The pattern of disease in Indonesia has changed due to the
alteration of the environment, lifestyle, and technology. As for
now, it is dominated by Non-Communicable Diseases, such as
diabetes mellitus (DM), heart disease, obesity, dyslipidemia, lung
disease, kidney disease and malignancy. Therefore, the mortality
rate in Indonesia is dominated by non-communicable diseases
(NCD) [1,2]. Among NCDs, metabolic syndrome (MS) such as
dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and DM becomes a global
burden and lead the prevalence of the NCD [3]. A prevention
strategy of MS is by starting with detecting early metabolic
abnormalities [4]. Besides, monitoring the disease can also
improve the quality of life.
In vitro sensing has to meet a failure to capture the complexity
of organ systems which are not able to continuously monitor
events driven by the need to develop in vivo sensor. In vivo
sensors need to be developed as these sensors can directly contact
with the biological processes in living organisms [5].
Nanotechnology is a technology that involves the use of particles
at the nanoscale [5]. Nanosensors provide new solutions in
chemical, physical, and biological sensing that allow detection
sensitivity, specificity for health, and safety [6]. Dendrimers are a
branched 3D structure with a high degree of surface functionality
and versatility [6]. Dendrimers have been studied for use in sensor
technologies [7]. Due to their dendritic structures, dendrimers are
potential which is ongoing and, vast developed [6].
Healthcare is moving toward a distributed patient-centered and
increasingly using sensors, smart devices, smartphones,
applications, and cyber-physical systems as it is required to build
up network and telecom providers [8]. Such healthcare is called
as Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM), which manage patients
remaining in their homes to reduce unnecessary things and routine
healthcare visits and their costs [9]. Smartphone-based healthcare
platform becomes an innovative solution due to its integration
with the essential sensors to obtain physiological variables [10].
The need to develop a system that integrates a smartphone-based
healthcare platform is due to the increase of smartphone users each
year globally, especially in Indonesia. In 2017 There are around
62.69 million smartphone users in Indonesia. The statistical graph
shows that the number will keep increasing [11]. This review
intends to integrate the use of smartphone-based healthcare
platform and nanosensor as a prevention of non-communicable
diseases, spesifically metabolic syndrome (Diabetes Mellitus,
hypertension, and dyslipidemia), and as a lifestyle monitoring.
B. METHODS
The method of this research is based on literature reviews to
collect and analyze research articles from various references, i.e.,
journals and textbooks by using keywords related to dendrimer,
nanosensor, and smartphone healthcare platform. In the end, the

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writers do the analysis and synthesis on those journals as the
sources of the literature.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
a. Nanosensor
The term ‘nanosensor’ is used to describe sensors in nanoscale.
By using nanosensor, slight physical stimulation can be detected
within nanorange. Recently, nanosensor can be embedded on
biological surfaces. Nanosensors, which have been synthesized
using graphene, a particular type of 2D carbon structure, are
printed on specific water-soluble silk, and they are then transferred
to the biological surfaces. To transfer data in these nanosensors, a
coiled intensifier is used, which indeed plays the role as an antenna
circuit [12]. Nanosensor has been used to detect bilirubin [13],
pathogen [14], hydrogen peroxide [15], glucose [15], cancer
[16], hepatitis [17], urinary biomarker, [18], and saliva [19].
b. Smartphone-based Healthcare : Digital Era
Breakthrough
Smartphone-based healthcare platform becomes an innovative
solution due to its integration of the essential sensors to obtain
physiological variables. Smartphone-synced devices will
empower patients to take an active role in their own health as it
enables to provide health information and instructions [20]. This
smartphone-system becomes more convenient when it combines
power and flexibility as it uses a variety of sensors which provide
the necessary framework. Hence, it becomes a more
comprehensive approach to remote personal health monitoring
[21]. The use of smart devices may contribute to the
transformation of the subject’s relationship to his/her body and
health. In addition, it consequently becomes a normalization of
certain behaviors, and [22]. it is beneficial for disease’s
prevention and monitoring strategy.
A systematic review of an economic evaluations of
smartphone-based healthcare solutions conducted by Iribarren et
al. (2017) stated that a result would show positive or probable
cost-effectiveness if one or more of the primary outcomes showed
a positive economic outcome. Secondary outcomes had an
increased likellihood of cost-effectiveness for an intervention in
some cases. For example, Maddison et at al. identified a mobile
phone intervention as a non cost-effective compared with usual
care for the primary outcome of exercise capacity. However, result
showed it is cost-effective for the secondary outcomes [23].
c. Dendrimer Nanosensor and Smartphone-based Platform
: An Integrated and Remote Healthcare for Health and
Lifestyle Self Monitoring
The growth of remote sensor technologies has brought a
revolution in patient monitoring. Sensors could be in smartphone,
implantable, wearables, or placed in the surroundings. New
sensors are being developed that are small size, better
synchronize, wireless, energy efficient, and equipped with better
biosensing technologies [24].
Many researchers have studied the intelligent healthcare
system and applications of the nanotechnology. For example, Paré
222
et al. [25] published a review of home telemonitoring in chronic
diseases, Kang et al. [26] classified stress status based on EEG
signals, Sun-Jin designed an application for the local environment,
objects, and persons remotely [27] and Kim et al. [28] developed
application based on the tongue diagnosis. This technology also
has been implemented in healthcare services. For an example,
technologies like Apple HealthKit (Apple Computer, Cupertino,
CA) allow data from multiple sensors to be aggregated and
delivered to providers integrated with electronic health records
[29]. This healthcare offers telemonitoring service to remotely
monitor patients’ vital signs data and send short surveys about
their health status. Patients need to take their own vital signs
measurements, such as weight, blood pressure, pulse, glucose
level, blood oxygen level, and ECG rhythm. This information is
then transmitted through phone line via modem to secure Web-
based clinical review software [29].
This study focuses on to developing an Intelligent Healthcare
System using nanosensors, which is based on a specific biomarker
of the disease, a smart device application, and nanosensors with
high sensitivity altogether The healthcare system with
nanosensors consists of three components. It involves nanosensors
which are worn by the patient, application on the mobile phone,
and the healthcare server. Nanosensor can recognize, represent,
and process one or more physiological signals, namely, glucose
level monitoring, blood pressure recording, cholesterol, and
calories. The data from nanosensor then sent to micro gateway,
and forwarded to mobile device [30].
The application runs as an interface to the wireless medical
sensors, which assembles patient’s health Information, and
transfers it to a medical healthcare server. It will store the data
locally when there is no connection. Whenever a connection is
available, it will automatically initiate data to uploads. A medical
server(s) or healthcare server, assembles the data from the patient
application through the Internet and unites the data into the
patient’s medical record [30].
Figure 1 Fig. 1. Schematic of Healthcare Data
Management System Using Nanosensors [29].
CISAK 2019
Another challenge to develop an integrated and remote patient
monitoring system is creating a multisensor component.
Multisensor enables patients to recognize many of their
physiological markers (glucose level monitoring, blood pressure
recording, cholesterol, and calories) simultaneously. The use of
this component within the system will provide a more convenient
and effective system. A promising material that can be used is
dendrimer. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, a new type
of polymer with well-defined globular shape, multiple binding
sites in the dendritic structures, and a large number of functional
groups (amino groups or carboxyl groups) on its periphery which
enable PAMAM to anchor more molecules for multiple detection.
The increase in efforts to combine dendrimers with other
molecules like ferrocene, pyrrole, and enzymes, is promising in
biosensing applications. An application of this technology is
shown in research for glucose biosensor. Nanobiocomposite based
biosensor was prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole
containing PAMAM encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (Pt-PAMAM),
glucose oxidase GOx [31]. While PAMAM provided a
microenvironment to maintain bioactivity of GOx, pyrrole
provides electrical stability, conductivity, and homogeneity to the
thin film [32].
As this healthcare platform can be used to prevent and monitor
metabolic abnormalities, it is essential to take a look at its
economic evaluation. An economic evaluation in developing
countries, such as China and India showed that comparing to the
control, the Impaired Glucose Tolerant subjects which received
prevention strategies gained more years before having diabetes or
of any kind of diabetes-related complication. This study may also
useful in other developing countries as well [33,34]. Another
study also showed that, the incidence of MS was decreased by
41% in the lifestyle modification groupwhile by 17% in the
metformin group compared with the placebo arm. Also, a mean
follow-up of 3.2 years that were conducted among the participants
showed that 38% in the lifestyle group, 23% in the metformin
group, and 18% in the placebo group were no longer had the
syndrome. This demonstrates that lifestyle changes can reverse the
metabolic abnormalities of MS by themselves [35].
D. CONCLUSION
The integration of smartphone-based healthcare platform and
nanosensor can improve the convenience and effectiveness of
healthcare and life-style monitoring, and prevent non-
communicable diseases, specifically metabolic syndrome such as
Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia through a
remote patient monitoring system provided by multisensor. The
use of dendrimer within the system will enable patient to
recognize many physiological markers (glucose level monitoring,
blood pressure recording, cholesterol, and calories)
simultaneously. Then, the data will be sent to micro-gateway,
forwarded them to mobile device, and they are assembled as
223
patient’s health information. A medical or healthcare server(s)
through the Internet assembles data into patient’s medical record.
Therefore, the integration of dendrimer nanosensor and
smartphone-based healthcare platform may become a potential
remote health and lifestyle of NCDs.
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Antibacteria Activity Test of Mayana (Plectranthus

scutellarioides) Leaf Infusion Against Salmonella typhi
Shily Rahmatika Amna1, Husnul Khotimah1 and Ilham Amien2
1
Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jalan Kaliurang km 14.5 Yogyakarta 55583 Indonesia
2
Departement of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jalan Kaliurang km 14.5 Yogyakarta 55583 Indonesia

corresponding author: 1*Shilyamna@gmail.com

1Kkhotimah247@gmail.com

2Ilhamamien@gmail.com

Abstract. Mayana leaf (Plectranthus scutellarioides) is one of the plants that can be used as an antibacterial, which is traditionally used by people
to treat hemorrhoids, ear inflammation, constipation, fever, and antiviral drugs. Previous studies have been conducted on Staphylococcus aureus.
This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Mayana leaf infusion against Salmonella typhi using liquid dilution method. A series of
Mayana leaf infusion levels were made in a concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6, 25%, 3.125%, 1.525%, and 0.78125%. From the results
of the antibacterial potential test for Mayana leaf infusion, the minimum inhibitory concentration could not be determined because the color of the
infusion solution is was dark, while the minimum killing concentration obtained was at a concentration of 6.25%. This result showed that the
infusion of mayana leaf had antibacterial activity in Salmonella typhi.

Keywords: antibacterial, infusion, plectranthus scutellarioides, salmonella typhi, typhoid fever.

A. INTRODUCTION sides of a leaf. Mayana leaf is traditionally used to treat

The second leading cause of death in the world is infectious
diseases. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic
microorganisms, some bacteria that are spread directly or
indirectly [1]. Typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease
caused by Salmonella typhi which is characterized by a fever that
lasts for a long time and the presence of bacteremia and
inflammation caused by Salmonella typhi [2]. In Indonesia,
typhoid fever is a complex health problem because it is one of the
endemic diseases, and in fact, there is an increase in career cases
(carrier) or relapse and bacterial resistance to drugs. This disease
causes 216,000 to 600,000 deaths with a number of cases of 22
million per year in the world [3]. Research results from major
hospitals in Indonesia showed an increase in cases of typhoid fever
each year with an average incidence of 500 per 100,000
population and a mortality rate of 0.6-5% [4].
The development of bacteria that resistant to antibiotics
requires the search for the newest antibiotic agent [1]. There are
many alternative antimicrobial sources from plants that have been
used for a thousand years, and have proven competitive effects
and lower side effects compared to synthetic drugs [5]. The
compounds in plants that known to have antibacterial activity are
alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins [6]. One of the
plants that can be used as an antibacterial agent is Mayana leaf
(Plectranthus scutellarioides). Previous research showed that
Mayana leaf had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus
aureus, E. Coli, and P. aeruginosa bacteria[7].
This plant is originally from Indonesia. Besides being found in
Indonesia, Plectranthus scutellarioides can also be found in
Malaysia and Southeast Asia [8]. It can grow in humid and open
places, with a characteristic of a brownish-purple leaf to blackish,
resembling the shape of a heart with tapered leaf tips and jagged
hemorrhoids, inflammation of the ear, constipation, fever, boils,
antibacterial, antiviral. Based on results in previous studies,
mentioned Mayana leaf contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,
and polyphenols, and in other result studies, Mayana leaf contains
alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins [6].
B. METHOD
1. Material
Aquades, BHI, blood agar, mayana leaves, Salmonella typhi.
Mc Conkey, Mc Farland.
2. Sample Preparation
Firstly, preparing 1 kg of Mayana leaves that have been
purchased at Merapi Farma Herbal Sleman-Yogyakarta.
Secondly, dry sorting the leaves to separate them from dirts and
unnecessary materials. After this, washing the leaves to make sure
the leaves are clean. Then, drying the leaves in a drying cabinet at
40°C. After the leaves completely dry, marked by the leaves that
are easily crushed when squeezed. Finally, leaves are pollinated
using a grinder.
3. Making Infusion
To make a 100% concentration of Mayana leaf infusion,
Firstly, weigh 3 grams of simplicia, and add 3 mL of distilled
water in the pan. Secondly, add 6 mL of distilled water to
saturation. Next, heat it over a water bath for 15 minutes starting
from the temperature reaching 90°C, while stirring it occasionally.
After that, filter out while still hot through flannel fabric. For the
manufacture of infusion with a concentration of 50%, the
simplicia was weighed half of the concentration of 100%, and

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CISAK 2019

added to the same volume of distilled water. So, to get a 50% leaves are dried in a drying cabinet with temperatures 40℃ and
infusion, weigh 1.5 grams of simplicia, and add 3 mL of distilled then pollinated. The production of simplicia powder was carried
water, and 6 mL of distilled water was added to saturation. For the out in the pharmaceutical biology laboratory of Indonesian Islamic
concentration of 25% weighed 0.75 grams of simplicia, for universities.
concentration of 12.5% weighed 0.375 grams of simplicia, for
2. Potential Antibacterial Activity Test
concentration of 6.25% weighed 0.1875 grams of simplicia, for
concentration of 3.125% weighed 0.0938 of simplicia, for Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of
concentration of 1.5625% weighed 0.0469 grams of simplicia, and Mayana leaf infusion in the potential antibacterial activity test was
for concentration of 0.7813% weighed 0.0234 grams of simplicia carried out using the dilution method, with concentrations of
with added the same volume that is 3 mL , and for saturation added 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.5625%, and 0.78125
6 mL of distilled water [9]. %, with bacterial control, media control, and infusion control. The
minimum inhibitory concentration test results can be seen in Table
4. Making Suspension 1 and Figure 1.
The pure culture of Salmonella typhi cultured on Mc Conkey, Table 1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test of mayana leaf
and incubated for 2x24 hours at 37. Bacteria that grow on the infusion.
media are then taken by 1-2 ose, and planted on liquid nutrient
broth media and incubated at 37°C for 2x24 hours. Then adjust it Test Results
No Concentration
to Mc Farland’s standard solution to obtain a density of 106 that Turbidity Colony Growth
1 100% Can’t be identified -
is ready for use.
2 50% Can’t be identified -
3 25% Can’t be identified -
5. Antibacterial Potential Test
4 12,5% Can’t be identified -
In 1-8 tubes that have been filled with 1 mL of each series of 5 6,25% Can’t be identified -
concentrations of mayana leaf, add 1 mL of Salmonella typhi 6 3,125% Can’t be identified -
bacteria suspension, then homogenized. In the infusion control 7 1,5625% Can’t be identified -
tube, 1 mL of Mayana leaf infusion and 1 mL distilled water were 8 0,78125% Can’t be identified -
added. A media control tube containing 1 mL of BHI media and 1 9 Media Control Can’t be identified -
mL of distilled water. Furthermore, in a bacterial control tube, 1 10 Infusion Control Can’t be identified -
mL of the suspension of Salmonella typhi bacteria and 1 mL of 11 Bacteria Control Turbid +
distilled water were inserted.

6. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

The minimum inhibitory concentration is determined by
observing the lowest concentration that is still clear, which can be
observed after being incubated at 37 ℃ for 18-48 hours.

7. Determination of Minimum Killing Concentration

The minimum killing concentration determination of Mayana
leaf infusion was carried out by scratching the inoculation loop
from the tube 1-8 on Mc Conkey, which can be observed after
being incubated at 37 for 18-48 hours.
Figure 1. The test results of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Mayana
C. FINDING AND ARGUMENT leaf infusion against Salmonella typhi by dilution

1. Sample Preparation
Mayana leaf is a native Indonesian plant with the Latin name
Plectranthus scutellarioides. Beside functioning as an ornamental
plant, it also functions as various properties. Mayana leaves used
in this study were purchased at Merapi Farma Herbal in Sleman,
Yogyakarta. The criteria were no holes in the leaves, the color did
not change from the original color, and the they were picked in the
morning in order to obtain fresh leaves and to keep highly active
compounds.
After obtaining Mayana leaves, they are then dry sorted to
separate them from dirts or unnecessary materials so that Mayana
leaves are obtained as wished. Then, do the wet sorting by washing
Mayana leaf thoroughly. To make simplicia powder, Mayana
The parameter of the minimum inhibitory level of infusion of
Mayana leaf against Salmonella typhi bacteria is turbidity and
clarity, which can be observed after being incubated at 37 ℃ for
18-48 hours. The minimum inhibitory level is determined by
observing the lowest levels that are still clear. The test results for
the minimum inhibitory concentration of Mayana leaf infusion
cannot be identified, because the color of the infusion is dark
brown so that bacterial growth shown by turbidity cannot be
identified.
The minimum killing concentration determination of mayana
Leaf infusion was carried out by scratching from the tube of the
results of minimum inhibitory concentration test on Mc Conkey
media for the 100% - 0.78125% concentration series and blood

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CISAK 2019
agar for media control, bacterial control and infusion control. The
minimum killing concentration of mayana leaf infusion can be
observed after incubation at 37 ℃ for 18-48 hours. From the
incubation, results showed the growth of bacterial colonies at a
concentration of 1.5625% and 3,125% so that it can be concluded
that the minimum killing concentrations of mayana leaf infusion
against Salmonella typhi bacteria at a concentration of 6,25%. The
result of minimum killing concentration determination can be seen
in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Minimum Killing Concentration of mayana leaves infusion. (1)
concentration of 100%, (2) concentration 50%, (3) concentration of
25%, (4) concentration of 12,5%, (5) concentration of 6,25%, (6)
concentration of 3,125%, (7) concentration of 1,5625%, (8)
concentration of 0,78125%. MC (Media Control). IC (Infusion
Control). BC (Bacteria Control).
At the lowest concentration of 0.78125%, it did not show the
growth of bacterial colonies, while at concentrations of 1.5625%
dan 3.125%, there was a growth of bacterial colonies. This
happened because when adding a bacterial suspension to infusion
with a concentration of 0.78125%, it was not homogenized so that
the scratches on the Mc Conkey after incubation show the growth
of bacterial colonies.
Factors that influence the work of antimicrobial substances
effectively are determined by the antimicrobial content of the leaf
of Mayana. The higher the concentration of infusion, the higher
the antimicrobial content of the infusion. Compounds that have
the potential to be antimicrobial substances in mayana leaf include
flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Flavonoids have antibacterial
activity through inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase function so
that bacteria are inhibited in their ability to replicate and translate.
Saponins work to kill bacteria by increasing cell permeability
resulting in cell leakage and extracellular fluid coming out of the
cell [10]. Tanin functions to inhibit the formation of bacteria by
inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase and DNA
topoisomerase [10].
According to previous studies regarding the antibacterial
activity of Kesum leaf (Polygonum minus. Huds) infusion against
Salmonella typhi, showed that minimum inhibitory concentration
was at a concentration of 3.125%, while the minimum killing
concentration was 50%. From these studies, it can be concluded
that Mayana leaf infusion has a minimum suicide rate, that is
smaller than the infusion of Kesum leaves [11]
The presence of antibacterial activity of Mayana leaf infusion
does not indicate that the infusion of Mayana leaves is safe to use.
Mayana leaf infusion requires toxicity testing, pharmacological
testing, and clinical trials to ensure that the infusion of Mayana
leaves is safe to use. In addition to the tests already mentioned,
Mayana leaf infusion needs to be carried out further research with
227
antibiotic control, so that it can compare its effectiveness in
inhibiting Salmonella typhi bacteria between herbal infusions and
synthetic drugs.
D. CONCLUSION
From the results of the research, it can be concluded that the
infusion of Mayana leaf has antibacterial activity against the
bacteria Salmonella typhi. The minimum inhibitory levels of
Mayana leaf infusion could not be determined because the
infusion solution showed dark brown. The minimum killing
concentration of Mayana leaf infusion was found at a
concentration of 6.25%.
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[1] P. Namita and R. Mukesh, “Medicinal plants used as antimicrobial
agents: A review,” Int Res J Pharm, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31–40, 2012.
[2] Y. P. Cita, “BAKTERI SALMONELLA TYPHI DAN DEMAM
TIFOID,” J. Kesehat. Masy. Andalas, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 42–46, Sep.
2011.
[3] I. E. Purba, T. Wandra, N. Nugrahini, S. Nawawi, and N. Kandun,
Program Pengendalian Demam Tifoid di Indonesia: Tantangan dan
Peluang, vol. 26, no. 2. National Institute of Health Research and
Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health, 2016.
[4] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Pedoman Pengendalian
Demam Tifoid,” Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2006.
[5] E. M. Abdallah, “Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials,” J.
Appl. Pharm. Sci., vol. 1, no. 6, 2011.
[6] A. Salaeh, “ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ILER (Plectranthus
scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) LEAVES SUBFRACTIONS OF ETHYL
ACETATE FRACTION IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC
MICES,” World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., pp. 69–79, Jul. 2017.
[7] D. Mpila, F. Fatimawali, and W. Wiyono, “UJI AKTIVITAS
ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MAYANA (Coleus
atropurpureus [L] Benth) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa SECARA IN-VITRO,”
PHARMACON, vol. 1, no. 1, Aug. 2012.
[8] M. A. Suva, A. M. Patel, and N. Sharma, “Coleus Species :
Solenostemon scutellarioides,” Inven. Journals, vol. 2015, no. 2, pp. 1–
5, 2016.
[9] BPOM, Acuan Sediaan Herbal, 5th ed. Jakarta, 2010.
[10] M. Nuria, A. Faizatun, and Sumantri, “Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak
etanol daun jarak pagar (Jattopha curcas L) terhadap bakteri
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,
dan Salmonella typhi ATCC 1408,” Mediagro, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 26–
37, 2009.
[11] D. Y. Krimasari, “UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI INFUSA DAUN
KESUM (Polygonum minus Huds.) TERHADAP Salmonella typhi,” J.
Mhs. PSPD FK Univ. Tanjungpura, vol. 3, no. 1, Aug. 2015.
CISAK 2019

VIII
Natural Science Engineering

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The Effect of Chemical Elements on the Artesian Well on

Groundwater Quality in Karang Tengah, Demak, Central Java
Selvi Elviana Putri1, Yonas Rio Pambudi1, and Hananto Asyam1

1
Geological Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl.Prof. H. Soedarto, S.H. Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*selvielvianaputri@gmail.com

1yonasryo@gmail.com

1hanantoasyam7@gmail.com

Abstract. Water is the most important need for human life. The quality of groundwater in the area depends on the chemical substances
present within the groundwater. The groundwater could be affected by the surrounding area. Karang Tengah sub-district, in Central
Java, province is bordered by the northern sea of Java. The research aims to determine the feasibility of groundwater quality for daily
needs. The methods used in this study are directly in the field, such as geoelectric measurement and laboratory analysis, from taken
samples to determine the chemical elements contained in it, such as TDS, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, and others. Based on the results of laboratory
analysis presented in the form of piper diagrams and stiff diagrams, it is found out which chemical elements are dominant, known as
Sodium Bicarbonate Chloride, and chemical elements which are calculated according to the parameters specified SAR value 34.29 and
a good value of Water Quality Index (WQI). Based on the SAR values, the quality of groundwater in the study area is not feasible to
use for irrigation, while based on WQI values, groundwater is suitable for drinking water, but with high Fe content and alkaline pH,
which could be harmful to human health.

Keywords: Groundwater, Chemical, Quality of Groundwater.

A. INTRODUCTION Solid) is the amount of salts’ concentration contained in water.

Water is a the main need for human life. Its quality can be Acidity (pH) is determined by a pH meter device. Acidic water
known by conducting laboratory analysis to determine the has a pH < 7, which is easy to dissolve iron (Fe). Alkaline water
chemicals inside of it. From these chemicals, they can be seen the has a pH value of > 7, water containing Ca salts, Mg carbonate
quality of groundwater from an area, whether or not it is salts, and high bicarbonate has a pH of 7.5 - 8. Neutral water has
acceptable to be consumed or used only for irrigation and a pH of 7. The ion content, both cations and anions (metal ions)
husbandry. are known by volumetry, calametri, flame-photometry,
This research was conducted in Batu area, Wonowoso, Karang photometric spectrometry. The ions are K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn,
Tengah District, Central Java Province. Its purpose is to determine Cu, Zn, Cl, SO4, CO2, CO3, HCO3, H2S, NO3, NO2, KMnO4,
the water quality in Karang Tengah region, which is bordered by SiO2, and Boron. Hardness (total hardness) - Hr amount of Ca and
the North Java Sea, and to determine the level of feasibility in Mg is called carbonate hardness and noncarbonate hardness. The
groundwater used by residents in this region. following are the results of pH and DHL values that have been
Based on the observation, Karang Tengah sub-district is analysed in the laboratory.
Table 1. pH and electrical conductivity value of the sample
directly adjacent to the North Java Sea, and it is indicated that the coordinates observation electrical
Northern Java Sea water affected the groundwater within the x y spot pH conductivity well
region, therefore it is not suitable for daily use. 448794 9241120 1 7.79 150 unconfined
B. METHODS 449148 9240994 2 7.621 2620 unconfined
449148 9240994 3 7.672 389 unconfined
This research was conducted by library study method and 451213 9234422 4 7.779 325 unconfined
collecting data directly in the field. Before carrying out the data 451222 9234475 5 10.449 886 confined
collection, the authors conducted a literature study in the area, and 452510 9235356 6 7.838 367 confined
then carried out geological mapping including description of 451221 9234434 7 8.972 844 confined
454091 9235293 8 8.36 733 unconfined
outcrops, sampling, measurement of geological structures, as well
450602 9234215 9 8.136 1394 unconfined
as hydrogeological mapping including calculation of well depth, 450561 9234162 10 8.424 225 confined
water sampling, geoelectric measurements, and laboratory tests to Using pattern diagrams (Stiff, 1951 in Walton, 1970), it aims
find out the geological conditions and to determine the to compare the chemical analysis of groundwater to obtain
hydrogeological state of the research area. differences, similarities, or outcome in chemical composition of
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT the groundwater. Based on the results of the analysis using the
Chemical properties include salinity, pH, hardness, and ion Stiff diagram, there are outcomes or dominant chemical cation
exchange. Salinity / amount of dissolved salts (Total Dissolved

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ions, which are Na (Sodium) and K (Calcium), whereas the
dominant anion ion is HCO3 (Bicarbonate).
Fig. 1. The result of sample analysis in stiff diagram
Using diagrams (Triliter piper, 1953 in Walton, 1970), it aims
to determine the groundwater/genetic processes of groundwater,
the element units of groundwater solutions, the change
groundwater nature and its connections, and the groundwater
geochemical problems. Based on the piper diagram results, it was
found that in sample 10 is included in Alkaline Water facies,
which was dominant to sulfate-chloride and chloride, where the
mixed facies with dominant Sulfate appeared when the origin of
groundwater was Sulfate water originated from geothermal
activity. Whereas, mixed facies with dominant Chloride appear
when the concentration of Sodium Chloride salts is high, which
shows that the origin of the water is from sea originated from
Quaternary sediments in the research area.
numerator and denominator. The analysis is shown in the order of
ion levels, both in cations and in anions (each one has total of
100% Meq / L). In addition to anions and cations, other elements
of groundwater are included, for example the presence of rare
elements with high levels, as well as pH and temperature. The
naming of water classification is determined by the percentage of
ion content and the percentage of cations and anions. Water that
contains ≥25% ions and 25% of both cations and anions is called
Sodium Bicarbonate Chloride.
The presence of Sodium in sample 10 is interpreted as the
result of weathering of plagioclase minerals, clay minerals,
nepheline, sodalite, natrolite and glaucophane, the presence of
sediment, the sodium rocks present in minerals that are resistant
to cement, where there is water trapped in sediments and stored in
a long time it will have a high Na + concentration. The presence
of Bicarbonate and Chloride, interpreted the high alkalinity in
water is caused by ionization of carbonic acid, especially in water
that contains a lot of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide in water
reacts with bases found in rocks and soil to form bicarbonate as
well as to find out how much Sodium Chloride (NaCl) level are
dissolved in water. Weathering of rocks releases chloride into the
water.
Table 2. Value of chemical element in sample 10
Ion Valensi FW conc. (Mg/L) conc. (Meq/L) % (Meq/L)

Ca 2 40.08 3.98 0.20 1.41

Mg 2 25.3 1.45 0.11 0.82
Na 1 22.99 312 13.57 96.68
K 1 39.1 6 0.15 1.09
Total Kation 14.04 100.00
HCO3 1 60.99 192.1 3.15 64.84
SO4 2 96.03 22 0.46 9.43
Cl 1 35.45 44.3 1.25 25.73
Total Anion 4.86 100.00
Nama : Natrium Bikarbonat Klorida
SAR : 34.29
QI SI
Parameter WI
permenkes who permenkes who
TDS 0.25 77.60 38.80 19.40 9.70
Fe 0.13 5.40 4.05 0.68 0.51
Cl 0.25 17.72 17.72 4.43 4.43
Ca/Mg 0.25 3.18 3.18 0.80 0.80
Kesadahan 15.9 15.9
SO4 0.13 8.80 8.80 1.10 1.10
Total (WQI) 42.30 32.43

The groundwater quality as drinking water is viewed from the

Fig. 2. and Fig. 3. The result of sample analysis in piper diagram
Millero (2006) divides elements (organic and inorganic
elements) into three groups, based on the average concentration in
nature. Based on the calculation results from the Kurlov table,
sample 10 is viewed from the chemical composition and specified
in pseudo fraction, with successive anions and cations as the
total SI value (WQI) of the Ministry standard as a reference, and
is suited with the drinking water quality requirements from the
government in Table 2. So, the parameter that cannot be used as a
reference is the value of Iron (Fe) with a value that exceeds the
maximum level of quality standards in drinking water. Iron or
ferrum (Fe) is a silvery-white metal, clay, and can be shaped. Iron
in nature is obtained as hematite. The presence of iron in water is
dissolved, causing the water turns to red, then to yellowish brass,
giving off a fishy odor, and forming a layer like oil. Results of
measurement of iron content is 0.68 mg / l. The quality standard
of iron content as drinking water is 0.3 mg / l. Whereas if viewed

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from the pH value, the pH value was 10.449 which exceeded 6.5 determined by the concentration of solids dissolved in water
to 8.5 (suitable with drinking water quality standards) therefore (Richard, 1954):
the artesian wells could not be used as drinking water.
The formula used to calculate values in a table 2: (4)
𝒘𝒊
𝑾𝒊 = ∑𝒏
(1)
𝒊=𝟏 𝒘𝒊

Wi = relative weight
wi = Weight given on each parameter
N = Number of parameters

𝒄𝒊
𝒒𝒊 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 (2)
𝑺𝒊

qi = Quality rating scale

ci = Value obtained from the test results
Si = Standard set (Ministry standart, WHO, etc.)

SI = Wi x qi (3)

SI = Subindex value
Wi = relative weight
Qi = Quality rating scale

Table 3. Parameter qualification of groundwater quality for drinking (Ministry of

Health)

Fig. 4. pH and electrical conductivity quality map

The measurement is by means of an Electrical Conductivity
Meter (EC Meter), whose unit is micromhos cm-1 or μmhos cm-
1 or μsiemens cm-1 often written μS cm-1 with yields of 886
included in groundwater seen in table 5. In sample 10, value SAR
is 34.29 and is categorized as poor quality for irrigation.

Table 4. Classification of hydrogeology quality

Groundwater as irrigation should be neutral, not too acidic and

not too alkaline. Acidic irrigation water contains many hydrogen
ions and irrigation water, whereas alkaline contains many
hydroxide ions. The both can reduce the absorption of substances
needed by plants. Moreover, it can also damage plant cells thus
the metabolism of cells is disrupted and reduces nutrient
absorption. To find out the water quality viewed from the SAR
value and DHL, where SAR is a measure of the suitability of water
(and basicity of the soil) to be used in agricultural irrigation, it is

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DI KAMPUS TEGAL BOTO UNIVERSITAS JEMBER,” Teknik Unej,

Laboratorium Hidroteknik, 2008.
[2] Munfiah. Siti, Nurjazuli. dan Onny Setiani, “Kualitas Fisik dan Kimia Air
Sumur Gali dan Sumur Bor di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guntur II
Kabupaten Demak,” Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, vol. 12 No.
2, 2013.
[3] Sinaga. Ivan Liharma. Jamilah. dan Mukhlis, “KUALITAS AIR IRIGASI
DI DESA AIR HITAM KECAMATAN LIMAPULUH KABUPATEN
BATUBARA,” Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi ISSN No. 2337- 6597,
vol.2, No.1: 186-191, 2013.
[4] Walton W. C, “Groundwater Resource evaluation,” McGraw Hill Book Co,
New York, 1970.

Table 5. Water qualification of electrical conductivity (Hadipurwo, 2006)

electrical
conductivity kind of water
0.055 pure water
0.5-5.0 distilled water
5.0-30 meteoric water
30-2000 groundwater
35,000-45,000 sea water
D. CONCLUSION
. There is a Distressed Aquifer found in well 10 (Artesian well)
located in Karang Tengah, Demak, Central Java. As seen from the
values of TDS 29.40, Fe 0.68, Cl 4.43, the hardness of the
groundwater is 15.90, and its pH is 10.449. Therefore, the quality
of the well does not meet the drinking water quality standards.
Again, it exceeds the maximum level for drinking water.
Drinking water containing Fe tends to cause nausea when it is
consumed, and in large doses, it could cause health problems such
as intestinal damage. Meanwhile for irrigation, the SAR value is
34.29 and DHL is 886; Therefore the groundwater quality cannot
be used as an irrigation standard for the surrounding community.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would never have been possible without the
supports from the team, and guidance of from various people at
the Universitas Diponegoro. Special thanks should be given to
Assistant of Hidrogeology for introducing the study of Basic
Hydrogeology and the passion for the field of Hydrogeology.
Lastly the authors would like to thank to our parents for their
unconditional love and support, patience, optimism, and advice.
They are more valuable than you could ever imagine.

REFERENCES
[1] Halik. Gusfan dan Jojok Widodo, “PENDUGAAN POTENSI AIR TANAH
DENGAN METODE GEOLISTRIK KONFIGURASI SCHLUMBERGER

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Extremely thin, biocompatible, and stretchable electronic

devices with surface-modified silver nanowires on chitosan
biopolymers
Zeno Rizqi Ramadhan1*, Yong Hyun Kim1

1
Departement of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 45813, South Korea

corresponding author : 1*E-mail address: zenorizqi@pukyong.ac.kr Tel.: +8210-9924-9394.

Abstract. This study develops highly stretchable, biocompatible, conductive, and transparent electrodes based on silver nanowires
(AgNWs) deposited on functionalized chitosan biopolymer substrates. A surface modifier is introduced for enhancing the chemical bond
between AgNWs and chitosan substrates. The surface modification simultaneously enhances electrical, optical, and mechanical
properties of AgNWs owing to the strong chemical bond formed between the metal wires and the chitosan films. The stretchable
transparent electrodes on chitosan developed here show the high transmittance (88.9%), the low sheet resistance (12.2 ohms/sq), and
excellent stretch-ability. The stretchable transparent electrodes are successfully adopted into EL devices with ZnS: Cu phosphors. The
stretchable devices can be cut, stretched, bent, and twisted without performance degradation, showing outstanding elastic behaviors.
The stretchable transparent heater showed high performance by strain. The temperature distribution showed no change under strain
40%. The authors believe that the stretchable AgNW/chitosan thin-films optimized by the surface modification strategy hold a great
promise for high performance wearable electronics.

Keywords:

A. INTRODUCTION
The development of high performance transparent elastic
conductors is another issue in the applications of wearable
electronics. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the most commonly used
transparent electrode material for optoelectronic devices.
However, the intrinsic brittleness, the high material cost, and the
elevated processing temperature of ITO limit its application in
low-cost, flexible, and stretchable devices.[1], [2]. Here, the Fig 1. Schematic of ACEL Device
authors demonstrate high stretchable, transparent, conductive
AgNWs on chitosan biopolymer thin-films. The surface modifier DC Supply
is to enhance the wettability and adhesiveness of AgNW/chitosan
films. Based on the optimized AgNW/chitosan films, there are
approximately 160 µm-thick stretchable alternating current-
driven electroluminescent (ACEL) devices and transparent
heaters are realized.
B. EXPERIMENT DETAIL
Chitosan film prepared by chitosan powder (1%w/w) (78%
deacetylated) mixed with acetic acid (1%v/v) and glycerol
(40%wt of chitosan). Chitosan was treated with a surface modifier Fig 2. Schematic of Heater device
to increase adhesion property between substrate and AgNWs. The C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
AC-electro luminance (ACEL) on chitosan was prepared by a As shown in Fig. 4, the transmittance of chitosan is higher
simple spin coating method. ZnS:Cu was used as phosphor than the one of glass. Sheet resistances and transmittances for
material for ACEL. Luminance was measured using CS-2000 and AgNWs on chitosan substrate were shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6,
AC supply as power generator with 0-300 V, 40 Hz. Sheet respectively. The chitosan without surface modifier treatment
resistance was examined using the van der Pauw method with showed high sheet resistance. The surface modifier improves the
Keithley 2401. Thermal properties and infrared (IR) images were electrical and optical properties of AgNWs due to the enhanced
examined using an IR camera (TiS45, Fluke). adhesion property between AgNWs and substrate [3].

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100 25

Figure of Merit (x10 ohm )

-1
Transmittance (%)
20
95

-3
15
90

10
85
5 1 Layer
Glass 2 LAyer
80 Chitosan 3 Layer
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Spin Speed (rpm)
Wavelength (nm)

Fig 7. Figure of Merit of AgNW on chitosan substrate.

Fig 4. Optical properties of glass and chitosan.

8000
Fig 8 exhibits the luminance of ACEL on chitosan substrate
Chitosan, 1.1 amino
7000
6000
Chitosan, no 1.1 amino
Glass
with various voltages. At 300 V and 400 Hz, it showed a the
Sheet Resistance(ohm sq )

highest luminance of 114.78 cd m-2. The luminance of the ACEL

-1

5000
4000
3000
2000
device slightly drops from 24.49 cd/m2 to 23.91 cd/m2 until the
1000
350
strain reaches 30 %, showing very stable emitting performances
300
250
(Fig 9).
200
150
100
50 120
Luminance
0
0 2000 4000 6000
Spin Speed (rpm) 100

Luminance(cd m )
-2
80

98
60
96
94
92
90 40
Transmittance (%)

88
86
84 20
82
80
78 0
76
74 100 150 200 250 300
72 Glass
70 Chi_wo Voltage (V)
68
Chi_w
66
64
62
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 Fig 8. Luminance of ACEL on various voltages
Wavelength (nm)

Fig 5. Electrical and optical properties of glass and chitosan with surface Luminance
26
modifier, without.
24

22
Electrical and optical properties of AgNWs/chitosan film
Luminance(cd m )

20
-2

were shown in Fig 6. The optimum condition for spin speed a layer
18
used Figure of Merit. Figure of Merit (FoM) is an easy method for
16
finding high transmittance and low sheet resistance. Figure 7
14
shows the figure of merit for AgNWs on chitosan substrate. The
12
high figure of merit corresponds to high electrical and optical
10
properties of transparent electrodes [4].
8
0 10 20 30 40
160 100
Strain (%)
Sheet Resistance(ohm sq )
-1

140
80
120
Transmittance (%)

Rs(1 Layer) Fig 9. Luminance versus strain for the stretchable ACEL.
T (1 Layer)
100 Rs(2 Layer) 60
T (2 Layer)
80 Rs(3 Layer)
T (3 Layer)
40
The temperature profile of the AgNW/chitosan film was
60
shown in Fig 10. Increasing power gives high-temperature profile.
40
20
20 The AgNW networks are broken at a voltage of 9 V. The
0 0
temperature distribution on various strain was shown in Fig 11.
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
The AgNW/chitosan heaters stretched up to 40 % exhibit the
Spin Speed (rpm)
outstanding stretch ability with uniform temperature distributions.
Fig 6. Electrical and optical properties of AgNWs/Chitosan film with
various spin speed and layers.

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180
3 V, 0.35 A
160 5 V, 0.58 A
7 V, 0.74 A
140
Temperature( C)
9 V, 0.86 A
o

120
100
80
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (s)

Fig 10. Temperature profile on various voltage. Fig 11. Temperature distribution on various strain.
D. CONLUSION
This study has successfully fabricated a bio-polymer
electrode using a simple and low-cost process. The AgNWs on
bio-polymer has good electrical and optical properties with high
figure of merits of 0.0254. In addition, stretchable ACEL devices
with AgNWs on bio-polymer show good performances.

E. REFERENCES

[1] K. Ellmer, “Past achievements and future challenges in

the development of optically transparent electrodes,” Nat.
Photonics, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 809–817, Nov. 2012.
[2] T. Cheng, Y. Zhang, W. Y. Lai, and W. Huang,
“Stretchable thin-film electrodes for flexible electronics
with high deformability and stretchability,” Adv. Mater.,
vol. 27, no. 22, pp. 3349–3376, 2015.
[3] Z. Liang and K. R. Graham, “Surface Modification of
Silver Nanowires for Morphology and Processing Control
in Composite Transparent Electrodes,” ACS Appl. Mater.
Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 39, pp. 21652–21656, 2015.
[4] A. Kim, Y. Won, K. Woo, C. H. Kim, and J. Moon,
“Highly Transparent Low Resistance ZnO / Ag Nanowire
/ ZnO Composite Electrode for Thin Film Solar Cells,”
ACS Nano, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1081–1091, 2013.

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Comparative Study of Bulged Leading Edge Delta Wing and

non-Bulged Leading Edge Delta Wing with CFD Method
David F. Sinurat1, Haidar A. Yazid1 and Arya M. Prabantara1
1
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, 55281, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*david.fernando.s@mail.ugm.ac.id

Abstract. The primary objective of this study is to compare the aerodynamic characteristics of two different types of delta wing
models (bulged leading edge and non-bulged leading edge) at low speed subsonic free stream condition using CFD (computational fluid
dynamics) method. The structured grid is generated within the computational domain to ensure the accuracy of the analysis and K-
Omega transition SST (4 equations turbulence modeling) based on steady-state three-dimensional fluid simulations are performed. The
study finds that the bulged leading edge delta wing has higher lift coefficient compared to non-bulged leading edge delta wing and the
appearance of the dual vortex from the bulged leading edge delta wing indicated from pressure coefficient analysis and vortex core
visualization.

Keywords: aerodynamics, aircraft, vortex, wing.

A. INTRODUCTION generated to expect more accurate and efficient aerodynamic

Delta wing of fighter aircraft is designed to give high flight
performances at high speed, give high angle of attack, and have
different design compared to commercial aircraft wing design [1].
Commercial aircraft wing produces lift force by different pressure
between the upper and lower area of the wing surface to avoid
vortex formation at the wing tip for flight efficiency [1]. Delta
wing aircraft produces lift force by vortex stream formed at the
root of the leading edge, which has higher velocity and lower
pressure compared to the free stream conditions on the upper area
of the wing [2]. There are several factors which influence the
vortex stream, including leading edge swept angle [1], reynold
number [3], angle of attack [3], and modification of the leading
edge like the bulge which will be the main focus of this study. The
study aims to understand the effect of bulged leading edge of the
delta wing since it is expected to produce more vortex which will
increase the fighter flight capability in term of maneuverability.
Several studies have researched the characteristics and
influences of vortex dynamics to the flight capability of fighter
aircraft at the subsonic free stream velocity. Vortex stream studies
of 65° swept angle delta wing have been conducted by Saha and
Majumdar [1]. Vortex analysis used to find the optimal overall
flight capability of fighter aircraft has been conducted by Wibowo,
Rohmat, and Sutrisno [2]. Aerodynamic analysis of delta wing
with different reynold numbers has been conducted by Hamizi and
Khan [3]. X-31 aircraft analysis with different CFD methods by
A. Schütte et al. [4] showed that lift coefficient can be predicted
well with steady-state fluid simulation. Hexahedral mesh study
conducted by, Xu and Chen [5] showed that hexahedral mesh
structure is more accurate than tetrahedral mesh with the same
amount of mesh.
Computational Fluid Dynamics method applied to
visualize the vortex streamline, analyze the lift and drag, velocity
profile, and pressure coefficient to help to formulate conclusions.
Structured grid with symmetrical boundary condition are
simulation results.
The main results show that the bulged leading edge delta
wing has better overall aerodynamic performance in terms of the
dual vortex, and higher lift coefficient, and the pressure coefficient
analysis indicates dual vortex phenomenon.
B. METHOD
In this study, two back-swept aircraft models were
created with swept angle value of 39.11°, as shown in figure 1 and
figure 2. The difference between the two figures is shown on the
wing upper projection. Figure 1 has the bulge at the leading edge
showing the dimensions, and figure 2 does not have the bulge at
the leading edge. This study will find the effect of the bulged
leading edge to the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft.
Each domain has structured hexahedral grid cells to enhance the
accuracy. Computational domain has 7614676 cells and 7470550
nodes with the smallest cell size of 0.000020148 m. The growth
ratio of the cell size is below 1.2 (with 1.2 as the maximum
allowable growth ratio). The cells number are above the number
of minimum required cells number based on the grid
independency test (5.4 million cells) [2].
Steady-state aerodynamic simulations are based
on RANS (Reynold Averaged Navier-Stokes) equation K-Omega
Transition SST (shear stress transport) which has 4 four equations.
K-Omega is also used by [1] to analyze delta wing vortex
phenomenon. The angle of attacks is from 10° to 90° degree with
10° as the steps, with a total of 9 simulations each aircraft model
with free stream velocity 60 m/s. Boundary conditions consist of
velocity inlet, pressure outlet, symmetry condition to halve the
computational cost, and the aircraft body as the wall boundary
conditions. The solver used in this study is second-order upwind
referring to [1] as the good solver for solving vortex analysis.

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Iterations for each calculation are 600 iterations to ensure good Lift coefficient vs Angle of Attack
convergence residuals below 0.001. 3

2.5

Lift Coefficient
2

1.5 Non-bulged leading edge

bulged leading edge
1

0.5

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AoA

Figure 1 (left) and figure 2(right): Conceptual aircraft configuration,

the left one has the bulge at the wing leading edge and the right one does not have
the bulge at the wing leading edge.

Post-processing is performed after the simulation is

finished and reached good convergence residuals. Post-processing
included analyzing the pressure coefficient, vortex core region, lift
and drag coefficient, dynamic pressure, and static pressure. The

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properties mentioned above will be compared to understand the

effect of the bulged leading edge to aerodynamic characteristics.

C. RESULT
Figure 3 and figure 4 show the comparison of lift and
drag coefficient between the two models. The figure indicated that
the bulged leading edge have higher lift and drag coefficient.
Figure 5 and figure 6 show the pressure coefficient in
certain position behind the bulge of the leading edge.
Figure 7-16 show the vortex core regions of bulged
leading edge delta wing are bigger than vortex core regions of non-
bulged leading edge delta wing.
Figure 17-26 show the static pressure contour of bulged
and non-bulged leading edge delta wing and how are the
differences of the static pressure counter look alike.
Figure 3 : Lift coefficient comparison
Figure 4 : Drag coefficient comparison Drag coefficient vs Angle of Attack
4.5
From figure 3 and figure 4, it can be understood that the 4
bulge will affect two main specifications of flight capability, lift 3.5
and drag. Considering the lift coefficient enhancement, it will
Drag Coefficient

shorten the time and runway required by delta wing aircraft to 3

take-off and also increase the capability for dogfight missions. 2.5
2 Non-bulged
1.5 Bulged
1
0.5
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
AoA

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Figure 7 : vortex core region non-bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 10°
%Wing Span at 60% wing chord vs Pressure
Coefficient
-3.00000

-2.50000

-2.00000
Pressure Coefficient

-1.50000

-1.00000

-0.50000
0.00000 1.00000
0.00000

0.50000

1.00000 Figure 8 : vortex core region bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 10°

1.50000
10 20 30 40 50
60
-3.0000 70 80 90

-2.5000

-2.0000

-1.5000

-1.0000

-0.5000
0.0000 1.0000
0.0000

0.5000
Figure 9 : vortex core region non-bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 20°
1.0000

1.5000

10 20 30 40 50
60 70 80 90
Figure 5 : Pressure coefficient graph of bulged leading edge delta wing

Figure 6 : Pressure coefficient graph of non-bulged leading edge delta wing

From the figure 5 and figure 6, it can be understood that

in some angles of attack, for example: 10° have peak coefficient
almost -2.5 for bulged leading edge, and the peak coefficient of
non-bulged leading edge only a little higher than -1.5. It is also
can be understood that the bulge at the leading edge significantly
influence the pattern of pressure coefficient on the upper surface
of the wing.

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Figure 10 : vortex core region bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 20°

Figure 15 : vortex core region non-bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 50°
Figure 11 : vortex core region non-bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 30°

Figure 12 : vortex core region bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 30°

Figure 13 : vortex core region non-bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 40°

Figure 14 : vortex core region bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 40°

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Figure 16 : vortex core region bulged leading edge delta wing aoa 50° Figure 19 : Static pressure contour of non-bulged leading edge aoa 20°

From figure 7-16, it can be understood that bulge at the

leading edge will significantly influence the form of vortex core
region around the wing. The significant influence of the vortex
core region will affect the maneuverability of delta-wing aircraft
considering it relies on the form of vortex to operate well.

Figure 20 : Static pressure contour of bulged leading edge aoa 20°

Figure 17 : Static pressure contour of non-bulged leading edge aoa 10°

Figure 21 : Static pressure contour of non-bulged leading edge aoa 30°

Figure 18 : Static pressure contour of bulged leading edge aoa 10°

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Figure 22 : Static pressure contour of bulged leading edge aoa 30° Figure 25 : Static pressure contour of non-bulged leading edge aoa 50°

Figure 23 : Static pressure contour of non-bulged leading edge aoa 40°

Figure 26 : Static pressure contour of bulged leading edge aoa 50°

From figure 17-26, it can be understood that from static

pressure visualization that the bulged leading edge delta wing has
more scrambled static pressure contour compared to non-bulged
leading edge delta wing pressure contour.

Figure 24 : Static pressure contour of bulged leading edge aoa 40°

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D. CONCLUSION
Results show that the bulge at the leading edge will
conceptually give the effect of higher coefficient of lift and drag,
bigger vortex core region, higher peak pressure coefficient from
bulged leading edge delta wing, and better overall performance
enhancement of delta-wing aircraft.
Lift coefficients enhancement after the bulge in
percentage from 10° to 80° are 4.8%, 6.59%, 1.15%, 3.61%,
3.62%, 8.62%, 9.67%, 20.25%. 90° the aircraft stalls. Drag
coefficients step-up after the bulge in percentage from 10° to 90°
are 3.39%, 9.08%, 0.99%, 4.70%, 4.33%, 3.06%, 6.22%, 3.33%,
2.75%.
These enhancement and step-up of cl and cd are still only
analyzed to 60 m/s free stream velocity and only conceptually
prove that bulge at the leading edge will give better
maneuverability to the aircraft. This work can be implied to
further research of optimal bulge position at the leading edge
regarding to the wing span. It is recommended to further research
at variable free stream velocity.

E. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank to lecturers for teaching

the basic concepts of aerodynamics and computational fluid
dynamics method.

F. REFERENCES
[1] S. Saha, B. Majumdar, "Flow Visualization and CFD
Simulation on 65° delta wing at subsonic condition,"
Procedia Engineering vol. 38, pp. 3086-3096, 2012.

[2] S. B. Wibowo, Sutrisno, T. A. Rohmat, "Computational

Study of Flow Interactions over a Close Coupled C
anard-Wing on Fighter," IJAAA vol. 6, Issue 1, 2019.

[3] I. B. Hamizi, S. A. Khan, "Aerodynamics Investigation

of Delta Wing at Low Reynold’s Number," CFD
Letters, vol. 11, Issue 2 pp. 32-41, 2019.
[4] A. Schutte, O. J. Boelens, M. Oehlke, A. Jirasek, T.
Loeser, "Prediction of the flow around the X-31 aircraft
using three different CFD methods," Aerospace Science
and Technology 20, pp. 21-37, 2012.
[5] K. Xu, G. Chen "Hexahedral Mesh Structure
Visualization and Evaluation," IEEE Transactions on
Visualization and Computer Graphics vol. 25, Issue 1
pp. 1173-1182, 2019.

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IX
Social Sciences Humanities

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Decreasing the Digital Divide for People with Disabilities in the

4th Industrial Revolution: Case Study Kerjabilitas Users
Atikah Az Zahidaha1*, Reza Duratin Nasirab1

1
Communication Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*atikaaz07@gmail.com, phone: (+62)856-4588-2119 1rezadenasira@gmail.com,

phone : (+62)877-5599-3760

Abstract. Indonesia has already regulated the equal opportunity for people with disabilities through Law of The Republick of Indonesia
Number 8 of 2016 (Pasal 11 UU Nomor 8 Tahun 2016). In fact, only 10% of people with disabilities in Indonesia are employed, and
live independently. However, the rise of digital technology in the 4th Industrial Revolution then opens more opportunities for people
with disabilities, for example: how the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has helped them to gain more access for career and job vacancies.
This research focuses on Kerjabilitas users. Kerjabilitas is a business and employment-oriented service that operates via websites and
apps found in 2015. Kerjabilitas helps disabled to gather and to get information related to career. This study analyzes how Kerjabilitas
decreases the digital divide among people with disabilities users. The birth of the 4th Industrial Revolution that brings special
challenges as well as opportunities for people with disabilities underlies our research. Our research is done with qualitative method,
which means it more concerns with understanding individuals’ perceptions, and it more focuses to the study progress. Meanwhile,
research method that we used is case study that evolves in-depth examination of a subject of study in contextual condition. We also
collected data from multiple sources, such as observation, interview, and literature. This research found that Kerjabilitas has an
important role in decreasing the digital divide among people with disabilities by providing information. Kerjabilitas has also helped
them to be more active and adaptive facing the Industrial Revolution even though there are still some people with disabilities that are
unable to maximize their skills due to social pressure and stigma in the society.

Keywords: digital divide, disabilities, kerjabilitas, access to job information, industry revolution

A. INTRODUCTION
To deal with the Industrial Revolution 4.0, Indonesia has been
preparing a lot for The Making Indonesia 4.0 program as an
integrated roadmap to create an inclusive society. This means that
every Indonesian has a role in the success of the 4.0 Industrial
Revolution, including people with disabilities. They have the right
to participate in all aspects of the administration of the state and
society, as stated in Undang-Undang No. 8 of 2016 concerning
Persons with Disabilities.
In this paper, the authors use the term disability. This refers
to the International Labor Organization (ILO) which uses the
terms people with disabilities/ workers with disabilities, and
resolution/ 61/106 regarding the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on December 13, 2006,
which was then signed by the Indonesian government (which was
also signed by 161 other countries) on March 30, 2007 in New
York, United States.
At least there are several competencies that must be increased
by each workforce in Indonesia, (including people with
disabilities) to face the Industrial Revolution. This includes
mastering technology and cognitive abilities such as skills
systems, complex problem solving, content skills and problem
skills [1]. These abilities must be supported by the environment
and adequate access to information. People with disabilities need
the same information as people without disabilities in various
fields, such as law, science, economy, social, religion, culture and
others. Ministry of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia stated
that so far, people with disabilities still have difficulty in accessing
information for job vacancies [2].
People with disabilities are often regarded as unproductive,
and their rights are often ignored [3]. According to data from
PUSDATIN the Ministry of Social Affairs, in 2010, the number
of persons with disabilities in Indonesia was: 11,580,117 people
with among them 3,474,035 (people with visual disabilities),
3,010,830 (physically disabled), 2,547,626 (people with hearing
disabilities), 1,389,614 (people with mental disabilities), and
1,158,012 (people with chronic disabilities). In developed
countries, the number of unemployed disability labor force is as
much as 50% to 70%, while Indonesia only employs 10% of the
workforce with disabilities and is able to finance their lives
independently.
The question is whether this number will change in the era of
the 4.0 Industrial Revolution? Today, people are provided with the
development of information and communication technology
which makes information can be accessible to everyone.
However, even though information and communication
technology can be accessed and utilized by all people to find work,
there are still less information about job vacancy for persons with
disabilities. This is an impact on the low number of people with
disabilities who work.
The problem faced by disability groups in this context is the
digital divide. The digital divide is a crucial problem in the face of
the Industrial Revolution 4.0, especially about employment. There
are fears of massive job losses when technology is able to replace
the work that was initially done by humans [4]. Based on the

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results of the study, many people with disabilities do not work
because of difficulties in mobilization, hearing, or visual
disability, and work environments that do not accommodate
persons with disabilities [5].
According to the OECD, the Digital Divide is defined as the
gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic
areas with different levels of both to their opportunities to access
information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their
use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities [6].
Molnar argues that there are three types of digital inequality,
namely the initial access divide or digital divide that refers to the
gap between people who have access, and who do not have access
to information and communication technology. The next gap is the
usage divide or primary digital gap which refers to the difference
in everyday life[7].
There are many groups that often experience digital divide,
one of which is a disability group. The PEW Research Center
survey in America and research in the UK states that people with
disabilities frequently experience the digital divide[8-9].
Meanwhile, the 11th Global IT Report shows that the Asia Pacific,
including Southeast Asia, is an area not only inhabited by the most
innovative, most prosperous, and most digitized countries but also
occupied by the poorest and weakest countries [10].
In this case, Kerjabilitas was found to fill the vacancy of
providers of information about careers and employment in persons
with disabilities.
Kerjabilitas is a career social network-based website and
cellular software that connects persons with disabilities to job
seekers and job providers. Through Kerjabilitas, it is expected that
the opportunities for people with disabilities to access work would
increase in the meantime.
Kerjabilitas is found to eliminate the digital divide among
people with disabilities. Information technology provides a means
for disabilities to participate socially and meet people with the
same struggle. So far, disability is often considered a marginal
society that has a digital divide. The Office of National Statistics
states that 27% of adult disabilities in the UK never use computers,
compared to 11% of other disabilities. The majority of disabilities
still have difficulties in operating computers. Several other factors,
such as the lack of training in internet usage, the high cost of
equipment, and limited access to specific website content have
also increased the digital divide among people with disabilities
[11].
Research on the digital divide for disability in the realm of
information about work has never been done in Indonesia.
Therefore, we compiled this research as an important step in
providing new insights related to the preparation or adaptation for
an inclusive 4.0 Industrial Revolution. This study aims to see how
digital disparities among people with disabilities can be reduced
by the presence of workability. This study refers to a journal
article entitled "Disability and the digital divide: Gaps and future
directions" by Sally Lindsay[12]. The journal has already given an
overview of gaps and disability movements in the digital divide.
We then contextualized it in the Kerjabilitas as a case study in
Indonesia.
246
B. METHODS
This research is done by using a descriptive qualitative study
with data obtained from interviews, observations and literature.
Qualitative research is more concerned with understanding
individuals' perceptions, and is more focused as the study
progresses. This study selected the qualitative model because
research on this topic is still rare and new. This study hoped that
by giving an-in-depth view, the results of the research will be the
foundation for other related research. Overall, as a qualitative
researcher, this study is trying to figure out and explore this digital
divide among people seeking issues by involving multiple
perspectives and resources.
Qualitative researchers act as a key instrument, even though
we use the procedure in collecting data, researchers are collecting
information by themselves. Data collection is not only a single
source but collects many forms of data, such as observations of
workability supported by interview data to the users, as well as
literature that is looking for physically and sourced from the
internet that we filter based on the consideration of the level of
credibility.
The data collection method that we use is a case study. We
took three respondents who used the Kerjabilitas, and also are
active Kerjabilitas users. We do not specify more stringent
conditions in selecting respondents so that more perspectives and
results of research are obtained.
C. FINDING AND ARGUMENT
This part will discuss the research findings that will be
divided into two parts. The first part will elaborate the existence
of digital divide among people with disabilities in Indonesia. The
second part of the section will discuss measures have been taken
by Kerjabilitas to alleviate digital divide and encourage the
participation of the people with disabilities in the informed society
and especially the job market.
1. Part One
The existence of Digital Divide among people with disabilities.
The digital divide exists when there are more dominant
groups (groups that are able to utilize resources more optimally).
This affects uneven diffusion and inhibits adaptation to new
technologies, which in turn results in inequality. Van Dijk in
Vankastesh mentions motivation as one of the levels of the digital
divide[13]. Motivation can encourage people to more easily adapt
to technology. Motivation is influenced by social factors (income
and education), psychological factors, skills shrewdness, and use
of information and communication technology. The results
showed that respondents had the motivation to adapt to changes
such as by utilizing the workability in seeking information on jobs
with social factors to get the same education and work, and
psychological factors, especially awareness to get out of the
stigma that groups of persons with disabilities were 'burden.'
Furthermore, van Dijk also categorizes the digital divide into
three levels[14]. The first level is physical and material access
which includes the ability to access technology materially. The
results of our the study indicates that respondents have the ability
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to gain that access, although some of them have not been able to
use it further. They are able to operate browsers and social media
on computers and mobile phones. However, they have just
understood how to turn mobile phones into a hotspot. The second
level of the digital divide is inequality in various "digital skills"
(also known as Internet skills); internet skills, medium-related
skills (which consist of operational skills including basic
command of an Internet browser and formal skills), and
substantial aspects of content-related skills (including the ability
to navigate and orient oneself within the Internet's hypermedia
structure.) The first type of content-related Internet skills is
information skills, which include the ability to find, select, and
evaluate sources of information on the Internet. Secondly,
strategic skills refer to one’s capacity to use the Internet to reach
particular personal and professional goals. These
conceptualizations of Internet skills have thus far been focused on
the information function of the Internet [15].
The results of the study showed the diversity of internet skills.
All respondents revealed that they were able to use the basic
command of the Internet browser, formal skills, and learned
several things from Kerjabilitas. Respondents used the internet to
find job vacancy, therefore they tried to find the content that is
relevant to their desires. So, it can be concluded that respondents
had content-related Internet, which includes the ability to find,
select, and evaluate sources of information on the Internet. This is
due to the assumption that real job vacancies can be obtained
whenever they are able to use the internet, and use it optimally.
So, respondents have medium- related skills. In addition,
respondents also have strategic skills because respondents used
the internet for particular goals personally and professionally
through Kerjabilitas. One respondent said that he could work in a
bank through Kerjabilitas.
The highest level is related to technology appropriation and
use that can be measured in time and frequency, diversity and
quality of applications, and the benefits of the usage of
technology. The results showed that there were two respondents
already at this level, and a respondent was still in the adaptation
stage to enter this level. One of the inhibiting factors to achieve
this level is the stigma of Indonesian people who consider that
internet literacy is not important for disability groups. However,
research respondents were able to break the stigma through
motivation that internet brings many benefits. such as providing
job vacancy information and career- related articles. In addition,
Kerjabilitas also has an active social media to post daily content,
and allow discussion between users of Kerjabilitas.
2. Part Two
How Workability plays a significant role to help people with
disabilities.
The results of this study indicate that there were respondents
who initially did not know about job search platforms for
disability groups. Although some respondents did not get jobs
247
from Kerjabilitas, job vacancy information was considered very
helpful. One respondent said that even though she had difficulty
accessing workability through the website, she could still access it
through social media. This shows that there are various digital
methods used by people with disability to gain access to
information about work.
One respondent got a job through Kerjabilitas from a
recommendation by a friend, and the rest keep trying to promote
Kerjabilitas to family and friends. Even though there are always
new jobs in Jawa; unfortunately, there is No. job openings in
Tasikmalaya yet. However, with Kerjabilitas, all respondents
claimed to find jobs that match their desires and abilities.
3. Part Three
Adaptation to the Digital World; an Effort to Reduce the Digital
Divide
Respondents said that Kerjabilitas has encouraged its users to
adapt to technology. A respondent acknowledged that through
Kerjabilitas, she learnt how to operate a simple information
system while looking for a job. Her experience in interacting with
information technology was the first step to reduce the digital
divide in people with disability. The desire of some respondents
to learn digital technology begun with their interest in Kerjabilitas.
Kerjabilitas encourages its users to be more adaptable,
because Kerjabilitas does not only provide job information but
also career-related tips and tricks, such as how to prepare for job
interviews, how to face today’s workplaces especially in the 4.0
Industrial Revolution era.
Indeed, there will be groups that have difficulties accessing
technology because of the unavailability of adequate media, for
example, the Braille keyboard for blind people.
There were respondents who stated that they must begin to
adapt to technology; like learning to browse the internet using a
laptop. Other respondents claimed that they could adapt quickly
because of the high motivation they had.
This study acknowledges that there are many factors that
influence the lack of digital literacy that affects the interaction of
people with disabilities to search for information digitally, one of
which is stigma in society. In groups of persons with disabilities
themselves, there is a stigma that disability groups are an inferior
group, and there is a stigma that digital literacy does not benefit
disability groups.
“Why do people with disabilities learn such things? Why do
we have to use social media? Why should we be able to operate a
computer? Why do we even bother to use smartphones? We will
not necessarily get a job with that”
This stigma can prevent some people with disabilities from
starting to adapt, and certainly will further enlarge the digital
divide. Stigma affects the digital divide by increasing the gap.
D. CONCLUSION
This study tried to understand digital divide within several
levels, starting from raising awareness of the importance of digital
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literacy to a higher level, like how people with disabilities can Internet : http://www.zdnet.com/article/asian- countries-
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ta/nasional/umum/16/12/16/oi9mbw359-penyandang- sh/2019/01/04/jumlah-penduduk- indonesia-2019-
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Dec. 16, 2016. [Feb, 26, 2019]. [16] M. Duplaga. “Digital divide among people with
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CISAK 2019

Sasi Laut As Social Eco-Tourism Concept In Maluku To

Realize Sustainable Development Based Culture And
Environment
Nur Lailiya Hartanti1, Selvi Purwandari1 and Ayu Oktaviana Putri2

1
History Department,Faculty of Humanity, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Nursing Departement, Health of Science,,Bina Sehat PPNI, Mojokerto, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*nurlailiya.hartanti@gmail.com

1selvipurwandari7@gmail.com

2ayiu.okta49@gmail.com

Abstract. This study examines Sasi Laut as an effort to preserve the environment and cultural tourism in the industrial revolution era
4.0. Sasi Laut is one type of Sasis in Maluku inspired by the traditional life of the Maluku people. Sasi laut covers the coast and sea
areas. This tradition controls the people habits for interaction in the midst of society and environmental management and utilization of
marine natural resources. Sasi laut is effective in preserving the marine environment and protecting marine ecosystem from extinction.
The damages of marine ecosystems can be minimized by carrying out sea cations from generation to generation. Sasi has the potential
to become social eco-tourism during this industrial revolution 4.0. The promotion can be done through websites, social medias, online
advertising, and mobile applications. The use of this technology is expected to increase visitors, to increase regional income, and to
increase the welfare of indigenous people. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods with data collection techniques were
from of interviews, observation, and documentation

Keywords: Sasi Laut Maluku, Industrial Revolution 4.0, Enviromental preservation, Cultural Tourism.

A. INTRODUCTION the sustainability of these marine resources. Many of the policies

Anything related to tradition is usually identical with
retrogression. Various reasons are justified in abandoning
customary traditions in the face of progress, including the
Industrial Revolution 4.0. In an effort to preserve the existing
natural resources, it is suggested to refer to traditional
communities in Indonesia with applicable regulations or
customary laws. Customary law is also useful as an appeal for
humans not to overuse nature. The community uses that as a
traditional principle or norm that is respected and practiced by the
community in managing the surrounding environment, among
others: human dependence on nature is in harmony with nature
conservation, where humans are part of nature itself which means
that they must be kept in balance. [1]
Indonesia has a large ocean area, making Indonesia rich in
abundant marine resources such as coral reefs, fish, seaweed, and
various other marine products. The wealth of marine resources has
considerable economic potential driving the national economy.
The existence of large marine resources must be balanced with the
management of marine and fisheries resources based on the
principle of sustainability for the prosperity of the people.
However, in reality at this time what happens is that the huge
potential that exists quickly begins to erode due to management
patterns that do not heed the principles of natural balance.[1]
In some Indonesia seas, there are many exploitation. Indonesia's
marine and coastal resources have been suffering from Dutch
disease syndrome, where there is over exploitation of marine and
coastal resources to reap maximum profits without regarding to
taken tend to be myopic in nature, which only see the short term
only, and it is oriented towards big and fast results without
regarding to the stability of the marine and coastal environment
in the long run. This is exacerbated by a lack of government
oversight that poses a threat to sustainability towards marine and
coastal resources [2].
Based on the research of the Oceanographic Research Center of
by Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in 2015 showed that
based on 1,259 locations of coral reefs in Indonesia, there were
around 30.02% coral reefs in bad conditions, 37.97% suffered
damage with sufficient conditions, 27.01% were still in good
condition, and only 5.00% were in very good condition. The
most severe damage to coral reefs occurred in eastern Indonesia,
which was 40.29 percent in bad conditions. Meanwhile, there
were only 5% of the condition of coral reefs in a very good
condition[3].
So, nature conservation efforts become an important part
of the life of the people of Maluku. This is proven in one culture,
prohibiting to take the potentials of certain natural resources. This
activity is known as "SASI". There are 4 four types of sasi, they
are: Sasi Darat (land), Sasi Laut (sea), Sasi Kali (river) and Sasi
Dalam Negeri (Habits). Maluku has the large potential of fish to
be supplied to local, national, and export markets. The existence

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of Sasi is an effort to keep the population of natural resources
available for next generation.
The Industrial Revolution 4.0 indirectly accounted for the
exploitation of needs including sea products. In this case, the
Industrial Revolution 4.0 shows its challenges, however, on the
other hand, the use of technology can be an opportunity for the
existence of Sasi Laut. Sasi Laut Promotion as a Social Eco-
Tourism can disseminate the importance of maintaining marine
ecosystems. Ecotourism itself is "responsible travel to natural
areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being
of local people." [4] In the implementation, the community outside
Maluku can learn about sasi in the hope that Sasi Laut can
continue to survive in the midst of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution.
B. METHODS
This writing uses qualitative methods, and the research is
to describe the data form of expression or lettering and the
behavior of the people observed [5]. The qualitative aims to
describe the general representation of the participant's social and
perspective reality. Primary data was obtained through oral
sources using in-depth interview techniques and participant
observation. In-depth interviews were carried out as supporting
data as a comparison from previous data. Using participatory
observation with the researcher is directly involved in the research
object [6]. The researcher conducted participatory observations
for two weeks (Live in) with indigenous people. This research was
supported by documentation and archives. The research sites was
in Central Maluku. Specifically, it was done in Ambon islands and
Lease islands (Lease are consist of 3 islands, namely Haruku,
Saparua and Nusa Laut.
Analysis of the data in the study used qualitative
descriptive analysis[7]. This method is carried out by classifying
the collected data, assembled, and explained using sentences
separated by categories to get conclusions.
C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Sasi as Role in the Preservation of the Marine Environment
Sasi is a tradition of the people in Maluku, to maintain the
results of certain potentials. When Sasi is implemented, the
community is prohibited from picking certain fruits on land and
taking certain yields from the sea during period of time set by the
village government [8]. Sasi role allows natural resources to
continue to grow and develop. In another word, biological and
vegetable natural resources need to be conserved in a certain
period to restore growth and development to achieve satisfactory
results. [9] Not only on natural resources, but also on marine
ecosystems. This is an active role in the role of the sea where it
becomes the basic rule of most people to carry out maritime
activities in their territory.
The implementation of the sasi will be overseen by
Lembaga Adat (customary institutions), but in the daily
maintenance that plunges directly is Kewang and staff. Kewang is
like police in tradition. They play an important role, because it is
one of the elements of the government whose duty is to protect the
environment both on land and at sea from the hands of
irresponsible people [10]. For example in Haruku island, based on
250
the decision of the Haruku Customary Council (Saniri’a Lo’osi
Aman Haru-ukui) on June 10, 1985,The rules are agreed upon as
follows:
a. The boundaries of the sea sasi are from the North
Village Hall (Baileo Negeri), 200 meters to the West and
to the South to “Tanjung Wairusi”.
b. The Sasi boundary for lompa fish in the sea starts from
“Labuhan Vetor”, 200 meters to the west and south sea
to “Tanjung Hi'i”
c. Forbidden to catch fish in the sasi area by using any
type of fishing gear, except with nets, but must be on foot
and may not use a boat. For those who use the mesh, the
requirement is to only spread nets at the waist depth of a
waist as high as an adult.
d. The free harbor area is from the corner of the North
Villag Hall to “Tanjung Waimaru”. In this free port area,
people may catch fish in a net but may not dispute. If it
turns out that there is a dispute then the free port will also
be confirmed.
e. If there are lompa fish that enter the free harbor area,
then they are prohibited from being caught with nets.
f. In the sasi and “labuhan” regions, fishing is prohibited
using karoro nets
Sea rules are agreed about Sasi Laut boundaries,
prohibited fishing areas, types of equipment that may not be used
to catch fish, free areas of Sasi, and types of fish that may not be
caught. This regulation is still maintained today, and it has
developed rules.[12] The people of Maluku strongly adhere to the
Sasi rules that apply in their area. This rule is made based on local
knowledge in the fish development cycle, so that after a certain
period of time fish harvesting activities will be able to provide
good results for the community economy. This sasi rule is a
necessity and the awareness is that the rule is to keep the
availability of marine resources well maintained, so that it will
provide benefits not only for the needs of today's society but also
for the lives of the next generation. [1]
Sasi Laut is the same as with other customary rules. If a
violation occurs, the violator will be punished/sanctioned. The
sanctions are from easy to the hardest ones to keep maintaining
the marine environment and its resources. These sanctions can
have a deterrent effect on violators. This kind of sanction leaves
an impact on the psychological community that violates in order
to reduce the number of violations. [13]. In preserving the
environment, there is currently a lot of environmental damage due
to the actions of irresponsible people. Sasi can play a role in
preventing it. Sasi is a combination of tradition and religion, also
a sacred tradition. This can be seen at the time of the
implementation of the sasi which always begins with prayers, also
imposed sanctions for those who violate the prohibition on sasi.
[1] all of that can be seen from the process of conducting the Panas
Sasi tradition (Heating or reminding of the prohibitions or
traditional regulations) [11]. they have an awareness that without
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the environment they cannot live properly, so sasi must be
maintaindes for generations.
Concept of Sosial Eco-tourism in Maluku
Figure 8: Schema from concept social eco-tourism for Maluku
The first thing to do is to prepare the Maluku people
mentally to welcome the tourists. Through various socialization
and discussions with the aim of educating the public to accept
domestic and international tourists. Socialization and discussion is
expected that some people of Maluku can become local guides for
tourists. They will be supported by Maluku regional government
as a facilitator. The Maluku regional government must also be
prepared with a strategy in running tourism management.
The promotion of the sasi laut tradition through website,
social media, online advertising, discussion forums and mobile
applications.
a. Website
This website contains information on content,
images or videos from the process of sasi laut from
start until finish. Promotion of Sasi Laut can use
the official website of the Maluku regional
government so that the information accessed
strengthens promotional information on other
online sites.
b. Online advertising
Online advertising is an advertisement made online
or a website to attract tourists. This advertisement
is in the form of pictures about Sasi Laut in
Maluku.
c. Media Sosial
The three popular social media used in industry 4.0
are Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Youtube.
This social media before as a place to find
friendship, chat, and video sharing. The
development of social media as a digital media in
the business world as a media for promotion,
followers by uploading images or content that will
be promoted on a webbase or mobile basis [14].
The four social media were used as promotions for
Sasi Laut by creating an account containing
pictures and information about the Sasi Laut
tradition.
251
d. Forum discussion.
Forum discussion is a collection of online forums
that contain data, images, animations, sounds,
videos or links from everything connected in a
network. Loaded hyperlinks are in the same
direction. The web forum has a topic or trade to
discuss that is made with the info update step on
the web by the forum's web creator [14]. The
discussiuon forum is used with update info or trade
discussions on Sasi Laut.
e. Mobile application
Mobile applications is a mobile application
specifically designed for smartphones and tablets.
Applications that are developed based on mobile
are like ordering airplane tickets or hotels which
can be done via smart phone [14]. Mobile
applications can be created specifically for Maluku
tourism, especially Sasi Laut. Sasi Laut promotion
through mobile applications requires further
development because it is related to smartphone
devices.
A series of Sasi tradition held in the Central Maluku
region, especially the country of Haruku, is one of the regions held
regular celebrations at the Buka Sasi (start) and Tutup Sasi
(finish). The existence of this celebration can be packaged through
social eco-tourism packages that are promoted through social
media in the form of websites, social media, online advertising,
discussion forums and mobile applications. This makes it possible
to attract tourists from outside the Maluku region. The first thing
to do is to prepare the Moluccans mentally to welcome the tourists.
Through various socialization and discussions with the aim of
educating the public to accept domestic and international tourists.
Then coordinate with travel regarding accomodation.
CONCLUTION
Sasi Laut is a customary regulation in the form of a prohibition
governing the natural resources of the sea. Sasi Laut is important
role as a control, maintenance, and management of the marine
environment in the Maluku. Sasi Laut is supervised by elders, and
customs enforcement sanctions proved effective in preserving the
marine environment. The tradition can be social eco-tourism of
Maluku. In order to develop cultural tourism, Sasi Laut will be
doing a promotion that utilizes the technology of the industrial
revolution 4.0. Website, social media, online advertising, and
mobile applications discussion forum is the way the promotion of
Sasi in the revolusi industry 4.0.
REFERENCES
[1] Elfemi, N. “Sasi, Kearifan Lokal Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Laut
(Kasus; Masyarakat suku Tanimbar di Desa Adat, Kecamatan Selaru,
Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat)” Jurnal Pelangi, 6(1). 2015.
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[2] Bogdan, R. C., &Biklen, S. K, Qualitative Research For Education: An

Introduction To Theory And Methods, 1992. [E-book] avaliable : Google
Schoolar.
[3] Statistics of Marine and Coastal Resouces 2016 by BPS-Statistic Indonesia.
[E-Book] Available: BPS Website
[4] Blangy, S., & Wood, M. E. “Developing and implementing ecotourism
guidelines for wildlands and neighboring communities”, 32-54, 1993. [E-
book] avaliable : Google Schoolar.
[5] Bogdan, R. C., &Biklen, S. K, Qualitative Research For Education: An
Introduction To Theory And Methods, 1992. [E-book] avaliable : Google
Schoolar.
[6] Usman, H., & Akbar, P. S. Metodologi penelitian social, Jakarta: Bumi
Aksara, 2008
[7] MoloengLexy, J. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi, Surabaya:
Rosda, 2007
[8] Frank L Cooley, Mimbar dan Tahta, , Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1987.
[9] Judge, Z., &Nurizka, M, “Peranan Hukum Adat Sasi Laut Dalam
Melindungi Kelestarian Lingkungan di Desa Eti Kecamatan Seram Barat
Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat” Lex Jurnalica, 6(1), 2008.
[10] Lokolo. “HukumSasi Di Maluku (SuatuPotret Bina
MuliaLingkunganpedesaan Yang dicariPemerintah).” Orasi IlmiahPada
Dies NatalisUniversitasPattimura, 1988.
[11] Kissya Eliza, SasiAmanHaru-Ukui, Sejati: Jakarta, 1993
[12] Hartanti, Nur lailiya., Januarsi, Annisa., Mardi, Bima Panji., “Sasi :
Customary Law of Haruku Society in Maluku”, Confrence on ASEAN
Youth Conference, 1-5 August 2017 Vol 1 63-69, 2017.
[13] Asrul, A., Rindarjono, M. G., & Sarwono, S., “Eksistensi Sasi Dalam
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Dan Peran Serta Masyarakat Di Negeri
Haruku Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Propinsi Maluku Tahun 2013”. GeoEco,
3(1), 2017
[14] Warmayana, I. G. A. K. “Pemanfaatan Digital Marketing dalam Promosi
Pariwisata pada Era Industri 4.0. Pariwisata Budaya”, Jurnal Ilmiah
Pariwisata, Agama dan Budaya”, 3(2), 81-92, 2018.

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A Strategy To Strengthen The Local Food Security In The

Area Of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (A Case Study Of
Independent Sustainable Village In Yogyakarta)
Mohamad Ridwan1*

1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Dharmawangsa 4-6, 60286, Surabaya

corresponding author : 1*Muhridwan19.mr@gmail.com

Abstract. The term industrial 4.0 refers to the idea of the fourth industrial revolution. In order to realize it, academic involvement is
required in the form of research. This inscription will discuss the vulnerable food security issue in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY).
The researchers could analyze the declining agricultural productivity data along with the increasing population growth. The possibility
to obtain the answer to this problem from the experts or research data toward food security is turning less and less. The purpose of this
research is to discuss the sustainable self-supporting village development in supporting local food security. The specific discussion is
directed into staple food, which is food materials that most people consume as the source of carbohydrate. Based on the preceding
issue, the researchers offer a new scientific paradigm that is interconnected integration. This new paradigm is very important. In
addition to distinguishing conflict tensions and recovering dichotomy wounds, this paradigm provides social, political, and/or humanity
awareness with their own significances. If each horizon is read interrelatedly, it will then result in a very useful holistic reading for
local food security. This outlook is very prominent to understand in order to see the bedrock of local food security development. This is
also to build a more ideal Indonesia and its relevance to the accomplishment of responsive and prepared society in facing the industrial
4.0. This research uses economic perspective research method through qualitative research.

Keywords: Local Food Sustainability, Continuing Independent Village, Industry 4.0

A. INTRODUCTION is very vulnerable because the land function switching is very

Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) is a region that has pretty
high natural resources diversity, including local food source
plants. The local food sources in DIY that have the potential to be
used as the source of carbohydrate sources are tubers and corns.
That local food security has frequently been used by the people of
DIY, especially those who live in the highlands, and consume
tubers and corns, while those who live in the beach consume rice,
tubers, and corns as the staple foods. Several corns and tubers have
well adapted and consumed by the people of DIY. Hence the
commodity of the sustainable self-supporting village needs to be
improved as the main food for DIY society. The issue of local food
security in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) is actually facing
a land’s function switching issue, yet only few people realize this.
The recent increasing population growth demands more food
provision, while on the other side, food producing lands are altered
into residencies as the other consequences of population growth.
The land’s function switching becomes a dilemma, whether to
maintain a productive land as the source of food production or to
provide residence for living quarter. Both are primary necessities.
Nothing should be assumed to prioritize. Only, in reality, people
tend to alter the productive lands into residences or industries and
neglect their own food security. The referred land function
switching in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta is the alteration of
productive land, such as farmland or plantation, into residence that
degrade the productivity value of the land. Keeping in mind that
both are primary needs, shelter building should not put food
security aside. The problem is that the food security in Yogyakarta
obvious. Herein will be briefly review how sustainable food self-
supporting village could strengthen the food security in Daerah
Istimewa Yogyakarta. Its building attempt still pays attention to
the local potency and wisdom, government’s policy support,
research bodies, private sectors, and the needed people, and the
local food independence opportunities through sustainable
independent village based on technology.
B. METHOD
The term food security in Indonesia is defined in UU No
7/1996 and PP No 68/2002 as: the condition of sufficient food for
households that is reflected from enough food provision, fine in
both quality and quantity, safe, equal, and affordable. While the
definition of food in those UU and PP is everything that is from
the biological resource and water, both processed or not, that is
intended for eating or drinking for human consumption, including
food additive, raw material, and other materials used in the process
of preparation, processing, and/or making of the food and drink.
Although rice consumption tends to decline, the contribution to
the total energy is still 60% while tubers contribute 3%. Tubers
have pretty good prospects to develop as the rice substitute and
processed into fine foods. However, these activities need the
support of processing technology and good marketing strategy to
change the inferior food image into superior food, to add the value
of diverse and fine quality food provision. (Hardinsyah dan
Martianto, 2001). DIY region with all its potentials and challenges
still has the possibility to actualize its food independence by
improving the utilization and actualizing the food security by

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improving local food utilization with sustainable independent
village basis. Local food potential such as corns and tubers need
to be optimized through agroindustry development. Local food
utilization in DIY, if well processed, may accelerate the
achievement of food security. There are many factors that may
inhibit the food consumption di DIY, such as: 1. Rice is more
delicious and easier to process 2. There is a wrong eating concept,
people believe that eating without rice is not eating, 3. Rice as
superior commodity, 4. Abundant rice quantity and affordable
price 5. Household income, 6. Limited processing and non-rice
promotion technology, 7. Overlapping food policy, and 8. There
is a policy of wheat import and a lot of product development and
promotion.
1. Integration Strategy – Interconnection in Facing
Industrial 4.0
Today, the globalization flows so fast it may become a threat
to the existence of local culture. The degradation of local cultural
values is a risk as Indonesia’s position as a part of the global
community. Globalization is an undeniable inevitability, but the
effect is deadly toward the local food security, and it could not be
taken for granted. Local food security needs to strengthen its
power to face the industrial 4.0. The incapability in facing it means
doing nothing toward the loss of local identity source as a positive
result of modernization that pushes the society into advancement.
However, the local market actors should not be careless because
the era of openness and freedom also influence negative impacts
that will harm the local food security, especially in DIY. Rejecting
globalization is not the right decision, because it means inhibiting
the advancement of science and technology. Hence, what is
necessary is the interconnected integration to improve the
sustainability of local security in facing it. The followings are
interconnected integration strategy that could be run, such as:
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
1. Strengthening Identity
International world is very democratic, human rights, and
environment become the development agenda in every country.
These issues could synergize with actualization from cultural
philosophy “hamemayu hayuning bawana” which teaches people
to act and behave by prioritizing harmony, compatibility, and
balanced relationship between human to nature, human to human,
and human to God in continuing life that the country becomes
panjang, panjung, gemah ripah loh jinawi, karta tur raharja
(Suryanti, 2007). Professionalism and work ethic could synergize
with the philosophy “sepi ing pamrih ing gawe” (diligent to work
without thinking of own self). The creation of peaceful condition
in maintaining relations with another country results in the
security stability in sub regional, even other countries, until a
concept application “ngelurung tanpa bola, memang tanpa
ngasorake” is created (Suryanti, 2007). The effort to improve food
sustainability that is characterized in identity strengthening has
character, interdependence, inter-sectors, special,
multidimensional structural, interdisciplinary, and depending on
society as the basic power by utilizing high equalization resources.
The local food sustainability cultural character does effectively
254
embrace and move all elements in facing the globalization era that
opens the transcultural and cross cultural process which
continually will meet one culture with another culture (Saptadi,
2008). Local Regulation Issuance Local food sustainability needs
to be lawfully protected that binds all societal elements. Thus, a
local regulation needs to be issued. The regulations dictate the
sustaining of local security that needs to be done by everyone.
Local food security will sustain if there is high concern from the
people. This concern has not been visible yet, while the threat has
already been obvious. The decision makers also hold prominent
role. Executive and legislative should cooperate in formulating a
local law that guarantees the local food security. In the regulation,
funding issue also needs to be paid attention to because in order to
keep a local food security, budget is really important, while it is
not the most important factor. This budget is what will later be
utilized to continually provide facilities for local sustainability
programs. To strengthen the competitiveness of local food
security, the government needs to establish a combined
information center for art exhibition, creation and management of
art exhibition promotion, expert development to raise talented
children in local farms, campaigning entrepreneurs’ donation in
local agriculture, appreciations for local food sustainability
exhibition, and improvement of local food sustainability
promotion products. The strategies of DIY government are such
as:
There are several things that need development in DIY
regarding to local food security, such as:
1. Economic independence that is actualized by the strong
independent stance function
2. Expansion of existing independent sustainable villages
pattern
2. Information Technology Utilization
Local food sustainability success is influenced by its ability
in utilizing optimal information technology. In the global era,
whomever masters the information technology has more
opportunity in ruling the civilization rather than the weak in terms
of IT utilization. Therefore, the strategy that needs to be run is
utilizing the IT advancement access and communication as the
conservationist and local food sustainability developer. Unique
local food sustainability can become a product which has higher
additional value of adjusted with communication and information
media development. There must be an effort to make media as the
tool to market local food sustainability to the world. If this is
applicable, then the attractiveness of local food sustainability will
become higher that it will affect the other attraction, including
economy and investment. Hence, national and international media
is needed as it could increase the role of local food sustainability
in the world stage.
3. Local Resources Development in DIY
Local resources utilization development is intended to
improve provision, quality, and diversity of foods. The target is
the improved local food potential in increasing provision of fine
quality, diverse, and affordable consumption need fulfillment, in
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household level. The local food sustainability management
improvement toward sustainable food independent village that
wants to be achieved is as follow:
1. Food processing specific and food security orientation-
based technology
2. Medium and large scaled in utilizing the local food
materials
3. Society empowerment in local food material processing as
the carbohydrate and protein source to increase human
development index and local food attractiveness
4. Cultivation technology package invention and local food
material processing
5. Improvement of profession’s or association’s, media’s and
business world’s role to develop diverse animal and vegetable
food
6. Developing animal and vegetable food materials that are
originated from original food
7. Improving partnership between household industries with
industries The success indicators of this research are:
a) The increasing quality and diversity of local food
b) Packaged cultivation technology and food processing
c) Publication and patent and oncome generating each unit
d) Adopted food processing technology by the society
D. CONCLUSION
If the people of DIY, integrated with other stakeholders, can
and want to utilize local food-based food, then there will be
created an opportunity for new job vacancies in the region. The
government is expected to become a facilitator of the growth
process by providing facilities of human resources quality
betterment as the stimulus in moving and increasing the skill of
the local people. The growing job vacancies could accelerate
income and sovereignty of the people in fulfilling its food needs
independently, and also reducing interdependence of aid from
outside. DIY people’s interdependence toward rice causes food
vulnerability trouble. To reduce the risk of the issue, there needs
to be diversification. Staple foods diversification needs to be
developed by utilizing alternative food materials such as corns and
tubers. This village’s commodity must be developed by
considering that the material has been well known by the people.
The production volume of the village has a potential to be
improved due to its high adaptation level toward less compatible
marginal land for rice. So far, the society is still reluctant to
consume alternative food, because of the difficulty in its technique
of storage and processing, and also is considered as less interesting
and less prestigious. The effort of those products improvement to
become a practical and interesting staple food needs to be
supported by modern food technology. It may be concluded that
the interconnected integration is really necessary. First, industrial
4.0 globalization is an inevitable condition that needs to be
strategically faced by every country, including DIY. The process
255
spreads out to every direction across borders. The people of DIY
push the creation of local food sustainability traffic which is then
metamorphosed into food sustainability that global society adopts.
As a result, local food sustainability faces serious threats from
foreign parties that could quickly penetrate through the life
dynamic of the local people through communication and
information media. Second, as a developing state, Indonesia faces
issue related to food sustainability in holding off foreign
penetration. The weakness in mastering information and
communication technology as well as the wide market makes DIY
as a potential target by the developed countries. The original local
food is set put aside by the new sustainability that is promoted by
the developed states. Third, with respect to the problem, there
needs to be a correct strategy to prevent the local food
sustainability from being degraded by foreign parties and slowly
or potentially destroying. The strategy that could be conducted is
the building of the nation’s identity to strengthen the national
identity, local regulation issuance that protects the local food
sustainability, and utilization of information technology to
introduce local food sustainability to the world society.
E. REFERENCES
[1] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2004). Statistik Pertanian
Indonesia tahun 2010.
[2] Jakarta Badan Bimas Ketahanan pangan (2002)
[3] Perarturan Pemerintah RI. UU No 7/1996 dan PP No 68.
Tentang ketahanan pangan. Departemen pertanian
Jakarta.
[4] Hardinsyah dan Martianto, D. (2001). Pembangunan
ketahanan pangan yang berbasis agribisnis dan
pemberdayaan masyarakat. Makalah dalam seminar
Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat untuk mencapai
ketahanan pangan dan pemulihan ekonomi.
Diselenggarakan oleh BBKP, Deptan.; PSKPG, IPN dan
Agrindo Aneka Consult, Jakarta.
[5] Kementerian Pertanian. (2009). Rencana Strategis
kementerian Pertanian 2009-2014, Jakarta.
[6] Pusat Ketersediaan dan Kerawanan Pangan. (2012).
Potensi Sumberdaya pangan Indonesia. BKP,
Kementerian Pertanian, Jakarta.
[7] Suryanti, E (2007). Antisipasi Strategis Nilai Budaya
Lokal di Area global Yogyakarta: Bappeda Provinsi DIY.
[8] Saptadi K Y (2008). Membaca Globalisasi dalam
Kacamata Perang Budaya makalah seminar Globalisasi
Sebi, dan Moral bangsa di Lembaga Ilmu pngetahuan
(LIPI), Jakarta.
[9] www.gopanganlokal.miti.or.id
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Turning Challenges into Opportunities: Urban Kampung

Heritage Planning as Industrial Tourism in Revolution Era 4.0,
Case Study Kampung Peneleh Surabaya, Indonesia
Aldi Dio Afrada1, Eka Nurul Farida2, Yunaz Ali Akbar Karaman3
1
Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga,
Jl. Airlangga No. 4-6, Airlangga, Gubeng, Surabaya, Jawa TImur 60115
2
Historical Science Department
Campus B Universitas Airlangga
*
ekanurulfarida@gmail.com

Abstract.This paper explains the efforts to preserve the existence of the urban kampong under the influence of Industrial Era 4.0. The
presence of this era is inevitable and unavoidable, which brings some challenges and opportunities for the urban kampongs to keep
their existence while nurturing their local wisdom. Using social and historical approaches, this study explains deeply about the
importance of maintaining the existence of the urban kampong in the Industrial Era 4.0 that will be developed into modern urban
tourism. Kampong Peneleh is one of the oldest neighborhoods located in the second largest city of Indonesia, Surabaya. This kampong
has some uniqueness in terms of local tradition and history due to many of national figures were born and grown up in this kampong.
Sensing the taste of this kampong, there are also ancient tombs and architectural buildings. The author identifies the idea of packaging
the old fashion into the modern cover. Hopefully, it may offer the visitors to enjoy the city in a different way, as said by Robbie Peters
that kampong is the best place to understand the city. The focus of this research is the strategy to package the conventional tourism
potential in Peneleh to be linear with Industrial Era 4.0. The output of this research is to integrate the tourism objects in Peneleh by
maximizing and digitizing based on online branding.

Keywords: Kampong, Industry 4.0, Tourism, Preserving

A. Introduction
Indonesia, as a developing country, has abundant tourism
potential. Huge potentials include cultural arts and natural
appearance (Oka A. Yoety: 2013). This tourism potential
resource is never run out, but preservation needs to be done so
that its originality is maintained and will be sustainable later.
With the development of today, efforts to preserve that potential
can be done with a creative campaign.
The development of the world of tourism is increasingly
showing developments in line with the Industrial Revolution
4.0. This development was massively marked by many tourism
industry providers and Startup businesses that use online media
for marketing their services. Indonesia also has a goal in line,
and it is proven by the launching of Making Indonesia 4.0 by
the Ministry of Industry. This strategy is an integrated roadmap
and aims to prepare a strategy to enter the industrial era 4.0
(Venti Eka Satya: 2018). However, the impact is reliable with
the development of the tourism industry. Big cities in some
countries have almost the same physical characteristics. As said
by Imelda Marcos that, that is why we are working towards the
preservation of the uniqueness of the city. (in Oka A. Yoety:
2013, xiii)
The problem of homogeneity will have an impact on and
endanger the nation's cultural life. One of them is the loss of the
identity of the original inhabitants of a city. For this reason, it is
necessary to develop a creative strategy so that the uniqueness
can still exist and remain sustainable as a tourism potential. One
of the uniqueness of a city is being alive in the urban
neighborhood called Kampong or Kampung. In all major cities
in Indonesia, urban neighborhood keeps their existence until
today. That is where city life begins. Even to find out the
characteristics and development of a city can be seen from the
uniqueness of people's lives in these urban neighborhoods or
kampongs.
The urban neighborhood plays an important role in the
development of a city. It cannot even be denied that the city
which is now being large and modern, was a long time ago
begun with smaller size neighborhood that is nowadays known
as kampong. However, in this era of modernization, urban
neighborhood stigma has emerged, namely identical with
poverty, crime, and slums. For this reason, it is necessary to
understand the real life of the urban neighborhood in this era
4.0. Not only seeing local residents, many historians also saying
that only native people lived, but Freek Colombijn said that in
this urban neighborhood there were many immigrants from
various ethnicities such as Europe, Arab, China and others
(Colombijn: 2014, 117-118). This study needs to know the
complexity in the urban kampong as well as the complexity of
the city. Some reasons why the existence of the urban kampong
need to be maintained is to get to know the complexity of a city.

256
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In this era of industrial revolution 4.0, a creative step is needed
to redefine the stigma towards the urban kampong and the
preservation of the neighborhood is maintained.
In of the 4.0 industrial revolution era, digital and integrated
things have been created to facilitate human works. One effort
to eliminate the stigmatization of the urban kampong above can
also be sought out by utilizing and maximizing the use of digital
media. By digitizing the advantages and uniqueness that are
owned by the urban kampong will be more accessible and then
widely known. One of the urban kampongs that has tourism
potential for digitalization is Kampong Peneleh in Surabaya.
Kampong Peneleh has a deep potential for historical tourism
that is already well-known. Since many of the national
revolution figures were born and grown up in Peneleh, this
kampong becomes identical with nationalism spirit, as said by
the first president of Indonesia Soekarno, that Surabaya was the
kitchen of nationalism and Soekarno himself also spent his
young time living in Peneleh. The other national figure was
Hadji Oemar Said's (HOS) Tjokroaminoto. His house is also
used by Bung Karno, Musso, Kartosuwiryo and several other
national figures to hold some discussion over freedom and
nationalism. The strength of ancient tourism is also
strengthened by the existence of the ancient buildings decorated
with old custom architectural styles and some ancient tombs.
The Jami 'Mosque with ancient nuances can also be an
attraction. Kampong Peneleh is adjacent to the Kalimas River,
Surabaya. The Kalimas River is located in the center of
Surabaya City and makes it as a symbol (Hertiarti Idajati: 2014,
3). As the main river in Surabaya, the Kalimas River
encouraged many important buildings in the colonial period
(Agus: 2016). In the colonial period, the Kalimas River was
very much alive livable for a variety of trade and other
activities, or in Howard Dick's term as the "golden river". On
this basis, there are many buildings near the river because it is
considered a strategic place.
The number of historical and cultural buildings can be used
as a potential attraction to become integrated tourism area. By
utilizing buildings around the Kalimas river flow, people can
easily find cultural and historical values the ancient buildings.
The existence of cultural and historical buildings around the
Kalimas river can be an opportunity to establish Surabaya
Integrated Heritage Tourism (SIHT). Later on, the visitors will
be boarded to go through the Kalimas River in Surabaya as the
old time when water became the main road of transportation.
Regardoing the destination, visitors will be invited to tour the
Kalimas River and will have a chance to see some historical and
cultural values in Kampong Peneleh.
The potential of the urban neighborhood has been told by
Kathrin, as called by "living museum" (Kathrin: 2012), can
provide a new understanding or deconstruction of the general
paradigm of a site, whether its potential can be a blessing, or be
a disaster. Becoming a blessing is when the urban neighborhood
257
can adjust to the market but still maintain its identity.
Conversely, the potential for disasters arises when the urban
neighborhood cannot maintain their daily identity. In regions
like this local culture will be able to become "products" to
become tourists' consumption (Noha Nasser: 2003, 1).
However, things like that will not happen if the community
naturally and indeed consciously keep and do their daily lives.
B. Methods
One of the most powerful ways to approach kampong
neighborhoods is from the eye of its own people. From the
perspective of its daily life, the authors could understand how
kampong became so unique and its potential things to be
marketed. This paper aims to re-introducing kampong in new
way based on the daily activity of the kampong people, and not
shaping the kampong from the tourists’ eyes. Hence,
ethnography and mental mapping is used to understand how the
kampong people take a reflection of their own neighborhood,
how they see their neighborhood, and how to define the
potential things of their neighborhood. In doing the ethnography
approaching, the authors established a home base in the
neighborhood, participated in social activities, and also
conducted a deep interview to dig the whole information from
the people. Not only the formal leader, kampong is also led by
an informal leader; moreover, the informal leader has a massive
voice in the kampong than the formal leader. That’s why, one
of the effective methods to collect the basic and holistic data is
started from the informal leader. One of the author has spent 3
years to research about this kampong, and since 6 previous
months she totally became a live-in researcher and stayed in the
informal leader’s house. Ethnography can provide an in-depth
understanding of the kampong as a neighborhood, not just in
terms of its everyday activities but also in terms of seeing spaces
and social life as a resident. From the perspective as resident,
the researcher can easily read the potential sector of the
kampong.
Another way that has been proven to dig the data of the
kampong was mental mapping. This mapping stresses the
mentality of the resident and how they draw their kampong as a
tourism object. The resident, moreover, also think about the
complexity, the risk, and the challenge in practicing changes of
their kampong to be a tourism object in Surabaya. The mental
mapping is very useful to initiate the intuition of the resident to
throw up their idea, hence the holistic consequences can be
accepted and resolved. Mental mapping at first is held in small
group of the resident based on the alley that they lived in. Each
alley consists of a structural bureaucratic system called RT (
Rukun Tetangga). After holding small forum group mental
mapping in each RT, the researcher then conducted a bigger one
that connects the information from each RT to another RT that
is now can be called as RW ( Rukun Warga) or Kampong itself.
In this section of bigger forum of mental mapping, there is no
certain requirement for resident who join in, in the forum is also
the place where the young and old generation can collaborate
their ideas of their neighborhoods. The fruitful differences of
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between ethnics and religions also makes this forum become so
alive and memorable. The output of this mental mapping forum
is the designed route of the tourism object and the route of each
RT that will be focused on local gastronomy.
Nevertheless, the resident of Kampong Peneleh also found
some challenges in facing 4.0 basic acknowledgement due to
the transition of the system based on internet of things. The
researchers explained about how the plan will start from online
branding, online ticketing, and also provide e-learning which
contains the digitized data of transcript oral history and another
additional information of the kampong. Media training is was
chosen to train the resident that will be responsible to manage
those online media branding. From this methods, the
researchers also saw how the information flows from the old
generation to the young, so that the young age can be wisely
define their neighborhood in context of history and place
bonding.
Figure. 1 Local resident is making mental mapping to
clarify the potentials aspect of each alleys.
Figure. 2 The portrayal of mental mapping Kampong
Peneleh.
C. Findings and Argument
Kampong, as understood from the past, was always be
identified for its poverty, crime, and lose people live in.
Nowadays, people need to redefine the meaning of the
Kampong if they want to know what the Kampong is and the
sense of its importance. For instances, as many historians said
if kampung is only a place for indigenous people, but Freek
Colombijn said, kampung is not only the place for indigenous,
it is the place for many ethnic like the European, Arabic,
Chinese, etc. (Colombijn: 2014,117-118) Complexity in
258
kampong, is a smaller figure of the real complexity in the cities.
If a country of a city is a macrocosmos, the kampong needs to
be microcosmos too, so it can easily be read the city or even a
country from its kampong or neighborhood. For many reason,
the existence of urban neighborhood needs to be guarded,
because kampong as an urban neighborhood can point put the
character of the city. The other reason, urban neighborhood is
the best place to see the complexity of city. The complexity in
Kampong, especially Peneleh, Plampitan, and Pandean are the
good examples (exact picture) to understand the composition in
the city. In some side, there are people living in prosperity
(usually lived close to the road). However, when it comes to get
deeper, we will know more about the accessibility of space and
power. It's a simple example but also emphasize great
explanation about how complex kampongs and cities are. In
addition, there are also some historical buildings in Kampung
Peneleh Dutch-style architecture and many more ethnic-style
that are still preserved authenticity. The potential aspect of this
urban neighborhood, Kampong Peneleh, simply shows what
Kathrin calls as "living museum" (Kathrin: 2012).
During the industrial revolution 4.0, the potential produced
by the urban neighborhood could be a blessing, and could also
be a disaster. Become a blessing when the kampong can adjust
to the market but still maintain its identity. Conversely, the
potential for disasters arises if the kampong cannot maintain
their daily identity. This is the place where the heritage is being
transformed into a product for the tourist consumption. (Noha
Nasser: 2003, 1). Nevertheless, things like that will not happen
if the community is natural and indeed consciously maintain
and do their daily lives.
Rebranding The Kampong : Peneleh Integrated Tourism
Planning
Within the context of planning in historic environments, a
dichotomy exists between preserving the past for its intrinsic
values and the need for development in response to changing
societal values. This conflict arises from the new sense of
historicity and romantic nostalgia for the past, (Lowenthal:
1985) as Lowenthal said, the urban neighborhood or kampong
can be used a past and nowadays as a tool to understand. The
reflection of the past can be found at Kampong, as well as the
current conditions. In the industrial revolution era, everything
needs to be modernized, including the Kampong.
Modernization, in this case, does not like to get restoration or
development. The packaging of the neighborhood is the main
point that needs to be modern. Introducing the community to
the Kampong and its various angles. It becomes one of the
interesting things in this era which in some aspects becomes
unreliable stuff. Kampongs or urban neighborhood can be an
alternative to offer some fun vacations that currently can be said
to be anti-mainstream, rather than spending holidays in malls
other mainstreams tourism objects. Furthermore, Kampong
tourism will also give visitors an experience that will not be
obtained elsewhere, and this is the most important press point
related to obtaining values.
CISAK 2019
The plan is that the neighborhood will be transformed to a
prototype for urban kampong heritage tourism development.
The election is based on the condition of the neighborhood to
be completed as a place where the aspects of the past and current
conditions can be met. To attract the interest of curiosity and
public understanding when visiting the urban kampong, it can
be packaged with simple games such as posting to social media
when visiting the neighborhood and also spreading widely
through the captions and descriptions. There are two potentials
that can be generated by doing these simple games. First,
visitors will know more about what's live inside the
neighborhood, then spread it through the visitors' social media
and their descriptions. Secondly, the photos and descriptions
that are distributed by visitors will be seen by the community.
This brings benefits because at the same time the community
will know about the existence of the neighborhood and may
make a direct visit to the kampong. From this method, there will
be two benefits at the same time if it is packaged like that.
Deconstruction of “village” stigma in urban neighborhood can
be redefined as the explicit implication of this program, there
will be also some explanation to give a new perspective to the
community on how to look at the urban neighborhood or
kampongs with other angels of perspectives.
At the same time, residents can take advantage of visits
made by the community by presenting traditional home-based
food or snacks to be served to visitors and also make some
cooking class of traditional food. These skills of cooking are
owned by mothers who are partially housewives. So, if the
women of the kampong can market and brand their products,
they no longer need to work outside the kampong and also can
take care of their children independently. The results obtained
from traditional food can be managed as a business and
additional capital that is useful for the family economy. Later,
housewives will make traditional food by order. Indirectly,
what is done by mothers will make the neighborhood as a center
for Surabaya Gastronomy, especially traditional foods. For
instance, urban Kampong Peneleh will also be a destination for
those who are longing and want to taste traditional foods in
Surabaya.
To adjust and facilitate the conditions of the times, tourism
services can be packaged with online media. The purpose of
digitalization is done to make it easier for people to access
because it does not require excessive effort just by using online
media. To make it easier, e-money-based payment services will
be provided, so that it can target and facilitate various groups.
The existence of cultural and historical values and combined
with an integrated tour will directly not be able to raise the
uniqueness of the village. This is very much in line with what
the Surabaya city government wants to achieve, as a city with
character and global competitiveness.
The hamlet is adjacent to the Kalimas river, Surabaya. The
Kalimas river is located in the city center has become an identity
of Surabaya. (Hertiarti Idajati: 2014, 3) As the main river in
Surabaya, the Kalimas river encourages the emergence of
important buildings in the colonial period (Agus: 2016). During
259
the colonial period, the Kalimas river was very alive for various
activities both trade and other, or in Howard Dick's term as the
"golden river" (Dick: ....). On this basis, there are many
buildings near the river because it is considered a strategic
place. This condition of the golden era of Kalimas in colonial
period cannot be seen again nowadays due to the changes of
stigmatization that the paved road be more effective to use than
the river. Another aim of this urban heritage planning is to
reliving the river as its golden time, as a golden river as its name
implies. Howard Dick also said that nowadays, people couldn’t
be blamed if they had a new name to mention the Kalimas river
as the Death River and no longer Golden River because of less
fewer activities were done by the people in the river, except
throwing the plastic and waste. Reluctantly, the authors also
have to mention that the homeless people also use the Kalimas
river as their sewerage.
The number of historical and cultural buildings can be used
as a potential to be used as an integrated tourism area. By
utilizing buildings around the Kalimas river flow, buildings can
be easily found that have cultural values and historical values.
The existence of cultural and historical buildings around the
Kalimas river can be an opportunity to establish Surabaya
Integrated Heritage Tourism (SIHT). Later, the visitors will be
boarded to go through the Kalimas river in Surabaya. Regarding
the destination, visitors will be invited to surround the Kalimas
river and will lean to see some historical and cultural values.
To adjust and facilitate the conditions of the times, cultural
tourism services will be based online by accessing the site first.
The purpose of online media use is to make it easier for people
to access, since it does not require excessive effort by only using
online media. To make it easier, e-money-based payment
services will be provided, so that it can target and facilitate
various groups. The existence of cultural and historical values
and combined with an integrated tour will directly and
indirectly make the river return to life or reliving the river, this
is very much in accordance with what the Surabaya city
government wants to achieve.
Soekarno House
Soekarno House became an object to learn a history.
Soekarno was born in the village of Peneleh, more precisely in
Pandean. Sukarno's big name as the founding father seems to be
one of the reasons why people should know how the life of "the
proclamator". Soekarno was born to a mother from Bali. In
which Pandean area is known historically as an area inhabited
by many Balinese people. The footprint can still be known to
date, although it has not been as much as in recent years.
Soekarno's childhood life played a major role in the following
days as he understood a problems very well. Soekarno met
"fathers of founding fathers", HOS Tjokroaminoto in the area
around Soekarno's house.
Jami Peneleh Mosque
The existence of Jami Peneleh Mosque is self-sufficient
according to some of the surrounding communities. It is older
than the Ampel mosque which was founded by Sunan Ampel.
The location of the mosque adjacent to the Kalimas river which
is considered as the emergence of Jami mosque. In addition, the
CISAK 2019
existence of a mosque can be understood as the existence of
Islamic jurisprudence in the Peneleh area.
The potential of Jami Peneleh mosque as a heritage tourism
is enormous. Masjid Jami, the other name offers an alternative
narration about the spread of Islam in Surabaya. Beside learning
the narrative, people can see the structure and architecture of
the Jami Peneleh Mosque.
HOS Tjokroaminoto's house
As the father of the nation's teachers, the existence of HOS
Tjokroaminoto and his legendary house cannot be forgotten.
HOS Tokokaminoto's house became legendary because it was
inhabited by the fathers of the nation and had a significance
influence on their knowledge of the concept of the state and
nationalism. It has been told that HOS's house had been rented
as boarding house by Soekarno, Muso, Kartosoewirdjo. It was
at HOS Tjokroaminoto's house that they had political dynamics
since they were teenagers, seeking identity as both human and
political people. The great influence of HOS in the development
of nationalism or called Takashi as the "Moving Age" has a
profound effect on the current state of the nation. The existence
of the HOS house as a historical heritage can be used as a
cultural and historical site. The nation's father's appearance
house can be one of the integrated destinations of Urban
Heritage Tourism. After visiting several previous destinations,
visitors were taken to the home of HOS Tjokroaminoto.
Providing brief information posters in each part of the building
is done to make it easier for visitors to obtain information
regarding HOS Tjokroaminoto and his home. In addition,
repeated restoration without alteration is done to rejuvenate the
building so that it remains standing firm for a long time.
Peneleh Colonial Cemetery
Peneleh is a tomb that was built by the Dutch when they
were still occupying Indonesia. The construction of the
cemetery itself was initially intended for Dutch people and a
small number of other ethnic groups. Like the European-style
tomb tradition, the impression of luxury and magnificence is
shown. In the current conditions, the tomb has undergone many
changes in both shape and function. Changes in functions that
occur and are carried out by the community are commonly
known as space commodification (...). Changes in the function
of the tomb space from before being a sacred place during the
colonial period then becoming a public space in the future
occurred as a form of struggle for urban space. The need for
space encourages people to make the most of the available
space, including the tomb (Purnawan: 2013). This kind of
change becomes a new and unique knowledge for the
community, that it turns out that there are such cases in urban
life. Later the visitors will be brought in and look at the tomb to
find out and understand what changes appear physically and
functionally.
Kampong Peneleh
The search area has gone through many times in its journey
as a village. In the context of the past, the village of Peneleh is
inhabited not only by indigenous people, but also multiracial
people. What happened in the hamlet village can be a construct
from a general view, about a village (Colombijn: 2014,117-
260
118). For the present context, Peneleh village can be used as an
object of observation regarding diversity of the city. Organic
differences in this matter can be observed in the part of how a
village is inhabited by a diversity of social classes. There are
many high-rise buildings in front of the village; however, the
deeper into the village, the smaller and narrower the houses will
be. This kind of social order can only be found in urban villages.
Nearby villages and colonial tombs can give an idea of how
space commodification takes place. Many people in the village
of Peneleh use the colonial cemetery for public activity.
At that time, local villagers could take advantage of visits
made by the community by presenting traditional home-based
food or snacks to be served to visitors. The existence of visitor
snacks will benefit mothers who are partly housewives. The
results obtained from traditional snacks can be used as a side
business as additional capital that is useful for the family
economy. Later, housewives will make traditional snacks by
request. Indirectly, what is done by mothers will make the
kampong peneleh a center for traditional Surabaya snacks. With
this, the peneleh village will also be a destination for those who
are longing and want to taste traditional snacks in Surabaya.
Kampong Peneleh is geographically adjacent to the Kalimas
river, Surabaya. The Kalimas river is located in the city center
has become an identity of Surabaya (Hertiarti Idajati: 2014.3)
As the main river in Surabaya, the Kalimas river attracts the
emergence of important buildings in the colonial period (Agus:
2016). During the colonial period, the Kalimas river was very
alive for various activities both trade and other, or in Howard
Dick's term as the "golden river" (Dick: ....). On this basis, there
are many buildings near the river because it is considered a
strategic place.
In order not to become a short trip, it will be integrated with
other heritage tourism areas. The number of historical and
cultural buildings can be used as a potential to be used as an
integrated tourism area. By utilizing buildings around the
Kalimas river flow, buildings can be easily found that have
cultural values and historical values. The existence of cultural
and historical buildings around the Kalimas river can be an
opportunity to establish Surabaya Integrated Heritage Tourism
(SIHT). Later, the visitors will be boarded to go through the
Kalimas river in Surabaya. In accordance with the destination,
visitors will be invited to surround the Kalimas river and will
lean to see some historical and cultural values.
To adjust and facilitate the conditions of the times, then
cultural tourism services will be based online by accessing the
site first. The purpose of online media use is to make it easier
for people to access, because it does not require excessive effort
by only using online media. So, before traveling, visitors must
book tickets online, then carry out the next stage. Content on
the website itself is designed to provide a kind of basic e-
learning for visitors about what they will visit. The use of e-
learning is very relevant to the revolutionary 4.0 discourse
industry, where internet-based activities spearhead it. In order
to make it easier, e-money-based payment services will be
provided, so that it can target and facilitate various groups. The
use of e-money can reduce the circulation of paper money and
CISAK 2019

keep up with the conditions of the times that are switching to

the use of Fintech.

The existence of cultural and historical values and

combined with an integrated tour will directly and indirectly
make the river return to life or reliving the river. All of these
programs can fulfill what the Surabaya city government wants
to achieve. Furthermore, what is done will contribute to the
preservation of the uniqueness of the city. With this also, the
possibility of heritage tourism as "acute in places of heritage
value where the local culture with its built heritage is being
transformed into a product for the tourist consumption" (Noha
Nasser: 2003, 1) can be minimized, or even avoided. The
Diversity Organic of the village is the reason that the possibility
of change for the fulfillment of commodities. Lastly and also
the most important, the existence of heritage tourism can Figure. 3 Kampong Peneleh Guide Map in Urban
Kampong Heritage Planning.
prevent the village of researchers and surrounding areas from
destruction and alienation by the times. Later the community
was increasingly reluctant to find out about these kinds of
things. It is expected that the packaging of heritage tourism of
this kind can provide new colors and approaches to

attract the interest of the public so that they are not

trapped in the mainstream model.

D. Conclusion [5] Idajati, Hertiarti. 2014. Cultural and Tourism Planning as Tool for
A conclusion should include (1) the principles and City Revitalization : The Case Study of Kalimas River, Surabaya-
Indonesia. Procedia – Social Science and Behavioral Sciences 135
generalizations inferred from results, (2) any limitation or
[6] Ubaidilah, Ahmad Agus. 2016. Kajian Sejarah Maritim: Peranan
exceptions to these principles and generalizations, (3) Sungai Kalimas sebagai Jalur Perdagangan dan Pengaruhnya bagi
theoretical and/or practical implication of the work, and (4) Etnis Arab di Surabaya 1902-1930. Skripsi: Universitas Islam Negeri
conclusions and recommendations. Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
To attract the interest of curiosity and public understanding [7] Dürrschmidt, Kathrin. 2012. Living Museum as a Way of Preserving
when visiting the kampong, it can be packaged with simple Cultural Knowledge. Cultural Villages and Living Museum
games such as posting to social media with the captions and International Committee of Museum of Etnography International
descriptions when visiting the kampong. There are two Council of Museum.
potentials that can be generated by doing these simple games. [8] Dick, Howard. ….
Firstly, visitors will know about what is the inside the [9] Nasser, Noha. 2003. Planning for Urban Heritage Places:
neighborhood by posting it through social media and spread Reconsiling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development.
Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 17, No. 4.
globally. Secondly, the photos and descriptions that are shared
[10] Shiraishi, Takashi. 1997. Zaman Bergerak: Radikalisme Rakyat di
by visitors which will be seen by the community. This will bring
Jawa 1912-1926. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti
some benefits because the community will know about the
[11] Basundoro, Purnawan. 2013. Merebut Ruang Kota: Aksi
existence of the kampong and may plan a direct visit to the
Rakyat Miskin Kota Surabaya 1900-1960an. Jakarta:
kampong. So, from this method, there will be two benefits at the
same time if packaged old fashion of Kampung Peneleh with a Marjin Kiri.
very modern one offered by Industrial Era 4.0. Urban kampong
deconstruction will also be explained to give a new perspective
to the community on how to look at the kampong with other
perspectives.
E. References
[1] Satya, Venti Eka. 2018. Strategi Indonesia Menghadapi Industri 4.0.
Jurnal Info Singkat. Vol. X. No. 09/I/Puslit/Mei/2018.
[2] Yuty, Oka A. 1985. Komersialisasi Seni Budaya Dalam Pariwisata.
Bandung: Angkasa
[3] Colombijn, Freek. 2014. Under Construction. Leiden: Brill.
[4] Lowenthal, David. 1985. The past is a foreign country. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.

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CISAK 2019

Addressing the Indonesia’s Legal Stance on ISIS Foreign

Fighters
M Choirul Hidayat1*, Annisa Lintang Hapsari1, Cahyani Aisyiah1,
Farah Salsabilah1,*
1
Faculty of Law, University of Brawijaya,
Jl Mt Haryono 169 Malang

Corresponding author: 1*choirulhidayat8@gmail.com

1
annisa.lintang@gmail.com
1
acahyani97@gmail.com
1
farahsalsabilaxxx@gmail.com

Abstract: Foreign Fighters undermine international peace and security by joining and supporting terrorist attacks, not only in the conflict area but
also to their home countries. In April 2015, the United Nations estimated that there were at least 22,000 foreign fighters (FFs) from 100 countries had
joined the conflict in Syria and Iraq, including approximately 4,000 from Western Europe. Indonesia, as a signatory of United Nations Security Council
Resolution 2170, has committed to suppressing the flow of foreign fighters. However, the prosecution of FFs is hampered by the fact that Indonesia
does not have the law in prosecuting them. This paper concludes that while Indonesian Citizenship law cannot be used to prosecute ISIS Foreign
Fighters; however, there are practical challenges in the application of Indonesia’s existing laws to FFs prosecutions.

Keywords: Foreign Fighters, Terrorism. Security. Attacks.

A. Introduction to involve in various terrorist attacks had risen to over

In the immediate aftermath of Bali Bombing in 2002,
Indonesia discovered its fear that the country was perceived as
a part of the global terrorist network which links to Islamist
extremist movements. Over the past fifteen years, the scale of
fear would only get worse as radical Islamist groups were
resilient in their fight, and continued to strike some strategic
places successively. The discovery of link of terrorist network
with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) revealed that
terrorist networks are reassessing their strategy to create
resilient and lethal tactics for a future attack. They are also
believed to have private networks in almost every province in
the country.
In 2014, a total of 60 Indonesian Citizens were
expected to join ISIS. Furthermore, in January 2016, the
Indonesian government put the number to 700. The increase
was soaring because the recruitment targets were Indonesian
migrant workers and students living in the Middle East.
Indonesian Foreign Fighters Independent research on Syria
found that some of these Foreign Terrorist Fighter were students
in Yemen and Pakistan. The most remembered one was Riza
Fardi who released a recruitment video for Indonesian jihadist
known as "Join The Ranks." The number of ISIS Foreign
Fighters emerging from countries around the world is yet
unclear. As of early 2016, the number of foreign fighters who
had travelled to the conflict areas, especially to Iraq and Syria
42.000.[1]
Most of these individuals indeed came from the
Middle East countries and the Arab world. However, there were
many foreign fighters also came from Western countries such
as countries of European Union members, the United States,
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[2] The phenomenon of
these foreign fighters was underlying the assumptions that an
individual travelling to Iraq and Syria would pose a terrorist
threat to their home country when they returned. In December
2015, an Indonesian foreign fighter with self-declared ISIS,
Salim Mubarok At-Tamimi uploaded a video message stating
that he and other ISIS comrades would return and target the
Indonesian military and police. It was an evidence that the
primary fear of governments is was that the travel of foreign
fighters contributes to the radicalization and the acquisition of
capabilities to carry out terrorist attacks and continue to threaten
national security in the upcoming years. Officials were worried
that these foreign fighters would be radicalized and determined
to launch terrorist attack in the home country. With the
numerous attack happened in Jakarta, there was an urgency to
take effective and preventive actions to counter the threat posed
by foreign fighters among policy makers and security actors
worldwide.
B. Methods

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This paper aims to analyze Indonesia’s legal stance of
Foreign Fighters. This paper is normative research which uses
legislation, historical, and comparative approach. This research
leads to legal research by using two sources of legal materials,
namely: primary legal material and secondary legal material.
The mechanism of legal materials collection was done through
library research, and it was then analyzed in qualitative
descriptive. This paper has twofold goals. First, this paper
examines the legal challenges of FTF in Indonesia, and second,
from this examination, it then develops and proposes some
recommendations to counter the practical challenges in the
enforcement of FTF in Indonesia. It will focus on the legal
measures and prosecutorial approach, and the challenges and
difficulties that arise in such prosecutions.
C. Findings and Argument
a. Definition of FFs
The phenomenon of the rise of civilians who expressed
their desire to leave and participate in armed conflict abroad is
not a new phenomenon and specific to Indonesia. This
phenomenon is also prevalent in some countries in Europe,
America, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Foreign Fighter has
long been a key element of transnational jihad. In the 1980s,
foreign nationals flocked to South Asia to fight with the Afghan
mujahidin. The same thing happened at lower levels in Bosnia
and Chechnya in the 1990s, and the same thing that happened
during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It is repeated to Iraq and Syria,
where there have never been more than 20,000 Foreign Terrorist
Fighter from more than 100 countries from all over the world
expected to travel to join the ISIS and other extremist groups.
[3]The unresolved conflict in Syria has therefore placed the FFs
phenomenon on the international agenda as one of the most
pressing transnational security issues of our time. These Foreign
Fighters stands by a leadership role in an organizational
hierarchy, but have no proportional responsibility for the cruelty
and brutality committed. ISIS also uses extreme violence to
create a climate of impunity, and to intimidate both civilian and
other potential enemies. So far neither factors nor reasons have
been found to explain the successful recruitment of Foreign
Terrorist Fighter joining ISIS, in addition to information
technology that massively contributed. Rapid information
disseminates through powerful media propaganda such as
Youtube and Twitter. [4] Some are used for global recruitment,
specifically targeted to European citizens through video
recruitment published regularly in English.
The flow of FFs on such a large scale will inevitably
have consequences far beyond the areas of conflict themselves.
They will also be felt in countries of origin, countries of return,
and in transit countries, as well as across the international
community more broadly. The presence of FFs seems to have
contributed to the intensification and prolongation of the
conflict in Syria. It has also increased the brutality of the
fighting, the frequency of human rights violations, the violent
263
discrimination against minorities, and the increase in
transnational organized crime, including the trafficking of
people and drugs, which are generally regarded as among the
fastest-growing and ‘most heinous forms of transnational
organized crime. The FF threat is rapidly evolving and
changing, and is unlikely to be fully contained in the short term.
A significant longer-term risk is posed by FFs returning to their
countries of origin or upon their arrival in third countries. [5]
According to the Security Council, terrorist organizations such
as Al-Qaida, the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also
known as Da’esh), and associated groups have attracted over
30,000 FTFs from over 100 Member States.
There is no universally accepted definition of
terrorism. Definitions put forward in various international
treaties generally center on the use of violence for political or
ideological ends. In Resolution 1566, adopted unanimously in
2004, the Security Council described terrorism as:
“Criminal acts, including against civilians,
committed with the intent to cause death or serious
bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose
to provoke a state of terror in the general public or
in a group of persons or particular persons,
intimidate a population or compel a government or
an international organization to do or to abstain
from doing any act, which constitute offences within
the scope of and as defined in the international
conventions and protocols relating to terrorism.”
On the other hand, based on their post-conflict
behavior, foreign fighters can be divided in five types:[6]
(i) The martyr, a foreign fighter who joins a conflict and
is killed on the battlefield. The martyr will pose no
further risk to the country of origin unless the
martyrdom itself is used as a recruiting tool by other
members.
(ii) The veteran: an experienced fighter who continues
fighting in other theatres of conflict. In this case, the
veteran sees jihad as a way of life. While the veteran is
a risk to people in conflict zones, it is believed that he
has no risk to the country of origin in the West.
(iii) The recruiter: Usually a former foreign fighter who
returned home to recruit others to fight, often quite
successfully because of his “street credibility”.
(iv) The reintegrated fighter: A one-time foreign fighter.
After the conflict or his role has ended, the reintegrated
fighter will return and resume his pre-departure life or
will at least not be involved in terrorist activity.
(v) The terrorist: when he someone comes into contact
with terrorist networks in conflict zones, he becomes
convinced that it is not only a priority to fight for the
oppressed abroad, but also to target the country of
origin. This type of foreign fighter – not infrequently
converts to Islam–undergo the most fundamental shift
in identity and norms and pose a direct threat to the
country of origin.”
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There is also a particular concern that individuals
travelling to war-zones like Syria may become further
radicalised while there, and may receive combat training and
extremist indoctrination, and develop intense social
associations by generating friendship networks and perceiving
mutual loyalties that could be the basis of autonomous,
transnational terrorist cells in the future.[7]
b. Indonesia’s Legal Stance on FFs:
Citizenship Law and Penal Code
The rise of Indonesian Citizens who join international
/ non-international armed conflicts makes a distinct problem for
the existence of international humanitarian law, namely those
directly involved in combat and those not directly involved in
war (non-combatant). Regarding the Hague Law which
establishes the rights and obligations of the warring parties in
carrying out military operations, and establishes restrictions on
the means which may be used to harm the enemy. The status of
the merged Indonesian citizens will then determine the
treatment and the actions that should be given when they occur
war.
The role of the State in this matter has sought the
process of socialization (public awareness campaign), this is
done by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the Directorate
of Protection of Indonesian Citizens and Indonesian Legal
Entities. Socialization is not only done in the country but it is
also done in some countries indicated by radical movement.
Preventive efforts continue to be encouraged in order to
suppress the interest of Indonesian citizens to the radical
movement, one of them by involving the citizen in social
activities or community of Indonesian citizen in a foreign
country.
A growing number of laws with “FF” provisions,
including those of Austria, Australia, Bahrain, Belgium,
Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom allow or
have allowed the authorities to revoke citizenship of nationals
convicted of terrorism-related offenses, or in some cases even
if they are not charged with a crime. The Universal Declaration
of Human Rights affirms that everyone has a right to a
nationality, and that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
or her nationality.[8]
Legal consequences when Indonesian citizens join the
armed conflict is not the authority of the government to process
it because the sovereignty of Indonesia does not apply in foreign
countries. In another word, Indonesian law will not be
applicable to the citizens who is in charge. So, when citizens are
involved and caught, The State consular monitoring can deal
with that, which means the State will accompany through
lawyers.
The 1961 Convention on the Reduction of
Statelessness restricts the situations in which a person may be
lawfully deprived of nationality if such deprivation results in
statelessness. The International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) prohibits arbitrarily banning people from
264
returning to their country. To ensure that anyone targeted is not
left stateless, most countries’ “FF” measures strip citizenship
only from dual nationals. The effectiveness of stripping
citizenship as a means of confronting a transnational terrorist
threat is questionable. Banishment risks transferring control of
terrorism suspects to governments that may not prosecute them.
Moreover, terrorists who learn or suspect they are non grata
may simply commit attacks elsewhere, including on foreign-
based facilities of the country that revoked their citizenship.
The juridical regulations related to Indonesian
citizenship are regulated in the Law of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 12 Year 2006 (hereinafter referred to as Law
Number 12 Year 2006) concerning the Citizenship of the
Republic of Indonesia. One of the things regulated in Law
Number 12 Year 2006 are the ways in which the loss of
Indonesian citizenship status. Under Indonesian citizenship
law, Indonesia does not recoqnize the dual citizenship, and
several situation would revoke the citizenship status. Forfeiture
of Citizenship mentioned under article 23, article 25 and article
26 Law Number 12 Year 2006 about the Indonesian Citizenship
Article 23
Indonesian citizens lose their citizenship if concerned:
a. Obtaining another citizenship of his will own;
b. Not refusing or not releasing citizenship
others, while the person concerned gets
opportunity for that;
c. Declared lost citizenship by the President
over his own petition, concerned already aged
18 (eighteen) years old or already married,
housed living abroad, and declared as missing
Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia does
not become without citizenship;
d. Entered in the foreign army service without
prior permission first from the President;
e. Voluntarily enter in the foreign service,
which is positions in such a service in
Indonesia are appropriate with the provisions
of legislation only may be held by Indonesian
Citizens;
f. Voluntarily appoint an oath or declare a
pledge of allegiance to a foreign country or
part of a country the foreigner;
g. Not required but participating in the election
something constitutional to a country foreign;
h. Have a passport or letter of a passport from a
foreign country or a letter that may be
interpreted as a sign a valid nationality from
another country his name; or
i. Residing outside the territory of the Republic
of Indonesia for 5 (five) years continuously is
not in the framework of the state service, for
no legitimate reason and by deliberately not
expressing his desire to remains as an
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Indonesian citizen before term the 5 (five)
year period ends, and every 5 (five) years the
next concerned does not file the statement
wants to remain an Indonesian citizen to the
Regional Representative of the Republic of
Indonesia his work includes the residence in
question whereas the Representative of the
Republic of Indonesia has notify in writing to
who concerned, as long as concerned does not
become stateless.
Related to Indonesian citizens who support the ISIS
movement, it raises the legal issue that the government is
issuing namely the deprivation of Indonesian citizenship against
ISIS supporters. Revoke the citizenship of Indonesian citizens
who pledge loyal to ISIS. If it refers to Article 23 letter e and
letter f of Law Number 12 Year 2006 states that Indonesian
Citizen loses his / her nationality if the person concerned:
a. voluntarily enter in the foreign service, which is
positions in such a service in Indonesia are appropriate
with the provisions of legislation only may be held by
Indonesian Citizens;
b. voluntarily appoint an oath or declare a pledge of
allegiance to a foreign country or part of a country the
foreigner;
Subject to the provisions of the Article above matters
which may result in a person losing his nationality in broad
terms, relating to what that person does in connection with
another country. Therefore, before concluding that a person
who participated in the ISIS movement could be deprived of
Indonesian citizenship by the government, it should first be
examined whether the ISIS is a state entity or not.
Under Montevideo Convention on the Rights and
Duties of States Year 1933 in the article 1 stated: “the state as
a person of international law should possess the following
qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) defined
territory; (c) goverment; and (d) capacity to enter into relations
with the other states. If it refers to the provisions of Article 1 of
the Montevideo Convention above, ISIS does not qualify as an
entity as a country. That's because ISIS does not have a
permanent population, a permanent area, and a sovereign
government. Because of that, the provisions of Article 23 of
Law Number 12 Year 2006 are difficult to apply in the case of
ISIS. Therefore, the Indonesian citizenship status which as ISIS
supporters can not be revoked of Indonesian citizenship.
Indonesia’s legal position on the ISIS foreign fighters
in Indonesia is still debatable. This dilemma is faced by
Indonesia in the fight against foreign fighters who return from
Syria. There is no specific foreign fighter law under which to
charge them. Some legal experts argue that joining a foreign
military or terrorist organization may be prosecuted under the
Indonesian Criminal Code article 139 which criminalise
rebellion (makar). [9]
Article 139 (a)
Rebellion with intention of seceding a territory or a
area from a friendly nation in whole or in part from the
265
control of the authorized government, punishable by
up to five years imprisonment.
Article 139 (b)
Rebellion with the intention to illegally overthrow or
alter the form of government of a friendly nation
punishable by up to four years imprisonment.
Article 139 (c)
Criminal conspiracy to commit crimes as set out in
articles 139 (a) and 139 (b) punishable by up to one
year and six months imprisonment.
From the above regulation, questions are raised
whether Iraq and Syria are friendly nations; as the term of
“friendly nation” is not described in the Penal Code. However,
legal expert emphasizes that the establishment of diplomatic
relations between those countries may be used as a legal basis
to classify a “friendly nation”. However, the legal challenge at
the prosecution level hampered the effort. In 2015, authorities
had initially used article 139 to punish those engaged in
“rebellion” against a friendly state, which is in this case, Syria.
However, the charge then was not pursued, and instead,
prosecutors pursued the defendant with charges of funding a
terrorist training camp in Indonesia.
c. The Case of Afief Abdul Madjid
A 63-year-old radical cleric, Afief Abdul Madjid, is
the first Indonesian to be prosecuted after returning from IS
training in Syria. He was sentenced to four years’ jail on
Monday in the Central Jakarta District Court. Madjid took part
in IS military training during a month-long trip to Syria from
December 2013 to January 2014. The indictment against him
including the allegation of his trip to Syria through Kuala
Lumpur, transitting in Turkey before reaching Syria, his oath to
IS and the place he spent his military training a month. Upon
his return to Indonesia, Madjid was also accused of attending a
discussion in Central Jawa, where he urged the audience to
support IS. This case showed dilemma of how Indonesian
government deals with the ISIS foreign fighters. At first, the
prosecutor charged Madjid with article 139 of the Penal Code.
Later on, they charged Madjid with the Anti Terrorism Law,
funding a terrorist training camp in Aceh. Madjid admitted in
the trial that he travelled to Syria to join Islamic State (IS) and
later returned to Indonesia, where he started publicly advocating
IS, and how Muslims should go to Syria to fight against the
western countries.
d. United Nations Security Council
Resolution 2178 To Suppress The Flow
Of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (Ftfs)
UN Resolution 2178, drafted primarily by the United
States, requires all UN member states to take action to stem the
“acute and growing threat posed by foreign terrorist fighters”
(“FTFs”) at home and abroad. The United Nations estimates
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that 30,000 people from about 100 countries have traveled to
countries including Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, and Yemen
since 2011 to join extremist armed forces, particularly ISIS.
[10] Like other major UN Security Council counterterrorism
resolutions enacted since the attacks of September 11, 2001.
Resolution 2178 defines “foreign terrorist fighters” as
“individuals who travel to a State other than their States of
residence or nationality for the purpose of the perpetration,
planning, or preparation of, or participation in, terrorist acts or
the providing or receiving of terrorist training, including in
connection with armed conflict.”
The resolution calls on member states to share
intelligence on suspected “FTFs.” It encourages states to collect
and analyze travel data “without resorting to profiling based on
stereotypes founded on the grounds of discrimination prohibited
by international law,” but does not specify the need to protect
privacy rights, in addition, the resolution calls on governments
to “enhance efforts” on “countering violent extremism” (CVE),
but in terms so vague as to conflate some non-violent activities
with terrorism and stigmatize Muslim communities. [11]
Resolution 2178 is legally binding since the enactment
of Resolution 2178. It compels all UN member states to
prosecute as “serious criminal offenses,” any travel or intended
travel abroad to join or train with a terrorist organization. It also
requires member states to criminalize any direct or indirect
fundraising or recruitment for foreign terrorist groups. Prior to
this Resolution, foreign fighters were not assumed as threat to
civilization. They were seen as volunteers who are ready to
sacrifice their lives armed extremist groups such as ISIS, Al-
Qaeda, and their followers which had killed thousands of
civilians–the majority of them Muslims–in heinous attacks from
Paris to Bamako, Brussels to Baghdad, Dhaka to Quetta,
Istanbul to the skies above Sinai, and beyond. To confront with
this transnational threat, the UN and its member states have a
responsibility to respond. Indeed, governments have an
obligation under international law to protect everyone within
their jurisdiction.
D. Conclusion
The status of Indonesia citizen is still acknowledged as
a citizen of Indonesia. Law no 12 Year 2006 of Indonesian
citizenship, in article 23 (e, f) it states that Indonesia will only
removes one's citizenship status if voluntarily appoint an oath
or declare a pledge of allegiance to a foreign country. While
radical movements like ISIS are not a State, and no country
recognizes ISIS as a subject of international law. So, their
citizenship status is still recognized as Indonesia citizen who
joined the terrorist organizations or a militia in the conlflict
areas in overseas, including Syria. They will be punishable
under the new Anti Terrorism Law. Article 12A Paragraph (2)
of the Bill on the Antiterrorism states that 'any person who
deliberately becomes a member or recruits a person to become
a member of a corporation established and / or judged as a
terrorist organization shall be subject to imprisonment of a
minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 7 years.
266
E. References
[1] Bart Schuurman “Foreign Fighter Returnees & The
Reintegration Challenge” Centre of Excellent
Radicalisation Awareness Network Issue Paper, pp. 9,
2016
[2] Efraim Benmelech Esteban F. Klor, “What Explains The
Flow Of Foreign Fighters To Isis?” Nber Working Paper
Series, vol. 22190, pp. 4-6, 2016.
[3] Thomas Hegghammer, “The rise of Muslim foreign
fighters: Islam and the globalization of jihad”,
International Security, vol. 35, pp. 3. 2011
[4] Richard Barrett, “Foreign Fighters: An Updated
Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria
and Iraq”, The Soufan Group, pp. 19. 2015.
[5] Edwin Bakker, “Final Report of the Task Force on
Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel” , U.S.
House of Representatives Homeland Security Committee,
pp. 58, 2015
[6] Alastair Reed, Jeanine de Roy van Zuijdewijn.“Pathways
of Foreign Fighters: Policy Options and Their
(Un)Intended Consequences, International Centre for
Counter-Terrorism, pp. 25. 2015.
[7] Gerard van Bohemen. “Analysis and recommendations
with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist
fighters” United Nations Analytical Support and
Sanctions Monitoring Team. United Nations Security
Council, S/2015/358. pp. 9 and 3, 2015.
[8] Malcolm Nance, “Final Report of the Task Force on
Combating Terrorist and Foreign Fighter Travel”,
Skyhorse publishing, pp. 46. 2015
[9] Adam J Fenton and David Price, “Breaking ISIS:
Indonesia’s Legal Position on the ‘Foreign Terrorist
Fighters’ Threats”. Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol.
16 No. 1 pp. 17, 2015.
[10] Dustin A Lewis, Naz K Modirzadeh, “Medical Care in
Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law and
State Responses to Terrorism” (Harvard Law School
Program on
International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC),
pp. 33, 2015
[11] Adam James Fenton. “UN HRC: 58 Ngos Warn Of
Harmful Impact Of ‘Countering And Preventing Violent
Extremism,’ ” Article 19. Brennan Center for Justice,
New York University, pp. 21.2015.
CISAK 2019

The Characteristics and Challenges of Geo-tourism

Development in The Areas of UNESCO Global Geopark
Gunung Sewu, Indonesia
Anis Kurniasih1 and Melia Susana2
1
Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Diponegoro,Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
2
Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency of Indonesia, Bandung, 40122, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*aniskurniasihgeo@gmail.com

2meliasusana.lia@gmail.com

Abstract. Currently, geo-tourism is the most important concept in tourism because this concept does not only offer natural attraction
but also prioritize local wisdom and geological conservation. Gunung Sewu UNESCO Global Geopark (GSUGG) covers an area of
120 km which includes regencies of Gunung Kidul, Wonogiri, and Pacitan. Since it was established as the member of Global Geopark
Network in 2015, the number of tourists visiting Yogyakarta and surrounding areas from 2014 until 2017 has increased more than 50%.
Consequently, the responsibilities of GSUGG managements are to support local economic while to maintain geo-conservation. The
main subject of this research is to explore the geological characteristics of GSUGG and evaluate the management of global geopark.
This research is a descriptive study conducted by identifying and describing the problem based on observed data. The method of
exploring geological characteristics is by field investigation, while the evaluation of geopark management is done by literature study.
GSUGG has a unique geological characteristic of karst which manifests as karstic conical hills, underground caves, and rivers. These
whole manifestations are very vulnerable to damage due to human activities. The problems faced in managing GSUGG including the
constructions of hotels and any other accommodation around tourist area. They have some negative impacts on the conservation aspect
such as threatening the ecosystem and reducing the absorption of rain water. Those negative impacts inhibit the ongoing karts process.
Another problem is that GSUGG has not been well promoted, following other global geoparks in Indonesia. These problems should be
solved by optimizing the systems and regulations that have been made, and by increasing community involvement in conservation
efforts. Making an efforts to disseminate information can also be made by involving higher education institutions or universities in the
regions through community service programs. In addition, the geopark website should contain information on transportation,
accommodation, contacts, and estimated prices so that travelers can easily plan trips to GSUGG.

Keywords: conservation; geo-tourism; Gunung Sewu UNESCO Global Geopark; karst topography,

A. INTRODUCTION of Industry 4.0 by taking the case study of Gunung Sewu

Geo-tourism is currently the most important concept in
tourism growth because it does not only concerns on natural
attraction but also appoints local wisdom and geological
conservation [1]. According to UNESCO, a geopark is an area
which has unique geodiversity and geological heritage. The main
geological features can be landscaping, unique rock types, and
fossils [2]. The biggest challenge on geopark management is to
maintain conservation aspects while to maintain economic
potential [1].
Currently, Indonesia has four 4 geoparks recognized by UNESCO,
as part of the Global Geopark Network, including Global Batur
Geopark, Global Geopark Gunung Sewu, Global Geopark
Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu, and Global Geopark Rinjani-Lombok.
This research will discuss the characteristics and problems faced
in geopark management as an effort to prepare Indonesia in the era
B. METHODS
This research is a descriptive study conducted by identifying
and describing the problem based on observed data, while the
UNESCO Global Geopark (GSUGG).
GSUGG covers an area of 120 km which includes Gunung Kidul
District in Yogyakarta Special Region, Wonogiri District in
Central Jawa, and Pacitan District in East Java. GSUGG is
recognized by UNESCO as part of the Global Geopark Network
(GGN) in 2015 [3]. GSUGG has approximately 30 geological sites
and three non-geological sites. The geological sites include the
paleo-volcano site located in Gunung Kidul Regency, and the
karst topography that covers almost the entire GSUGG segment
[4]. Previous studies relating to the inventory of geological data
had been carried out since the process of submitting Gunung Sewu
as a national geopark until it was designated as a member of the
GGN. Among these studies included [5] and [6] described the
geological features of Gunung Sewu. Comparing to previous
studies, this study aims to identify the problems faced in the
management of GSUGG that are currently affecting, and to look
for implementable solutions.
problem is some challenges faced in the development of the
GSUGG. The data used secondary data obtained from various
sources such as government agencies, seminars and workshops, as

267
CISAK 2019

well as scientific articles and publication related to the topic under 1. The number of domestic and international tourists from 2014 to
this study. In addition, the work of retrieving and checking data in 2017 in Gunung Kidul increased by 66%. During the same period,
the field is also carried out by describing and documenting Pacitan experienced an increase in the number of tourists by 61%,
geological features including rock types (lithology), landforms and Wonogiri by 47%.
(geomorphology), and geological structures.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS
Since has been recognized as global geopark, the number of
tourists visiting, GSUGG has increased sharply as seen on Table
Table 1 Number of International and Domestic Visitors in Gunungkidul, Wonogiri, and Pacitan Regency, 2014 – 2017 [7-13].

Gunungkidul Wonogiri Pacitan

Int. Domestic Total Int. Domestic Total Int. Domestic Total
2014 3.060 1.952.757 1.955.817 0 358.330 358.330 577 1.090.008 1.090.585
2015 4.125 2.638.634 2.642.759 0 358.239 358.239 1.448 1.557.150 1.558.598
2016 3.891 2.989.006 2.992.897 0 418.887 418.887 1.526 1.569.212 1.570.738

2017 21.067 3.225.929 3.246.996 1 527.518 527.519 1.595 1.750.445 1.752.040

The main tourist attraction of GSUGG is Gunung Sewu karst area.

The morphology of Gunung Sewu karst area was formed by
limestone. These rocks were previously formed in shallow seas,
which later were exposed on the surface due to up-lifting process
at around 2 million years ago [14]. After being exposed on the
surface, it dissolves mainly due to contact with rainwater. In
addition to the uniqueness of karst landform, GSUGG area is also
known for the discovery of archaeological sites (stone tools)
originating from the Paleolithic, Pre-Neolithic, and Neolithic eras
[5].
Based on field observations, the unique geologic features of karst
can be described as follows:
1. Karstic conical hills
The shape of the karstic hills is unique, which is conical and
has an average slope of 45 degrees. The broad area of hill complex
can be found in Ploso Village, Gunung Kidul. The karstic conical
hill is residual of dissolution process on thick limestone. The
fractures on limestones facilitates the water infiltration and
dissolution process so that in some areas, the karstic conical hills
show a certain orientation.
2. Dolina
Dolina is a lowland area between the conical hills. Dolina can
be formed due to dissolution, collapse, subsidence, or a
combination of the three processes. In the area of the Gunung
Sewu karst, dolina can be observed in many areas.
3. Underground river and cave
Underground river flow is generally a surface river flow which
then seeped and infiltrated the ground as the cause of the surface
collapses (dolina) and then flowed through the underground
channel or cave forming a river flow. One of the famous rivers and
underground caves in the area of Gunung Sewu is Pindul Cave.
4. Karst lake
The thick layer of terra rossa soil that deposited on dolina will
cover the rock pores or fractures, which then made the rock
impermeable. Some of the lakes in Gunung Sewu considered as a
permanent lake. They can be found in many areas of Giritontro
and Giripurwo, Wonogiri.
5. Speleothem
The precipitation of calcite minerals dissolved in CaCO3 due
to the karstification process of limestone by rainwater formed
stalactites and stalagmites in the karst cave. Other than that, in the
part of the cave tunnel, it can also form flowstone.
Unlike other geopark areas, GSUGG is karstic area that is very
vulnerable to damage. Thus, the management of karst as a geo-
conservation area requires extra efforts. Based on observations
and literature studies conducted in this research, some problems
can be identified as follows.
1. Problems regarding to conservation
The construction of tourist facilities are followed by the
construction of hotels, and any other accommodation around
tourist area. This construction harm the conservation aspect
because it threatens the ecosystem and reduces the absorption of
rainwater. Thus, it inhibits the ongoing karstification process. To
overcome this problem, the strong commitment is needed in terms
of conservation by the stakeholders who play the roles. The
implementation of regulations that have been compiled must also
be strictly emphasized, especially the regulations related to
development by investors.
2. Lack of knowledge owned by the community about
GSUGG as a protected area.
Based on a survey conducted by [15] the community of
Gunung Sewu in Pacitan District, it was shown that most of the
people living in the area did not fully understand that GSUGG is

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a protected area. On the other hand, according to Yuwono, in
Gunung Kidul area, people have special behavior due to the
consequences of physical conditions of karst, one of which is
related to ethno-conservation aspects [16]. In order to overcome
these problems, an approach must be taken between communities.
Some efforts to disseminate information can also be made by
involving higher education institutions or universities in the
regions through community service programs.
3. The unavailability of signs and information boards in
many tourist locations that contain guide and warn
visitors to help in preserving the nature.
4. Problems in promoting GSUGG
Compared to other geoparks in the world, geoparks in
Indonesia, including GSUGG, have not been well promoted.
GSUGG has a website managed by the Geopark Gunung Sewu
Secretariat. This website is quite informative in providing
information about activities and news related to GSUGG.
Unfortunately, this website is very less persuasive in promoting
GSUGG tourism internationally because the contents are entirely
in Indonesian. In addition, the geopark website should contain
information on transportation and accommodation accompanied
by contacts and estimated prices so that travelers can easily plan
trips to GSUGG.
D. CONCLUSION
Global Geopark Gunung Sewu is recognized by UNESCO as
part of the Global Geopark Network (GGN) in 2015 and has
approximately 30 geological sites and three non-geological sites.
The main tourism attraction of GSUGG is Gunung Sewu karst
area, which is very vulnerable to damage. Based on observations
and literature studies, some problems related to conservation are
the rapid construction of tourist facilities, lack of knowledge
owned by the community, and the unavailability of signs and
information boards in many tourist locations that guide and warn
visitors to help in preserving the nature. Furthermore, GSUGG
development is also facing promotion problem. In order to
overcome these problems, strong commitment is needed by the
stakeholders as well as the communities. Also, supports from
research agencies and universities are needed.
[6] M. Abida, A. Mukhlis, E.N. Khumaeroh, A. Cahyana, E. Dhamayanti,
“Geo-pintar (Geopark as Integrated and Smart Tourims): Konsep
Pariwisata Modern Gunung Sewu sebagai Global Geopark Network
dalam Menyongsong Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN, Proceeding
Seminar Nasional Kebumian ke-8, pp. 9-17, 2015.
[7] BPS Kabupaten Wonogiri, Kabupaten Wonogiri dalam Angka, 2017.
[8] Dinas Pariwisata Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Buku Statistik
Kepariwisataan DIY Tahun 2015.
[9] Dinas Pariwisata Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Buku Statistik
Kepariwisataan DIY Tahun 2016.
[10] Dinas Pariwisata Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Buku Statistik
Kepariwisataan DIY Tahun 2017.
[11] Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Jumlah
Wisatawan Mancanegara dan Domestik di Kabupaten Gunungkidul
2011 – 2017.
[12] Dinas Kebudayaan, Pariwisata, Pemuda dan Olahraga Kabupaten
Pacitan, Jumlah Wisatawan Mancanegara dan Domestik di Kabupaten
Pacitan 2014 – 2017.
[13] BPS Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Statistik Pariwisata Jawa Tengah Tahun
2017.
[14] S.B. Kusumayudha, J. Setiawan, A.N. Ciptahening, P.D. Septiana,
“Geomorphologic Model of Gunungsewu Karst, Gunung Kidul
Regency, Yogyakarta Special Territory, Indonesia: The Role of
Lithologic Variation and Geological Structure”, Journal of Geological
Resource and Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, 2015.
[15] H. Widawati, M.G. Rindarjono, H. Soegiyanto, “Persepsi Masyarakat
dalam Upaya Konservasi pada Geopark Gunung Sewu sebagai
Geowisata di Kabupaten Pacitan”, Prosiding Seminar Nasional
Geografi UMS 2017, pp. 740-749, 2017.
[16] E.S. Yuwono, Perspektif Geoarkeologi Kawasan Karst Kasus Gunung
Sewu, Jakarta, LIPI, 2006.

REFERENCES
[1] Z. Bujdosó, L. Dávid, Z. Wéber, and A. Tenk, “Utilization of
geoheritage in tourism development”, Procedia – Social and
Behavioral Sciences, vol. 188, pp 316-324, 2015.
[2] UNESCO, Guidelines and Criteria for National Geoparks seeking
UNESCO’s assistance to join the Global Geopark Network (GGN),
2014.
[3] UNESCO, Gunung Sewu UNESCO Global Geopark (Indonesia),
2017.
[4] Parno, “Gunung Sewu UNESCO Global Geopark”, Kementerian
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan
Bahasa, 2018.
[5] E. Haryono and Suratman, “Significant Features of Gunung Sewu
Karst as Geopark Site”, 4th International UNESCO Conference on
Geopark, pp. 1-9, 2010.

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Existence of Pluralism Customary Law in Resolving

Indigenous Peoples Conflicts in Globalization Era
DR. Tarmizi, S.H., M.Hum1

Law Faculty of Amir Hamzah University, Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract: The concept of legal pluralism and the use of the term itself have been subject to intense study, growing popularity, and also
persistent criticism over the past decades. The dominance of central law and the abolition of customary law which has become the soul
of indigenous peoples, is theoretically contrary to the conception of legal pluralism. Customary law is still needed in answering the
demands of the complexity of globalization issues. Because customary law is the values (truth and justice) that live in the midst of
society. And the demands of society are truth and justice, not procedural law. The existence of customary law is stronger with the UN
declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples which among others stated; Recognize and reaffirm that indigenous peoples are
recognized, without distinction, in all human rights recognized in international law, and that indigenous peoples have the indispensable
collective rights in their life and existence and complete development as community groups. Customary law is a living law, strong and
conscientious in the midst of society. The existence of this customary law, in the form of values that live in the community, even if not
written, so that although the customary law is not defined by the State (positive), still apply in the midst of society.

Keywords: Customary Law, Globalization, Legal Pluralism.

A. BACKGROUND The effects of globalization can also be highly visible

In the early days of legal pluralism as a theoretical approach
emerged from two things. First is the practical need to explain
the phenomenon of legal diversity after many countries free
themselves from colonialism and inherit the legal system of the
colonial state, in addition to the existing legal system of the
people. Secondly, academic need as a critical answer to the legal
view of centralism4, a view which states that law is and should
be the law of the state, uniform for all persons, exclusive of all
other law and administered by a single set of state institutions.5
Woodman said, Legal pluralism in general may be
defined as the state of affairs in which a category of social
relations is within the fields of operation of two or more bodies
of legal norms. Alternatively, if it is viewed not from above in
the process of mapping the legal universe but rather from the
perspective of the individual subject of law, legal pluralism may
be said to exist whenever a person is subject to more than one
body of law.6
in the legal field. There has been a tremendous exchange in the
field of law, where a law of a certain territory can penetrate into
other unlimited territories. International and transnational law
can penetrate into the territory of any country, even any local
area at the grassroots. Or on the contrary, it is not impossible
that local law be adopted partly or wholly into international law.
Interaction, interrelationship, mutual influence, mutual
adoption, overlapping are very complicated between
international, national, and local law.
The globalization of the law is not only raises global
issues, but also causes international law not only to regulate
state affairs but also to regulate non-state cooperation relating
to humanitarian intervention, promotion of democratic values,

4 5
Sulistyowati, Irianto, Pluralisme Hukum Sebagai John Griffiths, What is Legal Pluralism, Journal of
Suatu Konsep dan Pendekatan Teoretis dalam Perspektif Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law Vol No. 24, Tahun 1986,
Global, 2011, Page 2986
6
https://asslesi.wordpress.com/2011/07/11/pluralisme-hukum- Martha-Marie, Kleinhans, dan Roderick Macdonald,
sebagai-suatu-konsep-dan-pendekatan-teoretis-dalam- What is a Critical Legal Pluralism, Canadian Journal of Law
perspektif-global/ was browsed at Juni, 10 2018 and Society Vol. 12 No.2, Tahun 1997, Page 25.

270
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"rule of law", and "transnational accountability".7 Local legal
systems can also be adopted into international law. If today the
field of modern legal practice developed Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR), it would be good to see it as a field in contact
with the study of disputes that continues to be studied from the
perspective of legal anthropology. The principles in ADR can
be found in disputed characters studied anthropologically.
Thus, the characteristic of legal pluralism in a global
perspective is to pay attention to the interdependence, adoption,
or interdependence between the various legal systems. The
interdependence is primarily between international, national,
and local law. Evolving studies in "new" legal anthropology are
beginning to see how international policies and agreements
affect or deal with national-level legal and policy systems, and
subsequently impact on the local legal and policy system. In this
case the question may arise, does it mean that the different legal
systems are interdependent and affect each other, so that a
particular legal system can not be viewed as a clear entity whose
boundaries are already mingled with one another?
The approach of legal pluralism in a global perspective
invites us to be cautious in addressing the diversity of the law.
We can no longer create a mapping of legal universe, drawing
a firm line of borders to distinguish a certain legal entity from
another. We find it difficult to draw strict limits between
international, national and local law, because the different legal
systems come into contact, interact, interact, influence, adapt
and adopt each other widely. It is highly visible from how
international law even impacts up to local people and
disseminates humanitarian, democratic, rule of law, and
international accountability values. Or, on the other hand, local
law can also contribute to the legal system on an international
scale or the local law of other societies.
The approach of legal pluralism in a global perspective
also shows us the importance of seeing actors and organizations
playing a very important role as agents of globalization of law.
The interaction between actors in power relations can be
observed in the spaces of negotiation causing the interaction to
be constantly produced and transformed by actors.
It affects customary law applicable in some regions of
the world. So we need for strengthening customary law to still
do exist even though the globalization forces us to make a
uniform law from one region to another. The perception that has
7 9
Benda-Beckmann, et. al., Mobile People Mobil Law.
Expanding Legal Relations in a Contracting World, (USA:
Ashgate, 2005), Page 85.
8
Eugene Ehrlich, Fundamental Principles of the
Sociology of Law, translate W. Moll, (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1902), Page 24.
271
been growing so far states that by using customary law, a
country will never become a developed country. Countries that
still uphold the value of traditional law certainly can not
compete in the international arena. However, if we look at the
actions of Malaysia, America, Britain, and other Common Law
countries, then such hypotheses can easily be broken. The
problem lies not in the customary law system, but how the
customary law (unwritten law) can be aligned with the
application of modern law (positivistic law). The relevance
between the two has a very close relationship. It is now only a
matter of how the government can harmonize the two in the
progressive rules format.
B. LEGAL ISSUES
The contribution of Eugene Ehrlich is central to the concept of
legal pluralism. This Austrian sociologist developed the theory
of “living law” in reaction to the ideology of an exclusively
state-centred law. Considering that law is mainly independent
from the state, Ehrlich proposes what he calls a “scientific
conception of law”, which is concerned by the rules of conduct.
Accordingly, he states that “it is not an essential element of the
concept of law that it be created by the state, or that it constitute
the basis for the decisions of the courts or other tribunals, nor
that it be the basis of a legal compulsion consequent upon such
a decision. 8 Ehrlich considers that law is fundamentally a
question of social order, which is to be found everywhere,
“ordering and upholding every human association”. 9
Discretion fosters pluralism, at least informally, and
the system it generates will seem unfair to the modern mind.
Cultural pluralism is also shrinking. One major secular trend
existing in the history of law shows that central governments
seek to control and reduce legal pluralism of all kinds. A
modern nation-state feels the need for a single national law.10 In
its early phases, the Movement to unify the law was rational and
it probably was inevitable. Medieval laws are mixed up. In
many European countries, the law is broken down into dozens
of local dialects. This is even true in England, where the
common law of the kingdom is only relevant for a small group
of people, among nobles and landlords. The population is
mostly unrelated to it, and there are innumerable local customs,
many of which are officially recognized.
In the observation of some experts, various legal
systems are leading to a kind of common fusion, civil law and
common law approaching each other. Each releases some of its
Ibid, Page 25
10
Lawrence M. Friedmann, The Legal System: A
Social Science Perspective, (New York: Russel Sage
Foundation, 1975), Page. 282
CISAK 2019
characteristics by accepting certain features and other
"families". Common law codified commercial law; civil juries
disappeared; on the other hand, Germany and Italy had already
begun using some sort of material test; the preference of written
documents on oral testimony by civil law began to weaken. This
renewal and fusion is also prevalent in third world countries.
Local legal systems are rotting; non-western countries borrow
law from the west.11
More than 15 years ago, German theorist Gunther
Teubner (1993) called for the creation of an “inter-systemic
conflicts law” derived not just from collisions among the
nation-states of public international law, but from what he
described
as “collisions between distinct global social sectors.” Since
then, the web of inter-systemic law-making Teubner described
has only grown more complex. In a world of extraterritorial and
non-territorial effects, local populations increasingly attempt to
assert dominion (or, in legal terms, jurisdiction) over
territorially distant acts or actors. At the same time, nonlocal
actors invoke the jurisdiction of international or transnational
tribunals in order to avoid the consequences of local legal
proceedings. In both circumstances, battles over globalization
are often fought on the terrain of conflict of laws. 12
For example, online communication creates the
possibility (and perhaps even the likelihood) that content posted
online by a person in one physical location will violate the law
in some other physical location. This poses an inevitable
problem of extraterritoriality. Will the person who posts the
content be required to conform her activities to the norms of the
most restrictive community of readers? Alternatively, will the
restrictive community of readers, which has adopted a norm
regarding Internet content, be subjected to the proscribed
material regardless of its wishes? The answers to these
questions depend both on whether the community of readers
asserts the jurisdictional authority to impose its norms on the
foreign content provider and whether the home country of the
content provider chooses to recognize the norms imposed.
In the sum, there are three cases briefly exposed
seemingly constitute instances of legal pluralism (weak or
strong in Griffith’s terminology). However, if we closely
examine the fine-grained detail of these cases and especially the
11
Ibid, Page. 283-284
12
Paul Schiff Berman, New Legal Pluralism, Journal
of Annual Review of Law and Social Science Vol. 5 No. 42,
2009, Page 234.
13
Baudouin Dupret, Legal Pluralism, Plurality of
Laws, and Legal Practices: Theories, Critiques, dan
Praxiological Respecification, Journal of European Journal of
Legal Studies, Issues 1, 2007, Page 22.
272
ways in which people orient to these supposedly many laws and
norms, we get a much better picture of what law is and what it
is not for these people. We also get a much better understanding
of its plural sources and the non pluralistic ways of its
implementation, of the many places where laws interfere with
each other and the very few places where they remain totally
autonomous. Last but not least, norms, laws, and legal practices
cases to be confounded. Any set of norms is not necessarily law
and law is no more diluted in the all encompassing and opaque
category of “social control”. Many practices can be
characterised as legal practices, not as parallel social, normative
or legal fields. Legal practices are these practices that develop
around an object of reference identified by the people as law
(and it can be state law, customary law or any other law
recognised as such). In other words, a legal practice is that,
which is done in such a way because of the existence of a
referent law and which would not be so done in its absence.13
C. LITERATURE REVIEW
As noted above, theorists of pluralism start from the
premise that people belong to (or feel affiliated with) multiple
groups and understand themselves to be bound by the norms of
these multiple groups. Such groups can, of course, include
familiar political affiliations such as nation-states, counties,
towns, and so on. But many community affiliations, such as
those held by transnational or subnational ethnic groups,
religious institutions, trade organizations, unions, Internet chat
groups, and a myriad of other “norm-generating
communities”14, may at various times exert tremendous power
over our actions even though they are not part of an official
state-based system. Indeed, as scholars of legal pluralism have
long noted, “not all the phenomena related to law and not all
that are law-like have their source in the government”.15
The concept of legal pluralism and the use of the term
itself have been subject to intense study, growing popularity,
and also persistent criticism over the past decades. John
Griffiths, one of the leading scholars on legal pluralism,
describes it as “that state of affairs, for any social field, in which
behavior pursuant to more than one legal order occurs.” While
there are differing ways of conceiving legal pluralism, We will
use the particular descriptive conception advanced by
Griffiths.16
14
R.M. Cover, The Supreme Court, (London: Harvard
Law, 1983), Page 43.
15
S.F. Moore, Legal Systems of The World in Law and
Social Science, (New York: Russel Sage Found, 1986) Page 15.
16
Michael A.C. Dizon, Law and Networks: Legal
Pluralism in Information and Communications Technology,
Journal of Internet Law Vol. 15 No.1 2012, Page 2.
CISAK 2019
Legal pluralism is generally seen as a critical response
to the “ideology of legal centralism” or the belief that “law is
and should be the law of the state, uniform for all persons,
exclusive of all other law, and administered by a single set of
state institutions.” Legal centralism, which is closely aligned
with legal positivism, conceives of state law as the sole or
supreme normative system (in those cases in which it formally
recognizes other normative systems, such as customary law)
within discrete political and geographic boundaries that
normally correspond to the territorial limits of nation-states.17
The problem with a legal centralist’s essentialist and positivist
view of law is that it fades under the glare of history and the
bright lights of current realities. Legal pluralism is a “common
historical condition” that existed prior to the rise of the modern
nation-state because the belief in the exclusive authority of state
law is only of relatively recent origin.
Legal pluralism provided a useful alternative
framework because pluralism had always sought to identify
hybrid legal spaces, where multiple normative systems
occupied the same social field. And although pluralists had
often focused on clashes within one geographical area where
formal bureaucracies encountered indigenous ethnic, tribal,
institutional, or religious norms the pluralist framework proved
highly adaptive to analysis of the hybrid legal spaces created by
a different set of overlapping jurisdictional assertions (state
versus state, state versus international body, state versus non-
state entity) in the global arena.18
The current legal pluralism deals with the effects of
globalization. There is no single globalization. There are several
globalization. Its avatar plural, its processes are historical and
its outcomes are varying. And, therefore, instead of calling it
globalization, we should call globalizations. Globalization, the
world over, does not have a cakewalk. Challenges given to it are
by no means ordinary. There is always a fear that the nation-
state would lose its identity and importance. And, who knows,
the state itself would die. There is yet another fear that the gap
between the rich and the poor would increase. It is also argued
that globalization is nothing short of a cultural bombardment on
the developing countries by the western modernity – capitalism,
industrialism and the nation-state system.19
Understanding of globalization in the context of
history is very important. The globalization of law has taken
place long ago, along with colonialism and trade in the past. It
17
John Griffiths, Op. Cit., Page 3.
18
Paul Schiff Berman, Op. Cit., Page 226.
19
Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global
Context, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) Page
10.
20
Sulistyawati Irianto, Op. Cit.
273
is also necessary to see that the globalization of the law can not
only be found in the expansion of European law, but also the
spread of Islamic law into the Asian and Africa regions before
and after European colonial rule. In addition, throughout history
it can be seen how international law and treaties also cause the
law to "move". 20 It has been reliably reported recently that
history and ethnography have often been seen bedded together
in the same text. That coupling and complementary of two
distinct forms of knowledge has enlivened and enriched both. 21
Naturally, a world law culture will produce a general
fusion, and modern legal culture is conquering the world.
Science and technology do not look at political boundaries. The
absence of room for local customs in airport control towers,
banking, vaccinations, and dams is a similar phenomenon in
different parts of the world. Universal needs and institutions
produce a definite legal uniformity. However, other
combinations are only formal and, by themselves, pseudo. The
movement to modernize law in third world countries and the
movement of legal reform in developed countries goes hand in
hand. Certainly, some type of reform or legal modernization
will shake the public down to its roots; but "pure" legal reform
will not affect directly.22
D. ANALYSIS
The notion of legal pluralism continues to develop
from time to time where there is coexistence and interrelation
of various laws such as customary law, state, religion and so on.
Even with the existence of globalization, the relationship
becomes more complex because it is also related to the
development of international law. The discussion of legal
unification and pluralism is a very long debate. This is because
it has a strong enough basis to maintain its existence. Legal
unification requires that law requires certainty, while legal
pluralism necessitates that a law can develop according to the
conditions of the society in which it lives. By globalization,
state law becomes increasingly powerless. State law should
accommodate the consequences of changes in globalization.
Legal pluralism does not immediately solve the
problems that arise in society. However, legal pluralism is
present to provide a new understanding to legal practitioners,
legislators and the wider community that besides state law there
are other legal systems that exist in society and the legal system
interacts with state law and even compete against each other. In
21
Sally F. Moore, The Ethnography of the Present and
the Analysis of Process in Robert Borofsky, Assesing Cultural
Anthropology, Section Five, Cultural in Motion, (New York:
McGraw Hill-Inc, 1994), Page. 364.
22
Lawrence M. Friedmann, Op. Cit., Page 284-285.
CISAK 2019
addition, legal pluralism provides an explanation for the fact
that social order is not part of the regularity of state law.
The facts that Griffths says that the definition of law
according to legal centralism, Griffths then makes the statement
that legal centralism is a myth, an illusion and a claim. Instead
Griffiths says that legal pluralism is a fact. So that, point to the
real situation that governs people's behavior not only the legal
system of the state but also other legal systems. In this sense,
legal pluralism equates traditional law with state law as
previously described. It is said that various or varied legal
systems exist and apply at the same time and place. So, just to
emphasize, legal pluralism is a situation where one or more
legal systems apply at the same place and time. When listening
to the notion of legal pluralism is seen the character of opponent
with the understanding of law according to the ideals of legal
ideals.
Formulating and enforcing the law without its plural
social footing, the existence of the law has actually been
deformed from its formation, since the law is essentially plural
to human beings, providing justice and making plural humanity
happy. One of the anxieties to date is the existence of customary
law for indigenous peoples. Though we know, customary law
has long lived even before the codification and unification of
law applied.
The dominance of central law and the abolition of
customary law which has become the soul of indigenous
peoples, is theoretically contrary to the conception of legal
pluralism. The law is essentially plural and can not be
generalized in the midst of different cultures and laws of
society. The conception of legal pluralism emerges as a denial
of legal centralism that state law is the only guide and code of
conduct. Whereas in the same social field, there is more than
one order of law in force.
The number of areas that have their own customary
law shows how the law is indeed pluralistic and multicultural.
That fact also requires that legal mechanism not merely
eradicate and destroy the customary law system. Because in the
plural customary law there is a philosophy that corresponds to
the sociological and historical tradition that developed in that
society. Creating a system of laws that abolishes the order of the
sociological and historical system will certainly have
implications for the loss of the sociological and historical
foundations that have constructed their lives over the centuries.
Such a destructive system is, in fact, part of the crime of history
and colonialism over the laws of society.
Thus we can see that the interrelation, interaction and
interplay between the different legal systems result in a very
dynamic change, which will never stop at each one. This has
resulted in efforts to identify clear boundaries between
274
customary law, religious law, state law, and even international
law, as a clear current entity, becoming an impossible effort. As
is known, such a way of identification is a method applied by
positivistic thought in law science that is very dominant and
influential, especially in the field of customary law. In the case
of an interrelation between the legal system, which leads to a
change of law, and each law becomes "borderless", the
discourse of human rights and justice, belongs to everyone in
all walks of life.
Customary law is still needed in answering the
demands of the complexity of globalization issues. Because
customary law is the values (truth and justice) that live in the
midst of society. And the demands of society are truth and
justice, not procedural law. The existence of customary law is
stronger with the UN declaration on the rights of indigenous
peoples which among others stated; Recognize and reaffirm that
indigenous peoples are recognized, without distinction, in all
human rights recognized in international law, and that
indigenous peoples have the indispensable collective rights in
their life and existence and complete development as
community groups. Customary law is a living law, strong and
conscientious in the midst of society. The existence of this
customary law, in the form of values that live in the community,
even if not written, so that although the customary law is not
defined by the State (positive), still apply in the midst of society.
E. CONCLUSION
Any policy of national political development should
always be the concern of the difference between the
globalization of law as the demand for globalization in other
fields with the globalization of the law as an embodiment of the
role of international responsibility of a developed country. The
Global Law System should be developed alive in different
national legal systems of the nation states. The Customary Law
System as part of the National Law system should be cultivated
to be protected in accommodating the global legal system or in
implementing legal globalization in Indonesia.
There are four progressive solutions can be offered in
"defusing" the conflict between the effects of globalization on
the existence of customary law. First, making customary law
courses as compulsory subjects in every law faculty. With such
a requirement, it will be a stimulation for the students, not to
mention the lecturers to keep the value of customary law in
every scientific activity. Secondly, there is no indoctrination of
customary law in every level of teaching, but the practice of
customary values in daily activities. Third, giving more portion
to the values of customary law in every formulation of the rule
of law in Indonesia. If the percentage so far indicates the
arrogance of modern law (re: western law) in every rule of law,
then the logic should be changed. At least 40% versus 60% of
every rule of law in Indonesia must contain customary law.
CISAK 2019

Four, conduct a moratorium on foreign investment in various Moore, Sally F. 1986, Legal Systems of The World in Law and
strategic sectors. Social Science, New York: Russel Sage Found.
Moore, Sally F., 19914, The Ethnography of the Present and the
If these four models can be applied well, then Analysis of Process in Robert Borofsky, Assesing
horizontal conflicts that occur so far can be minimized Cultural Anthropology, Section Five, Cultural in
gradually. Although we can not deny the existence of modern Motion, New York: McGraw Hill-Inc.
law as the demand of the development of globalization, but
customary law as the original law of Indonesia should also get
more attention, in order to create harmony of law in society.
Because the facts show that quite a lot of rules (positive law)
which in its implementation is less or not accepted by society.
Customary law required in the era of globalization or modern
times is customary law adapted to the circumstances and the
development of times, thereby demonstrating the dynamic
characteristics of customary law and can evolve to adjust to the
development of the times based on having the values of the
universal and legal institutions which is in the form of a modern
statement.

F. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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USA: Ashgate.
Berman, Paul Schiff, 2009, New Legal Pluralism, Journal of
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Dizon, Michael A.C, 2012, Law and Networks: Legal
Pluralism in Information and Communications
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Dupret, Baudoui, 2007, Legal Pluralism, Plurality of Laws, and
Legal Practices: Theories, Critiques, dan Praxiological
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Ehrlich, Eugene, 1902, Fundamental Principles of the
Sociology of Law, translate W. Moll, Cambridge:
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Friedmann, Lawrence M, 1975, The Legal System: A Social
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Griffiths, Johns, 1986, What is Legal Pluralism, Journal of
Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law Vol No. 24.
Irianto, Sulistyowati, 2011, Pluralisme Hukum Sebagai Suatu
Konsep dan Pendekatan Teoretis dalam Perspektif
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hukum-sebagai-suatu-konsep-dan-pendekatan-teoretis-
dalam-perspektif-global/ was browsed at Juni, 10 2018.
MacDonald, Roderick, Martha-Marie, and Kleinhans, 1997,
What is a Critical Legal Pluralism, Canadian Journal of
Law and Society Vol. 12 No.2.
Menski, Werner, 2006, Comparative Law in a Global Context,
New York: Cambridge University Press.

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CISAK 2019

Civil Liability Of Unlawful Acts In Environmental Dispute

Edy Lisdiyono1
1
Lecturer at Faculty of Law, UNTAG Semarang

Email: edylisdiyono@untagsmg.ac.id

Abstract: The Panel of Judges, in making a decision on environmental dispute submitted by the victims of Lapindo Mudflow, did not
use the Strict Liability principle so that the Plaintiffs still had to prove their lawsuit in the Court. In the polluter pays principle in the
provision of compensation to the victims, it still depends on the proof filed by the Plaintiff so that the principle was not taken into
consideration by the judges.

Keywords : Civil Liability, Unlawful cts, Environmental, Dispute

Introduction
As mandated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia Republic in Article 28 point H paragraph (1) and
derived in Law no. 32 of 2009 in Article 65 paragraph (1), it is
stated that anyone has the right to good and healthy environment
as part of human rights. The provision is a basic right for every
human being in getting good and healthy environment.
Therefore, in every process of development activity, society
have the right to get information access, access of participation
and access of justice. Moreover, if the economic development
activities are estimated to cause impacts, everyone is entitled to
submit proposals or objections to the business plans or activities
that may have an impact on the environment.
Starting around the 1980s, the economic development
activities in Indonesia have made significant progress,
particularly in exploring non-renewable natural resources in
some areas from Papua to Nangroe Aceh Darusalam. In the Java
island, particularly in Ajibarang, Pemalang Regency, the
construction of a cement plant has recently been inaugurated
and followed by the ones in the Regencies of Rembang and Pati
for the cement factory construction. However, the community
refused and even sued to the State Administrative Court because
the public is worried that the construction of the cement factory
takes raw materials from karst hill and it will damage the
environmental conditions, particularly the water resources.
However, the court decision rejected it.
People's concern about the development process that will
threaten the quality of the environment is a human right because
the right to a good and healthy environment is a human right
guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution and the Environmental
Protection Law. This was almost the same in 1988 as a protest
by Chico Mendes, a Brazilian who represented rubber tappers
from the deforestation of the Amazon forest. In his request, "we
demand an Amazon development policy that serves the interests
of rubber tappers and the respect of our rights. We do not accept
Amazon's development policies that favor large employers who
exploit and slaughter workers and destroy forests "(National
Rubber Coordinator Program at the first meeting of Brazilian
Rubber Tappers, Brasilia, October 1985). 23 However, Chico
Mendes was murdered for his struggle so that he was well-
known internationally as a social justice activist for his
persistence and his struggle to save the tropical forests.
As we know, the quality of the environment is increasingly
declining which is not caused by natural factors naturally but
the change of natural factors due to human actions in the process
of excessive development that sometimes exclude
environmental aspects that can lead to direct and indirect
impacts. There must be a concern for all stakeholders starting
from individuals, communities, authorities (policy makers), and
the State to keep the development going and the environment
sustainably sustained.
Every development process including exploring natural
resources should not cause unrest in society and cause
environmental damage, but the development must be performed
openly and well-planned by integrating the environmental
aspects of life, social, and economic of the society so that it
gives benefit and prosperity to society, not suffering the society.
Therefore, as in the principles of the Environmental Protection
and Management Law, the state guarantees the utilization of
natural resources that will provide benefits for the welfare and
quality of life of both present and future generations.
As an example due to drilling process conducted by PT.
Lapindo Brantas Inc. in Sidoarjo, East Java, known as Lapindo
disaster, it has been nine years until now that it still leaves the
problems for the community who requested the repayment of

23 Foundation and the Network of Christian Service Institutions in

Aaron Sachs, Ecological Justice Linking Human and
Environmental Rights, 1997, Jakarta, Sumber Agung Indonesia, p. 1

276
CISAK 2019 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)
compensation. In fact, previously, the victims of Lapindo
Mudflow had filed a lawsuit to the Central Jakarta District
Court, represented by the Jakarta Legal Aid Foundation as listed
in the Case No. 384 / Pdt.G / 2006 / PN.JKT.PST on the civil
liability of unlawful acts in the environmental dispute, but the
decision rejected the lawsuit. This is the subject of this seminar.
The Main Issue of the Environmental Dispute in the
Case Number 384/Pdt.G/2006/PN.Jkt. Pst 24
On 29 May 2006, there was a hot spurt widespread around
Porong, Sidoarjo Sub-district, conducted by PT. Lapindo
Brantas, as the Participant of the Defendant, due to the
exploration activities of oil and gas business in Banjar Panji
drilling area conducted by PT. Lapindo Brantas based on the
Production Sharing Contract between PT. Lapindo and the
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of
Indonesia c.q the Oil and Gas Executing Agency. It has resulted
in a great impact on the environment and caused enormous
losses to the environment and society.
These impacts and losses have been categorized as
extraordinary impacts and losses because they have devastated
the survival of the environment and the livelihoods of citizens,
including their human rights.
While there is a legal obligation owned by the
Defendants (the State c.q the Government of the Republic of
Indonesia c.q Ministry of Environment Affairs, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources c.q the Oil and Gas Executing
Agency c.q the East Java Provincial Government c.q the
Governor of East Java c.q the Government of Sidoarjo Regency
c.q the Regent of Sidoarjo and PT. Lapindo Brantas, Inc.) as the
State Operator, and the obligation arises from the violation of
people’s rights which also covers human rights due to their
inconsistency and negligence in handling the Lapindo mud.
Hence, the negligence and the acts committed by the
Defendants and the Participant of the Defendant must have the
legal responsibilities since the Defendants as the state
organizers had acted inappropriately with their legal
obligations.
The delay of handling and the lack of seriousness of
the Defendant I (in this case the Government of the Republic of
Indonesia c.q the President of the Republic of Indonesia) is
evident in the policy taken by the Defendant I. The Defendant I
has recently issued a national-scale policy in the form of the
Presidential Decree no. 13 of 2006 on the National Team for
Mudflow Relief in Sidoarjo on 8 September 2006. Many
incidents of community right violations that took place during
24
The summary of the issue was taken from the copy of
the decree in the environmental dispute in the Central Jakarta
District Court between YLBHI ( the community’s power of
277
the first four months were the conflicts in a panicked and
confused society, the presence of victims, the losses of houses,
rice fields, gardens, and more and more treasures that had been
muddled, the drowned schools with so many students having
neglected education.
The Defendant II (Minister of Energy and Oil and Gas
Resources) was responsible for supervising the implementation
of oil and gas business conducted by The Participant of the
Defendant (PT Lapindo Brantas Inc.) did not perform his duties
properly. Likewise, the Defendant III (the State Minister for the
Environment) who was responsible for ensuring Environmental
Management did not perform his duties and legal obligations
properly. The Defendant III did not immediately take effective
actions when it was clear that the impact of the spreading of
mudflow had made it dangerous for the environment.
The Defendant IV (Minister of Energy and Oil and Gas
Resources) had lied to the public by saying that the hot mud
eruption in the exploration area was the result of an earthquake.
The public lie was committed by the Defendant IV in a hearing
with the House of Representatives on 12 June 2006 and was
widely covered by the mass media.
The Defendant V and Defendant VI as the parties
responsible for conducting supervision of business activities
conducted by the Participant of the Defendant had also
neglected to perform their obligations so that the activities that
triggered the mudflow by the Participant of the Defendant
occurred.
Regarding the Unlawful Nature and Acts
The Actions of the Defendants and the Participant of the
Defendant were the actions against the law as stipulated in
Article 1365 in conjunction with Article 1366 in conjunction
with Article 1367 paragraph (3) of the Civil Code.
Article 1365 of the Civil Code:
"Any act that violates a law which carries harm to another
person, obliges a person who, for his/ her fault issues the loss,
compensates"
Article 1366 of the Civil Code:
"Anyone is responsible not only for the harm caused by
his/ her actions but also for the damages caused by the
negligence or lack of caution".
Article 1367 of the Civil Code:
"Employers and those who appoint others to represent
their affairs shall be liable for the damages issued by the helpers
or their subordinates in doing the work for which these persons
are subjected" .
attorney) as the Plaintiff against the State cq. The Government
Cq. the President and PT. Lapindo Brantas Inc. Dkk, 27
November 2007.
CISAK 2019 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)
The Legal Liabilities of the Participant of the
Defendant
Under Article 34 Paragraph (1) of Law No. 23 of 1997
on Environmental Management, it affirms: "any unlawful act in
the form of pollution and/ or damage to the environment in
which the party responsible for the business and/ or activities to
pay compensation and/ or perform certain actions". Then,
Article 35 paragraph (1) of Law no. 23 of 1997 states: "The
party responsible for the business and/ or activities with a major
and significant impact on the environment, which uses toxic and
hazardous materials, has an absolute responsibility for the
losses, with the obligation to pay directly and immediately in
exchange for the environmental pollution and/ or damage.
Court Decision
In a lawsuit filed by the victims of Lapindo Brantas
mudflow represented by the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation
(YLBHI) foundation, the Panel of Judges at the Central Jakarta
District Court rejected the Plaintiff's claim entirety. One of the
legal considerations in the verdict was "that the facts revealed
in the hearing due to the mudflow are the people’s loss of houses
along with the furnitures, rice fields, work, fear, violence, stress,
unpleasant odor, abdominal pain, living in shelter, sleeping with
the parents, and bathing in the queue. However, the losses had
been paid and handled either by the Defendants (Government)
of the Participant of the Defendant (PT Lapindo Brantas) as
mentioned in the judges' judgment in "the element of legal
consideration to be unlawful is unfulfilled", by taking over
the consideration of the Assembly above, the element of
causing losses is unfulfilled.
While the element of error had fulfilled its legal
element because "the fact in the trial has revealed that the
Lapindo mudflow was caused by lack of careful drilling
conducted by PT. Lapindo (the Participant of the Defendant)
because the casing/ protectives had not been installed so that the
kick happened and then there was a mudflow. Furthermore,
concerning the element of causal relationship, it was revealed
in the facts in the court because of negligence/ lack of careful of
the Participant of the Defendant (PT Lapindo Brantas) who did
the drilling with no installed casing as a whole so that the kick
happened, and then the mudflow happened that resulted in the
loss of the houses along with the furnitures, work, smell,
abdominal pain, stress, fear, violence. Then, the element of
causality had been declared to be fulfilled.
From the above case (in the case of Lumpur Lapindo), why did
the Panel of Judges not apply the strict liability system in the
environmental case?
25
Eko Pujiyono, Flood Mud Flood Pledge Public Insuit
In Lapindo Case, Kompas Publisher, Jakarta, 2007, p213
278
STUDY/ ANALYSIS OF DECISION
Panel of Judges Has to Apply Strict Liability System
Judges, in hearing every case, must be in a fair trial and
based on the evidence revealed in the trial which must be tested
for its validity.
In an ordinary civil litigation, the legal system used is
liability based on fault meaning that if a person whose rights is
felt to be harmed or violated and files a lawsuit to the Court, he/
she, as the Plaintiff, should be able to prove it. In other hand, in
the environmental lawsuit, as stipulated in Law no. 23 of 1997
amended by Law no. 32 of 2009 in Article 35, it uses Strict
Liability system known as Polluter Pays Principle. A polluter
shall be solely responsible for the losses suffered by others, so
the person who suffers losses is the Plaintiff and does not have
to prove his/ her lawsuit.
In Strict Liability system, the Panel of Judges needs to
make a breakthrough in deciding Lapindo Brantas case. There
are two things that can be used as the consideration, i.e.25:
The leakage resulting in mud floods had caused major and
important impacts on the environment;
There were the indications of hazardous elements and
toxic materials contained in the mud flood.
Of those two things, the Pollutants (PT Lapindo) should
pay compensation to the affected people, and the people do not
have to file a lawsuit to the Court. However, as we see in the
figure above, the people affected by Lapindo mud were still
protesting since it has been nine years that the compensation has
not been paid off.
Likewise, in the public suit against PT. Lapindo, in
relation to the principle of state responsibility, the state
prevented the use of natural resources that caused pollution and/
or environmental damage. This fact clearly has a legal basis that
can be used as the judge consideration in the decision making
for the case of PT. Lapindo Brantas.
Concerning the Application of Unlawful Elements
In the lawsuit of PT. Lapindo, the basis was the
unlawful nature as stated in Article 1365 of the Civil Code. It
seems that there has never been a Court in Indonesia that won a
lawsuit for unlawful acts that was in favour of the victims in an
environmental lawsuit.
In the lawsuit of unlawful acts, there are 4 (four) elements:
1. The unlawful nature,
2. The error,
3. The loss
4. The causal relationship.
Of the four elements, when one of the elements is not
proven, the lawsuit of unlawful acts must be declared unproven.
CISAK 2019 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

This is the lawsuit filed by the Society affected by mud in the References:
drilling conducted by PT. Lapindo Brantas. - Abdullah, Pertimbangan Hukum Putusan Pengadilan,
As the legal considerations of the Panel of Judges in diterbitkan Pasca Sarjana Sunan Giri, Surabaya, 2007.
the Lapindo Brantas lawsuit, the element of unlawful nature and - Aaron Sachs, Keadilan Ekologi Menghubungkan Hak
the element of loss were not proven (the decision from page 285 Azasi Manusia dan Lingkungan hidup, 1997, Jakarta,
to page 288). Yayasan Sumber Agung dan Jaringan Kerja Lembaga
This is, according to the author, actually the Pelayanan Kristen di Indonesia.
application of the unlawful nature and the loss that should be - Eko Pujiyono, Banjir Lumpur Banjir Janji Gugatan
proven by the Plaintiff. the Panel of Judges dares to make a Masyarakat Dalam Kasus Lapindo, Penerbit Kompas,
breakthrough using the principle of Strict Liability because in Jakarta, 2007
the provisions of Articles 35 and 42 Paragraph (1) and Articles Ringkasan permasalahan ini diambil dari salinan
65 and 66 of Law No. 23 of 1997, it is clearly stated that the putusan dalam sengketa lingkungan hidup di Pengadilan
perpetrators of pollution are absolutely responsible. However, Negeri Jakarta Pusat antara YLBHI ( Kuasa dari
by the Panel of Judges, the provisions of the Articles were Masyarakat ) selaku Penggugat melawan Negara cq.
disregarded. The judges did not give justice to the victims of Pemerintah Cq. Presiden dan PT. Lapindo Brantas Inc.
Lapindo mudflow. The theory of justice proposed by Emanuel Dkk, 27 Nopember 2007.
Kant and John Rawls is justice in general sense in addition to Undang-undang No. 23 Tahun 1997 tentang
justice which is fairness.26 This means that justice seekers file a Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
lawsuit to the Court. The panel of judges in deciding the case is
not only based on procedural justice but also the substantial one
so that the meaning of justice for the victim has been seen
clearly and clearly experienced by many victims.
Furthermore, the element of losses in the legal considerations of
the Panel of Judges was also "rejected".
In the consideration of the Panel of Judges on the element of
losses, it is not proven with the reason that the President had
issued the Presidential Decree no. 14 of 2007 stating that the
losses had been paid by the State and PT. Lapindo Brantas. It is
very detrimental to the Plaintiff (the community affected by the
mudflow) because it is proven that the compensation process
has not been completed yet and the process of providing
compensation did not give a sense of satisfaction to the
community because the people had lost their property, life,
psychological burden which is until now still felt by them.
Therefore, the certainty of compensation cannot be assessed
immaterially either.

Conclusion:
1. The Panel of Judges, in making a decision on
environmental dispute submitted by the victims of
Lapindo Mudflow, did not use the Strict Liability principle
so that the Plaintiffs still had to prove their lawsuit in the
Court.
2. In the polluter pays principle in the provision of
compensation to the victims, it still depends on the proof
filed by the Plaintiff so that the principle was not taken
into consideration by the judges.

26
... Abdullah, Legal Consideration of Court Decision,
issued Post-Sarjana Sunan Giri, Surabaya, 2008, p.162

279
CISAK 2019

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN CONFLICTING WITH

LAW IN RELATIONS WITH CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
Farhana1,2,3,, Bambang Sukamto2, and Mimin Mintarsih3
1,2,3
Faculty of Law, Jakarta Islamic University
Jakarta, Indonesia
1
frh961@gmail.com, 2setauid@gmail.com, 3miensh66@gmail.com

Abstract:The phenomena of children in conflict with the law are increasingly common and complex, so that the handling is different from adults.
Children in conflict with the law need special handling and special protection against actions that can harm a child's psychological and physical
development. Children in conflict with the law have human rights. Protection of children's rights in conflict with law is carried out based on the best
interest of the child. Justice is the last step to deal with children in conflict with the law. This is reflected in the international instruments on the rights
of children and the protection of children in conflict with the law, it is, further, have been agreed by countries in the world. The protection of children
in conflict with the law through a restorative justice system is a comprehensive and effective handling of children facing the law issue. Thus, the
alternative solution in dealing with children is facing the law through a restorative justice system with diversion in the form of mediation between
parties is needed, it is in accordance with the spirit of the Convention on the Child’s Rights.

Keywords: Child Protection, Child’s Rights, Children in Conflict with Law

INTRODUCTION
Child protection becomes an integral part of the process and
dynamics of a country's development, especially for the
development of human resources. Talking about children means
discussing the future of a nation, how the continuation of the
future generation. Children as one of the human resources for
long-term investments that really need to be considered because
children have a role to continue the life of the nation and state
in all fields and all aspects of life. The child as the successor to
the ideals of the nation's struggle has a strategic role and has
special characteristics and characteristics that guarantee the
continuity of the existence of the nation and state in the future.
In order to be able to assume these responsibilities, the child
needs to get the widest opportunity to grow and develop
optimally, both physically, mentally and socially and with noble
character.
Phenomenon in people's lives that there are some children who
are neglected or do not develop according to their age as
children so that behavioral irregularities or illegal acts occur.
Children cannot protect themselves including their rights
themselves so children are very important to be protected.
Protecting children is protecting humans in order to develop
whole people.
Children need to be protected from the negative impacts of rapid
development, the flow of globalization in the field of
communication and information, the advancement of science
and technology and lifestyle changes that have brought
fundamental social changes in people's lives that greatly
influence the values and behavior of children. Children who are
in the developmental process seek identity to become adults,
often occurring affected by the negative impact of rapid
development and the flow of globalization which results in
deviant behavior or acts against the law. Children are not small
adults because children have different characteristics than
adults. Childhood is a vulnerable period, children are not yet
independent, immature emotions and social feelings so that the
child's personality is still developing. With these psychological
characteristics, dealing with children requires special treatment
and special protection against actions that can harm children's
development both psychological and physical development.
Child protection is the result of interaction because of the
interrelation between influencing phenomena that occur in the
community. Child protection is all efforts made to create
conditions so that every child can exercise their rights and
obligations in a child's physical, moral and social development
and growth in a reasonable manner. (Arif Gosita, 2004: 45)
Child protection is an embodiment of the existence of justice in
a society so that the protection of children is cultivated in
various fields of life and state of society. In order for child
protection to be carried out properly it is based on the principle
of the best interests of the child or the best interests of the child
as the highest priority in every decision related to children, for
human survival.
Protection of children, not only protecting children as victims
but also children who are perpetrators of crimes, it is part of the
rights of children that must be protected by the State and the
Government. Protection provided to children focuses more on
children who are victims or witnesses of a criminal act, while
the protection of children who are perpetrators of crimes and
protection of children's rights as suspects has not been optimally
addressed.
Currently cases involving children as perpetrators are
increasingly frequent and complex, so the need for legal

280
instruments and legal processes carried out by law enforcement
requires maximum attention and effort in the context of child
protection. According to the chairman of The Raoul Wallenberg
Institute in the ASEAN region at the 13th UN Congress on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice in Doha, Qatar in 2015, the
number of teenagers under the age of 18 is deprived of their
liberty in ASEAN countries (Association of Southeast Asian
Nations) can be reduced significantly if the right alternative for
the criminal justice process is applied. Statistics on the situation
of juvenile justice in the region, which shows that 70,000
children each year are charged with criminal offenses in
ASEAN countries.
The alternative solution to the cases of children facing the law
that is currently developing is a restorative justice system. The
restorative justice system aims to empower victims,
perpetrators, families and communities to correct an act against
the law based on awareness and conviction. The measure of
justice is not based on retributive justice or based on revenge
but is based on conviction and forgiveness, so that the resolution
of the conflict between children and the law can be peacefully
resolved.
The problem is how to review children's rights to the legal
protection of children in conflict so that children's rights are
protected.
INSTRUMENTS ABOUT CHILD RIGHTS
Protection of children's rights has been guaranteed by a number
of international instruments. The international instrument
originated from the Geneva Declaration of Rights of the Child
(1924) which was recognized in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948). Declaration on the Rights of the Child
(1959) which confirmed the Geneva Declaration on the Rights
of the Child (1924). Starting from the recognition of world
human rights in 1948 and concerning child rights in 1959, the
UN General Assembly Resolution was adopted no. 44.25
namely the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
In the preamble of the Declaration on the Rights of the Child
(1959) it was implied that humanity is obliged to provide the
best for children. This Declaration affirms that children have the
right to obtain special protection, opportunities and facilities
that enable children to develop in a healthy and reasonable
manner in the same free and beneficial conditions; have a name
and nationality from birth; get social security including
adequate nutrition, housing, recreation and health services,
receive education, care and special treatment if they feel
disabled; grow and be confused in an atmosphere of love and
security; get education and if there is a catastrophe the child
includes the first to receive protection in the form of wasted
children, cruelty and oppression and acts that lead to
discrimination. Finally this declaration affirms that children
must be raised in a spirit of understanding, tolerance, and
friendship between nations, peace and brotherhood of the
universe.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) is an
international convention that regulates the civil, political,
economic, social and cultural rights of children. This
281
Convention contains universal principles and legal norms
regarding children's rights. In this convention it describes the
basic rights that children have, namely: the right to survive; to
develop fully; for protection from harmful influences, abuse and
exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and
social life. The principle of this Convention is non-
discrimination; service in the best interest of the child; the right
to live, survive and develop; and respect the views of children.
The international instruments that regulate the protection of
children in conflict with the law, namely
1. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
In article 40 of this convention regulates the protection of the
rights of children in conflict with the law. The children have the
right to help and fair treatment in the justice system that respects
their rights. The minimum age below which are not only the
minimum age below, but also provide minimum guarantees for
the fair and quick resolution of judicial or alternative
proceedings.
(https://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf)
(Children accused of breaking the law have the right to legal
assistance and fair treatment in the justice system that respects
their rights. Governments are required to set the minimum age
below where children cannot be held to criminal responsibility
and to provide minimum guarantees for justice and quick
settlement of judicial or alternative processes.)
Article 40 of this convention emphasizes the principle of child
welfare and the principle of proportionality. In Article 40
contains some that are considered in judging children, among
others: (Abintoro Prakoso, 2016: 154
a. Principle of presumption of innocence
b. Legality principle
c. Explanation of allegations and provision of legal
assistance
d. Fair examination, involving parents and child legal
counsel
e. Provision of action to children by authorized
institutions in accordance with applicable law
f. Interpreter
g. Child privacy protection
h. Minimum age limit for child criminal liability
i. The use of actions against children is not through the
juvenile justice process.
For all countries that have ratified the Convention on the Rights
of the Child, it is obligatory to make substantive and procedural
juvenile justice regulations including supporting institutions.
2. The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985 (The Beijing Rules)
In the Beijing Rules it includes standards for comprehensive
child justice administration aimed at child welfare, minimizing
interventions by the juvenile justice system, and reducing
further losses that might be caused by these interventions. It was
emphasized in the Beijing Rules that the role of juvenile justice
is an integral part of social justice. Children's responsibility is
measured by the degree of compatibility between the child's
moral and psychological maturity and the child's anti-social
actions. In rule 4, the importance of the age limit for the criminal
responsibility of children is not too low or not at all.
Rule 6, that the purpose of such a court is operationally carried
out by law enforcement officers, in this context law
enforcement officers are given the widest possible freedom and
in all levels of inspection to conduct discretion. Rule 7 and 8
concerning children's rights in basic procedural protection
measures such as presumption of innocence, the right to remain
silent, the right to be accompanied by a lawyer, the right to
attend parents / guardians, the right to face and cross-examine
witnesses and rights to appeal. In addition, during the process,
children's privacy must be protected because the child is
vulnerable to stigmatization. Openness of child's identity during
the process by the mass media must be avoided. Rule 8
emphasizes the importance of protecting children from the
adverse effects that might arise from publications in the mass
media. The interests of the individual must be protected and
enforced.
3. The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile
Delinquency, 1990 (The Riyadh Guidelines).
The Riyadh Guidelines complement the Convention on Rights
of the Child, The Riyadh Guidelines are guidelines for
preventing juvenile delinquency and youth crimes and
prevention of increased recidivism. This guide emphasizes the
holistic nature of child justice by pointing to the important role
civil society can play in preventing all children from coming
into contact with the law. Prevent children from entering the
justice system. This guideline emphasizes the need for a multi-
disciplinary approach and for the recruitment and training of
appropriate personnel who work with children. (UNICEF: 10)
In the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency, the
government should formulate and implement special
legislation, procedures that are specific to the protection of
children's rights and child welfare. Special legislation, directed
at efforts to prevent victimization, drug abuse and drug
trafficking, in addition to regulating the criteria for placement
of children in prison, house punishment, punishment at school
or otherwise.
The Riyadh Guidelines are guidelines for preventing
stigmatization, victimization and ongoing criminalization of
children.
4. United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juvenile
Deprived of Their Liberty (1990)
The United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juvenile
Deprived of Their Liberty determines that deprivation of liberty
against children is only a last resort, only for a minimal period
and for certain cases. This is to avoid children from the side
effects of all forms of detention in order to achieve the
integration of children into society. Therefore, this resolution
must be applied in full without discrimination and respect for
the moral concept that children have. This resolution, was
planned as the standard reference material for professionals
involved in managing the juvenile justice system, should be
prepared to use and be included in the legislative system of
member countries. (Romli Atmasasmita, 1997: 112-113)
282
The international instruments mentioned above are mutually
related to each other in order to protect the rights of children in
conflict with the law and are used as a basic guideline for the
child criminal justice system in member countries. These
instruments emphasize the affirmation of children's rights, child
protection by the state and the participation of various parties,
namely the government, society and the private sector in
guaranteeing children's rights. The instrument also reflects the
paradigm to avoid juvenile justice.
LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD
CRIMINAL ACTORS
Children are part of citizens who have the right to be protected
because children are the next generation of a nation where in the
future the leadership of a country will continue. The general
principles of child protection at the Convention on Rights of the
Child are non-discrimination, the best interests of the child,
survival and growth and respect for children's participation.
Since the last three decades, child criminal law has changed its
perspective. Many countries have begun to abandon the
repressive mechanism of the juvenile justice system because the
system fails to improve behavior and reduce the level of crime
committed by children. The approach to punishing children in
the framework of the penal system as the main approach
contains enormous risks and consequences, namely the risks
and consequences associated with the future of the child after
undergoing a punishment process.
Legal experts and policy makers think of alternative
interventions that are more suitable in dealing with children in
conflict with the law by giving more attention to directly
involved in reintegration and rehabilitation to solve the problem
of children in conflict with the law. Of course the way to solve
it is different from the way adults settle.
Placing children in the criminal justice system has a detrimental
effect on children's lives. These adverse effects can be in the
form of physical, emotional suffering and ongoing stigma after
a judge's decision and guilt in the child. (Setya Wahyudi, 2011:
3). These adverse effects affect the development and growth of
children, to ultimately continue to damage the future of
children. To avoid these adverse impacts diversion is an action
or treatment to divert or place offenders of child offenses from
the criminal justice system. Law enforcement officials are given
the authority to take policy actions in handling or resolving
children in conflict with the law so that handling or settlement
is not through the criminal justice system. This is stated in the
United Nations Minimum Rules for Administration of Juvenile
Justice or The Beijing Rules.
Restorative justice is the basis for handling children in conflict
with the law, which is a developing paradigm in seeing a crime
committed by a child. Restorative justice is a growing
alternative in various countries in the world for handling
children who have problems with the law because it offers a
comprehensive and effective solution. (Gordon Bazemore and
Mara Schiff, 2005: 5).
Restorative justice, that is, all parties involved in a criminal act
must jointly solve the problem and create an obligation to make
things better by involving victims, children, and the community
in finding a solution to improve, reconcile and reassure those
who do not based on retaliation. (Lilik Mulyadi, 2014: 163). So
restorative justice is a process of settlement that is carried out
outside the criminal justice system by involving victims,
perpetrators, families of victims and perpetrators, the public and
parties with an interest in a criminal act that occurs to reach
agreement and resolution and restorative objectives to recover
the wounds of all parties caused by criminal acts committed.
Restorative justice gives equal attention to victims and actors
and authorities to determine the sense of justice in the hands of
the parties, not the state. Therefore, the measure of justice is no
longer based on the appropriate retribution of the victim to the
perpetrator physically, psychologically or punishments; but the
painful act is cured by providing support to the victim and
requiring the perpetrator to be responsible with the help of
family and society if needed. (Martin Wright, 1992: 525).
Measures of justice in restorative justice based on conviction
and forgiveness are not based on retaliation or imprisonment in
accordance with retributive principles. Restorative Justice shifts
the philosophical value of handling children from
condemnation to reconciliation, retaliation against perpetrators
towards healing victims, alienation and violence towards the
participation and kinship of the whole community, destructively
negative towards improvement, forgiveness which is laden with
abundant love. (Abintoro Prakoso, 2016: 162). In Indonesia, the
principle of restorative justice has been practiced by a number
of indigenous peoples, the similarity of restorative justice with
local or customary mechanisms is an advantage because it is
more acceptable and practiced by the wider community.
The difference between retributive justice, restitution and
restoration can be seen in the table below:

Table: Differences in Restitution, Retribution and Restoration

No Difference Restitution Retribution Restoration
1 Foundation of Fixed an error by Achieve justice by replying Forgiveness is the basis for
Philosophy replacing or to suffering / pain caused improving relations between
updating people
2 Means The victim received Perpetrators are sentenced The perpetrator regrets the act,
compensation to equal or more severe promises not to repeat by giving
compensation if needed
3 Focus Victim Perpetrator Victim and perpetrator
Source: Dean E. Peachey, 1992: 552-553

Based on the table above, restorative justice provides a more
comprehensive solution for victims and perpetrators, where
restorative justice gives equal attention to victims and
perpetrators and the determination of a sense of justice is in the
hands of the parties.
Handling children in conflict with the law through settlement
based on the principle of restorative justice can reduce the
adverse consequences of child development in addition to
guaranteeing and respecting the dignity of the child. The main
purpose of restorative justice is to repair victims' losses,
confession of perpetrators of losses due to criminal acts
committed, conciliation or reconciliation between victims,
perpetrators and the community, reintegration of actors and
through settlement peacefully resolved can be managed by
community security. (Muladi, 2013: 9-11).
In order to protect children from the influence of the formal
process of the criminal justice system that has an impact on
children, a paradigm arises to make formal rules for removing a
child in conflict with the law from the criminal justice process
by providing other alternatives that are considered better for
children. The alternative is through diversion or diversion.
Diversion is based on a justice or judicial approach based on
deliberation or restorative justice, settlement of criminal cases
by involving perpetrators, victims, families of perpetrators /
victims, and other related parties to jointly seek a fair solution
by emphasizing recovery in its original state (restitutio
inintegrum), and not retaliation.
Diversion is based on Labeling theory and Differential
Association theory (Review Literature A Product of the Model
Programs Guide, 2017: 2).
1. Labeling Theory
According to Beck, processing certain youth through the
juvenile justice system might be more dangerous, because it
inadvertently stigmatizes and isolates them for taking relatively
small actions that might be more appropriately handled outside
the formal system. Labels such as "deviant," "mischievous", or
"juvenile offenders" can influence the way in which youth come
to define themselves and how society views them, thereby
influencing their future behavior and dictating the social roles
they can take (Dick et al. 2004). Akers explains that labeling
theory "puts forward the thesis that individuals labeled or
labeled dramatically as deviant tend to take aberrant self-
identity and become more, not less, distorted than if they were
not labeled" (1994, 128)
2. Differential Association Theory,
It shows that young people involved in the system will adopt
antisocial attitudes and behaviors from their peers. Exposure
and brotherhood with naughty youth and more advanced adults
is considered to have a criminogenic effect that increases the
likelihood of youth returning. By reducing adolescent exposure

283
and contact with the juvenile justice system, diversion aims to
minimize the effect of their label as deviant and limit their
opportunities to associate with rogue peers and adopt anti-social
behavior.
The steps to deal with children in conflict with the law under
the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other
international instruments are: (Best of UNICEF Research, 2017:
17-18).
3. Labeling Theory
According to Beck, processing certain youth through the
juvenile justice system might be more dangerous, because it
inadvertently stigmatizes and isolates them for taking relatively
small actions that might be more appropriately handled outside
the formal system. Labels such as "deviant," "mischievous", or
"juvenile offenders" can influence the way in which youth come
to define themselves and how society views them, thereby
influencing their future behavior and dictating the social roles
they can take (Dick et al. 2004). Akers explains that labeling
theory "puts forward the thesis that individuals labeled or
labeled dramatically as deviant tend to take aberrant self-
identity and become more, not less, distorted than if they were
not labeled" (1994, 128)
4. Differential Association Theory,
It shows that young people involved in the system will adopt
antisocial attitudes and behaviors from their peers. Exposure
and brotherhood with naughty youth and more advanced adults
is considered to have a criminogenic effect that increases the
likelihood of youth returning. By reducing adolescent exposure
and contact with the juvenile justice system, diversion aims to
minimize the effect of their label as deviant and limit their
opportunities to associate with rogue peers and adopt anti-social
behavior.
The steps to deal with children in conflict with the law under
the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other
international instruments are: (Best of UNICEF Research, 2017:
17-18)
1. Unconditional diversion
The form is like a warning from the police and is more often
used in reality than included in national law.
2. Diversion (Diversion from formal judicial
proceedings)
Transfer from formal justice processes so as to avoid the
negative effects of judicial proceedings and criminal records.
3. Alternative pre-trial detention (Alternatives to pre-trial
detention)
As an alternative that is based on family or community for
detention as supervision of children who are awaiting trial.
Some countries, this alternative has been included in the law
4. Actions to minimize the time in pre-trial detention
(Measures to minimize time in pre-trial detention).
If pre-trial detention is unavoidable, the time children spend in
detention must be limited to the appropriate period as short as
possible. Most countries have included provisions regarding the
release of pre-trial detention into law.
5. Alternative post-trial detention (Alternatives to post-
trial detention)
284
Family or community based post-trial detention for
reintegration, rehabilitation and supervision of children rather
than punishing them in the form of institutions. Many countries
have included these provisions into law
6. Steps to minimize the time in post-trial detention
(Measures to minimize time in post-trial detention)
Many countries whose laws allow the release of children from
the start (conditional) from post-trial detention and often occur.
The results of UNICEF's research in 12 countries in East Asia
about Juvenile Justice include: (Best of UNICEF Research,
2017: 16)
1. 10 countries have a child court system and 7 countries
have special professionals appointed such as the Police unit
dealing with Child Police Units and Child Prosecution to handle
cases of children in conflict with the law.
2. More than half of the countries in East Asia studied
have specific child laws that include provisions on juvenile
justice.
3. 10 countries have established mechanisms to
coordinate activities between the juvenile justice sector and the
social welfare sector; 6 of them have developed inter-
agency/sectorial protocols
4. Most countries (10 countries in East Asia) have
existing mechanisms for implementing and monitoring
transfers and other alternative measures for children in conflict
with the law.
Juvenile justice based on retributive and restitutive
justice only gives authority to the state through law
enforcement. Actors in this case children who are in conflict
with the law and the victims have very little chance to deliver
the version of justice according to those who want it. The state
determines the measure of justice for victims by giving
punishment to the perpetrators. Retributive and restitution
justice based on punishment, revenge against perpetrators, exile
and destruction are transformed into restorative justice based on
reconciliation, victim recovery, integration in society,
forgiveness and custody, through diversion to avoid the
negative effects of judicial processes and stigmatization.
CONCLUSION
Court is the last step to deal with children in conflict with the
law, this is illustrated in the international instruments on
children's rights and the protection of children in conflict with
the law agreed upon by countries in the world.
Through Diversion with the principle of Restorative Justice to
avoid and distance children from the judicial process so that
they can avoid stigmatization of children facing the law and it
is hoped that children can return to the social environment
fairly.
The basic idea of this diversion is to avoid the negative effects
of juvenile justice examinations on children, both the negative
effects of the judicial process and the negative effects of the
stigma of the judicial process, so that checks are transferred, and
the children are subject to diversion programs.
REFERENCES
Abintoro Prakoso, Pembaruan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak,
cetakan II, Yogyakarta: Aswaja Pressindo, 2016.
Akers, Ronald L. Criminological Theories: Introduction and
Evaluation. Los Angeles, Calif.: Roxbury Publishing
Co, 1994
Arif Gosita, Masalah Perlindungan Anak, Jakarta: PT Bhuana
Ilmu Populer, 2004
Dean E. Peachey, “Restitution, Reconciliation, Retribution:
Identifying the Forms of Justice People Desire”, in
Restorative Justice on Trial: Pitfalls and Potentials
of Victim Offender Mediation-Internationa Research
Perspectives, eds Messmer, H and Otto, H.U.,
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers,1992.
Gordon Bazemore dan Mara Schiff, Juvenile Justice Reform
and Restorative Justice: Building Theory and Policy
from Practice, Oregon: Willan Publishing, 2005
Lilik Mulyadi, Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak,
Bandung:Alumni, 2014
Literature Riview A Product of the Model Programs Guide,
Diversion from Formal Juvenile Court Processing,
https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/
Diversion_Programs.pdf, 2017, up load 26 Desember
2018.
Martin Wright, Victim Offender Mediation as a Step Towards
a Restorative System of Justice, dalam Restorative
Justice on Trial: Pittfalls and Potentials of Victim
Offender Mediation International Research
Perspectives, eds Messmer, H and Otto, HU, Kluwer
Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, 1992
Muladi, Restorative Justice dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana dan
Implementasinya dalam Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana
yang dilakukan oleh Anak-Anak, Jakarta: BPHN, 2013
Romli Atmasasmita, Peradilan Anak di Indonesia, Bandung :
Mandar Maju, 1997
Setya Wahyudi, Implementasi Ide Diversi dalam Pembaruan
Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia,
Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing, 2011
UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Best of UNICEF
Research, 2017
UNICEF, Working with Children in conflict with the Law; a
Summary Booklet for Professionals in the Child Justice
System in the Eastern Carribean, 2009
https://www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean/Working_with_
children_in_conflict_with_the_law.pdf
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the
Administration of Juvenile Justice ("The Beijing
Rules"),
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInt
erest/beijingrules.pdf
United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived
of their Liberty,
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInt
erest/res45_113.pdf

285
CISAK 2019

INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO INSIGHTS IN FACING

WORLD GLOBALIZATION
Firman Freaddy Busroh1, and Fatria Khairo2

1,2
Lecturer at Sumpah Pemuda School of Law, Palembang, Indonesia

Abstract: The success of national development is so rapid and technological developments have placed the nation and
state Indonesia is an integral part of the development of the globalization of the world. This has the consequence that the
international development will more or less affect the development of the domestic situation. On the one hand it can help
the growth and development of the Indonesian people to achieve national development goals, but on the other hand, it
does not rule out the possibility of encouraging the emergence of a climate which results following the needs of the nation
and even the nation's morals. Therefore we need a perspective that can block this.
The archipelago insight is the Indonesian nation's view of the people, nation, and territory of the Unitary State
of the Republic of Indonesia which includes land, sea, and air as a political, economic, social, cultural and defense security
unit. An archipelago is a tool that unites all the islands in Indonesia. The insight of the Archipelago also contained teaching
about the determination and attitude of the Indonesian people to unite themselves as a whole to distance and eliminate all
disintegrative traits or other attitudes that lead to the division of the nation. With Archipelagic Insights, the Indonesian
nation must be increasingly convinced that ethnic, class, racial, origin, economic status, social status, religion and belief
in God Almighty are not reasons not to unite.
As we know, that the Indonesian nation consists of several islands, and to unite it is not an action that is easily
added to the current era of globalization which also dramatically influences the unity and unity of the nation. The era of
globalization is also clearly a competitive era and Indonesia as a unitary nation will face intense competition in the
international world in various aspects of life.
Archipelagic insight, in essence, leads us to rethink our perspective on the State and nation in terms of political,
economic, social, cultural, and defense and security. Our concern as the nation's children, the spirit of substantial unity,
and the high spirit of struggle to build the homeland and the nation strengthens the community in the arena of interaction
between nations in the global era.

Keyword: archipelago insights; globalization; national development

A. Background consists of islands connected by the sea. Whereas the insight

The current era of globalization is a challenge and
opportunity for the Indonesian nation to continue to survive
and maintain its integrity. The ever-greater challenges of
globalization will undermine the integrity of the Unitary State
of the Republic of Indonesia. If it does not have a healthy view
of life. A strong understanding of the concept of archipelago
insight can be a stronghold in maintaining the integrity of the
Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Archipelago
insight is a national pride that is owned by the Indonesian
people, a concept that is so unified and following the cultural
and personality repertoire of Indonesian people, should
continue to develop and not be abandoned, because leaving
this concept has left our identity and personality as the
Indonesian nation.
The archipelago is understood as a concept of national
territories with the emphasis that the territory of Indonesia
of the archipelago is the political concept of the Indonesian
nation which views Indonesia as a regional unity, covering
land (land), water (sea), and air that unites the nation and the
country as a whole and comprehensively covers all fields of
national life which include political, economic, socio-cultural,
and defense and security (defense and security). (Sumarsono
et al., 2007)
As we know, the Indonesian nation consists of several islands,
and to unite it is not an act that is easily added to the current
era of globalization which also dramatically influences the
unity and unity of the nation. The era of globalization is also
clearly a competitive era and Indonesia as a unitary nation will
face intense competition in the international world in various
aspects of life.
B. Problems

295
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1. How is the Archipelago's insight into the life of
the Indonesian state?
2. How is the Indonesian Archipelago's Insight in the
face of Global Globalization?
C. Discussion
C. 1. What is the Application of the Archipelago's
Insight to the life of the Indonesian State?
The application or implementation of archipelago
insight occurs in several factors, namely:
a. Political Life
Implementation is regulated in the Law on political parties,
general elections, presidential elections where the
implementation is under the law and emphasizes national
unity. For example in the Presidential election, House of
Representatives and regional heads must carry out democratic
principles and justice. The implementation of community and
state life must be under applicable law. Develop human rights
and pluralism attitudes in uniting and maintaining various
tribes, religions, and languages, to create and foster tolerance.
Strengthen political commitment in political parties and
government institutions to increase nationality, unity, and
unity. Increasing Indonesia's role in the international world
and strengthening the diplomatic corps.
b. Economic Life
Development must pay attention to justice and balance
between regions so that the existence of regional autonomy can
create efforts in economic justice. Economic development
must involve people's participation, one of which is by
providing micro-credit facilities in the development of small
businesses.
c. Social Life
Developing a harmonious national life between different
communities, in terms of culture, social status, and region.
Development of Indonesian culture to preserve Indonesia's
wealth.
d. Defense and Security Life
1) Providing opportunities for every citizen to play an
active role in improving the ability of discipline and
maintaining the environment.
2) Building a sense of unity by building a sense of
solidarity and close relations between citizens.
3) Build a professional National Army and provide
facilities and infrastructure for security activities in the
territory of Indonesia, especially the islands and the outer
regions of Indonesia. (Sunarso et al., 2013).
2. How is the Indonesian Archipelago's Insight in the
face of Global Globalization?
296
Indonesia set its national goals in the Preamble of the 1945
Constitution, namely to form the following state governments:
1. Protecting the entire nation and all of Indonesia's
bloodshed
2. Promoting public welfare and educating the nation's
life
3. Participating in a world order based on freedom,
eternal peace, and social justice, (Abu Daud Busroh, 2010)
To realize these national goals, the Indonesian Nation needs
National Insights, namely insights or perspectives that can be
used as guidelines in responding to nations and countries and
addressing external influences and influences from
surrounding areas, the results of which are used as a basis for
taking policies and actions to build the nation and its country.
The National Insight of the Indonesian Nation in the future
referred to as the Archipelago Insight is the National Insight of
the Indonesian Nation.
2.1. Archipelago Insight is the National Insight of the
Indonesian Nation.
Archipelago Insight or “Wawasan Nusantara” means the word
"Nusantara" behind the word "Wawasan" is a combination of
two words, namely Nusa means island and Antara means
between. In full, the archipelago means an archipelagic
country located between two continents (Asia and Australia)
and two oceans (Pacific and Indian). As an archipelagic
country, Indonesia is different from other archipelagic
countries, such as Fiji, the Philippines and so on, because as an
archipelagic country Indonesia consists of thousands of islands
(± 17,522 islands), the nation consists of many tribes, occupies
a cross position (flanked by two continents and two oceans) or
in a strategic position.
Based on the conditions of the nation and its region as
mentioned above, the Indonesia calls its National Insights with
the Archipelago's Insight, with the intention that the
Indonesian Nation always sees its people as a whole regional
entity, and establishes harmonious relations with nations in the
world, especially nations Southeast Asia, which is mutually
beneficial. Thus the Indonesian Nation will be able to suppress
or overcome all its weaknesses; on the contrary, will get added
value due to the condition and position of the country. The
core teachings of the Insight of the Archipelago is that the
Indonesian people always look at their nation and country as a
unified nation, so as not to be easily divided, and as a whole
unified region of the unitary state.
The essential elements of Archipelago Insight:
1. Contour
"Contour" in the life of the nation and state encompass all
regions of Indonesia which have the all-round nature of the
archipelago with natural resources and inhabitants as well as
various cultures of the Indonesian people and the entire
Indonesian bloodshed. After participating in the Unitary State
 CISAK 2019 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)
of the Republic of Indonesia, the Indonesian nation has a state
organization which is a forum for various state activities in the
form of supra political structures, while the container in social
life is a variety of institutions in the form of political structures.
2. Content
"Contents" are the aspirations of the nation that develops in the
community and national ideals and goals contained in the
Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. Recognizing that to
achieve aspirations that develop in the community and national
aspirations and goals as mentioned above, the Indonesian
nation must be able to create unity and unity in diversity in
national life in the form of politics, economics, socio-culture,
and defense and security. Therefore "content" involves two
essential things, namely:
a. Realization of the aspirations of the nation as a
collective agreement and its realization, achievement of
national ideals and goals.
b. Unity and unity in diversity which covers all aspects
of national life.
3. Conduct
"Conduct" is the result of the interaction between "container"
and "content" which consists of physical and outer unity.
Spirituality reflects the spirit, spirit, and mentality of the
Indonesian people. While outwardly reflected in the actions,
actions, and behavior of the Indonesian people, the second
thing will reflect the identity or identity of the Indonesian
people based on kinship and togetherness who have a sense of
pride and love for their nation and homeland, giving rise to
high nationalism in all aspects of national life. (Agus Sarwo
Prayogi, 2018)
The insight of the Archipelago also contains a doctrine of the
determination and attitude of the Indonesian people to unite
themselves as a whole to distance and eliminate any
disintegrative nature or other attitudes that lead to national
division, hostility or divorce either consciously or not. From a
geographical and demographic point of view, historical
experience has shown that this Indonesian state contains
potential splits. However, these historical experiences also
teach that negative potentials do not need to be developed if
we want to stick to and maintain a national consensus that we
have agreed on since August 17, 1945. The Indonesian nation
is not only one in the physical sense but also in his ideology
and constitution namely Pancasila and the 1945 Indonesian
Constitution. (Fatria Khairo, 2017)
With the Archipelago's Insights, the Indonesian nation must be
increasingly convinced that ethnic differences, groups, races,
origins of economic status, social status, religion and belief in
God The Almighty is no reason not to unite. The Indonesian
state is not ethnic connotation, but the nation-state is an
integralistic state.
Also, we must believe that the archipelago's insight also
teaches us to recognize the rights and obligations that we must
297
assume in their position as citizens. Our national constitution
mandates that every citizen has the same rights and obligations
in the context of the defense of the state and nation.
According to the authors of the defense of the state and nation,
it is not in the narrow sense that it defends the country if it gets
an attack from the outside, namely how to maintain the
standing of this country and how to advance this nation, so that
it can stand in line with other modern nations.
Archipelago insight as a nation's perspective that recognizes
and accepts a unified whole; this also means that ways and
things that can disrupt the feeling of unity and unity must be
avoided and eliminated.
2.2. The Effect of World Globalization for
Indonesia
The success of national development and so and the rapid
development of technology has placed the nation and state of
Indonesia as an inseparable part of the development of the
globalization of the world. (Winarno, 2016) This thing has
consequences that international development will affect the
development of the situation more or less at home.
On the one hand it can help the growth and development of the
Indonesian people to achieve national development goals, but
on the other hand, it does not rule out the possibility of
encouraging the birth of a climate which results by the needs
of the nation and even the nation's morals.
Indeed, the future will not be predicted correctly. Only what
has now been seen is that there are signs of a dynamic change
which in some fields concerns fundamental problems. Besides,
the current developments also provide a picture of trends in the
world, shifts from centralization to denseness from unity lead
to pluralism from prioritizing the role of government to the
role of society.
The tendency for the need for democratization in the field of
life, including economic and social culture in addition to
politics, is increasingly becoming a demand. Also, the desire
to release himself from dependence towards his strength seems
to be hope.
Seen from the surface, these tendencies seem to contradict our
development efforts which have been carried out so far,
including the development of the Archipelago's Insight. Such
an atmosphere can raise questions, besides concerning the
truth of the direction of national development, it is also
questioned about the ability of the Indonesian people to deal
with these trends.
Development in all aspects of life that is carried out gradually
and concerning this will continue to be improved in line with
the development of society and times. Also, the results must
be genuinely enjoyed by the people. Historical experience has
also proven that the Indonesian people have the power and
ability to overcome trends in globalization of the world and
even through acculturation the Indonesian people can take
 CISAK 2019 – Paper Number (Will be replaced with paper registration or alphabetical number if the manuscript is accepted)

elements of foreign culture to enrich national culture. If
viewed from its geographical location that is so strategic and
the products that can be traded in the world market because
other countries need it since the beginning of its history, the
Indonesian nation has been related to the globalization of the
world. Only the weight and nature or types of problems may
be different.
However, it must be admitted that the Indonesian nation has
been able to adapt itself to the trends that have ever existed.
The experience of the First Long Term National Development
has also shown that Indonesian people have the potential and
ability to improve life with their strength.
Fatria Khairo, Urgensi Sosialisasi Empat pilar bagi
Kehidupan Berbangsa dan Bernegara, Jurnal Lex
Publica, Jakarta, 2017.
Sumarsono dkk, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, Penerbit
Gramedia Pustaka, Jakarta, 2007.
Sunarso dkk, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan untuk Perguruan
Tinggi, UNY Press, Yogyakarta, 2013.
Winarno, Paradigma Baru Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan,
Bumi Aksara, Jakarta, 2018.

D. Conclusion
1. What is the Application of the Archipelago's Insight
to the life of the Indonesian State? Archipelago insight is the
nation's perspective on an environment based on national
ideas, namely Pancasila and UUD '45 as aspirations of a
sovereign and proud independent nation amidst its
environment and animating in the act of wisdom in achieving
the goals of national struggle. Its function is as a guideline,
motivation, encouragement, and signs in all policies,
decisions, actions, and actions for the implementation at the
central and regional level as well as for all Indonesian people
in the life of the community, nation and state.
2. How is the Indonesian Archipelago's Insight in the
face of Global Globalization? To deal with globalization is to
maintain the existence and integrity of the nation and state and
take advantage of opportunities to advance the nation and
state. To deal with globalization, it requires the ability of
human and institutional resources, both in the state sector and
in the private sector to realize advanced Indonesia and people
who are ready to face the enormous influence of globalization
in Indonesia. The implementation of the Archipelago Insight
in the era of globalization must be carefully arranged with
plans that have been made to be applied in the community with
various aspects above and realize the happiness and
orderliness of the Indonesian society, where there are many
problems caused by a lack of application and understanding of
the concept of Archipelago Insight. Moreover, the insight of
the archipelago as an absolute visional foundation needs to be
reinvested in the order of life of the Indonesian people.

E.References
Abu Daud Busroh, Ilmu Negara, Penerbit Bumi Aksara,
Cetakan ke 7, Jakarta, 2010.

Agus Sarwo Prayogi, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan untuk

Perguruan Tinggi, (Membangun Bangsa Melalui
Koridor Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Dasar), Penerbit
Pustaka Baru, Yogyakarta, 2018.

298
CISAK 2019

Restorative Justice as a discussion of the criminal justice

system based on law number 11 of 2012 concerning children's
criminal
Justice system
1
Ir. Endang Sri Sarastri, SH., CN., MM., MBA

Faculty of Law at UNTAG Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia

Abstract: Children are budding, potential, and the young generation is the successor of the ideals of the nation's struggle,
has a strategic role and has special characteristics and characteristics that guarantee the continuity of the existence of the
nation and the State in the future. Children are not free from the possibility of committing criminal acts (crimes) as well
as adults, both criminal acts carried out alone or together with other people. So research is carried out to examine more
deeply about Restorative Justice as the Renewal of the Criminal Justice System based on Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning
the Child Criminal Justice System. Based on the description above, then a red thread can be drawn, (1) What is the concept
of Restorative Justice in the perspective of Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice System? and (2)
What things are needed to support / support the implementation of restorative justice as a form of settlement of criminal
acts committed by children?
This study uses a normative juridical approach, meaning that the data obtained based on juridical aspects are also guided
by empirical aspects that are used as a tool. The concept of Restorative Justice in the perspective of Law Number 11 of
2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice System that Restorative Justice is a reaction to retributive theory oriented to
retaliation and neo-classical theory oriented to equality of criminal sanctions and sanctions for action. This concept is a
solution that involves the perpetrators, victims, their families and other parties involved in a crime, jointly seeking a
solution to the crime and its implications for recovery and not retaliation. Restorative Justice is required at the stage of
Investigation, Investigation, Prosecution and Trial for Enforcement. The things needed to support / support the
implementation of restorative justice as a form of settlement of criminal acts committed by children, namely from:
perpetrators, categories of criminal acts, victims, support from parents / guardians and families
.
Keywords: Restoorative Justice, Criminal Justice System, Child Criminal

A. Background
Children are budding, potential, and the young generation is the
successor of the ideals of the nation's struggle, has a strategic
role and has special characteristics and characteristics that
guarantee the continuity of the existence of the nation and the
State in the future27. Children are not free from the possibility
of committing criminal acts (crimes) as well as adults, both
criminal acts carried out alone or together with other people.
Children in the development process face obstacles in meeting
their needs and attention causing mental disturbance. Finally it
can cause children to become delinquency28 actors.
Children with all understanding and definition have different
characteristics with adults, this is the starting point in looking at
the rights and obligations of a child that will affect their position
in the law. In consideration of Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning
the Child Criminal Justice System, it is also stated that the
children of Meru will be the mandate and the gift of God
Almighty who has the dignity and dignity as a whole person. To
maintain their dignity and status, children have the right to
special protection, especially legal protection in the justice
system.
According to Retnowulan Sutianto, child protection is part of
National Development. Protecting children is protecting
humans, and building humans as fully as possible. This is
reflected in the essence of national development, namely the
development of a whole Indonesian people who are virtuous.
Ignoring the issue of child protection means that it will not
strengthen national development. As a result of the absence of
child protection will lead to various social problems that can

27 28
Letter b Section Consideran Law Number 32 of 2002 . Marlina (1), Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia
concerning Child Protection Pengembangan Konsep Diversi dan Restorative Justice, 2009,
PT.Refika Aditama, Bandung, p. 60.

299
CISAK 2019
disrupt law enforcement, order, security, and national
development29.
Indonesia as a State Party to the Convention on the Rights of
the Child, which regulates the principle of legal protection for
children, is obliged to provide special protection to children
who are faced with the law. One form of child protection by the
state is realized through the criminal justice system specifically
for children who are faced with the law.
This is confirmed in the United States Standard Rules for
Administration of Juvenile Justice, that the objectives of
juvenile justice are: criminal justice systems for children /
adolescents will prioritize the welfare of adolescents and will
ensure that any reaction to teenage offenders will always be
commensurate with conditions both for violators of the law and
for violating the law.30
KOMNAS Anak in 2011 received 1,851 complaints of children
who faced the law (children as perpetrators of crimes) who were
brought to court 31 . This number increased compared to
complaints in 2010, namely 730 cases. Nearly 52 percent of
these figures are theft cases followed by cases of violence, rape,
drugs, gambling, and persecution and almost 89.8 percent of
cases of children facing the law end up being convicted or
sentenced to criminal sentences.
Restorative Diversion and Justice is the basis of the renewal of
the criminal justice system in the implementation of the juvenile
justice system, which can be seen in Law No. 11 of 2012
concerning the Child Criminal Justice System, which aims to
avoid child offenders from punishment or punishment. both
concepts are new to the people of Indonesia. Law No. 3 of 1997
does not have restorative juctice principles, and there are no
strict provisions regarding diversion (non-process settlement).
Barda Nawawi Arief 32 stated that in several other countries,
reason mediation is possible for crimes committed by children
and for cases of domestic violence (domestic violence). In
Indonesia, the provisions of the penal mediation are not
contained in Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Juvenile Courts
and in Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning Domestic Violence.
Based on the description above, then a red thread can be drawn,
how the concept of Restorative Justice faces obstacles in the
middle of its implementation. What legal problems will occur
when the Restorative Justice concept is implemented. So
29
Romli Atmasasmita (ed), Peradilan Anak di
Indonesia, (Bandung: Mandar Maju, 1997), p. 166.
30
United Nations, United Nations Standard Minimum
Rules For The Administration of Juvenile Justice, United
Nations, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/40/a40r033.htm
(accessed 25 Januari 2019).
31
Komisi Nasional Anak, 21-12-2011. “Catatan Akhir
Tahun 2011 Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak”.
www.komnasanak.com , accessed tanggal 25 Januari 2019
32
Barda Nawawi Arief stressed that the law must
explicitly state that a settlement outside the process aborts the
prosecution. In the Concept of the New Penal Code: The
authority to sue for death, if: a. there have been decisions that
have permanent legal force; b. the defendant died; c. expired; d.
300
research is carried out to examine more deeply about
Restorative Justice as the Renewal of the Criminal Justice
System based on Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Child
Criminal Justice System.
B. Problems
Based on this background, several problems can be formulated
as follows:
1. What is the concept of Restorative Justice in the
perspective of Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Child
Criminal Justice System?
2. What things are needed to support / support the
implementation of restorative justice as a form of criminal
offense committed by children?
C. Research Methods
This study uses a normative juridical approach, meaning that
the data obtained based on juridical aspects are also guided by
empirical aspects that are used as a tool. According to this flow
of knowledge must be obtained from experiences in the field
and this flow also argues that irregularities in science are caused
because humans are too based on the provisions of thinking and
ignoring the realm of experience that can actually provide
correct knowledge.33
D. Discussion
1. The concept of Restorative Justice in the
Perspective of Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the
Child Criminal Justice System
Restorative Justice is a reaction to retributive theory oriented to
retribution and neo-classical theory oriented to equality of
criminal sanctions and sanctions for action. In retributive
theory, criminal sanctions stem from the idea of "why
convictions are held". In this case, criminal sanctions place
more emphasis on the element of retaliation (compensation)
which is actually reactive to an act. It is a suffering that is
intentionally imposed on an offender, or as stated by J. E.
Jonkers that criminal sanctions are emphasized on the criminal
applied to crimes committed. While sanctions for action are
based on the idea of "what is the punishment for".
out-of-process settlement; e. maximum criminal penalties paid
by volunteering for criminal offenses are only threatened with
criminal penalties of at most categories II; f. maximum criminal
penalties are paid by volunteering for criminal acts which are
threatened with imprisonment for a maximum of 1 (one) year
or criminal penalties of at most categories III; g. The President
gives amnesty or abolition; h. the prosecution was terminated
because the prosecution was handed over to another country
based on the agreement; i. criminal act of complaint that no
complaint or complaint is withdrawn; or j. imposition of
opportunistic principles by the Attorney General. Barda
Nawawi Arief, loc. cit.
33
Ronny Hanitijo Soemitro, Metodologi Penelitian
Hukum dan Jurimetri, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, 1994, p. 36.
CISAK 2019
If in retributive theory criminal sanctions are directed at the
actions of one person through the imposition of suffering (so
that the person concerned becomes deterrent), then sanctions
will be directed towards efforts to give help so that he or she
changes. Action sanctions aim to be more educational 34 and
oriented towards the protection of the community35.
Retributive Justice by many people is seen as "a philosophy, a
process, an idea, a theory and intervention". Restorative Justice
is a court that emphasizes that there is an improvement in losses
that are caused or related to criminal acts. Restorative Justice is
carried out through a cooperative process involving all
stakeholders. It is worth mentioning some of the following
Restorative Justice meanings:
Restorative justice is a theory of justice that emphasizes
repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behaviour. It
is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include
all stakeholders. 36 Restorative justice is a valued-based
approach to responding to wrongdoing and conflict, with a
balanced focus on the person harmed, the person causing the
harm, and the affected community. 37
Howard Zehr 38 Viewed through a restorative justice lens,
“crime is a violation of people a d relatio s ips. It creates
obligations to make things right. Justice involves the victim, the
offender, and the community in a search for solutions which
promote repair, reconciliation, and reassurance.
Muladi 39 Restorative justice is an approach to justice on the
basis of philosophy and values of responsibility, openness, trust,
hope, healing, and "inclusiveness" and has an impact on taking
decisions on criminal justice system policies and legal
practitioners around the world and promising positive things to
the front in the form of a justice system to deal with conflicts
due to crime and law that can be accounted for and restorative
justice can be carried out if the focus of attention is directed at
losses due to criminal acts, common concerns and commitment
to involve perpetrators and victims, encourage perpetrators to
be responsible, opportunities for dialogue between perpetrators
and victims, involving the community
Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Child Courts in its
implementation still needs improvement, this is related to the
basis of sociological and juridical considerations the need for
changes to the Law on Juvenile Justice is based, among other
things, on the role and duties of the community, government
and other State institutions. responsible for improving child
welfare and providing special protection to children who are
faced with the law.
The most basic in the Draft Law is the strict regulation of
Restorative Justice and Diversion. Arrangements regarding
Diversion are intended among others to avoid or keep children
34
Utrecht, E, Rangkaian Sari Kuliah Hukum Pidana II,
(Surabaya: Pustaka Tinta Mas, 1994), p. 360.
35
Andi Hamzah, Sistem Pidana dan Pemidanaan
Indonesia, dari Retribusi ke Reformasi, (Jakarta: Pradnya
Paramita, 1986), p. 53.
36
http//:152.118.58.226 – Powered by Mambo Open
Source Generated: 27 Januari 2019
301
away from the judicial process. The aim is to avoid
stigmatization of children suspected of committing a crime, so
that children are expected to return to their social environment
fairly. Very necessary participation of all parties in order to
realize this.
The definition of Restorative Justice turns into a solution that
involves the perpetrators, victims, their families and other
parties involved in a criminal act, jointly seeking resolution of
the crime and its implications by emphasizing recovery and not
retaliation.
Diversion is a transfer of settlement of cases of children
suspected of committing certain criminal acts from formal
criminal proceedings to peaceful settlement between suspects /
defendants / criminals with victims facilitated by families and /
or communities, Child Community Counselors, Police,
Prosecutors or Judges . Institution in the Implementation of Law
No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice System :
1. Special Child Development Institution (LPKA)
2. Temporary Child Placement Institutions
3. Institution for Organizing Social Welfare (LPKS)
4. Correctional Center (BAPAS)
5. Community Counselors
6. Professional Social Workers and Social Welfare Workers
2. Matters Needed to Support / Support the
Implementation of Restorative Justice as a Form of
Criminal Settlement Performed by Children
If we look back even though it is not explicitly regulated,
actually the application of restorative justice exists explicitly
before the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the
Child Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Code (KUHP) for
example has regulated this matter in Articles 45 to 47. Article
45, among others, determines, "In the case of criminal
prosecution of persons who are immature for committing an act
before the age of sixteen, the judge may determine:
"Ordering that the guilty person be returned to his parents,
guardian or caretaker, without any crime; or order that the guilty
person be handed over to the government without any crime, if
the act is a crime or a violation based on articles 489, 490, 492,
496, 497, 503 - 505, 514, 517 - 519, 526, 531, 532 , 536 and 540
and has not passed two years since being found guilty of
committing a crime or one of the abuses mentioned above, and
the decision has become permanent; impose criminal sanctions
on the guilty.
Article 46 of the Criminal Code determines, (1) If the judge
orders that the guilty person be handed over to the government,
then he is included in the state education house so that he
37
Kuat Puji Prayitno, Op.cit. p. 4
38
Howard Zehr, Changing lenses : A New Focus for
Crime and justice, (Waterloo: Herald Press, 1990), p. 181.
39
Conclusion of National Seminar HUT Ikatan Hakim
Indonesia (IKAHI) ke-59 by theme “Restorative Justice dalam
Hukum Pidana Indonesia”, Jakarta 25 April 2012.
CISAK 2019
receives education from the government or later in other ways,
or is handed over to a certain person who resides in Indonesia
or to a legal entity, foundation or charity institution domiciled
in Indonesia to carry out its education, or later on, at the expense
of the government, in other ways; in both of the above, the
longest until the guilty person reaches the age of eighteen.
The rules for implementing paragraph 1 of this origin are
stipulated by law. Article 47 (1) If the judge drops the idana,
then the maximum principal of the criminal offense is reduced
by one third. (2) If the act constitutes a crime that is threatened
with capital punishment or imprisonment for life, then a
maximum of fifteen years imprisonment is imposed.
Additional crimes in article 10 point b, numbers 1 and 3, cannot
be applied. Likewise when the enactment of Law Number 3 of
1997 concerning Juvenile Courts, although it does not explicitly
determine and regulate restorative justice, the settlement of
criminal acts carried out by children through mediation has been
carried out.
In consideration of Law Number 3 of 1997 concerning Juvenile
Courts, between the Police as law enforcement officers based
on Article 18 of the Police Law, it is determined (1) For the
public interest of the Republic of Indonesia National Police
officers in carrying out their duties and authorities they can act
according to their judgment own. (2) The implementation of the
provisions referred to in paragraph (1) can only be carried out
in very necessary circumstances by taking into account the laws
and regulations, as well as the Professional Code of Ethics of
the Republic of Indonesia National Police.
Explanation of Article 18 Paragraph (1) What is meant by
"acting according to his own judgment" is "an action that can
be taken by members of the Republic of Indonesia National
Police in acting must consider the benefits and risks of their
actions and really to stop public complaints" . the
implementation of this provision is known as police discretion.
Subsequent developments regarding restorative justice and
diversion with the birth of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning
the Criminal Justice System. In more detail this diversion is
regulated in Chapter II Article 6 to Article 15 of Law No. 11 of
2012. Diversion aims to achieve peace between victims and
children; resolve child cases outside the court process; avoid the
child from deprivation of liberty; encourage people to
participate; and instill a sense of responsibility to the child.
At the level of investigation, prosecution, and examination of
cases, Children in a district court must seek Diversion.
Diversion is carried out in the event that the criminal offense is
threatened with criminal offenses under 7 (seven) years; 156
and is not a repetition of criminal acts. Article 8 Paragraphs (1,
2 & 3) Law No. 11/2012 This determines, the Diversion Process
is carried out through deliberations involving children and
parents / parents, victims and / or parents / guardians,
community advisers, and professional social workers based on
the Restorative Justice approach. In the event that is needed,
deliberation can involve Social Welfare Personnel, and / or the
community.
The Diversion Process must pay attention to the interests of
victims; child welfare and responsibility; avoidance of negative
302
stigma; avenging aversion; community harmony; and propriety,
decency, and public order. Investigators, Public Prosecutors and
Judges in conducting Diversion must consider: categories of
criminal acts; age of the child; results of community research
from Bapas; and support for the family and community
environment. The Diversity Agreement must obtain the consent
of the victim and / or family of the child of the victim and the
willingness of the child and his family, except for criminal
offenses in the form of violations; minor crime; victimless
crime; or the value of the victim's loss is not more than the value
of the local provincial minimum wage.
Diversion agreement to resolve criminal offenses in the form of
violations, minor crimes, non-victim crimes, or the value of
victims' loss not more than the value of the local provincial
minimum wage as referred to in Article 9 paragraph (2) can be
carried out by investigators and perpetrators and / or their
families , Community Advisors, and can involve community
leaders. The Diversion Agreement is carried out by
Investigators at the recommendation of the Community
Advisors in the form of:
• refund of losses in the event of a victim;
• medical and psychosocial rehabilitation;
• return to parent / guardian;
• participation in education or training in educational
institutions or LPKS (Social Welfare Management Institute) for
a maximum of 3 (three) months; or community service for a
maximum of 3 (three) months.
Article 12 of the Child Criminal Justice System Law
determines, (1) The results of the agreement referred to in
Article 11 shall be stated in the form of an agreement on
Diversity.167 (2) The results of the Diversion agreement as
referred to in paragraph (1) shall be submitted by direct
supervisors responsible at each level inspection to the district
court in accordance with its jurisdiction within a maximum
period of 3 (three) days after the agreement is reached to obtain
a determination. (3) Determination as referred to in paragraph
(2) shall be carried out within a maximum period of 3 (three)
days from the receipt of the Diversion agreement. (4)
Determination as referred to in paragraph (3) shall be submitted
to Community Counselors, Investigators, Public Prosecutors, or
Judges within a maximum period of 3 (three) days after
stipulation. (5) After receiving the stipulation as referred to in
paragraph (4), the Investigator issues a determination to
terminate the investigation or the Public Prosecutor issues the
termination of the prosecution.
Article 13 of Law No. 11 of 2012 determines, the process of
juvenile criminal proceedings is continued in terms of: a.
Diversion process does not produce agreement; or b. the
Diversion agreement was not implemented. Article 14 (1)
Supervision of the Diversion process and the implementation of
the agreements produced are direct supervisors responsible for
each level of examination. (2) During the Diversion process
until the Diversion agreement is implemented, Community
Counselors must provide assistance, guidance and supervision.
(3) In the event that the Diversion agreement is not carried out
CISAK 2019
within the stipulated time, the Community Supervisor shall
immediately report it to the responsible official as referred to in
paragraph (1). (4) The responsible official as referred to in
paragraph (3) must follow up the report within a maximum
period of 7 (seven) days.
Article 108 Law No. This 11/2012 states, this Law will come
into force after 2 (two) years from the date of promulgation. So
this Law will effectively come into effect on July 31, 2014.
Therefore the discussion in this study is how effective the
application of restorative justice and diversion in the settlement
of criminal acts committed by children cannot be clearly seen.
However, the existence of this Law shows that there will be an
effective increase in the application of this principle.
With this law, the more restrictive criminal acts that can be
processed directly in the juvenile justice system, namely against
criminal acts that are punishable by 7 years or more, including
crimes of murder, narcotics, theory and robbery (theft by
violence).
That the process towards criminal justice depends entirely on
the agreement that occurs between the perpetrator, the victim,
the family of the perpetrator / victim, and other related parties,
no longer depends on the law enforcement apparatus (police,
prosecutors and or judges).
At least more than 10% of cases of children who have problems
with the law that are resolved are not brought to the criminal
court, but are resolved in a restorative court where problems are
resolved between the involved child, family and other relevant
parties facilitated by protection-oriented child. Ideally it can
reduce by half or fifty percent of the number of children who
have problems with the law.
According to Muladi the effectiveness of utilizing restorative
justice also depends on:
1. The main concern is the loss due to crime, not the laws
of law that have been violated;
2. The same attention and commitment to victims and
actors who must be involved in the process;
3. Focus on restoring victims, empowering them and
responding to their needs;
4. Supporting actors in addition to encouraging them to
understand, accept, and carry out their obligations and try to
overcome difficulties that arise;
5. Providing opportunities for dialogue, directly or
indirectly between victims and perpetrators if necessary;
6. Involve and empower affected communities through
the justice process and improve their ability to recognize and
respond to what is happening;
7. More encouraging collaboration and reintegration than
pressing and isolating;
8. Give attention to unexpected consequences of actions
and programs;
9. Demonstrate appreciation for all parties including
victims, perpetrators and others involved;
10. Involve trained professional staff.
In more detail, the things needed to support / support the
implementation of restorative justice as a form of settlement of
303
criminal acts committed by children. The preconditions of the
Restorative Justice Approach are:
a. Perpetrator
• Child Acting Age
• Actor Recognition and Regretion
• The condition of the child as the perpetrator and the
number of criminal acts committed by the child
b. Criminal Category
Criminal cases involving children as perpetrators must be
resolved through a restorative justice approach. When carrying
out settlement of criminal offenses committed by children, the
seriousness of criminal acts and the number of criminal acts that
have been committed should be considered.
Criminal categories that are threatened with criminal sanctions
up to 1 (one) year must be prioritized for discretion. The case
does not need to be processed through formal law, only a verbal
or written warning is given. The category of criminal offense
threatened with criminal sanctions of more than 1 (one) year
and up to under 7 (seven) years and not a repetition of a crime
is prioritized to be resolved by a restorative justice approach, by
means of mediation or family deliberation involving victims,
perpetrators and family huh. Children who are committing
crimes for the first time should be prioritized to be resolved by
a restorative justice approach, by means of mediation or family
discussion, by involving victims, perpetrators and their
families.
c. Victim
• Impact of actions on victims
• Approval of the victim
• Victim's participation and opinion
d. Parent / Guardian and Family Support
In handling child cases of criminal offenders, support from
parents / guardians and families is very important so that the
restorative justice approach can succeed. The parent / guardian
or family of the child needs to be actively involved in solving
the problem, the re-abilitation program, and reintegration. If the
family (parent / guardian) is not actively involved, then the
settlement plan with an effective restorative justice approach
will be difficult to implement.
E. Conclusion
Based on the results of the discussion above, the author can
draw conclusions as follows:
1. The concept of Restorative Justice in the perspective
of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice
System of Children that Restorative Justice is a reaction to
retributive theory oriented to retaliation and neo-classical
theory oriented to equality of criminal sanctions and sanctions
for action. This concept is a solution that involves the
perpetrators, victims, their families and other parties involved
in a crime, jointly seeking a solution to the crime and its
implications for recovery and not retaliation. Restorative Justice
is required at the stage of Investigation, Investigation,
Prosecution and Trial for Enforcement
CISAK 2019

2. Matters needed to support / support the application of b. Criminal Category

restorative justice as a form of settlement of criminal acts
committed by children, namely:
a. Perpetrator
• Child Acting Age
• Actor Recognition and Regretion
• The condition of the child as the perpetrator and the
number of criminal acts committed by the child
c. Victim
• Impact of actions on victims
• Approval of the victim
• Victim's participation and opinion
d. Parent / Guardian and Family Support

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Book :

Andi Hamzah, Sistem Pidana dan Pemidanaan Indonesia, dari

Retribusi ke Reformasi, (Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita,
1986).
Howard Zehr, Changing lenses : A New Focus for Crime and
justice, (Waterloo: Herald Press, 1990).
Marlina (1) ,Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia
Pengembangan Konsep Diversi dan Restorative Justice
, 2009, PT.Refika Aditama, Bandung.
Romli Atmasasmita (ed), Peradilan Anak di Indonesia,
(Bandung: Mandar Maju, 1997).
Ronny Hanitijo Soemitro, Metodologi Penelitian Hukum dan
Jurimetri, Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, 1994.
Utrecht, E, Rangkaian Sari Kuliah Hukum Pidana II,
(Surabaya: Pustaka Tinta Mas, 1994).

Legislation :
Law Number 32 of 2002 concerning Child Protection.

Internet :
http//:152.118.58.226 – Powered by Mambo Open Source
Generated
United Nations, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules For
The Administration of Juvenile Justice, United Nations,
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/40/a40r033.htm
Komisi Nasional Anak, 21-12-2011. “Catatan Akhir Tahun
2011 Komisi Nasional Perlindungan Anak”.
www.komnasanak.com.

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Impact of industrial revolution 4.0 On legal

profession, notaries

Liliana Tedjosaputro1

1
Faculty of Law UNTAG Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia

Abstract:The industrial revolution which began in the late 18th century was marked by steam power and weaving loom
and continued with the Industrial Revolution 2.0 which occurred in the 20th century marked by mass production and
electrical energy, then the Industrial Revolution 3.0 began in the early 1970s with automation, computers and electronics.
Beginning in 2018 is the 4.0 Industrial Revolution which combines Cyber Physical Systems, the Internet of things,
networks, in this era starting into the virtual world.

In the era of industry 4.0 already using robots and will reduce human manual work so that many jobs are being reduced.
Legal professions such as advocates, notaries and lecturers are human beings with special education and expertise that
cannot be replaced with robots because they have to think virtual in the future, so for humans / workers who lack skills will
be unused and replaced by robots. While the 5.0 Industrial Revolution requires spiritual aspects in terms of collaboration
with each other, physical, digital and biological so that religion will again inspire science. The rise of spiritual understanding
in developing countries will lead to the development of the Industrial Revolution 5.0.

Legal professions such as Notaries are appointed officials to make authentic evidence. The evidence is made with provisions
stipulated in legislation and requires education and special expertise so that being replaced by a mass robot is not possible
because each case has its own specifications that require virtual thinking and must be ethical, honest and spiritual. Likewise
with the profession of advocates, judges, prosecutors and police.

Keywords: Industrial Revolution 4.0, legal profession, Notaries

Introduction participation in development to face the 4.0 Industrial

The industrial revolution 4.0 which hit millennial world gave
a challenge to all parties including the legal profession which
required creativity to answer it. In the field of legal profession
there has also been a shift due to the industrial revolution 4.0
which is a challenge to respond to future problems.
The industrial revolution which began in the late 18th century
was marked by steam power and weaving loom and continued
with the Industrial Revolution 2.0 which occurred in the 20th
century marked by mass production and electrical energy, then
the Industrial Revolution 3.0 began in the early 1970s with
automation, computers and electronics. Beginning of 2018 is
the 4.0 Industrial Revolution which combines Cyber Physical
Systems, the Internet of things, networks, in this era starting
into the virtual world. In the era of industry 4.0 already using
robots and will reduce human manual work so that many jobs
are reduced. The role and position of the workforce need to be
improved in the quality of their workforce and their
Revolution. Workers who do not have higher education and
expertise and virtual views will be displaced by robots that use
Cyber Physical System and Internet of Things network so that
many shop assistants have no jobs because the shop is closed
and replaced with Shopee, Bukalapak, OLX, Tokopedia,
Lazada, Blibli.com, so they look for other jobs.
Legal professions such as advocates, notaries and lecturers are
human beings with special education and expertise that cannot
be replaced with robots because they have to think virtually to
the future, as it is not possible to only enter data on computers
and computers to complete.
Suppose the data is falsified, can the computer know because
the computer works like a robot ? It cannot think that
something is suspicious so that it cannot be used, also to make
contracts by advocates and lawyers and making evidence by
notaries is not possible to just enter data.

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The challenge of the 4.0 industrial revolution going forward is
towards:
1. Information technology security issues
2. Challenges to the reliability and stability of the
production machine
3. Challenges to the lack of an adequate skill
4. There is a reluctance to change by stakeholders
5. Challenges to the loss of work because of automation.
A lot of human work began to be replaced with machines.
Human power becomes a secondary commodity because the
use of machinery is more profitable.
The era of the industrial revolution 4.0 was marked by a pattern
of digital economy, artificial intelligence, big data, robotic,
and so on that had a significant impact on the legal field.
Human Resources (HR) is one problem that must be faced in
the era of industrial revolution 4.0. This is because in addition
to requiring reliable and superior human resources, also special
expertise. In the legal profession such as Notaries are required
to be able to improve services to the community with
maximum utilization of existing information technology.
Notaries can broaden their insight into the ability to think
critically and be able to solve problems, communicate, be
creative and be able to collaborate.
The task of the Notaries is to make written evidence, namely
authentic deeds and other authorities as referred to by Law
(Article 1 paragraph 1 of Law number: 2 of 2014) to ensure
certainty, order and legal protection regarding treaty actions,
legal stipulations and events made before or by an authorized
official.
This profession provides legal services to the community to
achieve legal certainty as well as with the industrial revolution
4.0 making the development process more increasing, the
Notaries services are now one of the legal needs of the
community.
The authority of a notaries is to make an authentic deed,
guarantee the date of making a deed, keep a deed, provide a
grosse, copy and quote deed, all insofar as it is not assigned or
exempted to other officials stipulated by the Act (Article 15
Act of Notary Position)
The Power of Proof of Authentic Deed / Notariil Deed
1. The Power of Proof Lahiriah
)
Tedjosaputro, Liliana, Malpraktek Notaris dan Hukum
Pidana, CV.AGUNG, Semarang 1991, page. 13-14
306
The deed itself has the ability to prove itself as an authentic
deed given its presence in accordance with the provisions of
the article 1868 KUHPerdata.
2. The Power of Proof Formil
The deed proves the truth of what was witnessed, that is seen,
heard and also carried out by a Notaries as a public official in
carrying out his position.
This guarantees:
• The truth of the date
• The truth of the signature contained in the deed
• The truth of the identity of the parties
• The truth of the place to make a deed.
3. The Power of Proof Materiil
• Whereas the contents of the deed (deemed) are
proven to be true of each person who made the deed as proof
of him (including his heirs or other people who obtained the
right from him).
• The truth of the contents is inviolable.
• For the interests of the third party, the material
consideration is given to the Judge's consideration.)
There are 2 (two) letter of evidence, namely:
- authentic deed is a deed made in the form determined
by the Act and made by or in front of the General Officer
- the underhanded deed is all other deeds, a deed that
cannot be treated as an authentic deed because there is no
power or incompetenties of the general official concerned or
because of a defect in its form, has the power of writing
underhanded if signed by the parties (article 1869 Code of
Civil law)
The power of proof of the underhanded deed is :
1. The power of proof of birth of underhanded deed if
the signature is recognized by the person concerned, the
underhanded deed has the strength and become a perfect proof,
but if the signature is denied, the underhanded deed does not
have the power of proof of birth as toward the third party
an underhanded deed has the power of free verification.
2. The power of formal proof of underhanded deed
if the signature is recognized, then the statement or statement
above the signature is from the signatory.
3. The strength of material proof of the underhanded
deed
CISAK 2019
the underhanded deed recognized by the person to whom the
deed was used or which can be considered recognized
according to the Act, for those who signed by their heirs as
well as those who obtained their rights were perfect proof such
as an authentic deed so as the content in the underhanded deed
applies as a basis for who made it (article 1875 of the Civil
Law).
Legal professions such as Notaries are appointed officials to
make authentic evidence. The evidence is made with
provisions stipulated in legislation and requires education and
special expertise so that being replaced by a mass robot is not
possible because each case has its own specifications that
require virtual thinking and must be ethical, honest and
spiritual. Likewise with the profession of advocates, judges,
prosecutors and police.
A notary is a respectable position because it adheres to the laws
and regulations as professionals because it is based on the
knowledge possessed and have ethics of the profession
because it is based on moral.
Openness to cross-disciplinary legal studies has its legitimacy
in its own legal epistemology. Law consists of two major parts.
The first is the science of dogma and the basic legal concept;
and second is the science of legal reality. Accommodation for
law that studies society as well as science and technology can
be placed in the science of legal reality. Universities in other
countries have long been developing lectures “law and
science”, “law and technology”, “law and medicine” or
“economic analysis of law”. Likewise, interdisciplinary
collaboration in law and social sciences on humanities has long
given birth to new branches of science, socio-legal studies.2)
Openness to science and technology for the legal community
is unavoidable so that industrial revolution 4.0 is good for
millennial society because it helps accelerate in the fields of
administration, filing and delivery data so that Cyber Physical
System, Internet of things, networks are beneficial but have a
negative impact, namely Human Resources who do not have
virtual thoughts will be eliminated because they can be
replaced with robots, but humans with forward thinking and
his intelligence will still exist and be irreplaceable.
The implementation of the industrial revolution 4.0 provides
the speed and accuracy of access to information and is believed
to be able to provide global competitiveness and can lift the
global export market share due to high work
2)
Sulistyowati Irianto, "Tantangan Pendidikan Tinggi
Hukum di Era 4.0" (Kompas, 4 Maret, 2019), page.6
307
productivity and high profit in the industrial sector and the
impact of new creation of jobs.
The facts of progress and ease in all aspects of the field offered
by the industrial revolution 4.0 do not necessarily become
answers to the problems in Indonesia. Because, the Industrial
Revolution also offers accompanying problems so that it is not
impossible that it will further aggravate the problems that hit
Indonesia.
Some of these problems include:
First, post truth becomes a phenomenon in today's digital
world, where the flow of information becomes so fast that the
verification process is neglected until finally the truth becomes
biased.
Second, ecological damage is something that can be separated
from the construction of an industrial area, because one index
of natural damage is caused by land expansion and industrial
waste disposal.
Third, the logical consequence for industrial society is
dehumanization. The humanitarian and socialization side to
the community will be reduced by the existence of human
behavior that is already inhuman, the cultural context that
facilitates them is increasingly lost due to economic pressures
and the existence of jobs pressure.3)
The 4.0 industrial revolution in Indonesia which is part of
globalization must follow this development and must pay
attention to the culture of the Indonesian people. The culture
of Indonesian society depends on its human resources, if they
are not ready with the acceleration of production and
development in the industrial revolution 4.0 this makes
Indonesia more lagging and unable to keep up with the
development of the world and post-industrial revolution 4.0
which will emerge with 5.0 industrial revolution where:
- Industry 4.0 valuate best quantity and mass
production
- Industry 5.0 valuate life standard, creativity and high
quality custom made products so one next step in evolution
Impact of INDUSTRY 5.0
Project realized in line with INDUSTRY 5.0 ad INDUSTRIAL
UPCYCLING proposition confirms affect to many areas, most
notably :
3)
Muhammad Fikri Mubarok, "Rekonstruksi Pendidikan
Indonesia Pascarevolusi Industri 4.0" (Tribun Jateng, 28
Februari, 2019), page.2
CISAK 2019

1. Services and business models

2. Profitability of business
3. Reliability and continuous increase of efficient A. BOOKS
productivity
4. IT security
5. Machine and Human safety Tedjosaputro, Liliana, 2019, Hukum Jabatan Notaris dan
6. Product lifecycles increase Relevansinya dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat, CV.AGUNG,
7. Industry value chain environmental impact decrease Semarang.
8. Worker’s education, skills and involvement increase
9. Socio-economic factors improvement 4)
B. LAW
Industrial Revolution 5.0 or Society 5.0
Since Japan launched the 5.0 Society on January 21, 2019, in
Code Of Civil Law
anticipation of the industrial revolution 4.0 that will degrade
the role of humans, the concept of society 5.0 is the answer Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 30 of 2004
which is a human-centered concept using a concerning Notary Position
technological basis that make humans to exist in the digital era
and humans to have lived in technology-based center of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2014
civilization. For this reason the government needs to protect
workers from the threat of losing their jobs with existing
regulations, especially with the Labor Law so that they do not
become victims of developing technology. C. NEWSPAPER
In the concept of Society 5.0, humans play a greater role by
transforming big data into a new wisdom that ultimately
increases the opportunity ability for humanity to achieve a Sulistyowati Irianto, 2013, "Tantangan Pendidikan Tinggi
meaningful life. Hukum di Era 4.0". KOMPAS, 4 March, 2019.
Humanism in Society 5.0 is the basic capital to be accepted by Muhammad Fikri Mubarok, 2019."Rekonstruksi Pendidikan
the world community. Japan will be famous in the world by Indonesia Pascarevolusi Industri 4.0" Tribun Jateng, 28
utilizing Internet of Things, big data, Artificial Intelligence February, 2019.
(AI), robots and sharing of economy focusing on humanism.
Conditions in Japan contradicting to those in Indonesia where
Japan has population deficit while Indonesia experiences a
demographic bonus with its productive age group and after that
D. INTERNET
in 2045 a decline leads to an era of aging society for Indonesia,
industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0 if combined will
become a national blue print.
Medium, (2018, 22 January). “Industry 5.0 definiton”, seen 23
Society 5.0 restores the glory of human civilization because of February 2019 from
its collaborative physical, digital, biological, spiritual aspects https://medium.com/@michael.rada/industry-5-0-definition-
and in this case religion will again lead science. The impact of 6a2f9922dc48
industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0 is an increasingly
globalized world so that national borders seem to be gone, _______, (2018, 30 August).”Revolusi Industri 4.0 di
actually Indonesian culture and moral as well as national Indonesia”, seen 23 February 2019 from
identity will be difficult to prevent the entry of foreign https://medium.com/@stevanihalim/revolusi-industri-4-0-di-
cultures. indonesia-c32ea95033da
Obsessionnews, (2019, 1 February). “Revolusi Industri 4.0
atau Society 5.0 ?”, seen 6 March 2019 dari https
REFERENCES

4)
Michael Rada, “Industry 5.0 definiton”, Medium, 23 Pebruari 2019 at 10.22 pm
http://medium.com/@michael.rada/industry-5-0-definition-
6a2f9922dc48, dated
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://www.obsessionnews.com/revolusi-industri-4-0-atau-
society-5-0/

309
CISAK 2019

Banking Dispute and Alternative Dispute Resolution in

Financial Services Sector as a Means to Resolve Disputes
between Bank and Consumers in Indonesia
Pan, Lindawaty Suherman Sewu*)40

Faculty of Law at Maranatha Christian Univeristy

Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract: A bank is one of the financial institutions aiming to collect and distribute funds to the society. In collecting and distributing
the funds to the society, a bank is always related to people. In the bank giving services to the consumers, the consumers may sometimes
feel dissatisfied. This consumers’ dissatisfaction with the bank’s services, if unresolved, will cause a dispute between the consumers
and the bank. When this takes place, some steps should be taken by the consumers so that they can have the resolution of the dispute.
The research uses the normative juridical research method by analyzing the regulations related to banking as arranged in Law No. 7 of
1992 on Bank as changed into Law No. 10 of 1998 on Change of Law No. 7 of 1992 on Bank, and regulations of Dispute Resolution
in the Financial Services Sector as arranged in Financial Service Authority Regulations as arranged in Number 1/POJK.07/2014 on
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Financial Services Sector. This is a descriptive analytical research, which describes the causes of the
disputes between the bank and consumers, and the alternative dispute resolution in the financial services sector. Moreover, it analyzes
the facts in the banking practices when there is a dispute between the bank and the consumers, and then how the dispute is resolved.
The data collection technique uses the secondary data as the main data and the primary data as supporting the secondary data.
If there is a dispute between the bank and the consumers, the Financial Services Authority in Indonesia establishes two policies in the
dispute resolution mechanism, namely the resolution of the complaints done by Financial Services Institution, which is known as
Internal Dispute Resolution and dispute resolution through judicial institution or institutions other than the court, which is called
External Dispute Resolution. Dispute resolution outside the court is done through Alternative Dispute Resolution in Financial Services
Sector.

Keywords: Bank, Consumer, Banking Dispute, Alternative Dispute Resolution in Financial Services Sector

A. Background of the Study

The history of banking in Indonesia cannot be separated from
Dutch East Indie colonialism. At that time De Javasche Bank,
NV was founded in Batavia on 24 January 1828 and then it
was followed by Nederlandsche Indische Escompto
Maatschappij, NV in 1918 as the monopoly holder of the
purchase of the country’s natural resources and their selling
overseas as well as several banks which have important roles
in the Dutch East Indie. The word bank comes from Italian,
banca, meaning a place for money exchange. At present the
bank institution in Indonesia runs well as a business entity
which collects fund from the society in the form of savings and
distributes it to the society in the form of credit and or other
forms in order to increase the people’s living standards. In the
last decade the banking industry in Indonesia has experienced
changes in the policies, legal basis, management, etc. Bank
Indonesia authority becomes independent and the Financial
Service Authority is established, which is the milestone to
make Indonesian banking more competitive.
Based on Law No 10 of 1998 on the changes of Law No 7 of
1992 concerning banking, a bank is a business entity which
collects fund from the society in the form of savings and
distributes it to the society in the form of credit and or other
forms in order to increase the people’s living standards. As a
financial institution, a bank has activities of giving fund and
credit. Thus, as an intermediary institution, a bank functions as
an intermediary between those with excess funds and those
which need funds.
As an intermediary institution, a bank has the function of a
financial intermediary. In this role, there is a relationship
between the bank and the customers which is based on two
related elements, namely law and trust. A bank can only do its
activities and develop the bank if the society has the “trust” to
put the money in the products of the bank. Based on the
society’s trust, a bank can mobilize the society’s funds to be
put in the bank and distribute it again in the form of credit as
well as giving the banking services.
Consequently, a bank must give the best services to
the customers so that there is a good relationship between the
bank and customers. However, in practice, there are some
problems in the relationship between a bank and its customers.
Some things that can trigger problems between a bank and its
customers are:

40
Lecturer of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Kristen Maranatha, Bandung

310
CISAK 2019
1. Inadequate information of the characteristics of the
products or services offered by the bank;
2. The customers’ insufficient understanding of the
banking activities and its products or services;
3. The inequality of the relationship between the
customers and the bank, especially customers who borrow
some funds, and;
4. The lack of adequate channels facilitating the early
settlement of frictions taking place between customers and the
bank.
B. Problems
Problems arising between a bank and its customers must be
settled in a constructive way so that all sides can be satisfied.
One supervision object done by Financial Services Authority
(FSA) concerns disputes and their settlement in banking
financial services sector. As a result, related to the dispute
settlement in banking financial services sector, it is necessary
to have an institutional strengthening effort to establish a
mediation institution in banking financial services sector. In
relation to the establishment of a mediation institution in
banking financial services sector, FSA publishes Financial
Services Authority Regulations No. 1/POJK.07/2014
concerning Alternative Dispute Resolution in Financial
Services Sector.
This leads to the question of what the regulations are and how
they set the alternative dispute resolution in financial services
sector, and what is the mechanism of dispute resolution in
financial services sector in Indonesia.
C. Research Method
The research uses the normative juridical research method by
analyzing the regulations related to banking as arranged in
Law No. 7 of 1992 on Bank as changed into Law No. 10 of
1998 on Change of Law No. 7 of 1992 on Bank, and
regulations of Dispute Resolution in the Financial Services
Sector as arranged in Financial Service Authority Regulations
as arranged in Number 1/POJK.07/2014 on Alternative
Dispute Resolution in Financial Services Sector. This is a
descriptive analytical research, which describes the causes of
the disputes between the bank and consumers, and the
alternative dispute resolution in the financial services sector.
Moreover, it analyzes the facts in the banking practices when
there is a dispute between the bank and the consumers, and
then how the dispute is resolved. The data collection technique
uses the secondary data as the main data and the primary data
as supporting the secondary data.
D. Discussion
Financial Services Authority (FSA) published Financial
Services Authority Circular Letter No. 2/SEOJK.07/2014 on
Circular Letter of The FSA about Concerning Handling and
Resolution of Consumer Complaints at Financial Services
Businesses through Financial Services Authority Regulation
No. 1/POJK.07/2014 on Alternative Dispute Resolution in
Financial Services Sector. These two regulations become a
311
reference to resolve disputes which occur in Financial Services
Sector.
Consumers’ protection in financial services sector aims to
create a reliable consumers’ protection system, increase
consumers’ empowerment, and raise the awareness of
financial services institution until it manages to increase the
society’s trust on financial services sector. Consumers’
protection is a series of policies and activities which cover
education, information services, and complaints as well as
facilitating dispute resolution for consumers of financial
services sector and the society who uses financial services. The
dispute resolution between a bank and consumers can be done
as follows:
1. Internal Dispute Resolution
Internal Dispute Resolution is consumers’ complaint
resolution done by the bank. Financial Services Authority
Regulation No. 1/2013 obliges each bank to have a unit
specifically formed in each bank office to handle and resolve
complaints filed by consumers without any charge. This
obligation is based on Article 32 Paragraph (1), which
determines “Financial services businessmen must have and
apply the mechanism of consumers’ complaint services and
resolution”.
A complaint is an expression of consumer’s dissatisfaction
which is caused by the loss or potential loss for the consumers
which allegedly happens because of the mistake or negligence
done by Financial Services Institution in the consumer’s fund
placement in Financial Services Institution and/or in the
utilization of services and/or consumers’ products of Financial
Services Institution.
After receiving consumers’ complaints, a bank must have an
internal checking on the complaints in a competent, correct,
and objective way, analyze them so as to ensure the truth of
the complaints, and submit an apology and offer redress or
remedy, or repairs of products and/or services if the
consumer’s complaint is proved true. A dispute will appear
only when this consumer’s complaint process is not successful.
Article 1 number 13 POJK No.1/POJK.07/2014
defines a dispute to be that between consumers and Financial
Services Institution in the fund placement on the Financial
Services done by the consumers and/or the utilization of
services and/or products of Financial Services Institution after
going through the process of complaint resolution by Financial
Services Institution.
Based on PBI No. 7/2005, the complaint can be done in written
or orally, in each bank office, regardless whether the bank
office is where the consumer opens his or her account or does
the financial transaction.
When the complaint is done orally, the bank must resolve this
within two working days starting from the recorded date of the
complaint. If it is estimated to take a longer time, the officer of
the unit that handles and resolves the complaint should ask the
consumer to file a written complaint.
After receiving a written complaint from a customer, a bank
must resolve the complaint in no more than 20 working days
CISAK 2019
starting from the date when the written complaint is received,
which can be extended for another 20 days on certain
conditions. Such conditions are as follows: the written
complaint is given at a different office from the location where
the problem happens so that there is a communication problem
between the two offices; the financial transaction complained
by the consumer needs special research on the bank
documents; or there are things beyond the bank’s control.
According to SEBI No. 1/2014, consumers’ complaint
resolution can be in the form of apology or compensation to
the consumer. Compensation is given to material losses, under
the following conditions: (a). The consumer has fulfilled the
obligations; (b). The bank products and/or services are not in
accordance with what has been agreed on; (c). The complaint
is filed in maximum 30 days after it is known that the products
and/or services are not in accordance with the agreement; and
(d). The loss has a direct impact on the consumer. The
maximum compensation is as big as the consumer’s loss value.
2. External Dispute Resolution
External Dispute Resolution is the resolution of disputes
through judicial or non-judicial institutions. Dispute resolution
can be done in two ways, namely:
a. Litigation
Dispute resolution through litigation is a dispute resolution
done in court. This way can be said to be a resolution in which
one party is compelled to resolve the dispute through court
intermediary.
b. Arbitration
Article 1 verse (1) Act Number 1999 About Arbitration and
Alternative Dispute Resolution states that: “An arbitrator (an
independent person or body officially appointed to settle a
dispute) is how a civil dispute is resolved outside the court
which is based on an arbitrary agreement made in a written
form by the party in dispute.”
Arbitration is a voluntary institution chosen and appointed
based on the parties’ agreement if they want their dispute to be
resolved by one or more arbitrators who will act
independently. However, although the arbitrators are chosen
and appointed by the parties in dispute, the decision made is
final and binding.
c. Alternative Banking Dispute Resolution Institution
Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution (ADRI) is an
institution that resolves a dispute outside the court. According
to POJK No. 07/POJK.07/2014 about Alternative Dispute
Resolution Institution, only alternative dispute resolution
institutions listed by Financial Services Authority can handle
disputes in financial services sector.
Alternative dispute resolution institutions that are in the list set
by Financial Services Authority are those established by
financial services institutions coordinated by an association
and/or institutions having the function of a self-regulatory
organization and having at least the dispute resolution services
in the forms of mediation, adjudication, and arbitration.
312
The following institutions are in the list of alternative dispute
resolution institutions set by Financial Services Authority:
1. Badan Mediasi dan Arbitrase Asuransi Indonesia
(BMAI)
2. Badan Arbitrase Pasar Modal Indonesia (BAPMI)
3. Badan Mediasi Dana Pensiun (BMDP)
4. Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa
Perbankan Indonesia (LAPSPI)
5. Badan Arbitrase dan Mediasi Perusahaan Penjaminan
Indonesia (BAMPPI)
6. Badan Mediasi Pembiayaan dan Pergadaian
Indonesia (BMPPI)
A financial services institution must become a member of 1
(one) Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution in accordance
with the primary business activity. When a banking dispute
takes place, the customer and the bank can resolve this in
Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan
Indonesia (LAPSPI), an institution that resolves banking
disputes.
The establishment of Pendirian Lembaga Alternatif
Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Indonesia (LAPSPI)
cannot be separated from the fact that in the resolution of a
consumer’s complaint against a banking institution, there is
often disagreement between the consumer and the banking
institution. In order to overcome this, it is necessary to have
Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution outside the court
that is handled by people with good comprehension of banking
and able to manage to resolve disputes in a fast, fair, and
efficient way.
According to Financial Services Authority Regulation Number
1/POJK.07/2014 about Alternative Dispute Resolution
Institution in Financial Services Sector, Banking Association
such as Perhimpunan Bank Nasional (Perbanas), Himpunan
Bank Milik Negara (Himbara), Asosiasi Bank
Pembangunan Daerah (Asbanda), Asosiasi Bank Syariah
Indonesia (Asbisindo), Perhimpunan Bank-Bank
Internasional Indonesia (Perbina), and Perhimpunan Bank
Perkreditan Rakyat Indonesia (Perbarindo), have signed a
Memorandum of Understanding on 5 May 2015 to found
alternative dispute resolution institution, which is then called
Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan
Indonesia (LAPSPI).
The cases that can be filed to LAPSPSI must meet the
conditions: First, the dispute filed has to be a civil dispute that
happens between the parties and banking. Second, there is an
agreement between the parties in dispute that the dispute will
be resolved through LAPSPI and proved with an agreement, in
Mediation, Adjudication, or Arbitration. Third, disputes which
according to the legislation can be reconciled.
The forms of banking dispute resolution through LAPSPI are
Mediation, Adjudication, and Arbitration. Mediation is the
way of resolving a dispute through a negotiation process to
gain agreement with the assistance of a mediator. Adjudication
is the way of resolving a dispute which is done by a adjudicator
to achieve a decision that can be accepted by the applicant so
CISAK 2019

as to make the decision bind the applicant. Arbitration is the https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_di_Indonesia, last
way of resolving a civil dispute in banking and which is related retrieved 1 March 2019, at 10.00
to banking outside general court, which is held by LAPSPI by
applying LAPSPI regulations and procedures.

E. Conclusion
Based on the discussion elaborated above, the writer draws
some concluding points:
1. Financial Services Authority Regulation Number
1/POJK.07/2014 on the Institution of Alternative Dispute
Resolution in the financial services sector in giving
consumers’ protection and Financial Services Authority
Circular Letter Number 2/SEOJK.07/2014 Concerning
Handling and Resolution of Consumer Complaints at Financial
Services Businesses become the legal basis between a bank
and its consumers in Indonesia.
2. The dispute resolution between a bank and the
customers can be done through:
a. Internal Dispute Resolution,
b. External Dispute Resolution, which covers:
i. Litigation
ii. Arbitration;
iii. Alternative Dispute Resolution in Financial Services
Sector (Specifically for a bank financial institution, the
resolution is done through The Institution of Indonesian
Banking Alternative Dispute Resolution in the forms of
mediation, adjudication, and arbitration).

References

John Bouvier. A Law Dictionary. Revised Sixth Edition 1856.

Johannes Ibrahim. Cross Default & Cross Collateral Sebagai
Upaya Penyelesaian Kredit Bermasalah. Bandung :
Refika Aditama, 2004.
Muliaman Hadad. Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Nasabah
Bank dalam Arsitektur Perbankan Indonesia. Diskusi
Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Nasional, Jakarta 16
Junie2006.
Act Number 10 of 1998 on Changes of Act Number 7 of 1992
on Banking.
Act Number 30 of 1999 on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute
Resolution.
Financial Services Authority Regulation Number
1/POJK.07/2014 on Alternative Dispute Resolution in
Financial Services Sector.
Circular Letter of The Financial Services Authority Circular
Letter Number 2/SEOJK.07/2014 about Concerning
Handling and Resolution of Consumer Complaints at
Financial Services Businesses.
Financial Services Authority Regulation No.
07/POJK.07/2014 on Alternative Dispute Resolution.

313
CISAK 2019

Copyright law and its impact on enhancing

The development of creative industry in indonesia
Professor Tomi Suryo Utomo, SH., LL.M., Ph.D1
1
Faculty of Law, University of Janabadra, Yogyakarta - Indonesia

Abstract: Historically, copyright law has been regulated in Indonesia since 1982, and has been further amended in 1997, 2002 and
2014. Unfortunately, however, the utilization of this law to enhance the creative industry in Indonesia remains sub-optimal. This paper
examines the link between copyright and economic industry by focusing on the contribution of copyright law in enhancing creative
industry. This paper aims to answer three issues: 1) How does copyright affect creative industry? 2) What are the major obstacles and
the biggest challenges that are hampering the utilization of copyright rezim to develop creative industry in Indonesia? 3) What strategies
are recommended for Indonesia to optimize the positive impacts of copyright on the development of economic industry in Indonesia?
This paper concludes that copyright rezim has had an adverse effect to the growth of the creative industry in Indonesia. This is
understandable because 15 of 16 sectors of the Indonesian creative economy are closely related to copyright law, such as a) application
& game developer; b) architecture; c) interior design; d) visual communication design; e) fashion; f) film, animation, and video; g)
photography; h) music; i) publishing; j) performance art; k) fine arts, l) television and radio; m) product design; n) craft art; and 0)
advertisement.
Secondly, the Indonesian government and stakeholders in creative industry do not optimally utilize the positive impact of copyright on
the development of creative industry due to several obstacles, such as unoptimal relationship amongst government, academics and
creative enterpreneurs (triple helix collaboration), and lack of coordination amongst related ministries on creative economy.
Finally, this research acknowledges the importance of a specific regulation on creative economy besides copyright law that can affect
the development of creative industry in Indonesia. This specific act illustrates the need to involve a multi-sectoral group of policymakers
and stakeholders to enhance the development of creative industry in Indonesia.

Background interchangeable with creative industies. 44 However, they are

Creativity has become an essential element of development in
many countries due to its contribution to economy growth.
Software computer, game application, music, animation,
sinematography, publising, culinary are examples of creativity
based activities which have been evident to enhance the
economic development. Various terminologies are introduced to
express and to explore the potentials of creativity, such as
creative economy, creative industries, content-based or
copyright industries, and cultural or cognitive-cultural
economy.41 Those terminologies are often interchangeable but
they are different. Economy refers to a broader meaning and
industry is more specific. 42 Industry refers to efficiency and
consists of “wider productive set” and involving innovation in
it. 43 As those terms, the term of copyright industries is also
compliment each other where creative industry is “at the heart
of creative economy”.45
The term creative economy is firstly introduced by John
Howkins and he defines this as “the transactions of creative
products that have an economic good or service that results from
creativity and has economic value”. 46 This definition
demonstrate an important element of creative economy, namely
creativity and innovation.47
In enhancing the development of creative industries, most
countries are attempting to promote the creativity based
activities by incentives. One of them is through copyright rezim.
Not suprisingly, copyright attracts “most stakeholders in the
creative economy”.48 Another reason why copyright is relevant
for developing cretive economy because their role as the main

41
UNESCO, Creative Economy Report 2013 Special
Edition Widening Local Development Pathways,
http://www.unesco.org/culture/pdf/creative-economy-report-
2013-en.pdf, at 19-20
42
Syahrul ED, Ekonomi Kreatif: Permasalahan,
Tantangan dan Prospeknya, https://www.academia.edu/
8838021/Ekonomi_Kreatif_Permasalahan_Tantangan_dan_Pros
peknya_Oleh_Syahrul_ED_Direktur_Eksekutif
The_Indonesian_Reform_Institute, at 5
43
UNESCO, supra note 1, at. 20)
44
See WIPO, Guide on Surveying the Economic
Contribution of the Copyright Industries, 2015 revised
editionhttps://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/
copyright/893/wipo_pub _893.pdf, at. 15
45
Policy Research Group (Ed.), The Creative Economy:
Key Concepts and Literature Review Highlights, May 2013,
supported by the Government of Nova Scotia and the Government
of Canada (Canadian Heritage – PCH), p.3
46
Id, at.3.
47
WIPO reveals that “[t]he term ‘creative economy’ has
itself come to symbolize a new, global awareness of the role of
_ creativity and innovation, which is underpinned by intellectual
property rights and their contribution to economic, social, and
cultural development” (WIPO, supra note 4, at 7)
48
Id, at 7

314
CISAK 2019
foundation of “enhancing individual creativity, for the
development of cultural industries and the promotion of cultural
diversity.” 49 Creativity without the protection of copyright
cannot optimally contribute to the economic development.
Under copyright rezim, creativity becomes the centre of activity
to produce goods and services that lead to existance of an
industry.
As one of developing countries which is seeking for the
alternative income sources instead of natural resources, creative
industry in Indonesia is quite potential. Realizing this, the
Indonesian government took some big steps to establish the solid
foundation for creative economy. Started by launching study on
creative economy in 2007 and followed by Ministry of Trade to
design a plan to develop Indonesian Creative Economy (2009-
2015), launching INPRES (Presidential Instruction) No. 6 of
2009 on Creative Economy Development, designing Masterplan
of axceleration and Economic Development (Percepatan dan
Pembangunan Ekonomi/ MP3EI) in 2011 and finally
establishing Creative Economy Body (BEKRAF) in 2015.
According to statistic data of 2016, creative economy
contributed to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and showing an
increased trend from IDR 525,96 Trilion in 2010 to IDR 852.24
Trilion in 2015. This increased 10.14% annually. 50 This is
substantiated by a recent report published by UNCTAD, which
reveals that the value of export for Indonesia’s creative industry
amounted to USD 3,265 million in 2012 alone. 51
This brings hope that creative industry can be the key
success for the Indonesian economc growth. Moreover,
Indonesia has recognized copyright rezim and has long
experience dealing with the implementation of copyright law
since its independence. At that time, Indonesia adopted the
Dutch Auteurswet (Copyright) of 1912 to avoid the legal
vacuum in the intellectual property sector. During the 1980s, the
Indonesian government started reforming its intellectual
property regulations by enacting its first national copyright law
in 1982 and has been further amended in 1997, 2002 and 2014.
It was then followed by other branches of intellectual property,
such as Trademark, Patent, Industrial Design, Layout Design of
Integrated Circuit, Trade Secrets and Plant Varieties
Protection.Unfortunately, however, the utilization of this law to
enhance the creative industry in Indonesia remains sub-optimal.
Problems, such as rampant piracies and low awarenes of
copyright protection, still exists.
On the other hand, copyright rezim has had an adverse effect to
the growth of the creative industry in Indonesia. This is still
relevant to the Indonesian context because 15 of 16 sectors of
49
UNESCO, Creativity-Copyright,
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative
-industries/ copyright/)
50
Kompas, Inilah Tiga sektor Ekonomi Kreatif Yang
Sedang Naik Daun, https://ekonomi .kompas. com/ read/
2017/04/13/203000326/inilah.tiga.sektor.ekonomi.kreatif.yang.s
edang.naik.daun
51
UNCTAD, Creative Economy Outlook And Country
Profiles:Trends in International Trade Increative Industries
315
the Indonesian creative economy are closely related to copyright
law, such as a) application & game developer; b) architecture; c)
interior design; d) visual communication design; e) fashion; f)
film, animation, and video; g) photography; h) music; i)
publishing; j) performance art; k) fine arts, l) television and
radio; m) product design; n) craft art; and 0) advertisement.
Since the establishment of the creative economy body, the
Indonesia government has synergized between copyright and
creative industry in Indonesia. Several activities, such as
seminar and public dissemination of the role of copyright has
been launched by the government regularly in some provincies
in Indonesia. This activities involved many stakeholders, such
as academicians, related ministries, artists and collective
management organizations. Instead of having those activities,
some issues remain problems that should be solved. They
include the following issues: 1) How does copyright affect
creative industry? 2) What are the major obstacles and the
biggest challenges that are hampering the utilization of
copyright rezim to develop creative industry in Indonesia? 3)
What strategies are recommended for Indonesia to optimize the
positive impacts of copyright on the development of economic
industry in Indonesia? For answering the questions, this paper is
titled Copyright Law and Its Impact On Enhancing the
Development of Creative Industry In Indonesia.
Copyright Law and Its Impact On Enhancing the
Development of Creative Industry In Indonesia
A. How does copyright affect creative industry?
In order to analyze the influence of copyright in shaping the
creative industry, it is important to understand the definition of
industry. According to WIPO industry is “clusters of activities
that can be identified and are stastically measurable as well as
activities that have a certain scale and structure”52 There are two
types of industries relating to creativity; a) traditional industry
and; b) copyright industry. The differences between these two
are dealing with their impact on the growth of economy. It is
obvious that traditional industry might contribute to the income
of the owners of the industry but it is limited since traditional
industri only focuses on producing goods and services without
developing and inovating the industry. Consequently, it is often
static and unoptimal both from business size and business
diversification. Unlike traditional one, copyright industry deals
directly with creativity and innovation effort. It is usually done
by research.53
https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webditcted2016d5_en.
pdf, at 74
52
(in Anne Kalvi, The Impact of Copyright Industries on
Copyright Law, Juridica International X/2005, at
https://www.juridicainternational.eu/public/pdf/ji_2005
_1_95.pdf, at. 96
53
WIPO, supra note 7, at 12
CISAK 2019
Copyright protection is the important foundation of the
development of copyright industry. This industry is similar to
creative industry which focuses on intangible products.54 In this
industry, exclusive rights (particularly economic rights) given
by copyright rezim enables the industry to develop dynamically
and provide a control to prohibit other party to produce their
products without permission. This leads the industry to massive
scale that can contribute to economy growth. WIPO identified
the relationship of copyright protection and the economic
growth produced by a creative industry as follow:
“In broader terms, copyright law enhances welfare, growth, and
development because it encourages creativity and social and
technological progress. Additionally, insofar as copyright law
enables trade which otherwise would not take place, it improves
national and international welfare.79. Another consequence is
that copyright redistributes income and costs between
stakeholders such as copyright holders, users, and consumers,
because changes in the law affect the level of revenues. Entire
new industries, like the software industry, have emerged on the
basis of new or updated copyright protection regimes.”55
The logic explanation is that direct impact of the copyright
protection by economic rights provides certainty and fairness to
the copyright holders and this stimulates their creativity to reach
the optimal level continously. In copyright theories, it is
recognized as the theory of incentives. Historically, the
incentives theory is derived from the John Lock’s Natural
Theory which states that the creator is entitled to enjoy the
economic benefits of their creations (labour justification). 56
Referring to Cunningham (2009) and UNCTAD (2010), Fikri
Zul Fahmi said there is a typical approach used in developing
countries where creative economy is often linked with other
priorities, such as poverty alleviation, cultural heritage and basic
infrastructure, sustainable development, gender equality, social
inclusion and global partnership. In regards the impact of
creative economy on economic growth, it is also connected with
tourism. This strategy is chosen by focusing on creative industry
based attraction and commodities. However, it is lack of
innovation due to piracies and low protection of copyrights. 57
54
Id, at.21-22
55
Id, at 33-35
56
John Locke, Second Treatise On Government (1690),
Chapter V Of Property (in Robert P. Merges and Jane C.
Ginsburg, 2004, Foundations of Intellectual Property, New York,
Foundation Press, at 1-2); A Samuel Oddi, TRIPS_Natural Rights
and A “Polite Form of Economic Imperialism”, 29 Vanderbilt
Journal of transnational Law, 415 (1996), at 5; Tomi S Utomo,
2010, Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI) Di Era Global: Sebuah
Kajian Kontemporer, Yogyakarta, Penerbit Graha Ilmu, at 10-11.
57
Fikri Zul Fahmi, Creative Economy Policy In
Developing Countries: The Case of Indonesia, Paper to be
presented at the Epainos/refereed session, ERSA 54th Congress,
316
According to UNESCO, “Copyright and neighboring rights
protection is essential for enhancing individual creativity, for
the development of cultural industries and the promotion of
cultural diversity.”58 In practice, the incentive theory is evident
to motivate people to be creative. A famous group music,
BIMBO has been very well known in Indonesia. In the 1970’s,
their pop song albums were always waited by most Indonesians.
But, today they stop making new songs. One of the reasons is
that their music was the target of piracy and brings about the
damages to their economic interests. 59 Even though stopping
making and producing songs are not the effective solution to
eradicate rampant piracy, this proves that copyright law affect
creative industry like music industry.
Another example is Silicon Valley located in California state in
USA. This has different story compared to BIMBO’s case in
Indonesia. Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, Hewlett-Packard, eBay,
Apple are some companies in Silicon Valley. All of them can be
categorized as giant creative industries which influence the
economic growth in USA. 60 In USA copyright law places a
special position in the Constitution where it is explicitly
mentioned that copyright contributes to the development of
science and economy.
Since 2014, the Indonesian government has made several
policies to improve the legal enforcement of intellectual
property by amending three main brances of IP law: a)
Copyright law (2014); b) Trademark and Geographical
Indication (2016) and c) Paten Law (2016). Paralel with the
effort, it is evident that the strengthening of IP regulations and
standards also affect to the development of copyright industry in
Indonesia. Some important articles are regulated in the
Indonesian Copyright Act, such as Articles 4-19 (Exclusive
Rights – Economic and Moral Rights), Article 40 (protected
works), Article 44 (Fair Use), and Remedies (Articles 95, 96 ,
100, 101-109, 112-120).
According to stastistical data from The Indonesian Creative
Economy Body of 2016, the contribution of the industry to the
Indonesian GDP in 2015 was about IDR 852 Trilion (7.38%),
absorbed 15.9 millions workers (13,90%) and export value of
US$ 19,4 billions (12,88%). The data also showed that the
industry significantly contributed to the national economy of
10.14% annually in 2010-2015.61
Regional Development and Globalisation: Best Practices, Saint
Petersburg, Russia, 26-29 August 2014, at 7, http://www-
sre.wu.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa14 / e140826aFinal00548.pdf
58
UNESCO, supra note 18
59
Harian Nasional, Sam Bimbo - Resah Pembajakan,
Monday, 23rd of May 2016, http://www.harnas.co/2016/
05/23/sam-bimbo--resah-pembajakan (retrieved on 25th of march
2019)
60
See Gregory Gromov, Silicon Valley History,
http://silicon-valley-history.com/silicon_valley/Silicon_ Valley
_History.pdf
61
BEKRAF, Infografis Data Statistik dan Hasil Survei
Khusus Ekonomi Kreatif 2016, http://www.bekraf.go.id/
CISAK 2019
It seems that creative industry can be used as promising sources
for the Indonesian economy in the future if the government is
able to change the innovation, research and development culture
in the Indonesian creative industry. It is recorded that 62.30% of
the Indonesian enterpreneurs have utilized innovation
particularly in the subsector of game developer and application,
television and radio and visual communication design. 62
However, the data reveals that 71.35% of the creative
enterpreneurs have not applied research and development in
their industry. 63 Dealing with the intellectual property
ownership, only 11.05% of the creative enterpreneurs have
obtained the protection of IP rezim and majority of them is
running business in film, animation and video (21.08%);
culinary (19.75%) and Television and Radio
(16.59%).64Considering this fact, it can be concluded that there
is relationship between innovative creative industry and the
ownershing of IP in creative industry in Indonesia. The more
creative and innovative the industry the more they need IP
protection and vice versa. The best example of this is Television
and Radio.
B. The major obstacles and the biggest challenges to
utilize copyright rezim to develop creative industry in Indonesia
The Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy (2009-2014),
Mari Elka Pangestu said that the Indonesian digital creative
industry are growing but it contributes 3-4% only. She also
identified that there are 5 biggest obstacles in the Indonesian
digital creative industry:
1. Human resources and technology
2. Using internet;
3. Funding;
4. Access to market; and
5. Institutions 65
Meanwhile Triawan Munaf, the Head of the Indonesian Creative
Ec onomy Body said that the contribution of creative economy
is relatively high to the Indonesia GDP. In 2016, it contributed
to GDP as IDR 922 Trilion and in 2017 reach almost IDR 1000
Trilion. He expected that in 2018, the contribution would be
above IDR 1000 Trilion. In order to optimize the growth of
creative economy, Indonesia needs a specific regulation on
creative economy. According to him, the challenge of
developing creative economy in Indonesia is due to lack of
specific regulation on creative economy. To response to this
berita/page/17/infografis-data-statistik-dan-hasil-survei-khusus-
ekonomi-kreatif, at 21
62
Id, at 18
63
Id, at 18
64
Id, at 16
65
Merdeka Online, “Inilah 5 Tantangan Industri Kreatif
Indonesia”, https://www.merdeka.com/teknologi/inilah-5-
tantangan-industri-kreatif-indonesia.html, 3 Juli 2013
317
problem, Indonesia is currently preparing a creative economy
bill and hopefuly this will be finished in 2019.66
Syahrul ED (Direktur Eksekutif The Indonesian Reform
Institute) also indentified several obstacles of developing
creative industry in Indonesia. In general, the obstacles are not
different to what Mari Pangestu said where the main obstacles
are lied in human resources and technology, internet utilization,
funding, access to market; and institutions. Insterestingly, unlike
other observers, he added that lack of monitoring to royalty,
license and copyright are some factors affecting unoptimal
market penetration. He also argued that the weak creative
industry institution is caused by several factors. Some of them
are low appreciation to creativity and rampant piracy. 67
Apart from the obstacles and challenges discussed above, the
biggest obstacles for optimizing the role of copyright law in
developing creative industry in Indonesia is the mindset of
people about copyright rezim. As illustrated with the group
music BIMBO earlier and the Syahrul’s opinion, copyright
piracy is the main problem in developing music industry in
Indonesia. According to UNESCO, “Rampant piracy and low
level of enforcement of copyright laws destroy the incentives for
the creation and distribution of local cultural products in all the
countries of the world and reveal the need for concerted efforts
to encourage creativity and to foster sustainable
development.”68
Piracy derives from a perspective that the access to all
copyrighted works should not be limited. Most people from
agrarian countries which are still heavily influenced by
communal rights are struggling to protect copyright according to
western standards. In those countries, it is commonly accepted
that yours is mine.
In the societal structure of agrarian people, the individual
properties or works are recognized but access to those should not
be strictly limited. Like other branches of intellectual property,
the existence of copyright law often contravenes with the
communal rights. Modern copyright law is developed from
Western individualistic – pragmatic principles.
Under the influence of those principles, Copyright law
introduces basic principles, such as exclusive rights with its sub
division in it: economic and moral rights. John Lock’s natural
rights become the foundation of the exclusive rights. According
to John Lock, there is a close and separated parts between the
creators and their works. This is recognized as moral rights.
Instead of this, John Lock argues that the creator should enjoy
economic benefits from their works which is named as economic
rights. 69 Based on the copyright concepts, the holder of
66
CNBC Indonesia, Regulasi Jadi Tantangan
Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif https://www.cnbcindonesia
.com/entrepreneur/20180925170920-25-34683/regulasi-jadi-
tantangan-pengembangan-ekonomi-kreatif, 25 September 2018
67
Syahrul ED, supra note 2, at 5-6)
68
UNESCO, supra note 18
69
John Locke, Second Treatise On Government (1690),
Chapter V Of Property (in Robert P. Merges and Jane C.
CISAK 2019
copyrights has the right to prohibit others to use their works
without permission. This limits people beyond the copyright
holders to get access to copyrighted works. On the other hand,
the exclusive rights also increase the price of copyrighted works
since the copyright holder is often the only actor in the market.
The limited access and the high cost of works create piracy in
the agrarian society in developing countries.
Based on the report of Indonesian Public Against Thefts,
rampant piracy in Indonesia happened in big and small cities
where 33.5 percent of the piracy is dealing with software. In
music industry, the piracy caused an economic damage of IDR4
billion in 2013. It is not surprising that in 2016, the rank of
Indonesia in the protection of IP and trademark was at 33 of 38
surveyed countries conducted by the Global Intellectual
Property Center.70 The survey further concluded that IP law is
not prioritized by the government and lawmakers in Indonesia
based on the fact that the number of cases of IP infringement
decided by the court is quite low. This is then worsen due to lack
of knowledge on IP meaning. 71
In response to those facts, there are some efforts have been done
by the government to eradicate rampant piracy in the society
under policy of educating public. Most activities focus on
educating people that piracy is illegal on the basis that using
someone’s property without permission is the same as
stealing.This strategy seems successful because stealing
property is strictly prohibited in agrarian society. Apart from
public, the target of public education is also art workers. Most
of them, like other community are not familiar with the concept
of copyright law. The government also encourage them to form
a relevant collective management society that can protect their
economic rights.
C. Strategies for optimizing the impacts of copyright
on the development of creative industry in Indonesia.
Considering that creative industry is evident in developing
economy, the Indonesian government has focused to increase
the contribution of the industry to the economic growth by
optimizing the benefits of copyright law. In Indonesia, for
example, there are some efforts have been done by the
government to eradicate rampant piracy in the society under
policy of educating public. Most activities focus on educating
people that piracy is illegal on the basis that using someone’s
property without permission is the same as stealing. This
strategy seems successful because stealing property is strictly
prohibited in agrarian society. Apart from public, the target of
public education is also art or creative enterpreneurs. Most of
them, like other community are not familiar with the concept of
copyright law. The government also encourage them to form a
Ginsburg, 2004, supra note16, at 1-2); A Samuel Oddi, supra note
16, at 5; Tomi S Utomo, supra note 16, at 10-11.
70
BP Lawyers, Indonesia’s New Copyright Law, a Great
Way to Deal with Copyright Infringement
318
relevant collective management society that can protect their
economic rights.
Another strategy done by the government is to amendment
copyright law by balancing interests between copyright holders
and public. Article 40 of the Indonesian copyright is focusing on
the interests of copyright holders. But, several exceptions in
Article 44 to make bigger access to copyrighted works are also
regulated in the copright law. This is called fair use or fair
dealing. This approach affects the rate of piracy because by
allowing public to get access to copyrighted works for limited
use, public can enjoy the works without paying royalties. This
leads to a situation where people will learn how to respect to
other people’s works.
To manage the obstacles of creative economy development, the
government is currently preparing a bill on creative economy.
This act consists of several important elements, such as issues
on institutions, funding and the coordination between the central
and local governments on creative industry. These issues are
obstacles of developing creative industry by using copyright law
as discussed earlier. Related to institution, some critics are
addressed to government because since 2014 the task of Ministry
of Tourism to be coordinator which are responsible to develop
creative economy have been replaced by a body of creative
economy. Through the bill, the government appoints the
Ministry of Trade as the coordinator of creative economy. It
seems that the new coordinator by the ministry of Trade follow
the appoach that has taken by other countries. Instead of this, the
new bill also regulates about the coordination between the
central government and local government. Under the local
authonomy, the relationship between these to governments
should be explicitly stipulated in the new bill. It cannot be denied
that the good coordination between these two government is the
key success of development in Indonesia.
The next focus of the bill is the funding. This factor becomes the
major element when developing creative industry. Without
funding, it is impossible to develop creativity into an industry.
Moreover, majority creative industry in Indonesia is run by
Small and Medium Enterprises focusing on traditional industry.
To bring them into the modern industry, sufficient funding is the
most important factor.
Considering the substances of the bill, there are some additonal
policies should be considered by the government:
Firstly, regulating institution, funding and the solid relationship
between the central and local governments is already on the right
track but the government needs to pay attention on the spirit of
enterpreneurship. Solid institution, sufficient funding and well
coordinated relationship betwen central and local government
are not enough without being supported by the spirit of
enterpreneurship. Therefore, the government should consider
this in the new bill.
https://bplawyers.co.id/en/ 2018/01/30/indonesias-new-
copyright-law-great-way-deal-copyright infringement/
71
Id.
CISAK 2019
Secondly, the institution is already regulated in the bill.
However, the government should consider strengthening the
triple helix collaboration amongst academicians, government
and enterpreneurs. Today, the research done by researchers at
universities are abundant but they are rarely used by creative
enterpreneurs to increase the innovation in their industries. The
coordination that should be regulated might be:
• The coordination amongst related Ministries needs
to be regulated;
• The relationship between Creative Economy Body
(BEKRAF) and University; and
• The relationship between Creative Economy Body
(BEKRAF) and Creative enterpreneurs
Conclusion
The outcome of this battle ends depends upon the willingness to
seek the optimal solution for all. The initial step is undertaking
discussions to negotiate and compromise in order to reach
mutual goal. The government should prioritize the management
and marketing trainings for creative enterpreneurs and to
enhance the function of IP centers at universities as the team
member of BEKRAF to be the think tank for creative economy.
This paper concludes that copyright rezim has had an adverse
effect to the growth of the creative industry in Indonesia. This is
understandable because 15 of 16 sectors of the Indonesian
creative economy are closely related to copyright law, such as a)
application & game developer; b) architecture; c) interior
design; d) visual communication design; e) fashion; f) film,
animation, and video; g) photography; h) music; i) publishing;
j) performance art; k) fine arts, l) television and radio; m)
product design; n) craft art; and 0) advertisement.
Secondly, the Indonesian government and stakeholders in
creative industry do not optimally utilize the positive impact of
copyright on the development of creative industry due to several
obstacles, such as unoptimal relationship amongst government,
academics and creative enterpreneurs (triple helix
collaboration), and lack of coordination amongst related
ministries on creative economy.
Finally, this research acknowledges the importance of a specific
regulation on creative economy besides copyright law that can
affect the development of creative industry in Indonesia. This
specific act illustrates the need to involve a multi-sectoral group
of policymakers and stakeholders to enhance the development
of creative industry in Indonesia.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CNBC Indonesia, Regulasi Jadi Tantangan Pengembangan
Ekonomi Kreatif (Regulation Becomes the Challenges of
Developing Creative Economy),
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/entrepreneur/20180925170920
-25-34683/ regulasi-jadi-tantangan-pengembangan-ekonomi-
kreatif,25 September 2018
BEKRAF, Infografis Data Statistik dan Hasil Survei Khusus
Ekonomi Kreatif 2016, http://www.bekraf.go.id/
319
berita/page/17/infografis-data-statistik-dan-hasil-survei-
khusus-ekonomi-kreatif
BP Lawyers, Indonesia’s New Copyright Law, a Great Way to
Deal with Copyright
Infringement,https://bplawyers.co.id/en/2018/01/30/indonesias-
new-copy right-law-great-way-deal-copyright infringement/
Fahmi, Fikri Zul, Creative Economy Policy In Developing
Countries: The Case of Indonesia, Paper to be presented at the
Epainos/refereed session, ERSA 54th Congress, Regional
Development and Globalisation: Best Practices, Saint
Petersburg, Russia, 26-29 August 2014, http://www-
sre.wu.ac.at/ersa/ersa confs/ersa14/e140826aFinal00548.pdf
Gromov, Gregory, Silicon Valley History, http://silicon-valley-
history.com/silicon_ valley/Silicon_Valley _History.pdf
Harian Nasional, Sam Bimbo - Resah Pembajakan, Monday,
23rd of May 2016, http://www.harnas.co/2016/05/23/sam-
bimbo--resah-pembajakan (retrieved on 25th of March 2019)
Kalvi, Anne, The Impact of Copyright Industries on Copyright
Law, Juridica International X/2005,
https://www.juridicainternational.eu/public/pdf/ji_200
_1_95.pdf
Kompas, Inilah Tiga sektor Ekonomi Kreatif Yang Sedang Naik
Daun (It is the Three Popular Sectors of Creative Economy,
https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/
2017/04/13/203000326/inilah.tiga.sektor.ekonomi.kreatif.yang.
sedang.naik. daun
Locke, John, Second Treatise On Government (1690), Chapter
V Of Property (in Robert P. Merges and Jane C. Ginsburg, 2004,
Foundations of Intellectual Property, New York, Foundation
Press
Merdeka Online, Inilah 5 Tantangan Industri Kreatif Indonesia
(These are the Challenges of Creative Economy),
https://www.merdeka.com/teknologi /inilah-5-tantangan-
industri-kreatif-indonesia.html, 3 Juli 2013
Oddi, A Samuel, TRIPS_Natural Rights and A “Polite Form of
Economic Imperialism”, 29 Vanderbilt Journal of transnational
Law, 415 (1996), p.5; Tomi S Utomo, 2010, Hak Kekayaan
Intelektual (HKI) Di Era Global: Sebuah Kajian Kontemporer,
Yogyakarta, Penerbit Graha Ilmu
Policy Research Group (Ed.), The Creative Economy: Key
Concepts and Literature Review Highlights, May 2013,
supported by the Government of Nova Scotia and the
Government of Canada (Canadian Heritage – PCH)
Syahrul ED, Ekonomi Kreatif: Permasalahan, Tantangan dan
Prospeknya (Creative Economy: Problems, Challenges and its
Prospects), https://www.academia
.edu/8838021/Ekonomi_Kreatif_Permasalahan_Tantangan_dan
_Prospeknya_Oleh_Syahrul_ED_Direktur_Eksekutif_The_Ind
onesian_Reform_Institute
UNESCO, Creativity -
Copyright,http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creati
vity/creative-industries/ copyright/)
-------------, Creative Economy Report 2013 Special Edition
Widening Local Development Pathways,
http://www.unesco.org/culture/pdf/creative-economy-report-
2013-en.pdf
CISAK 2019

UNCTAD, Creative Economy Outlook And Country

Profiles:Trends in International Trade Increative Industries
https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/web
ditcted2016d5_en.pdf
WIPO, Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the
Copyright Industries, 2015 revised edition,
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/
893/wipo_pub _893.pdf

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Law and Language; A Study of Communication Aspect to

Improve Law Enforcement Effectiveness in Indonesia
Rahel Octora, S.H.,M.Hum1
1
Faculty of Law, Maranatha Christian University
Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract: Indonesia is a country that has been colonized by the Dutch for over three centuries. That historical facts bring so many
consequences includes consequences in Indonesia Legal System. Indonesia Legal System consists of legal substance which means
any kind of regulations and legal principles as a rule of conduct to create legal orders. As Civil Law System country, Indonesia
placed the written regulation as primary sources of law. It means, language is a media for law to do its functions. Every word that
written in the regulation should be well understood by every member of society. Here we can see the close relation between law
and language. This paper will describe how language should be applied in legal context so the law enforcement process can be
done effectively. We need to see that law enforcement must be supported by effective communication process which done by the
legislators, so the society members can understand what are expected by the government or legislators. Based on this research, the
conclusions are: government, legislators and law enforcers are communicators, the law substance itself is a message, society
member are communicants. Effective communication process is important part to support law enforcement effectiveness

Keywords : law, language, law enforcement, effectiveness.

A. Backgrounds means, language is a media for law to do its functions. Every

As a word, “law” must have a lot of definitions. Law can be
defined as rule, but must not be defined only as a rule. Law has
at least two meanings. First, law is a group of prescriptions
about what should be done to reach justice. Second, law is rule
of conduct to create social order. The first definition of law has
the same meaning with ius (Latin), droit (France), recht
(Dutch), hukum (Bahasa Indonesia). The second definition of
law, has the same meaning with lex (Latin), loi (France), wet
(Dutch), undang-undang (Bahasa Indonesia). 72
Each country has its own legal system. It will influence the
State’s perspective on the meaning of law. Difference of legal
system will also bring difference in State’s perspective about
what law is, what prevailing law is, and how law be enforced.
Indonesia is a state with Civil Law System. Civil Law System
placing the written regulation as the primary source of law.
The logical consequence is states with Civil Law System have
more spirit and enthusiasm in making written regulations.
Law-making process is a part of Legislative’s routine. It’s
different from Common Law System, whereas judge made law
is the primary source of law.
Law does its function in social context. It means law is directed
to regulate society. Nowadays, especially in countries which
law is classified into Civil Law System, law shows in form of
written regulation. Indonesia is one of Civil Law countries,
where we can find rules in statute as primary sources of law. It
word that written in the regulation should be well understood
by every member of society. In fact, not every member of the
society learning about law and understand legal terminology.
Law is a system. System is something consisted of a number
of components that affect each others, and related to each other
by one or several principles. 73 A system is a collection of
several parts that’s known as sub-system, which every sub
system will work together to reach some specific goals. In
general, the purposes of law are: justice, orders, utility, and
social protection. To reach those goals, law need to be enforced
by a process called law enforcement. Law enforcement process
is affected by several factors.
Lawrence M.Friedman said that a legal system consists of
three components:
1. “Legal structure: government apparatus, the
executive, judicial, and legislative body. This part is said to be
an ‘engine’.
2. Legal substance: regulations that is made by
government apparatus. This part is said to be ‘product of the
engine’.

72 73
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum, Jakarta : C.F.G. Sunaryati Hartono. Pembinaan Hukum
Kencana Prenada Media, 2011, page 18. Nasional Dalam Suasana Globalisasi Masyarakat Dunia.
Bandung: Universitas Padjajaran, 1991, page 19.

321
CISAK 2019
3. Legal culture: is about how society’s perspective on
law. This part is like something that turning on or turning off
an engine.”74
Those factors have to work in synergy to create effective law
enforcement process. From the three part of legal system that
has been mentioned before, legal substance is a concrete and
explicit form of regulation. In many kind of legal product, we
can see directly how the regulations are formulated and how
the regulations are enforced for the society members. Law is
formulated in form of sentences, and there we can see how
language takes important parts in law making process.
Language that implemented in legal context has its own
specific characters.
In this paper, we will talk about several problems related to
application of language in legal context and how important for
a legal professional to have a grip on language,
communication, and understanding of specific character of
language in legal context. This paper is also intended to give
information to society about how to understand legal
terminology in many regulations
. by which a source transmit a message to a receiver though
B. Literature Review and Explanation
1. Specific Characteristic of Language in Legal
Context and Related Problems Arises in Indonesia
Language in legal context represents a specific type of
language. The characteristics are measurable use of words, and
exact formulations of meanings. It gives impressions that
language in legal context (in statute, or act) is flat, to avoid
multi interpretations. 75
Something that can drive law to be effectively shows it
potential to regulate is an event or occurrence.76 It’s not easy
to difference or separate legal occurrence and social
occurrence. Legal occurrence shows up because law gives it a
legal qualification. So, actually, legal occurrence can only be
found in legal formulation or in regulations. 77
Societies have their own opinion to language in legal context,
such as:
(1) Language in legal context is not easy to be
understood, and can only be understood by those who study
law.
(2) Legal practitioner often uses words that have difficult
meanings.
(3) Language in legal context is multi-interpretations.
(4) There are lots of foreign terminologies which are
adopted without being translated in local language.
74
Lawrence M. Friedman, American Law, an
Introduction (New York, London, W.W. Norton, second
edition, 1998), page. 19-22, in B.F Sihombing, Evolusi
Kebijakan Pertanahan dalam Hukum Tanah Indonesia,
Gunung Agung, Jakarta, 2004, page. 126-127
75
Satjipto Rahardjo,Ilmu Hukum, Bandung, Citra Aditya
Bakti, 2000,page. 42.
322
(5) Standardized format in legal documents.
(6) Long sentences with long phrases.
Besides those opinions, there are also several problems arises
in law enforcement process in Indonesia. In my opinion, the
main problems are related to different interpretation of words
by law enforcer and society. There are many regulation
formulated in such a way that use words with unclear
meanings. It makes law enforcer find difficulties to define the
scope of law implementation in a specific case. For example,
in Indonesia there are a big and controversial case related to
blasphemy which caused Governor of Jakarta- Basuki Tjahaja
Purnama (Ahok), sentenced to two years in prisons for
blasphemy. In this case, there are no specific meanings of
blasphemy in Indonesia Criminal Code, so the rules may be
interpreted differently by different party regarding to their own
interest.
2. Language as Means of Communication
Human being is also social beings, who live in interactions
with others. Human beings need communication. Sarah
Trenholm and Arthur Jensens said, communication is a process
some channel.78
Hoveland defines communication as: “the process by which
an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli (usually
verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of other individual”. 79
Communication is a thing that can’t be separated from human
life, and becomes human needs. It makes communication
developed into a science. Berger and Chaffe said:
“Communication Science seeks to understand the production,
processing, and effect of symbol and signal system by
developing testable theories containing lawful generalization.
that explain phenomena associated with production,
processing and effect.”80
Understanding communication as a natural and easy activity is
not enough. There are so many things to be analyzed deeply
related to communication process. As a process,
communication is directed to bring specific results. Good
communication process is a process that can reach its
purposes. It is said to be an effective communication process.
Effectiveness comes from words effective, in Bahasa
Indonesia General Dictionary defined as : (1) has effect,
influence, or consequence. (2) give satisfying result. (3) bring
result and useful.
Communication process brings psychological effects. It means
related to a person’s or people’s willingness to do what’s want
76
Satjipto Rahardjo, Op.Cit.,page. 35.
77
ibid., page.39.
78
Wiryanto, Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi, Jakarta,
Grasindo, 2004, page. 6.
79
ibid.
80
ibid.,page.3.
CISAK 2019
by the communicators. A communication process is said to be
effective if the receiver interpretations is in accordant with
what means by the sender.
A successful communicator has four abilities:
1. “To change attitude: Communication that has been
designed and done, are to be oriented to change attitude of the
messages receiver, so they have attitude as wished by the
communicator.
2. To change the opinion: Communication that has been
designed and done is able to change opinion, and society’s
perspective on reality among them. Opinions are expected to
change from negative into positive opinions.
3. To change the behavior: Communication that has
been designed and done, are to be oriented to change behavior.
4. To change the society: Communication that has been
designed and done, are to be oriented to change society as
expected by the communicator.”81
To reach the purpose of effective communication, we need to
study about communication model. Communication model are
made to help us to understand communication and to specify
forms of communication in human relations.82 Wiseman and
Barker said that communication model has three functions:
1. “to describe communication process
2. to show visual relation
3. to help find and fix communication stagnancy” 83
There are several models of communication that’s known in
communication science. For law students education purposes,
here will be described a model of communication. Lasswell
Communication Models is a model of communication that
summarized in verbal expressions:
1. who,
2. says what,
3. in which channel,
4. to whom ,
5. with what effect
From the five components that has been mentioned above, we
can see that communication is a process that involving
communicator, message, media, communicant, and effect.
3. Communication for Law Purposes
Human beings are bound by norms. Norms have purposes to
define human actions, and also to protect human interests and
rights. There are several kinds of social norms, related to
personal life aspect, there are religion and morality. Related to
interpersonal life, there are courtesy and law. 84 It can be
explained below:
1. Religion: regulates relationship between human and
God, and between human and human. Human actions are
81
Anugrah Dadan and Winny Kresnowati, Komunikasi
Antarbudaya (Konsep dan Aplikasinya), Jakarta, Jala Permata,
2007, page 44.
82
Wiryanto, Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi, Jakarta,
Grasindo, 2004, page.10.
83
Wiryanto, Op.Cit., page.15.
84
Sudikno Mertokusumo, Mengenal Hukum Suatu
Pengantar, Yogyakarta , Liberty, 2008, page.7.
323
controlled, although the consequences will come up later
afterlife.
2. Moral: comes from human morality and ethics, which
enable human to make difference between good and evil.
When morality becomes public beliefs, it called decency.
3. Courtesy: it used in social interactions as social
demand, for people to be respectful to others.
4. Law: assigned by the government to define human
actions, and have formal sanctions which are enforced by the
legal structure.
Law can be manifested in various kinds of forms. Things that
related to public law are regulated in statute or act that
prevailed for public. On the other sides, things that related to
private deals between persons can be regulated by agreements
and contracts. Law is also manifested as means of disputes
resolutions. The results of dispute resolutions process is court
decisions.
Law includes sanctions and punishments. Besides sanctions
and punishments, there is a factor that can support law
enforcement process. That factor is legal awareness. Legal
awareness can be defined as attitude of society which
considers conformity or obedience to law is a need and not a
result of force or compulsion. In a country with low legal
awareness, the society still considers that conformity or
obedience to law is needed only to avoid punishment.
Communications is very important for law purposes. We need
to understand that regulations and any kinds of legal product
may not be seen as only kinds of formalities. The substance of
regulations, agreement, court decisions must be delivered,
understood and obeyed by the society members.
The execution of law in facts depends on whether the
communication process has been done well or not. It means,
do the regulators, government, legislators, judges or law
enforcers have communicate the law in such a way so the
message receiver (in this cases, society members), can have
the same perceptions, so the rules can be prevailed and
enforced effectively in accordance to what are meant by the
rules itself. 85
Communication in legal context is verbal communication.
Verbal communication refers to a communication process with
verbal messages (oral or written message), or message sending
process by words or language. 86 Communication science
experts define verbal communication as:
1. “Communication with languages includes oral or
written communication.
2. Communication in form of conversations or written.
Words are used to express ideas.
85
M. Hussyen Umar, Komunikasi Sastra dan
Komunikasi Hukum, dalam Kumpulan Tulisan “Manusia
Komunikasi, Komunikasi Manusia”, Jakarta, Kompas,2008,
page. 132.
86
Anugrah Dadan and Winny Kresnowati, Komunikasi
Antarbudaya (Konsep dan Aplikasinya), Jakarta, Jala Permata,
2007, page 67.
CISAK 2019
3. Communication using symbols which has general
meanings in communication process. Those kinds of symbols
are voices, writings, or pictures.
4. Communication with words spoken or written.” 87
In this part, will be discused how law and language have
correlation with law enforcement effectiveness. The first thing
to be understood that law is a message sent by the government
to the society, and law existence has same purposes with
communication purposes such as to change attitude, change
opinion, change behavior and change society. There’s a
statement from Roscoe Pound which says that law is a tool of
social engineering.
In Pound’s perspective, law can’t be isolated from dynamic
social reality. 88 Law is social engineering which means a
balance between the competing interest in society. Like an
engineer’s formulae, laws represent expericence, scientific
formulations of experience and logical developments of the
formulations, also inventive skill in conceiving new devices
and formulating their requirements by means of a developed
technique.89
On the statement aboved, mentioned about logical
developments of the formulations. It means, the rules have to
be formulated logically. There are three logical defect in rules
formulation:90
1. Semantics ambiguity :caused by open texture
formulation. Words are formulated too general, that cause
ambiguity.
2. Syntax ambiguity : caused by words “and”; “or”,
“all”, etc.
3. Law-maker’s unclear purposes : Law-makers don’t
have clear concept about what will be regulated.
Those three defect possibly become communication barriers
between government and society that makes law enforcement
can’t be done effectively.
4. Principles of Law Making Process and
Interpretation Methods to Apply in Law Application
and Law Enforcement Process in Indonesia
To ensure the effectiveness of law enforcement process,
Indonesia has some principles in law making process. It is
regulated in Law Number 12 Years 2011 on Formulation of
Regulatory Legislation. The principles are mentioned in
Article 5, Law Number 12 Years 2011:
“Making rules should be done based on the principles which
include: a. clear purpose; b. made by proper agency or official;
c. match between the types, hierarchy and the contents; d. can
be implemented; e. versatility and result; f. clear formulation;
g. openness”
87
Anugrah Dadan and Winny Kresnowati, Op.Cit.,page
68.
88
Marret Leiboff and Mark Thomas, Legal Theories in
Principle, New South Wales, Lawbook and Co., 2004, page
212.
324
Because this paper is concerning on relation between law and
language, here described the meaning of clear formulation
principles as mentioned in the statute: that every regulatory
legislations has to fulfill technical requirements of
formulation, systematic, diction or terminology, and language
applied in legal context has to be clear and easy to understand,
so it will not cause many interpretations in the
implementation.”
After a regulation being formulated, it has to be applied for
solving a concrete case or problem. Some formulation of
sentences or words may be unclear or potentially causing
multi-interpretation. To understand what means by legislators
in the legislation, law enforcer can’t only use grammatical
interpretation. Here are some interpretation methods to be
applied:
1. Gramamatical interpretation: interpretation done dy
defining words in regulation based on meaning, definiton in
daily uses.
2. Authentic interpretation : interpretation done dy
defining words in regulation based on authentic definition,
defined in part of authentic explanation in the regulation itself.
3. Historical interpretation: interpretation done dy
defining words in regulation based on history, how that
regulation was formulated. It is also related to the law making
process in the legislative body.
4. Systematic interpretation: interpretation done dy
defining words in regulation based on correlation between
rules in one regulatory legislation with other rules in other
legislations.
5. Sociological interpretation: : interpretation done dy
defining words in regulation based on the purpose that want to
be achieved by the regulation, adjusted with social needs.
C. Conclusions and Recommendations
1. Conclusions
Related to legal or law context, we can conclude some
statements below:
Government, legislators and law enforcers are communicators,
and the law substance itself is a message which have to be sent
to the society members as communicants. Effective
communication process is expected to support law
enforcement effectiveness. Law has to be formulated clearly to
avoid ambiguity and multi interpretations. Unclear
formulation of regulations makes law enforcer to do
interpretation based on several valid methods.
2. Recomendations
a) For law-makers : to formulate rules clearly and easy
to be understood by every member of society.
b) For law enforcer : to interpret and apply the rules as
intended by law makers, not by personal interest.
89
S.R. Mayneni, Jurisprudence (Legal Theory), 2 nd
edition, Asia Law House, Hyderabad,2007, page 511.
90
Satjipto Rahardjo, Op.Cit.,page 98.
CISAK 2019

D. Literatures and References

Anugrah Dadan and Winny Kresnowati, Komunikasi
Antarbudaya (Konsep dan Aplikasinya), Jakarta, Jala Permata,
2007.
B.F Sihombing, Evolusi Kebijakan Pertanahan dalam Hukum
Tanah Indonesia, Gunung Agung, Jakarta, 2004.
C.F.G. Sunaryati Hartono. Pembinaan Hukum Nasional
Dalam Suasana Globalisasi Masyarakat Dunia. Bandung:
Universitas Padjajaran, 1991.
M. Hussyen Umar, Komunikasi Sastra dan Komunikasi
Hukum, dalam Kumpulan Tulisan “Manusia Komunikasi,
Komunikasi Manusia”, Jakarta, Kompas,2008.
Marret Leiboff and Mark Thomas, Legal Theories in Principle,
New South Wales, Lawbook and Co., 2004.
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, Penelitian Hukum, Jakarta : Kencana
Prenada Media, 2011.
S.R. Mayneni, Jurisprudence (Legal Theory), 2nd edition, Asia
Law House, Hyderabad,2007.
Satjipto Rahardjo,Ilmu Hukum, Bandung, Citra Aditya Bakti,
2000.
Sudikno Mertokusumo, Mengenal Hukum Suatu Pengantar,
Yogyakarta , Liberty, 2008.
Wiryanto, Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi, Jakarta, Grasindo,
2004.

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Implementation of Local Law Of Doctor Letter

Certificate In Indonesia
Sri Nurdiana Purwaningsih 1
1
Postgraduate program, Law Faculty, Tujuhbelas Agustus University, Semarang, Indonesia

nurdianasri1@gmail.com

Abstracts: A doctor's certificate is a letter given by a doctor professionally about certain conditions he knows and can be verified.
This study aims to determine the factors that influence the perceptions and attitudes of doctors in giving sick leave certificates
A doctor must be alert to possible plays (simulation), exaggerate (agravation) when giving information about an employee's sick leave.
Sometimes sick leave is misused for other purposes, for example visiting families outside the city, unwilling to attend court hearings
or activities in the office, late returning to work from annual leave and so on. A certificate of fake sick leave can cause a doctor to be
prosecuted according to articles 263 and 267 of the Criminal Code.
Only a doctor who has a Practice Permit has the right to give a patient a sick certificate based on the results of his own examination
carried out legally by using medical professional standards and provide a diagnosis and concludes that the patient needs rest or not in
order to recover his health during illness
This is necessary to avoid misuse of sickness certificates that can result in the loss of the other party, can a third party in this case the
company or the patient itself

Keywords: medical doctor, certificate, legal aspects

Introduction
The general meaning of a certificate is a letter made as
evidence to explain or state something. A doctor's
certificate is a certificate of the patient's health condition
made by a doctor who can explain the patient's illness or
illness.
There are various types of doctor's certificates, including
illness certificates, health certificates, birth certificates, death
certificates, certificates for the interests of the court. 91Some
aspects that need to be considered in making a doctor's
certificate are: 92
1. The formal aspects of a doctor's certificate are those related
to the issuance of a doctor's certificate.
2. The material aspect of the doctor's certificate is related to
the contents described in the doctor's certificate.
The doctor who issues the certificate must be absolutely sure
what he wrote or stated, because the doctor has pronounced a
medical oath. In accordance with Article 7 of Indonesian
medical ethics code, it is stated that "A doctor only gives a
statement and opinion that has been examined for its own
truth."
Article 267 of the Indonesia Criminal Code states that: 93
1) A doctor who intentionally makes a false statement about
the presence or absence of illnesses, weaknesses or disabilities
can be sentenced to a maximum of 4 years in prison.
An example in this case is:
- Death certificate, but the person is still alive
- Can not fulfill court summons
2) A doctor who intentionally makes a false statement with the
aim of entering someone into a mental hospital or being
discharged from the hospital can be charged a maximum of 8
years and 6 months imprisonment.
An example in this case is: A person cannot be held
accountable for his actions due to a developmental disorder or
mental illness.
Forgery of letters is regulated in Article 263 of the Criminal
Code which regulates forgery of letters in general. While
forgery of letters carried out by doctors is regulated in Article
276 of the Criminal Code. Forgery of letters by doctors is
threatened with imprisonment for 4 (four) years, and if the

91 92
Dirwan Suryo Soularto, Ayu Azhimsari, Perception Meivy Isnoviana, Suhandi, Legal Effects of Giving
And Behaviour Of Doctor In Giving Of Sick Retirement Letter Certificate to Patients, Perspective, Volume X No.1, January
in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital of Yogyakarta , Mutiara edition
Medika Vol. 8 No. 2: 129 – 135
93
Indonesia Criminal Code

326
CISAK 2019
certificate is used to enter someone into a mental hospital then
it is aggravated to 8 (eight) years 6 (six) months.
Falsification of doctor's certificate as stipulated in Chapter XII
concerning "Falsifying Letters" from Article 263 - Article 276
of the Criminal Code. In this chapter there are various
provisions regarding counterfeiting carried out in various
conditions and ways.
Based on the description of the background above and to avoid
studies that are too broad and deviate from the object of this
writing, there are a formulation of the problem as follows:
1. Which article can ensnare the article of forgery?
2. Can sanctions be exacerbated because of his noble
profession?
3. Is there a relationship between the doctor's illness
certificate with professional ethics variables and articles in
legal legality especially medicolegal
Medical Doctor Certificate
Doctor's Certificate is a written statement made by a doctor for
a specific purpose about a patient's health or illness at the
request of a patient or a third party with the patient's consent
There are various certificates made and issued by doctors for
various purposes. A sick certificate for rest is a statement that
is most often made by doctors and requested by patients.In
patients who are dealing with law enforcement, doctors can be
called and asked for information about making this letter. For
other problems the office where the patient works often
submits this sick letter can complain. 94
Therefore a doctor must be aware of the possibility of
simulation or aggression when giving information about an
employee's sick leave. Sometimes this sick leave is misused
for other purposes.
A certificate of fake sick leave can cause a doctor to be
prosecuted according to articles 263 and 267 of the Criminal
Code.
A doctor must be aware of the possibility of a play (simulation)
or exaggeration (agravi) when giving information about an
employee's sick leave. There are times when sick leave is
misused for other purposes. A certificate of fake sick leave can
cause a doctor to be prosecuted according to articles 263 and
267 of the Criminal Code.
The legal implications of the doctor's certificate generally
relate to: 95
1. Counterfeiting
2. Open the secret
3. Cause losses
4. Out of competence
94
Meivy Isnoviana, Suhandi, Opcit, p.16
95
Jusuf Hanafiah dan Amri Amir, Medical Ethics and
Health Law, Medical Book, Jakarta: EGC, 1999
327
Law Legality Of Medical Doctor Certificate
Indonesian Medical Practise Law 29/2004 in Article 48 said
that : (1) Every doctor or dentist in carrying out medical
practice must keep medical secrets. The secret of medicine can
be opened only for the benefit of the patient's health, fulfilling
the demands of law enforcement officials in the context of law
enforcement, patient requests themselves, or based on
statutory provisions
Article 57 of Law 36/2009 concerning Health, states:
(1) Every person has the right to the secret of his personal
health condition that has been stated to the health care
provider.
(2) Provisions regarding the right to the confidentiality of
personal health conditions as referred to in paragraph (1) do
not apply in the case of: a. law orders; b. court order; c.
permission in question; d. public interest; or e. the interests of
the person.
Article 58 of Law 36/2009 concerning Health, states (1) Every
person has the right to claim compensation for a person, health
worker, and / or health provider that causes losses due to errors
or negligence in the health services he receives.
Law 36/2009 concerning Health in Article 150 states that:
(1) Mental health checks for the sake of law enforcement
(Vermicum et repertum psikiatricum) can only be done by
psychiatrist specialists in health care facilities.
(2) Determination of the legal proficiency status of a person
suspected of having mental health problems carried out by a
team of doctors who have the expertise and competence in
accordance with professional standards.
Law 44/2009 concerning Hospital in Article 38 states that:
(1) Every hospital must keep medical secrets.
(2) The secret of medicine as referred to in paragraph (1) can
only be opened for the benefit of the health of patients, to fulfill
the request of law enforcement officials in the context of law
enforcement, with the patient's own consent, or based on
regulatory provisions
Discussions
A doctor's certificate is not legal evidence that must be
followed by investigators in a case. But the information
submitted by the doctor regarding the suspect's condition will
be another consideration for the investigator to decide whether
the suspect will be arrested and detained or not. 96
In addition, doctors may not be in a position to defend a
suspect. The parties that hinder the investigation can also be
punished by criminal sanctions. The Indonesian Criminal
Code (KUHP) specifically regulates this matter.
96
Indonesian Health Ministry Regulation no. 290 / 2008
CISAK 2019
The rules underlying the violation are in the various articles
below: 97
a) The Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) (art 263,
267, 268)
b) The Indonesia Civil Code (art 322, 1365, 1366, 1367)
c) Medical Discipline Violation (Indonesian Medical
Disciplinary Board)
d) Breaking Of Medical Ethics (Indonesian Medical
Ethics Code)
e) Law 29/2004 concerning Medical Practice.
f) Law 36/2009 concerning Health.
g) Law 44/2009 concerning Hospital. 98
The Criminal Code concerning fake letters is in article 263 :
(1) Anyone who makes a fake letter or falsifies a letter that can
give rise to a right, engagement or debt relief, or that is
intended as evidence rather than something in order to use or
order another person to use the letter as if it were true and not
falsified, threatened if the use can cause harm, due to forgery
of the letter, with a maximum imprisonment of six years.
(2) Threatened by the same criminal act, anyone who
intentionally uses a fake or falsified letter as if true, if the use
of the letter can cause harm.
Article 267 paragraph (1)
A doctor who intentionally gives a false statement about the
presence or absence of a disease, weakness or disability is
threatened with a prison with a jail sentence of four years.
Article 267 paragraph (2)
"If the information is given with the intention to put someone
in a mental hospital or to detain him there, he will be sentenced
to a maximum of eight years and six months in prison".
Article 268 paragraph (1)
"Whoever makes a fake or falsifies the doctor's certificate
about the presence or absence of illness, weakness, or
disability in order to mislead the public authorities or
guarantor, is threatened with imprisonment for a maximum
four-year prison sentence".
Article 268 paragraph (2)
"Threatened with the same criminality, whoever has the same
intention to use a security certificate is incorrect or false, as if
the letter is true and not falsified".
. countries, this institution can take action against doctors who
Medical Letters in Criminal Code
Fake of letters can cause a doctor to be prosecuted according
to articles 263 and 267 of the Criminal Code. 99
Indonesian Criminal Code on article 263 state that :
97
Crisdiono M. Achadiat, The Dynamics of Ethics and
Medical Law in Age Challenges, Medical Book Publisher,
Jakarta ,2004.
98
Veronica Komalawati, Approval in the Relationship
between Doctors and Patients; A Juridical Review, Citra Aditya
Bakti&co, Bandung, 2002.
328
(1) Anyone who makes a fake letter or falsifies a letter that can
give rise to a right, engagement or debt relief, or that is
intended as evidence rather than something in order to use or
order another person to use the letter as if it were true and not
falsified, threatened if the use can cause harm, due to forgery
of the letter, with a maximum imprisonment of six years.
(2) Threatened by the same criminal act, anyone who
intentionally uses a fake or falsified letter as if true, if the use
of the letter can cause harm.
Article 267 of the Criminal Code state : 100
1. A doctor who deliberately gives a false statement about the
presence or absence of a disease, weakness or disability, is
threatened with a maximum imprisonment of four years
2. If the information is given with the intention to put someone
in a mental hospital or to hold him there, he will be sentenced
to a maximum of eight years and six months imprisonment.
3. Threatened by the same criminal matter, whoever
intentionally uses the false statement as if the contents are in
accordance with the truth.
Article 268 of the Criminal Code state :
1. Anyone who makes a fake or falsifies a doctor's
certificate of the presence or absence of a disease, weakness or
disability, with the intention of misleading the public
authorities or guarantor, is threatened with a maximum
imprisonment of four years.
2. Threatened by the same criminal case, anyone with the same
intention uses an incorrect or counterfeit statement, as if the
letter is true and not counterfeited.
In giving a statement or statement regarding a patient who will
be presented as a defendant or witness in court, the doctor has
an obligation to base his statement with scientific evidence. In
medical circles it is now known as "evidence based medicine".
The definition of scientific evidence here not only shows
laboratory results or examinations with "imaging" (x-ray, CT-
scan, MRI, etc.) but also on valid scientific references that
make it take conclusions as proposed. 101
It is the duty of the physician to carry out a thorough
examination before making such a statement or statement in
accordance with the doctor's code of ethics which states that
"a doctor only gives a verifiable statement or opinion". Quality
assurance institutions for medical professions such as the
General Medical Council (GMC) like those in commonwealth
make such evidence that cannot be verified. The action can be
99
Tamsil Iskandar, Juridical Review of Proof of a
Doctor in Performing Medical Services Malpractice, Legal
Opinion Journal, Edition 4, Vol. 2, 2014
100
Indonesia Criminal Code, opcit
101
Desriza Ratman, Legal Aspects of Organizing
Medical Practices and Medical Malpractice, Keni Media,
Bandung , 2014.
CISAK 2019

in the form of revocation of registers or temporary revocation

of license to practice. 102

Conclusion
Only a doctor who has a Practice Permit, who has the right to
give an illness certificate to a patient. Based on the results of
his own examination lege artist using medical professional
standards as well as providing a diagnosis and concludes that
the patient needs rest or not. This is very necessary to avoid
misuse of sickness certificates which can cause loss to other
parties, can third parties in this case the company and the
patient itself.
As a result of the law, if the doctor gives an illness certificate
just to get material rewards simply by giving false or false
information, the doctor will face the Indonesian Medical
Ethics Council in the case of administrative sanctions in the
form of written warnings, suspension until revocation of
license, in addition will also be faced with criminal sanctions

Refferences
Dirwan Suryo Soularto, Ayu Azhimsari, Perception And
Behaviour Of Doctor In Giving Of Sick Retirement
Letter in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital of Yogyakarta
, Mutiara Medika Vol. 8 No. 2: 129 – 135
Meivy Isnoviana, Suhandi, Legal Effects of Giving Certificate
to Patients, Perspective, Volume X No.1, January
edition
Jusuf Hanafiah and Amri Amir, Medical Ethics and Health
Law, Medical Book, Jakarta: EGC, 1999.
Crisdiono M. Achadiat, The Dynamics of Ethics and Medical
Law in Age Challenges, Medical Book Publisher,
Jakarta,2004.
Veronica Komalawati, Approval in the Relationship between
Doctors and Patients; A Juridical Review, Citra Aditya
Bakti&co, Bandung, 2002.
Tamsil Iskandar, Juridical Review of Proof of a Doctor in
Performing Medical Services Malpractice, Legal
Opinion Journal, Edition 4, Vol. 2, 2014
Desriza Ratman, Legal Aspects of Organizing Medical
Practices and Medical Malpractice, Keni Media,
Bandung , 2014.
Anny Isfandyarie, Malpractice and Medical Risk in the
Criminal Law Study, Bogor, Jurisprudence Press,
2012.
Indonesia Criminal Code
Indonesian Health Ministry Regulation no. 290/2008.

102
Anny Isfandyarie, Malpractice and Medical Risk in
the Criminal Law Study, Bogor: Jurisprudence Press, 2012
329
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Legal Enforcement Model in Indonesia Capital Market

Disputes to Make Substantive Justice
Sudiyana1
1
Lecturer Faculty of Law of Janabadra University Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract: Law enforcement in the capital market sector becomes a serious issue, because the varies pattern of capital market business
practices is very difficult to identify and qualify which includes a crime and which are not criminal acts. As a white collar crime, in
law enforcement of capital markets, requires law enforcement officers who have special expertise in the field of capital markets. This
paper aims to find the ideal law enforcement model in capital market disputes. This thesis is conducted by the juridis normative
method by basing approach to the legislation in force. The responsive law enforcement model bases on doctrine, First, the law must be
functional, pragmatic, purposive, and rational. Second, competence becomes the benchmark of evaluation of all legal executions. law
enforcement in the responsive legal order emphasizes, on substantive justice as the basis of legitimacy of law.

Keywords: Law Enforcement, Capital Market Dispute, Substantive Justice, In Indonesia.

A. Introduction general is reflected in market activity hence people often refer

Capital market aimed at supporting the implementation of
national development in order to improve equity, growth, and
stability of the national economy towards increasing the
welfare of the people. In order to achieve those goals, the
capital market has a strategic role, as one of the sources of
financing for the corporate world, including small and
medium-sized businesses for the development of its business,
on the other hand the capital market is the investment vehicle
for community, including small and medium financiers.103
Legally, with the Constitution Number 8 Year 1995 regarding
capital market (hereinafter referred to as UUPM), it is
expected, particularly to investors, 104 that they get certainty
and legal protection from any violation. In addition, due to the
capital markets constitution in a comprehensive manner, and
with the authority of Bapepam as Investigators then it is
expected that law enforcement and legal certainty in capital
markets become increasingly better.105
According to constitution, basically capital market activities
include the following points: first; Activities concerned with
the initial public offering and securities trading, second;
Activities of the Company with regard to the effect of the
publication, and third; Activities of the institution and
profession-related share106. Economically, the capital market
is part of overall economic activities. Economic activity in
to economic activities that are not market-oriented as one form
of deviation that should be corrected. For example the
activities of the monopoly, manipulation, conspiracy;
friendship driven activities, etc107
Furthermore, the investors’ trust to a financial market is when
a market has some conditions such as fairness, law
enforcement, complete infrastructure, professionalism, and
supervisor (market watchdog). Specifically for the capital
markets, law enforcement becomes its own problems, because
of the difficulty of determining whether the business strategy
is a crime; such as fraud or market manipulation and others.
Business strategies that include: Workout market
(issuers/underwriter directs investors to buy stocks because
stocks have been oversubscribed/have been exhausted),
Special Alloments, creating Trading Firms, Free riding,
Chaneling, shortsale, Churning, Pre-Pre-arranged Trade,
cornering108. In addition, there is also the practice in the capital
market which is often detrimental to another party, such as:
Short selling in market appointments, personal injury
negotiations, trading before the publication of "research
report", front running, manipulative & deceptive quation
in negotiate trade 109.
A new mode in the practice of the capital market can be said
to lead to economic criminal act is the practice of dark pool.

103
Common explanation Constitution Number 8 year
1995 regarding Capital Market (UUPM)
104
Rafael La Portaa, Department of Economics,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138., Florencio
Lopez-de-Silanesb, Andrei Shleifera., Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, and
Robert Vishnyc., Graduate School of Business, University of
Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637., Investor Protection and
Corporate Governance. P. 5
105
Munir Fuady, Modern Capital Market (Law
Perspective), Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 1996 p. 27.
106
Article 1 Number 13 Capital Market Constitution.
107
I Putu Gede Ary Suta, Towards Modern Capital
Market, Jakarta: Sad Satria Bakti Foundation, 2000, p. 171.
108
Munir Fuady, 1996, op cit. P 158-163
109
Lokman Lie, 2004, Equity Share Trading in
Exchange, p. 9 paper on Vidioconference Concerning Capital
Market Practice, 21 January 2004. At UGM.

330
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For example 110, the practice of dark pool recently began to
appear in simple form. This occurs when there is an internal
crossing between the stock exchange member before throwing
it to the stock exchange. A number of members of stock
exchange do exchanging because there is volume, price, and
the same effect. Stock exchange authorities need to prepare
regulation related to investors protection system and price
discovery because the buying and selling of shares on dark
pool does not provide transparency of transactions in public.
Some other violations of capital market law considered as
crimes, for example111:
1) Sarijaya Securities Case
Covering up customer funds occurred in Sarijaya Securities in
2009. Embezzlement of funds committed by the
Commissioner, Herman Rusli, it was worth nearly 245 billion
from Rp 8700 customers. The Judges decided to grant
customers demand as many as 134 customers that Sarijaya
Securities replacing the customer's investment fund worth for
Rp 14.82 billion.
2) Antaboga Delta Case
This began when Antaboga sold investment products through
Century Bank in the form of mutual funds with some
interesting feedback. It turns out that the scheme does is divert
customer funds deposited in the Century Bank into an
instrument of Antaboga and such investment products were
done without allowance from Bapepam-Lk (Financial Sevices
Authority). Customer losses reached Rp 1.4 trillion.
Violations of law in the field of capital markets could
potentially give rise to capital market dispute, either civil or
criminal dispute. How does legal enforcement in that capital
market dispute? Bapepam-LK was the leading edge of law
enforcement in the capital market which is now taken over by
the Financial Services Authority (OJK), but in practice, the
legal enforcement of capital market has not been implemented
to its full potential. Infringement of the law considered as
crime but not processed in a crime, there is a criminal offense
but subject to administrative sanctions. The application of
administrative sanctions does not make deterrent effect. Legal
enforcement of the capital market is becoming a serious
problem, since the colour schemes of the capital market
business practices is very difficult to be identified and
qualificated as a capital market crime. In addition, in practice,
legal enforcement of the capital market has not been optimal,
this may affect substantive justice for market participants.
Why is the capital market legal enforcement not optimal, and
110
Dewi Andriani, APEI: Request of Releasing Rules
about Darkpool, ANTARA, Jakarta, 2012.
111
http://www.tnp-capital.com/2015/11/kasus-
pelanggaran-pasar-modal.html. browsed on 10 January 2017.
112
Syukri Akub and Baharudin Badaru, Perception Due
Process Of Law in Justice Crime System, Mahakarya
Rangkang Offset, Yogyakarta, 2012, p 20.
331
how is an ideal model in legal enforcement of capital market.
The research is based on juridical normative approach, a
review against the legislation.
B. Analysis and Discussion
1. The Legal Enforcement of Capital Market
Legal enforcement is a process of doing an effort to uphold or
enable the legal norms for real as the code of conduct or
relationships in society and country lives 112 . Legal
enforcement can be seen from two sides;113
a. Reviewed from the subject, legal enforcement can be
done by large subject area and can also be defined as legal
enforcement effort that involves all subjects in any legal
relationship. Both the subjects of law in the broad sense i.e.
anyone who runs the legal norms, as well as subjects of law in
the narrow sense i.e. law enforcement agencies to guarantee
and ensure the stand of law and where it is necessary legal
apparatus are allowed to use power force.
b. Reviewed from the object that is in terms of the law.
In a broader sense legal enforcement includes both the values
of justice contained in the formal rules of justice and the values
that live in the community. In a narrow sense legal
enforcement covers only the formal written rules of only.
The legal enforcement system of capital market is one of the
factors that influenced the development of the capital market
life in Indoenesia. In the system of legal enforcement, it will
not escape from the concept of Lawrence Meir Friedman
concerning “Three Element of Legal System”. Those Legal
System are114: Legal Strucuture, Legal Substantive, and Legal
Culture.
The legal enforcement of capital market is meant as a retrieval
action (judicial process) by Bapepam in its role as a Quasi
Judicial Power, which consists of three (3) stages namely; first
stage: the beginning (reports/complaints), the second stage:
examination, and third stage: determination of sanctions. This
action can be done by Bapepam in terms of115:
1) There are report, notification or complaint from
parties about a violation of capital market regulations;
2) There is no fulfillment of obligations which should be
done by the parties who obtain licensing, registration, or
approval from Bapepam or other parties required to deliver a
report to Bapepam;
3) There are instructions found about violations of laws
and legislation on capital market.
In the examination, Bapepam has the authorities to: 116
113
Subroto in Syukri Akub. P 20.
114
Lawrence Meir Friedman, quoetd by Ahmad
Mujahidin, One Roof Justice in Indonesia, Bandung, Refika
Aditama, 2007. P 41-42.
115
Article 2 Number (2) Government Regulation
Number 46 Year 1995 Concerning Steps of Investigation in
Capital Market.
116
Article 100 Number (2) Capital Market
Constitution.
CISAK 2019
1) request information and or confirmation of the
alleged conduct or engage in a violation capital market
constitution and its implementation;
2) Oblige the parties allegedly engaged in conduct or
violation of capital market constitution to do or not to do a
certain activity;
3) Examine and make copies against records,
bookkeeping, and or other documents, both belonging to the
party that's supposedly doing or engaging in violations of
capital market constitution and its implementation as well as
other parties
4) Set the terms and or allow the parties allegedly
engaged in conduct in violations of capital market constitution
and its implementation to do certain actions as needed.
When evidence related to violence in capital market regulation
is found in the examination, the inspection is still continued
and the examiner is obligated to make a report to the head of
Bapepam regarding the discovery of beginning evidence 117.
Based on the beginning evidence, Bapepam may set the start
of the investigation. This investigation is the role of Bapepam
as a Quasi Investigative Power, whereas the data, information,
materials, and other information that are collected on the
examination could be used by Bapepam as Adjuicative Power
to set administrative sanctions118. In terms of civil disputes,
then according to section 111 Capital Market Constitution
(UUPM) the party aggrieved may propose accustion in court
as the Sari Jaya Permana case year 2009 in the case of civil
liability number: 1356/PDT. G/2009/PN. Jkt. Cells.
2. Weak Legal Enforcement Of Capital Market
Legal enforcement is actually located on the factors that might
have affected it. According to Soerjono Soekanto, there are
several factors which affect legal enforcement, namely119:
1) The legal factor itself;
2) The legal enforcement factor, i.e. the parties that
make up as well as applying the law;
3) The means or facilities that support legal
enforcement;
4) The environmental or society factor where the law
applies or applied; and
5) Cultural factor, as the result of the work, copyright,
and the sense of human intention based on life association.
There are several factors that cause the Indonesia capital
market legal enforcement has not been optimal, they are:
a. Legal Enforcement Factors
In law science theory, essentially conducting justice in order
to uphold the law and justice is done by a Supreme Court and
judicial bodies underneath and by a Constitutional Court 120.
117
Article 15 Number (1) Government Regulation
Number 46 Year 1995 Concerning Steps of Investigation in
Capital Market.
118
Articel 15 Number (2) Government Regulation Year
1995 concerning Steps of Investigation in Capital Market
119
Soerjono Soekanto, Factors Influencing Legal
Enforcement, Radja Gafindo Persada, Jakarta, 1983. P 6.
332
Against certain constitution violation it may be taken
administrative action in which the sanction is also
administrative. This can be done for example in the field of
staffing legal, labor legal, environmental legal, business legal,
etc., included here is the field of capital market legal.
In the legal enforcement of capital market, Bapepam-LK,
which is now held by the financial services authority (OJK), is
a very decisive factor. Financial services authority (OJK) can
act as a judicial institution that is often called a Quasi Judicial
Power. Financial services authority (OJK) has authority as the
judges do in the judiciary. Adjudication is; the legal process of
resolving a dispute, the process of deciding a case. 121 This
function contains e.g. to judge and dismiss or revoke the
permission or prohibit capital market parties to participate in
the activities of the capital markets.
OJK’s authority to carry out its functions as the governing role
based on constitution is simply applying administrative
sanctions. Administrative sanctions in practice cannot provide
a deterrent effect, so that the impact of the capital market legal
enforcement in terms of administrative sanctions has not been
able to prevent the existence of new forms of violation
appearing in the capital market.
For crime actions and sanctions are still implemented by the
judiciary. OJK's weaknesses as a Quasi Investigative Power is
the existence of crime market manipulation which is set in
article 92, 93, 94 UUPM but not processed in criminal ways.
b. Regulatory Factors
1) The capital market constitution is not yet fully set up;
In the capital market regulation, it is not set explicitly on how
dispute resolution arising from capital market activities. In
contrast to the field of INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, such
as in the resolution of brand disputes under article 76, number
(1) and (2) of the Constitution Number 15 Year 2001 regarding
brand. In the provisions of article 111 of Legislation Number
8 year 1995 regarding capital market it is declared that:
“Each of the parties who suffer loss as a result of a violation
of this constitution and their implementation can demand
compensation, either singly or together with others who have
similar claims against the party or parties responsible for the
infringement.”
Public perception by filing compensation claims, then the
institution is understood to propose accustion of indemnity is
the judiciary (District Court) instead of the other. It is
becoming ineffective, given the compensation claims filed
through the Court requires both financial ability or the ability
of the law.
120
Article 24, Article 24A, Article 24B, Article 24C
and Article 25 Constitution of Republic Indonesia 1945.
121
Bryan A. Garner, 1999, Black’s Law Dictionary.,
West Group., ST.Paul, Minn. P 42.
CISAK 2019
2) Administrative Sanctions has yet to give a deterrent effect;
Not all violations of the constitution and their implementation
in capital market should proceed to the stage of investigation,
because it precisely may inhibit the activity of supply and or
overall share trade122.
For example123: initial examination results against PT Indosat
Tbk, based on the financial statements, a description of the
directors and description of public accounting, Bapepam-Lk
assumed that there is no evidence of the existence of a criminal
offense due to derivative transaction of PT Indosat Tbk
hedging. This transaction is reasonable, it is done as a principle
of prudence against the fluctuation of the rupiah exchange rate.
According to Article 102 (1) of Constitution Number 8 year
1995 regarding capital market, Bapepam hands down
administrative sanctions for violation of this constitution and
its implementation carried out by every party that obtained the
permission, approval, or registration of Bapepam. The basis
used by the Bapepam to establish administrative sanctions is
the data, information, materials or other information, which are
collected in the examination. According to Article 102
Number (2) Regulation Number 8 year 1995 regarding capital
market, Bapepam may charge an administrative sanction such
as; fine, namely the obligation to pay a certain sum of money.
The financial services authority has been handing down 777
administrative sanctions to capital market industry for along
2014 124 . The Chief Executive Watchdog of capital markets
financial services authority Nurhaida said as many as 60
penalties of written warning, 713 fines, two revocation
sanctions, and two penalties in the form of freezing
permission. Of fine sanctions, the amount reached Rp7,95
billion.
“The majority of offences related to financial statements.”
Offences related to this financial statements generate 30
written sanctions and a fine worth Rp.6,54 billion. Meanwhile,
revocation sanctions is given to investment advisors
(individuals) due to the delay in the submission of periodic
reports.
Inadequate sanctions by OJK is too weak, because it is still
administrative sanction. Although it has been specified in the
regulation, but the imposition of administrative sanctions
haven't made deterrent effect to violation abusers of capital
market constitution.
3) There are some provisions of Constitutiom Number 8 Year
1995 Regarding Capital Market has no legal sanctions
(criminal);
a) Article 35, Share Company or Investment Advisor is
prohibited to:
1) use a pressure or influence which is contrast to the
interests of customer;
122
Expalanation from Article 101 Number (1) Capital
Market Constitution.
123
Newspaper, Harian Kompas, Friday, 8June 2001 P
1.
333
2) reveale the name of customer or activity, unless they
are given written instructions by the customer or required
according to applicable legislation;
3) render incorrectly or not fringe material facts to
customer regarding their business ability or financial
circumstances;
4) recommend customer to buy or sell the Share without
notifying the existence of the interest of Share Companies and
Investment Advisory; or
5) buy or have a share for a corporate account of the
Share itself or affiliated Parties account for if there is excess
demand for purchase in the public offering of the Company in
terms of the Share acting as an Underwriter or agent Share
sales, except the order of the parties not affiliated have been
met fulll
b) Article 37, the Share Company that receives the Share from
customer must:
1) save Share in an account that is separate from the
accounts of the Company; and
2) conduct a bookkeeping separately for each client and
provides secure storage of customer property according the
procedures specified by Bapepam.
c) Article 38, the Share Company that acts as a Brokerage is
prohibited to conduct transactions over the Share recorded on
the Stock Exchange for the affiliated Party or his own interests
when the inaffiliated customer of Share Company have been
giving instructions to buy and or sell the corresponding Share
and the Share Company has not carried out those instructions.
d) Article 40, Share Companies acting as the underwriter of
the Share must disclose the existance of affiliation in the
prospectus or other material relationship between Share
Companies and Issuers.
e) Article 45, Custodian can only issue Share or fund listed on
account of the Share on the orders of account holders or Parties
authorised to act on his behalf.
f) Article 47, Custodian or the affiliated Parties is prohibited
to give description of the Share account of customer to any
party, except ... ... ... ... ...”
g) Article 56 Number (1), a collective Share on DepositoryI
institutions and Settlement is recorded on the book list of the
Share Issuer holders on behalf of Depository Institutions and
Settlement for the benefit of account holders on the Depository
and Settlement Institutions.
h) Article 58 Number (1) Custodian obliges to record the
mutation ownership of the Share in Collective Custody by add
and subtract the Share on each Share account.
In case of violation towards Article 35, 37, 38, 40, 45, 47, 56,
58, and 60, Constitution Number 8 year 1995 regarding Capital
Market, there is no explicit legal sanctions which means
criminal sanctions. Civil penalties that can be imposed cannot
124
http://market.bisnis.com/read/20150102/7/387295/ojk-
jatuhkan-777-sanksi-pada-pelaku-pasar-modal browsed on
Saturday 15 August 2015 at 20.00pm.
CISAK 2019
provide a deterrent effect on those who do breach of
legislation.
c. Cultural Factor
Legal culture is human attitude toward the law and the legal
system, beliefs, values, thoughts, as well as its expectations. In
other words legal culture is the atmosphere of social thoughts
and forces that determine how the law is used, avoided or
misused. Legal culture determines when, why, and how
society treats the law, the legal institution or law process; and
why do they use other agencies or simply not use it. In other
words, it is the cultural factor that changes the structure and
the static rule of becomes alive.125
3. Progressive Legal Enforcement in Capital Market
Dispute
Progressive legal enforcement is meant for legal enforcement
that based on progessive law. Progressive legal theory of
Satjipto Rahardjo derived from his deep feeling that after 60
years of the State, it is proved failed to manifest the life of the
better law 126 . Providing legal protection to investors.
According to Teresa L. Cyrus, Talan B. I˙Scan and Sheena
Starky, that said: 127 The shareholder protection measure
focuses on one-share–one-vote rules, a series of anti-director
rights and mandatory dividends.
Legal concepts are basically the opposite of the two basic
components of the law, namely rules and behavior.
Progressive law begins from the basic assumption that law is
for men, and not vice versa. The presence of law is not for
itself, but for a wider and bigger thing, then when there is a
problem in law, the law itself which should be reviewed and
improved, not the human who is forced to deal with law
scheme128.
Progressive law that relies on human has a humanity goal that
embodies bliss. Legal enforcement creativity in interpreting
the law will not stop at spelling the constitution but use it
consciously to achieve the goal of humanity, namely
happiness129.
Legal enforcement is intended to bring about justice. In
relation with the fair legal process, Aristotle's theory of justice
has given a kind of philosophical foundation indirectly though
its earliest form. Reflections of a fair trial as the embodiment
of progressive judiciary is intended to achieve the value of
justice that is not based on procedural justice according to the
125
Lawrance Meir Freidmen, opcit. Hlm. 76.
126
Romli Atmasasmita, Integrative Legal Theory,
Reconstruction Towards Legal Development Theory and
Progressive Legal Theory. Genta Publishing, Yogyakarta,
2012, p 86.
127
Teresa L. Cyrus, Talan B. I˙Scan and Sheena Starky,
Investor Protection and International Investment Positions:
An Empirical Analysis, Dalhousie University. 2006, Journal
334
law, but rather how to create substantive justice as
manifestation of justice cumulative130.
Progressive law enforcement of capital market gives
maximum substantive justice to all perpetrators of capital
markets without discrimination. There are several concepts of
progressive law enforcement of capital market to reach
substantive justice:
a. Strengthening the functions of Bapepam in which for
this case it is done by OJK.
Article 3 of Capital Market Constitution states that the
construction, the setting, and the daily supervision of the
capital market activities are carried out by Capital Market
Supervisory Agency hereinafter referred to Bapepam. Article
4 the construction, arrangement, and supervision by Bapepam
with the aim of realizing the creation of regular capital market
activities, reasonable, and efficient as well as protect the
interests of investors and public. The authority of Bapepam is
divided into three terms, as a quasi legislative power, quasi
investigative power and quasi adjudicative power 131 .
Strengthening is highly done on the function of quasi
investigative power and quasi adjudicative power.
Strengthening of quasi investigative power is done because on
examination held by Bapepam concerning crime may not
necessarily make Bapepam follow up on criminal proceedings,
but there is discretion authority so that the capital market
violation related to criminal should not continue criminal
proceedings. To provide substantive justice for the market
perpetrators, then crime capital markets should be processed
in criminal ways.
b. Resolution of Capital Market Dispute Outside of
Court
Article 111 Capital Market Constitution states that each of
parties who suffer loss as a result of Capital Market
Constitution violation and or the regulations can demand
compensation, either singly or jointly with other parties that
have similar demands, against the party or parties responsible
for the infringement. The constitution has determined the
means to file charges. The authorized institutions for resolving
disputes, has not expressly provided for in the constitution.
Society perceived that place for solving capital market dispute
is the District Court. This perception is not wrong as the Court
was the one who had the authority, but in a very complicated
capital market dispute, it takes special skills. Capital market
expertise, has been owned by the parties as Arbitrator or
Mediator, so that capital market dispute is more precislely filed
in front of the Court of Arbitration, or other dispute resolution
compilation, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 9600 Garsington
Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden,
MA 02148, USA. Hlm 202.
128
Satjipto Rahardjo, Dissecting Progressive Law,
Kompas, Jakarta, 2008, p 4-5.
129
As the goal of law according to Utilitirianism
Theory of Rudolf Stamler.
130
Syukri Akub, Op cit. P 19.
131
Munir Fuady, Modern Capital Market, Op Cit. P.52.
CISAK 2019

alternatives. Or specialized institutions that resolve capital
market disputes. This special institution is expected to provide
substantive justice, because basically capital market dispute
had been resolved by the competent authorities.
C. Conclusion
Based on the analysis and discussion mentioned above it can
be drawn conclusion that there are several factors that can
cause capital market legal enforcement is not optimal, they are,
legal enforcement factor, regulation factor, and legal cultural
factor. To further optimize there needs to be a change of
paradigm in legal enforcement that is, progressive legal
enforcement, with the strengthening of watchdog institutions
such as Bapepam conducted by financial services authority,
and the establishment of a special institution for settlement of
capital market disputes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
compilation 2006, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 9600 Garsington
Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden,
MA 02148, USA.
Rafael La Portaa, Department of Economics, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138., Florencio Lopez-de-
Silanesb, Andrei Shleifera., Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, and Robert
Vishnyc., Graduate School of Business, University of
Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637., Investor Protection and
Corporate Governance.
Media:
http://www.tnp-capital.com/2015/11/kasus-pelanggaran-
pasar-modal.html. Diakses 10 Januari 2017.
http://market.bisnis.com/read/20150102/7/387295/ojk-
jatuhkan-777-sanksi-pada-pelaku-pasar-modal browsed on
Saturday 15 August 2015 at 20.00 pm.
Newspaper, Harian Kompas, Friday 8 June 2007.

Ary Suta,. I Putu Gede., Towards Modern Capital Market,

Jakarta: Sad Satria Bakti Foundation, 2000.
Bryan A. Garner, 1999, Black’s Law Dictionary., West
Group., ST.Paul, Minn. Dewi Andriani, APEI: Request
of Releasing Rules about Darkpool, ANTARA,
Jakarta,2012.
Lokman Lie, 2004, Share Equity Trading (equity trading) at
Stock Exchange, Paper on Vidioconference Regarding
Capital Market Practice, 21 January 2004. In UGM.
Lawrence Meir Friedman, quoted by Ahmad Mujahidin, One
Roof Justice In Indonesia, Bandung, Refika Aditama,
2007. P 41-42.
Munir Fuady, Modern Capital Market (Law Review), Citra
Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 1996.
Romli Atmasasmita, Integrative Law Theory, Reconstruction
Towards Development Law Theory and Progressive
Law Theory. Genta Publishing, Yogyakarta, 2012, p
86.
Syukri Akub and Baharudin Badaru, Knowldege Due Process
Of Law In Justice Crime Sytem, Mahakarya Rangkang
Offset, Yogyakarta, 2012, p 20.
Soerjono Soekanto, Factors Influencing Legal Enforcement,
Radja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 1983. P 6
Satjipto Rahardjo, Dissecting Progressive Law, Kompas,
Jakarta, 2008, p 4-
Legislation Rules:
Constitution Number 8 Year 1995 Regarding Capital Market.
Constitution Number 40 Year 2007 Regarding Perseroan
Terbatas.
Government Rules Number 45 Year 1995 Regarding The
Exertion of Capital Market Activity.
Government Rules Number 46 Year 1995 Regarding Steps of
Capital Market Investigation
Journals:
Teresa L. Cyrus, Talan B. I˙Scan and Sheena Starky., Investor
Protection and International Investment Positions: An
Empirical Analysis, Dalhousie University. 2006, Journal
335
CISAK 2019

Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement Reconstruction As An

Effort To Humanist Interacion In Order To Realize Indonesia
As An Orderly Traffic Country
Umi Enggarsasi1,2 and Nur Khalimatus Sa’diyah2
1,2
Faculty of Law Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya,
Jl. Dukuh Kupang XXV/ 54,Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
1 2
umienggarsasinohan@gmail.com, nurkhalimatus@yahoo.com

Abstract:In order to build a culture of orderly traffic, because with a large number of the population in Indonesia that caused in the
addition of the transportation from year to year, it eventually became one of the constraints in the traffic settings on the highway.With
growing technology, we found a supporter in the setting of Traffic light, one of the supporters that developed is use closed circuit
television (CCTV) for helping to control the traffic in order to materialize Indonesia as the orderly traffic country. So we need
construction in our legal arrangements if there is a violations in traffic control that is through the application of e ticket. As the purpose
of this research is to prevent and reduce traffic violations and preventing traffic accidents. Research methods used are empirical
juridical, with primary and secondary data, and qualitative analysis presented in descriptive. the results of this research is with the
installation of CCTV and the application of Electronic Traffic Law Enforcementwill reduce traffic accidents for realizing Indonesia as
an orderly traffic country. CCTV cameras mounted on Traffic light will provide information for Traffic Police and also can be combined
with a sensor that can capture the vehicle that breaking the maximum speed limit rule and record the picture,date,and time of the
accident.

Keyword:Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement, Humanist Interaction, CCTV, Orderly traffic

Traffic and road transport as a part of national transportation
should be increased their potency and role to create the secure,
safe, disciplinary, and smooth traffic and transportation so as
to support the establishment of economy and region. 132 The
traffic has the important role for the development of national
integrity to propose the public welfare noted on the 1945
constitution. The traffic is also a part of public-transportation
system that should be increased its role to create the security,
safety, discipline, and the smoothness of travel.
As the traffic has an important and strategic role, it is handled
by the government that is run by law enforcers namely police.
Law no.22 year 2009 article 3 on road traffic states that the
road traffic and transportation shall be organized with the
objectives of:133
a. The realization of the secure, safe, orderly, smooth
road transportation service and integrated to the other
transportation mode to enhance the national economy,
improve the public-welfare, strengthen the national unity and
integrity as well as being able to uphold the nation dignity.
I. INTRODUCTION
b. The realization of the ethics of traffic and nation
culture; and
c. The realization of the law enforcement and legal
certainty for the public.
In people live, all activities are regulated by the norm that is
applied in society but sometimes we find an activity that
disobeys the norm such as a traffic violation. A traffic
violation is one of the situations in which the incompatibility
between rues and implementation occurs. The rule here is a
legal instrument that is appointed and agreed by the
government as a legal constitution while the implementer is
society bonded by the legal instrument. It is stated in Law
no.22 year 2009 on road traffic and transportation.
The traffic order is intended to create, support, and maintain
the security, the safety, the discipline, and the smoothness of
traffic. Various acts of control – interrogation of driving
completeness, driving properness, and public discussions to
increase the traffic order – are continually pursued by the

132 133
Article 3 Law no.22 year 2009 article 3 on road
General Explanation Law no.22 year 2009 article 3
on road traffic states that the road traffic and transportation traffic states that the road traffic and transportation

336
CISAK 2019
traffic police to create the traffic order, the driving comfort,
and the safety of road users.
Basically, every normal person must have legal awareness but
they have different level of it.
The types of traffic violation often done in some big cities by
the drivers of vehicles are not obeying the legal rules –
marked-lane and traffic-sign violation –, not bringing
complete driving documents, not having a driving license, not
bringing a vehicle registration, not wearing a helmet, and
riding three people. The traffic violation that also often occurs
is the drivers often break through the vehicle queue and drive
zigzag in high speed. Those are one of the factors that can
cause the traffic accident
For private and public vehicle riders, it should be more
disciplined when driving. the police have installed a number
of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) in some places. The use
of CCTV will help the police, to detect and crack down on
drivers who often violate traffic rules, especially in big cities
in Indonesia. More control should be done by the police so
that violations can be mitigated, and urban traffic conditions
become more orderly and neat.134
The workings of CCTV is quite practical and simple, CCTV
will continue to monitor all the events and behaviour of
motorists on the highway and at certain places of frequent
violations. The CCTV is connected with a speaker to remind
and act on the driver directly if the violation is considered
small. Furthermore, if there is a traffic violation, CCTV will
capture the image or record the violation, then the picture and
video will be processed to get the driver identity such as the
vehicle license plate number, the driver identity, to the address
where the driver is staying.135
Installing the CCTV to help in controlling the traffic, the
previous ticket process which was noticed manually on a sheet
of paper is not valid again. The drivers who disobey the legal
rules now will be given E-TLE (Electronic Law Enforcement),
because they will be noticed directly via application that police
have. The drivers who get a ticket must pay the maximal fine
based on the article that they disobey. If the fine has already
been paid, the police who give the ticket will get the
notification from their phone. Then, the offender can get the
document that is confiscated by giving the proof of payment,
or taking it in a place which is mentioned in notification. E-
TLE application is integrated with a court and a judiciary. The
judge will give the verdict, and the prosecutor will execute the
decision for a week or two weeks. Even though, the new ticket
rule is easier but the fine that must be paid is contrary, so obey
the traffic rules because the obedient driving will improve
driving safety.
134
U Enggarsasi and N K Sa'diyah, Interaction of
traffic police with motorized vehicle control by CCTV, IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,
Vol.434 Number 1, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci.
Eng.434012264). Access Jan 25, 2019
337
Based on the background, the problem which is raised is: how
electronic traffic law enforcement construction in realizing
indonesia as an orderly traffic country?
II. METHODS
The research method used is empirical juridical, with primary
and secondary data, and qualitative analysis presented
descriptively. This study uses conceptual approach and statute
approach. The conceptual approach goes from the views and
doctrines that develop in the legal studies. In this approach the
authors are expected to find ideas that produce legal meaning,
legal concepts, and relevant legal principles.The research was
conducted at Indonesian republic
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. The Importance of CCTV in Monitoring Traffic
Order.
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) is the utilization of a
camera video to send signals into a certain place – limited set
of monitors. CCTV system can operate continually or when it
is needed to monitor certain events. In modern design, CCTV
uses Digital Video Recorders (DVR) that provides recording
which is stored for many years with various choices and
additional features such as motion detection and e-mail alerts.
In its development, CCTV can be operated by decentralized
based IP CCTV camera which is equipped with a megapixel
sensor that supports in direct recording to the storage media in
a network device, or internal flash that can be operated
independently.136
The use of CCTV is still limited In Indonesia since its function
is still more for a personal gain, a bank security, a department
store, a supermarket, an industry, a firm, and any others.
CCTV services for transportation safety have begun to be used
by director general of transportation, minister of
transportation, to monitor public transportation facilities in an
airport, a railway station, and a port, and to monitor highway
traffic flow. CCTV has a big function more over on Ied Fitri
and Ied Adha when many people go and back from their home
towns that can raise the traffic accident, the traffic jam, and the
crime on a public transportation. And now, CCTV in Indonesia
has been set on in every corner place especially on the traffic
light to monitor the traffic flow and to be an electronic-
evidence for enforcement of traffic regulations.
The installation of CCTV to monitor the traffic violation in
some places on traffic light in some big cities in Indonesia
makes the drivers afraid to break the traffic regulation even
though there is no terrific police man/woman around them.
That picture shows that the drivers stop their vehicles behind
the zebra-crossing line when the traffic light is red on a
crossroad.
135
Ibid
136
https://blog.jakartacctv.co.id/bermacam-macam-
manfaat-cctv/ access on Januari 25, 2019
CISAK 2019
CCTV that is installed on the traffic light and at the busy
intersection will give information to the traffic police, besides;
it can be integrated with a sensor that can catch the vehicles
that break the maximum-speed limitation and also record the
picture, the date and the time when it occurs. The amount of
traffic accident in almost traffic-light intersections and the
traffic accident caused by the drivers who break the traffic light
decreases after the installation of CCTV.
The advantages in CCTV installation for the traffic are giving
the new information about the traffic condition for the road
users, helping the traffic police in relieving the traffic jam,
catching the speeding perpetrators, providing the security in
the road as the drivers will be more careful if they are
monitored, helping the rescue workers to move quickly if the
accident happens, and enabling the law-enforcement officials
to focus on other assignments.
For the traffic safety to realize Indonesia as an orderly traffic
country, the transportation ministry plans to install CCTV
facilitated the speaker in every intersection. The function of
CCTV here is not only to educate the society to obey the traffic
regulations but also to help the police to reveal an event such
as fights between students, crime, or accident via the recording
of CCTV.
B. Effectiveness of E-TLE in Realizing Indonesia as
An Orderly Traffic Country
Sumaryadi states that “Efektif” comes from English namely
“effective” that means successful or achieving the result that
you want or it can be defined as the determination of use,
results of use, or supporting goals. While the word “effective”
is often defined etymologically as producing desired result,
having a pleasing effect, actual, and real137 and according to
experts, effective means how well the work is done, and how
much the result that someone gets is. The work can be said that
it is effective if it is done well based on the plan not only from
output but also from input. Therefore, basically the meaning of
the word “effective” is level of goal achievement of a program
in accordance with the objective set out in the plan. 138 So it can
be concluded that the meaning of the word “effectiveness” is
showing the ability in reaching the goal that has already been
planned based on the acceptable standard. The word
“effectiveness” is more oriented to the output because it is
137
Setiyanto, Gunarto, Sri Endah Wahyuningsih.
(2017). Efektivitas Penerapan Sanksi Denda E-Tilang Bagi
Pelanggar Lalu Lintas Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor
22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan
(Studi Di Polres Rembang). Jurnal Hukum Khaira Ummah
Vol. 12. No. 4 Desember 2017: 742- 766
http://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jhku/article/viewFile/22
93/1721
138
Zainuddin, M. (2017). Efektivitas Penerapan
Sanksi Denda Terhadap Tindak Pelanggaran Lalu Lintas
Studi di Pengadilan Negeri Mataram. Jurnal Hukum
Jatiswara, [S.l.], v. 30, n. 3, Oct. 2017
338
related to the achievement of maximum performance. It means
that the achievement of targets related to the quality, the
quantity, and the time.139
According to the enclosure: Indonesian National Police
chairman’s traffic directive no: KEP/12/2016 concerning the
standard operational and procedure of enforcement of traffic
violations and road transport with system, it states that E-TLE
(Electronic Law Enforcement) application is an android-based
program that is used by officers together with a web
application by the ticket administration section to digitally
record data and provide online payment to designated banks. 140
The comparisons of manual ticketing and E-ticketing in
practice are:
a. Manual Ticketing
1. Mutual argumentation and feeling of right, extortion,
and bribery often occur.
2. It is unable to act simultaneously.
3. It does not have a deterrent effect.
4. It is not connected online with a driving license test
system and an extension driving license system.
b. E-Ticketing
1. It does not need more time for the enforcement.
2. Violators do not need to be present at the district
court.
3. Ticket data is directly connected to the back office so
that the accurate data is obtained.
4. It is connected to the bank for the payment of the fine.
After knowing the comparison between manual-ticketing and
E-ticketing, we can conclude that e-ticketing provides an
easier offer than manual-ticketing. The positive revolution can
be showed by completing the completeness motorized
vehicles, driving wisely and responsibly, and obeying the
traffic regulations because we are the pioneer of traffic safety.
E-ticketing is the best way to solve the problem that is raised
from manual-ticketing enforcement.141
The mechanisms of E-ticketing are the police will give the
offenders the traffic ticket, then they are noticed via
application that the police have. After that in a few minutes,
they will get notification code about the fine that can be paid
via BRI. E-ticketing gives an opportunity to the offender to pay
the fine to the Bank via E-banking, ATM, or directly coming
to the teller. The offenders should pay the maximum fine based
139
Chusminah SM, R. Ati Haryati, Desi Kristiani,
Efektifitas Implementasi E-Tilang Kendaraan Bermotor
Dalam Rangka Tertib Berlalu Lintas Pada Korps Lalu Lintas
Polri, Volume 2 No. 2 September 2018 P-ISSN 2550-0805 E-
ISSN 2550-0791
http://ejournal.bsi.ac.id/ejurnal/index.php/widyacipta
140
Ibid
141
http://korlantas.polri.go.id/prosedur-penerapan-e-
tilang/ access on jan 20, 2019
CISAK 2019
on the article that they break. If they have already paid, the
traffic police who give a ticket will get the notification in their
phone. Then, the offender can take their seized document
directly by showing the proof of payment or they can take in
the place that is mentioned in notification. But if the offenders
want to attend the trial, the police will give them the red slip
and the process are same. E-ticket application is integrated
with a court and a judiciary. The judge gives the decision and
the attorney executes the decision and it takes around a week
or two weeks. In The court, the judge will punish the offender
with the minimum punishment so the fine that has already been
paid with the maximum fine will be returned back via transfer
from bank or we must take in the attorney if we don’t have the
payment application. The person who breaks the traffic
regulation will be given a ticket by the traffic police.142 He/she
will get BRI virtual account, and BRIVA code that is used to
pay E-ticket system. After the offender pays, the application
that traffic police, who give him/her a ticket, have will
automatically change from blue color to green color. Then, the
offender can get his/her seized document.
There are three points to make E-ticket effective namely: first,
No direct interaction between the traffic police and the
offender, so the deceit that will be done by the offender and
the traffic police can be decreased. Second, providing an
accurate database of vehicle registration and identification, so
there is no confusion in law enforcement. Third, socialization
to the society on the right target, because it is related to the
community knowledge when they violate. Besides, the
monitoring to the implementation of the system must be
tightened and the SOP must be clear. Extortion can be avoided
if the society knows the effect of breaking the regulation and
the officers know that they will get punishment if they are
unfair.143
C. Construction of E-TLE in Realizing Indonesia as
An Orderly Traffic Country
CCTV has been widely used as evidence in the investigation
process regulated by law no.11 year 2008 concerning
information and electronic transaction and Constitutional
Court ruling No. 20/PUU-XIV/2016 on 7 September 2016.
CCTV is included in electronic information and electronic
document as regulated in article 1 point 1 and 4 of ITE law.144
Article 5 paragraph 1 and 2 and article 44 of ITE law also states
142
https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2016/12/15/14330261/
polisi.siap.berlakukan.e-tilang, access on jan 20, 2019
143
https://tirto.id/sistem-tilang-elektronik-apa-
kelebihan-dan-kekurangannya-c1me. Access on Jan 21,
2019
144
Law no.11 year 2008 concerning information and
electronic transaction
339
that CCTV is a valid evidence in the applicable procedural law
so that in criminal procedure law, it can be used.145
CCTV recording is also used to monitor the situation on the
road such as a traffic jam, an accident, a robbery, and extortion.
Traffic jam is a situation in which a long line of vehicles on a
road have stopped moving or are moving slowly caused by the
number of vehicles that exceeds road capacity. Traffic jam is
often occurred in some big cities especially in the city that does
not have a good public transportation and does not balance
between the road necessary and the number of society.146 The
traffic jam will be more increased if a close together and the
total congestion will be happened if a large number of vehicles
is unable to move or moving very slowly. 147
The police issue a new action in orderly enforcement of traffic
called E-TLE. E-TLE is digitizing the ticket process by
utilizing technology in order to make more efficient and
effective in the ticket process and to help the police in
administration management. It is commonly known that
extortion often happens in manual ticketing, so it raises the
issue that the Indonesian national police will use E-TLE
system which is trusted that can decrease the bribery and
extortion. CCTV that is installed at the traffic light has an
important role to monitor the road condition. 148
Traffic and road transportation as a part of national
transportation system should be improved its potency and role
to create a secure, safe, disciplinary, and smooth traffic, and to
support economic establishment and regional development.
The society needs traffic regulations that can be used as traffic
guidance, so traffic violations do not occur. Ticketing is a fine
that is given by the police to the driver who breaks the traffic
regulations. Ticketing is included in a minor indictable
offense. This violation cannot be tolerated even though the
offenders are punished with a light fine and confinement.
There are three functions of ticketing based on law no.8 year
1981 concerning procedure of criminal and law no.22 year
2009 concerning traffic and road transportation namely 149
1. As a summon to the district court
2. As a cover letter in paying the fine to the bank/clerk
of court.
3. As a foreclosure sign on a seized evidence such as a
driving license card, a vehicle registration certificate, or a
motorized vehicle.
145
Yudi Muhammad Irsan, Gunawan Jatmiko, Budi
Rizki Husin, PERSPEKTIF PENERAPAN E-TILANG
DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN REKAMAN CCTV (CLOSED
CIRCUIT TELEVISION),
http://jurnal.fh.unila.ac.id/index.php/pidana/article/viewFile/
1367/1214.
146
Ibid
147
Ibid
148
Ibid
149
Ibid
CISAK 2019
The constructions or arrangements that can be applied in the
implementation of E-TLE are as follows150
1. Law of the Republic Indonesia no.8 year 1981
concerning the procedure of criminal
2. Law of the Republic Indonesia no.2 year 2002 about
Indonesian national police.
3. Law of the Republic Indonesia no.38 year 2004
concerning road.
4. Law of the Republic Indonesia no.22 year 2009
concerning traffic and road transportation.
5. Law no.25 year 2009 about public service.
6. Indonesian government regulation no.15 year 2005
concerning toll road.
7. Indonesian government regulation no 58 year 2010
concerning the amendment of government regulation no 27
year 1983 about the implementation of criminal code.
8. Presidential decree no. 52 year 2010 concerning the
organization and work procedure of Indonesian national
police.
9. Supreme Court of Republic of Indonesia regulation
no.12 year 2016 concerning procedures for resolving traffic
violation cases.
Law no.2 year 2009 and government regulation no.80 year
2002 also explains how to inspect motorized vehicles on the
road and traffic and road transportation by using E-TLE. Road
transport regulation article 272 states that electronic devices
can be used to support the enforcement of traffic violations and
road transport and the result of using electronic devices can be
used as evidence in the court. Article 23 PP no.80 year 2012
states the enforcement of traffic violations and road transport
is based on a result. Then, the result of using electronic devices
can be used as evidence in the court.151 Another regulation is
law no.11 year 2008 concerning information and electronic
transaction. Article 5 states that electronic information and the
printed result is legal law evidence. Principally, it is the same
as the expansion of evidence that has been regulated in 184 of
the Criminal Procedure Code.152
Law no.22 year 2009 concerning the traffic and road
transportation regulates violations and fines for traffic
violators. Some legal maximum fines of motor-vehicle
violations based on grouping the subject of perpetrator, the
form of violation and the regulation in law no. 22 year 2009
concerning the traffic and road transport are as follows: 153
1. If you are driving a vehicle and you do not have an
international or Indonesian driver license then you may get a
four month prison sentence and/or a Rp1,000,000 penalty.
(Article 281)
2. If you are driving a vehicle and you cannot show an
international or Indonesian driver license then you may e 288
paragraph 2).
150
Opcit, Chusminah SM dkk. P.219
151
PP no.80 year 2012
340
3. If you are driving a vehicle and you do not set official
vehicle number sign then you may get a two-month prison
sentence and/or a Rp500,000 penalty; (Article 280).
4. If you are driving a motor cycle and your motor cycle
does not have mirrors, headlights, bget a one month prison
sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty; (Articlreak light, horns,
speed gauges, and exhaust then you may get a one month
prison sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty; (Article 285
paragraph 1).
5. If you are driving a vehicle and your vehicle does not
have mirrors, headlights, horns, break light, reverse light,
windshields, bumpers, and glass erasers then you may get a
two-month prison sentence and/or a Rp500,000 penalty;
(Article 285 paragraph 2).
6. If you are driving a vehicle and your vehicle is not
equipped with spare tire, safety triangle, jack, first aid
equipment in accident then you may get a one-month prison
sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty; (Article 278)
7. If you are driving a vehicle and you are breaking the
maximum/minimum speed allowed then you may get a two-
month prison sentence and/or a Rp500,000 penalty; (Article
287 paragraph 5)
8. If you are driving a vehicle and you do not have valid
STNK/registration papers then you may get a two-month
prison sentence and/or a Rp500,000 penalty; (Article 288
paragraph 1)
9. If you are a driver or a passenger of a vehicle and you
do not wear safety belt then you may get a one-month prison
sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty; (Article 289)
10. If you are a rider or a passenger of a motor cycle and
you do not wear SNI helmet then you may get a one-month
prison sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty; (Article 291
paragraph 1)
11. If you are driving a motor-vehicle and you do not turn
on the main lamp in the evening or in particular condition
regulated article 107 paragraph 1 then you may get a one-
month prison sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty; (Article
293 paragraph 1)
12. If you are driving a motor cycle and you do not turn
on the main lamp in the day or in particular condition regulated
article 107 paragraph 1 then you may get a fifteen-day prison
sentence and/or a Rp100,000 penalty; (Article 293 paragraph
2)
13. If you are driving a motor cycle and you do not turn
on the sign lamp when turn left, right or back then you may get
a one-month prison sentence and/or a Rp250,000 penalty;
(Article 294)
D. Humanist Interaction Effort in Order to Order
Traffic
152
Article 184 Law of the Republic Indonesia no.8 year
1981 concerning the procedure of criminal
153
Ibid
CISAK 2019
Law no.2 year 2004 concerning the traffic and road-transport
which is amended to law no.22 year 2009 and PP no. 55 year
2012 indicates an improvement in interaction. Especially,
article 226 states that to avoid a traffic accident needs the
participation from stakeholders, community empowerment,
law enforcement, and global partnership. E-Ticketing is an
innovation from department Traffic police of regional police
to decrease the direct interaction between the officer and the
offender, so it becomes one of humanist interactions in order
to order traffic.
There are three points that can make E-Ticketing as humanist
interaction effort between the officer and the vehicle driver
namely first, no direct interaction between officers and
offenders. This is the best way to decrease unfair practice on
the road that can be done not only by the offender but also the
officer. And it is hoped there is no negotiation between the
officer and the offender so the term of “damai di tempat
(peaceful in place)”can be omitted. Second, the accurate basic
data from vehicle registration and identification should be
existed. It is to avoid the confusion between both, the officer
and the offender, in law enforcement, the official number sign,
and the type of car should be noticed as the electronic device
relies on data. Third, the socialization to the society must be
on the right target because it has an impact on society
knowledge if they break the regulations and the monitoring of
this system should be tightened also.
E-ticketing is expected to be accompanied with the effort of
Indonesian national police to reconstruct the crooked police
who often play the regulations. And there must be from the
field of human resources from the authorities themselves who
will take action against the crooked police. Besides those three
points above, the police should think of the application of rules
if the offender’s car is different from the data that is noticed in
the vehicle ownership letter. If we analyze, the law
enforcement in Indonesia emphasisez to the individual person,
therefore; the new problem rises that the offender is not the
owner of that vehicle. E-ticketing has a big impact to stop and
minimize the traffic violation and E-ticketing also gives
deterrent effect to the traffic violators.
The implementation of E-Ticketing can create a humanist
interaction effort since it facilitates not only the the police
officer but also the driver, the local government, and the giving
of fine. While it is the contrary to manual-ticketing. The other
advantage of the implementation of E-Ticketing is forming the
database because E-ticketing can optimize the database from
the vehicle that does not have database yet. The camera will
capture by itself because it is not operated by a traffic officer
again. Then, that capture is printed by the take office TMC
PMJ. After that, the pictures are verivied that those are
included in a traffic violation or not. If those pictures are
included in the traffic violation, the notification about the
official number sign based on the owner of the vehicle
registration will be given, so there is no a seized driving license
card or vehical registration on the spot. The drivers who
receive E-ticket must pay the fine as soon as possible and
341
maximally seven days after that accident. If they do not, their
vehical registration will be blocked automatically.
III. CONCLUSION
The construction of E-ticket to realize Indonesia as an orderly
traffic country has been regulated in law no.22 year 2009
article 272 concerning traffic and road transport, Government
regulation no.80 year 2012 article 23 concerning the way to
inspecct motorized-vehicles on the road and law enforcement
on traffic and road transport, law no.11 year 2008 article 5
concerning information and electronic transaction, and
criminal code article 184. The next day, law in Indonesia will
not regulate whose thing but whose vehicle, so it does not care
who drives the vehicle but it cares who has the vehicle.
Therefore; the reconstruction of e-ticketing law enforcment is
needed.
REFERENCE
Law of the Republic Indonesia no.8 year 1981 concerning the
procedure of criminal
Law of the Republic Indonesia no.2 year 2002 about
Indonesian national police.
Law of the Republic Indonesia no.38 year 2004 concerning
road.
Law of the Republic Indonesia no.22 year 2009 concerning
traffic and road transportation.
Law no.25 year 2009 about public service.
Indonesian government regulation no.15 year 2005 concerning
toll road.
Indonesian government regulation no 58 year 2010 concerning
the amendment of government regulation no 27 year
1983 about the implementation of criminal code.
Presidential decree no. 52 year 2010 concerning the
organization and work procedure of Indonesian
national police.
Supreme Court of Republic of Indonesia regulation no.12 year
2016 concerning procedures for resolving traffic
violation cases.
U Enggarsasi and N K Sa'diyah, Interaction of traffic police
with motorized vehicle control by CCTV, IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,
Vol.434 Number 1, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci.
Eng.434012264)
Setiyanto, Gunarto, Sri Endah Wahyuningsih. (2017).
Efektivitas Penerapan Sanksi Denda E-Tilang Bagi
Pelanggar Lalu Lintas Berdasarkan Undang-Undang
Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan
Angkutan Jalan (Studi Di Polres Rembang). Jurnal
Hukum Khaira Ummah Vol. 12. No. 4 Desember 2017:
742- 766
http://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jhku/article/view
File/2293/1721
Zainuddin, M. (2017). Efektivitas Penerapan Sanksi Denda
Terhadap Tindak Pelanggaran Lalu Lintas Studi di
CISAK 2019

Pengadilan Negeri Mataram. Jurnal Hukum Jatiswara,

[S.l.], v. 30, n. 3, Oct. 2017.
Chusminah SM, R. Ati Haryati, Desi Kristiani, Efektifitas
Implementasi E-Tilang Kendaraan Bermotor Dalam
Rangka Tertib Berlalu Lintas Pada Korps Lalu Lintas
Polri, Volume 2 No. 2 September 2018 P-ISSN 2550-
0805 E-ISSN 2550-0791
http://ejournal.bsi.ac.id/ejurnal/index.php/widyacipta
Yudi Muhammad Irsan, Gunawan Jatmiko, Budi Rizki Husin,
PERSPEKTIF PENERAPAN E-TILANG DENGAN
MENGGUNAKAN REKAMAN CCTV (CLOSED
CIRCUIT TELEVISION),
http://jurnal.fh.unila.ac.id/index.php/pidana/article/vi
ewFile/1367/1214.
http://korlantas.polri.go.id/prosedur-penerapan-e-tilang/
https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2016/12/15/14330261/
polisi.siap.berlakukan.e-tilang,
https://tirto.id/sistem-tilang-elektronik-apa-kelebihan-dan-
kekurangannya-c1me
https://blog.jakartacctv.co.id/bermacam-macam-manfaat-
cctv/

342
X
Energy

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Predictive Maintenance of Signal LED Light on Railway

Signaling Utilizing Radio Frequency 433 MHz in Indonesia
Muhammad Fauzi Nuryasin1*, Dendi Hazik Fuadi1, Oki Mochammad Fauzan1

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*mfauzinuryasin@gmail.com, phone: +6281220696596

Abstract. One of the public transportations used in Indonesia is a train, as a railway transportation system. By seeing this, the safety
of train transportation must be highly considered . On railway systems, there is an interlocking system which contains a signal
component. One of the signal components is signal LED light functioning as a guide for a machinist to run the train. This study aims to
predict the maintenance by developing a tool to monitor, and to find out wirelessly the railway signal LED light condition before it is
broken caused by a train accident. The study used main components such as micro-controllers, sensors, radio frequency 433 MHz, and
a special software as a unity of embedded systems. The outputs of the tool are readings of signal LED light voltage, ambient temperature,
and environmental humidity. In the end, this tool can find out some parameters of railway signal LED light condition so that the operator
can perform maintenance or replace it before it breaks.

Keywords: predictive maintenance, signal LED light, train, embedded system.

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the most densely populated developing
countries. A large number of residents certainly has a variety of
activities requiring transportation. One of the public transportation
used in Indonesia is a train, as a railway transportation system. The
Average number of Indonesia train passenger in 2018 was 32,014
people, while in 2008, there was 16,173 people [1]. In another
word, for ten years, there was an increase in the number of train
passengers in Indonesia to 97.95%. By seeing this, the safety of
train transportation must be considered. On railway systems, there
is an interlocking system which is useful for preventing the train
from colliding with each other [2]. The interlocking railway
system has four components consisting of branch trajectory,
blocks, tracks, and signals. The LED lights shown in figure 1 are
used in railway interlocking system as part of the signal
component which functions as signs used to guide a machinist to
run the train. One thing to consider is maintaining the railway
signal LED lights before it breaks, so the train protects its Figure 1. Railway signal LED lights [3]
passengers from the danger.
There are several techniques for maintaining a tool such as
corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance, and predictive
maintenance [4]. In this study, the authors use predictive
maintenance technique for signal LED lights. Basically, predictive
maintenance looks at system errors or failures that make the
system deteriorate. So, it needs an immediate maintenance by
evaluating the condition of the system by looking at the system
data that has been monitored and stored previously [5].
METHOD
This study developed an embedded system that has four
components consisting of device, agent, gateway, and server.
Block diagram of this study is shown in figure 2.

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Figure 2. Block diagram of predictive maintenance signal LED light
DEVICE
The LED signal that this study used is LED signal v3.1. LED
is electronic components that can emit monochromatic light when
given a voltage, LED is a family of diodes made of semiconductor
materials. Like any other diodes, the current flows from the p-side,
or the anode, to the n-side, or the cathode, but not in the opposite
direction. The transfer of charge between electrons and holes
flows to the junction of the electrode with a different voltage.
When an electron meets a hole, it falls to a lower energy level and
releases energy in the form of photons [7].
AGENT
For agent or node, the components that this study used are
radio modules, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, RTC,
microSD module, and connector. Based on [6], the sensor node is
an intermediary that sends the actual output voltage data.
E. GATEWAY AND SERVER
Gateway is needed as a link between agent and server. In the
end, the server reads serial data from data acquisition and data
Figure 4. Schematic circuit for agent
This study used Visual Studio 2017 software as a platform
for creating software that will display information of the
railway signal LED lights that have been sent by the
345
processing as a reference for carrying out maintenance or
replacement of railway LED signal lights whose condition is
deteriorating or even be broken in the near future.
F. IMPLEMENTATION
In the implementation phase, this study used ATmega2560
microcontroller as the controller of the agent because signal LED
lights require 14 feedbacks. ATmega2560 also has ports for
temperature sensors, humidity sensors, microSD memory, RTC,
and 433Mhz radio frequency transmitters. The KiCad software is
used to support schematic creation of circuit and PCB design. In
figure 4, analog feedback is a maximum voltage of 50V from the
LED signal light connected to a voltage divider circuit so that the
maximum voltage entering the microcontroller port is only
allowed at 5V. DHT11 is used as a temperature sensor and
humidity sensor, then it is connected to a microcontroller where
data will be stored on the microSD, and will be sent by the RF
transmitter for real-time monitoring.
gateway in the form of serial data. The Schematic circuit for
the gateway is shown in figure 5 and predictive maintenance
software is shown in figure 6
CISAK 2019

Figure 5. Schematic circuit for gateway

Figure 6. Predictive maintenance software

G. FINDING AND ARGUMENT

Based on the schematic circuit in figure 4, previously made
on KiCad software, the authors connect the circuit to the railway
signal LED light v3.1 as shown in Figure 7.

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Figure 7. Prototype predictive maintenance LED signal

The next step, an experiment was carried out to read the below, the voltage is read by the prototype tool and compared to
voltage data taken from signal LED light by the prototype through the actual voltage value on the LED.
our software that created in Visual Studio 2017. As in table 1

Table 1. Testing and trial

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As in table 1, the prototype tool successfully reads the voltage
transmitted wireless using radio frequency 433 MHz with the
highest relative error value is 1.554% at the voltage V1 and the
least is 1.003% at the voltage V. The humidity and ambient
temperature are very important for the LED signal light as one of
the conditions for the operation of the LED signal light. While, the
measured voltage is one condition where the led light signal is still
working properly. If there is a voltage changes, it will be measured
by this prototype. These data will be stored in the database server
for maintaining and monitoring process by the operator based on
specifications of the signal LED light datasheet used. As the traffic
lights on the highway, the led signal lights on the railway are
useful for regulating rail traffic. If the signal LED lights are
damaged, this will disrupt train traffic or even harm the train.
Therefore, the use of predictive maintenance to see and analyze
the condition of the signal led lights is very important so that
undesirable things can be prevented.
H. CONCLUSION
This study provides a prototype of predictive maintenance of
signal LED light based on radio frequency 433 MHz, where the
monitoring of signal LED conditions can be seen from software
that has been made. The results of this study can be used as a
reference for maintaining railway signal LED lights. So, it is
useful to prevent accidents that can occur due to the damage of
signal LED lights that have not been detected before. Therefore,
this study can be considered as the future development, research,
and implementation of predictive maintenance signal LED light in
Indonesia.
I. REFERENCES
[1] "Badan Pusat Statistik", Bps.go.id, 2019. [Online].
Available:
https://www.bps.go.id/linkTableDinamis/view/id/815.
[Accessed: 10- Jan- 2019].
[2] J. Mocki and L. Vlacic, "Railway interlocking process -
formal method for documenting railway junction
interlocking and signaling processes", International
Journal of Automation and Logistics, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 176,
348
2015.
[3] "Signals - Mobility - Siemens", Mobility.siemens.com,
2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.mobility.siemens.com/mobility/global/en/in
terurban-mobility/rail-solutions/rail-
automation/signaling-
products/signals/pages/signals.aspx. [Accessed: 10- Jan-
2019].
[4] H. Wang, X. Ye and M. Yin, "Study on Predictive
Maintenance Strategy", International Journal of u- and e-
Service, Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 295-
300, 2016.
[5] S. Selcuk, "Predictive maintenance, its implementation
and latest trends", Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering
Manufacture, vol. 231, no. 9, pp. 1670-1679, 2016.
[6] S. M. Ekene, C. N. Micheal, C. O. Kennedy, and E. C.
Genevra, "Self diagnostic system for Predictive
Maintenance of traffic light control system", 2013 IEEE
International Conference on Emerging & Sustainable
Technologies for Power & ICT in a Developing Society
(NIGERCON), Owerri, 2013, pp. 308-313.
[7] S. Subhash, Basics of Light Emitting Diodes,
Characterizations and Applications. New York: Nova
Scientific, 2009, p. 5.
[8] S. King, “Luminous Intensity of an LED as a Function of
Input Power”, International School Bangkok Journal of
Physics, no. 2, pp. 1-4, 2008.
CISAK 2019

SOLIDIFICATION AS AN EFFECTIVE
SOLUTION FOR TACKLING ELECTRONIC
WASTE IN INDUSTRY 4.0
Fatma Cahyani1,2, and R.A. Septya Wulan Sari2
1
Chemical Engineering Department, State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya

Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia

Fatmacahyani5@gmail.com, phone : +62895-0403-9254

Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by the use of technology and internet in all areas (Internet of Things),
resulting in the increase the use of electronic materials and electronic waste. Solidification is the compacting process of
hazardous waste in such a way that it has stable physical and chemical, properties so that it is safe for handling. Solidification
aims to reduce the impact of electronic waste pollution so that it does not spread to the environment when returning to the
water. Solidification process using cementation method is the use of cement as a waste compactor material. Electronic waste
consists of metals, including Cu, Fe assumed in FeSO4 solution with Fe content of 2.97%. Solidification of FeSO4 waste
effectiveness reviewed within three variables are pH value, Fe content (%), and press test. The pH value of water is stable at
neutral pH after being contacted with the result of FeSO4 waste solids. There is no element of Fe dissolved in water, and waste
solids strength is directly proportional to the ratio of FeSO4 and cement waste efficiently. Solidification process has been
effective in reducing the environmental impact of waste in terms of pH, dissolved Fe concentration, and strength of waste solids.

Keywords: Solidification, E-Waste, Environment.

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3CaO.AL2O3 + 12H2O + Ca(OH)2 →

Introduction 3CaO.AL2O3.3Ca(OH)2.12H2O
The world, in general, is entering the era of the Industrial
Revolution 4.0, which is characterized by automation in almost every 4. C4AF + H2O + Ca(OH)2
field as a result of technological progress. According to the Minister of 4CaO.AL2O3.Fe2O3 + 10H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 →
Industry, Airlangga Hartono, in the fourth industrial revolution, 6CaO.AL2O3.12H2O
information and communication technology is fully utilized not only in Where: C = CaO, S = SiO2, A = Al2O3, F = Fe2O3
the production process, but also in the entire industry value chain that
gave birth to a new business model with a digital basis in order to achieve Based on the above hydration reaction contributed most to the
greater efficiencies and better product quality. In the era of industrial strength and resilience of the solid against corrosive salts, alkalis, and
revolution 4.0, it requires the use of the internet in all areas (Internet of acids.
Things) characterized by an increase of use of electronic equipment, and Advantages of the use of cement as a waste compactor are:
the use of electricity as a supporter of the use of the internet. 1. Low Cost
Automatically, the increase of use of electronic devices will also increase 2. Handling is relatively simple
the use of electronic devices. The composition of the materials contained 3. Easily mixed with water
in electronic waste are plastic material, oxide material, metals such as Cu, 4. The process of mixing at room temperature
Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, Al, Zn, Ag, and Au. According to Karin Lundgren in 2012, 5. Have high mechanical strength to provide convincing assurance
the impact of pollution Fe contact with eyes can cause irritation; during transportation to the place of storage.
powdered zinc is highly flammable (University of Oxford, 2005). If
inhaled, it causes a cough, and if ingested, it may cause abdominal pain, Solidification mechanism using concrete for waste phase change
diarrhea, and vomiting. (International Labour Office, 2012.) assumed in the form of FeSO4 solution to a solid FeSO4 causes artificial
In the last two decades, the global growth in electrical and waste (FeSO4) in dissolved form, which does not spread to environment
electronic equipment production and consumption has been exponential. when returning to the water. This is also to illustrate the effectiveness of
This is mostly due to increasing market penetration of products in waste solidification FeSO4.
developing countries, development
of a replacement market in developed countries and a generally high Methods
product obsolescence rate (United Nations Environment Programme
(Global E-waste Monitor 2017, 2017). Total E-waste per category in 2017 Cement Waste (FeSO4)
Solidification
can be seen in figure 1.

Solid Waste

Water Contact

± 7 Days
Water Solid Waste
pH
Value pH Test Test Press

The Strength of Solid

Titration

Figure 1. Estimates of E-Waste Total per Category

Source: Global E-waste Monitor 2017, 2017.
Fe Content
The existence of longer electronic waste will accumulate so that
it needs necessary treatment and environmentally and friendly process. Figure 2. Flow Diagram of Solidification
Solidification is the process compacting of hazardous waste in such a way
that it has stable physical and chemical properties so that it is safe for The method used in the solidification of this waste is experimental
handling. Solidification is one of the appropriate responses to mitigate the research. In this study, electronic waste consisting of Cu, Pd, Fe, Ni, etc
impact of electronic waste pollution. Solidification process using waste assumed in FeSO4 solution. Then a solution of FeSO4 done solidification
compacting types of cement is called cementation. In the process of with cement mass variation. FeSO4 solution which has been solidified is
mixing cement and water, a hydration reaction will occur. The hydration tested for Fe content, press testing, and pH testing. The Process of
process is explained in the following reaction: Solidification can be seen in figure 3.
1. C3S + H2O →
2(3CaO.SiO2) + H2O → 3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + Ca(OH)2
2. C2S + H2O →
2(2CaO.SiO2) + 4H2O → CaO.2SiO2.3H2O + Ca(OH)2
3. C3A + H2O + Ca(OH)2 →

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CISAK 2019

that the low number of particles is released from the bond after
solidification.

2. Fe Content (%)
Table 1. Fe Content of FeSO4 Solution and Water
% Fe
Sample
FeSO4
FeSO4 + Cement Water
Solution
Figure 3. The Process of Solidification
25 ml + 50 gr 2,97 0
25 ml + 75 gr 2,97 0
Full description of the research process is described as follows:
25 ml + 100 gr 2,97 0
1. The initial phase of dilution FeSO4 solution into 50 ml of water as
25 ml + 125 gr 2,97 0
artificial waste.
2. Mixing was done by varying the cement weight 50 grams, 75 grams
of 100 grams and 125 grams of each 50 ml of FeSO4 as artificial Based on the variable %Fe, solidification shows that this method
waste. is effective. This happens because the solution of FeSO4 as artificial waste
3. Then cement weighed in accordance with variations and stirred with containing Fe content of 2.97% after the solidification of FeSO4 waste is
a solution of FeSO4 to do solidification process. contacted with water for ± seven days, and analyzed %Fe in water
4. The resulting mixture was put into the tube polyethylene and wait titration method to see the amount of Fe dissolved in water. Based on
until it turns into a solid phase. research done that is none element of Fe dissolved in water.
5. FeSO4 solids then contacted with water for ± 7 days and performed
pressure tests and Fe content dissolved in water by titration 3. Test Press
Table 2. Test Press of Sample
Findings and Argument Sample
In this FeSO4 waste solidification process used three variables, namely Test Press
FeSO4 + Cement
research Fe content dissolved in water immersion, FeSO4 solution pH , 25 ml + 50 gr Broken
the pH of the soaking water and press test for each variation of cement 25 ml + 75 gr Crack
mass. 25 ml + 100 gr Intact
25 ml + 125 gr Intact
1. pH Testing To test the strength and endurance of solids, the press then tested
14 13 13 13 13 with the same power intensity on every variation of the cement mass. This
is to indicate the quality of the power that is different from every sample.
12 The sample has a solid endurance record low of 50 g sample with a
variation of cement in 25 ml of FeSO4 while the largest solid endurance
10 9 9 on samples with a variation of 125 g cement in 25 ml of FeSO4. So that,
the ratio of cement and solution of FeSO4 which efficiently affects the
8 7 7 strength and resistance of solids in the solidification process.
pH

6
Conclusion
4 1. Solidification is a compacting process of hazardous waste in such a
way that it has stable physical and chemical, properties so that it is
2 safe for handling.
2. The solidification process is carried out by using cementation method
0 assuming FeSO4 solution as artificial waste of e-waste.
25 ml + 50 gr 25 ml + 75 gr 25 ml + 100 gr 25 ml + 125 gr
pH of Solutions 3. FeSO4 waste solidification effectiveness in terms of three variables,
Sample (start) namely pH, % Fe, and press tests, indicating that the solidification
pH of Water
FeSO4+ Cement (ending)
method is to reduce the environmental impact of e-waste has been
effective.
Figure 4. pH Value of Water and FeSO4 Waste Solid 4. FeSO4 waste that has been solidified can be used as a brick to increase
the economic value and utilization of waste.
In the study of analyzing the effectiveness of solidification FeSO4
pH of the solution FeSO4 before solidified and the pH of water is Referencess
contacted for ± seven days by FeSO4 after solidified. FeSO4 solution with [1] C. P. Balde, V. Gray, V. Kuehr, and R. Stigmenn, “Global E-Waste
a pH of 13 as waste artificial means is alkaline. The basic solution Status and Trends”, The Global E-Waste Monitor 2017, Vienna:
containing a pH> 12.5 has corrosive properties that are harmful to the
Global E-waste Statistics Partnership, 2017, pp. 38-41.
environment and the living. After solidification with the waste
cementation method based on variable pH FeSO4 indicates the
solidification method is already quite effective. The effectiveness [2] Gramatyka, P., Nowosielki, R., Sakiewicz, P.,"Recycling of Waste
solidification of FeSO4 is characterized by the pH of water contacted with Electrical and Electronic Equipment” Journal of Achievements of
solidified FeSO4 waste which has a pH that is still neutral. This shows Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. Pp. 535-538. 2007.

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[3] L. Karin, “Annexes”, The Global Impact of E-Waste Addressing The

Challenge, Geneva: International Labour Office, 2012, pp. 57-59.
[4] M. Siti, “Kajian Tentang Kandungan Logam-Logam Berharga dalam
Limbah Elektronik (E-Waste) dan Teknik Recoverynya Melalui
Proses Daur Ulang”, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian, pp.373-
378, 16 Mei 2009.
[5] S. Hendra, “Revolusi Industri 4.0 Berbasis Revolusi Mental”, Jati
Unik, pp.102-110, 2017.

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Re:Aim (Renewable Electrical Energy From Air

Measurement) Using Gnss Wind Turbine In Balikpapan City
Adhe Yusphie Panca Tentra Sandika1, Dean Nugraha1 and Mohammad Saiful Rozikin 2

1
Industrial Technology and Processes, Kalimantan Institute of Technology, Soekarno-Hatta Street Km. 15, Karang Joang Balikpapan,
Kalimantan Timur, 76127, Indonesia
1
Mathematic and Information Technology, Kalimantan Institute of Technology, Soekarno-Hatta Street Km. 15, Karang Joang
Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur, 76127, Indonesia
2
Industrial Technology and Processes, Kalimantan Institute of Technology, Soekarno-Hatta Street Km. 15, Karang Joang Balikpapan,
Kalimantan Timur, 76127, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1*Tentraskeith01@gmail.com

1deannugrahas@gmail.com

2saifulrozikin917@gmail.com

Abstract. Wind is one element of weather and climate. Wind is air that moves from one place to another. Wind blows because some
parts of the earth get more solar heat than other places. The hot soil surface makes the air temperature above it rises. As a result, the
rising air expands and becomes lighter. Because it is lighter than the surrounding air, the air will rise. As soon as the hot air rises, the
place will soon be replaced by ambient air, especially cooler and heavier air from above. This process occurs continuously, as a result,
people can feel the movement of air or the so-called wind. The Municipality of Balikpapan has an area of approximately 50,330.57 ha
or about 503.3 km, and the area of marine management reaches 160.10 km2. The Municipality of Balikpapan is located at the position
of 116.5˚ BT — 117.5˚ BT and 1.0˚ LS — 1,5˚ LS, with its boundaries, Kutai Kartanegara Regency in the north, the Makassar Strait in
the Southeast, and Balikpapan Bay and Pasir Regency in the west. Based on the relationship between its strategic location and wind,
the city becomes a special place in knowing the weather. Weather in Balikpapan is unstable, and the level of danger is uncertain, makes
it an object of research in knowing the weather based on Wind velocity on the coast of Manggar and the Monument of Perjuangan
Rakyat (MONPERA). This study uses wind turbine as the main prototype by combining wind charge controller and Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS), an additional system for location layout that is used with high accuracy. This research also uses Arduino LED
lights as a measure of the success of work functions on the turbine.

Keywords: Electrical, GNSS, Turbine, Wind

A. INTRODUCTION is interspersed with the transition season (transition) in certain

Wind is one element of weather and climate. Wind is air that
moves from one place to another. The wind blows because some
parts of the earth get more solar heat than other places. The hot
soil surface makes the air temperature above it rises. As a result,
the rising air expands and becomes lighter. Because it is lighter
than the surrounding air, the air will rise. As soon as the hot air
rises, the place will soon be replaced by ambient air, especially
cooler and heavier air from above. This process occurs
continuously; as a result, people can feel the movement of air or
the so-called wind [1].
The city of Balikpapan has an area of approximately 50,330.57
ha or around 503.3 km2 and the area of marine management
reaches 160.10 km2 The Municipality of Balikpapan is located at
the position of 116.5˚ BT — 117.5˚ BT and 1.0˚ LS — 1,5˚ LS,
with its boundaries, Kutai Kartanegara Regency in the north,
the Makassar Strait in the Southeast, and Balikpapan Bay and
Pasir Regency in the west. [2]. Balikpapan has a tropical climate
that is almost the same as the other Indonesian regions in general,
namely the rainy and dry seasons. The dry season usually occurs
from May to October, while the rainy season occurs from
November to April [3]. This situation continues every year which
months. Balikpapan has a tropical climate, and small seasonal
temperature fluctuations that cause Balikpapan to have relatively
constant air pressure. It also causes the air velocity around
Balikpapan area relatively constant based on the temperature
different from the geothermal temperature and the sun's
temperature. It is interesting in finding differences regarding
weather parameters based on temperature, air humidity and Wind
velocity [4].
Balikpapan has a tropical climate, and small seasonal
temperature fluctuations that cause Balikpapan to have relatively
constant air pressure. Air pressure is relatively constant, and the
air velocity in the area around Balikpapan is also relatively
constant based on the temperature difference from the geothermal
temperature and the sun's temperature. This make Balikpapan
interesting place in finding differences regarding weather
parameters based on temperature and air humidity and Wind
velocity [5].
B. METHODS
This research will be carried out of approximately 4 four days.
The place to be used for this research takes two places as a
comparison, namely coastal area of Manggar Sari and coast

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around the Monument of Perjuangan Rakyat (Monpera) Park in
the city of Balikpapan. In analyzing the data, the proper method is
needed in accordance with the type of research conducted.
According to the World Meteorological Organization, [6] it states
that the results of the data with accurate analysis require a certain
level of efficiency and level of consistency where the number of
variables between data does not have a distant intersection and a
small dominant difference until it has the appropriate data results.
This method can only be used to measure parameters from the
weather which includes temperature, humidity, and Wind velocity.
The results of the data contained in weather parameters have
special characteristics that can distinguish from other research
data. This is supported based on the results of the World
Meteorological Organization Manual on Global Data Processing
and Forecasting System [7] which states that the error rate of a
data is determine when the data cannot be read or read from the
instrument used along with the method, which has a different
meaning if the data held is zero. The statement indicates that the
value of zero is not empty data but these data have value and affect
the results of the analysis [8].
The technology used makes it possible to combine two GPS
satellite navigation systems - Global Positioning System and
GLONASS - Global Navigation Satellite System. By combining
the GPS and GLONASS, total satellites available are 55 satellites.
According to the triangulation theory, the accuracy of this
combination will increase to 50%. This combination has now been
implemented on mobile devices such as smartphones.
(a) (b)
Figure 1 Fig. 1. (a) Wind turbine weather detection concept, (b)
GNSS testing
The research method of this program is illustrated on the Flow
chart of Figure 2.
354
Start
Data collection
information
Survey location
survey
Prototype assembly
Prototype repair
Processing the results Be at
Data retrieval Prototype testing
of experimental data work?
Data analysis Conform? Conclusion Finish
Figure 2 Fig. 2. Flow chart of research methods
The stages of the method used in this study are as follows:
1. Data collection information
At this stage, data is taken from some sources, such as books
and journals, which are related to weather and turbines in
supporting the making of the research proposal. Then, for the
instrument of data collection, it uses a 400 watt 12/24 V wind
turbine, inverter and also books related to the theme of research
activities.
2. Survey location survey
In designing the implementation of the research, it must be
observed the location to be targeted, namely the coast of Monpera
and Manggar beach, which are related to the problems faced. So
that, the design will be effective, and uses more efficiently. In this
case, the problem is that the weather in the city of Balikpapan is
uncertain.
3. Prototype assembly dan testing
The design of this prototype aims to obtain an optimal
RE:AIM prototype function by paying attention to the data that
has been obtained from literature studies and observations.
4. Processing and analysis of data
Information or data obtained from the results of repeated
testing of prototypes will be immediately collected and will be
evaluated regarding the precision of the data produced, after which
they are linked to the information obtained in accordance with the
conditions in the field.
C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
This stage is an observation of the problems, situations, and
conditions of Monpera coast and Manggar beach as the place for
conducting research and conducting interviews with surrounding
communities regarding the condition of the coast. The survey
results will be analyzed in this research. Furthermore, the
observation activities at the BMKG of Balikpapan City is to study
weather data, data processing, and climate conditions in the city
of Balikpapan to support the research.
After designing, assembling, and testing prototypes, then, a
system improvement to the level of precision produced becomes a
benchmark of the success of research supporting prototypes; so
that, the data needed in the research will be in the form of Wind
velocity, temperature, and humidity data to measure the potential
of wind coastal city of Balikpapan and data needed in detecting
the weather of Balikpapan City.
CISAK 2019

Using the calculation of wind turbine efficiency analysis results, 8

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣3
the values obtained 𝜆 = 9,425 from the results of the following 27
calculations. 8
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗ 1,22 ∗ 1,13097 ∗ (5,14)3
• Wind turbine efficiency (Cp) 27
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 55,517 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝑝 = 100%
1
∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣3 • Real Power (P)
2
400 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑝 ∗ 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝐶𝑝 = 100%
1 𝑃 = 42,69 % ∗ 93,685
∗ 1,22 ∗ 1,13097 ∗ (5,14)3
2 𝑃 = 39,99 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝐶𝑝 = 42,69%
Information:
• Torque (𝜏)
Cp = Efficiency 𝜋 ∗ 𝐷 ∗ 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝜌 = Air density (Kg/m3) 𝜏=
𝐴 = Cross − sectional area (m2) 𝑣
𝜋 ∗ 1,2 ∗ 93,685
𝑣 = Wind velocity (m/s) 𝜏=
5,14
𝜏 = 68,713 𝑁𝑚
• Kinetic Energy (Ek) Information:
𝐸𝑘 = 0,5 ∗ 𝑀 ∗ 𝑣 2 D = Diameter (m)
𝐸𝑘 = 0,5 ∗ 15 ∗ (5,14)2
𝐸𝑘 = 198,147 𝐽 • Speed-Ratio Tip (𝜆)
Information: 𝜋∗𝐷∗𝑛
M = Mass (kg) 𝜆=
60𝑣
𝜋 ∗ 1,2 ∗ 771
• Total power (Ptot) 𝜆=
60 ∗ 5,14
1 𝜆 = 9,425
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣3
2𝐺𝑐 Information:
1 n = Angular Speed (rpm)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∗ 1,22 ∗ 1,13097 ∗ (5,14)3
2∗1
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 93,685 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 The results of the data obtained are then processed into a graph
Information: which can be seen in the appendix 1 and table 1 and 2 which
Gc = Conversion Factor contains the results of the analysis of the research data.
• Maximum Power (Pmax)
Table 1 Table 1. Data Processing Results

Date and Temperature (oC) Humidity (%) Wind velocity (knot) Information
time Minimal Maximum Average Minimal Maximum Average Minimal Maximum Average
Friday, 25 39 32.888366 52.00% 92.00% 66.80% 1.9 8.2 5.5565611 Sunny
June 30,
2017
Saturday, 25 39 29.8443687 54.00% 92.00% 74.48% 0 8.4 3.138914 Cloudy
July 1,
2017
Sunday, 25 41 31.8675309 55.00% 93.00% 74.68% 3.3 10.8 5.5773756 Sunny
July 2,
2017
Monday, 25 34 28.4126984 72.00% 93.00% 87.35% 1.5 12.5 8.3651584 Cloudy
July 3,
2017

Table 2 Table 2. Data Analysis Results Information Sunny Cloudy

Temperature (oC) ≥25 ≤25

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CISAK 2019

Information Sunny Cloudy to the World Meteorological Organization on the condition of a

Humidity (%) <88 ≥88 tropical region apparently does not have that much difference;
however, Wind velocity condition has a value that tends to be
Wind velocity ≥5,5 Knot 0 < X ≤ 5,5 Knot different up to 5 values due to topographic conditions in each
From these results, it can be seen that the distance between region. In this point, the Wind velocity tends to be very different.
comparisons of data that have been produced and data belonging
Table 3 Results of Comparison of RE:AIM Data with WMO

Weather conditions Parameter RE:AIM WMO

Temperature 32.37 C 34.23 C

Sunny Humidity 70.74% 72.06%
Wind velocity 5.56 knots 8.93 knots
Temperature 29.125 C 26.76 C
Cloudy Humidity 80.915 % 88.7 %
Wind velocity 5.57 knots 10 knots

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CISAK 2019

The results of the data that have been processed and formed in [1] APPENDIX 1
the results of the final analysis are obtained based on the number After testing the prototype, the results of data processing of
of variables produced in data collection totaling more than 2000 humidity, temperature, and wind velocity were obtained in the
data per day using the RE:AIM prototype. Then, in determining form of graphs of data needed in the study of the previous
the information about sunny and rain obtained based on a hypothesis proving related to wind potential in Balikpapan, as well
combination of two different foundations. The first foundation as detecting the weather in Balikpapan.
comes from independent analysis based on real conditions at the
time, and the second foundation comes from the results of the Wind velocity (Friday, June 30, 2017)
WMO, [7] where the weather is bright if it has a minimum
temperature condition of more than 25o Celsius, humidity is less 8
than 88%, and the Wind velocity produced tends to be stable.
However, this is different from the results of a trial analysis where 6
in bright conditions, the resulting Wind velocity tends to rise with
the value of the comparison between times per day is not large. 4
Provisions on the results of the final data analysis are based on the
2
average number of results of the total data that has been obtained
in the data processing table for temperature, humidity and Wind 0
velocity.

10.00
10.30
11.00
11.30
12.00
12.30
13.00
13.30
14.00
14.30
15.00
15.30
16.00
16.30
17.00
17.30
18.00
D. CONCLUSION
As for some of the conclusion points obtained from the results of
this study as follows:
1. RE:AIM successfully measured the weather parameters of Wind velocity (Saturday, July 1, 2017)
Balikpapan City in the form of temperature, humidity, and
8
Wind velocity.
2. Balikpapan City's wind potential with a speed of 10 knots 6
using a 12/24 V DC type 400 watt wind turbine produces
electricity with real power of 39.99 watts, maximum power of 4
55,517 watts and total power of 93,685 watts. 2
3. The correlation among temperature, humidity, and Wind
velocity is suhu25oC, humidity <88% and Wind velocity ≥5.5 0
10.00
10.30
11.00
11.30
12.00
12.30
13.00
13.30
14.00
14.30
15.00
15.30
16.00
16.30
17.00
17.30
18.00
Knots can be declared as bright and temperature ≤ 25oC,
humidity ≥88% and Wind velocity 0 <X ,5 5.5 Knots can
declare rain.
REFERENCES
Wind velocity (Sunday, July 2, 2017)

[1] A. Kalmikov, Wind Power Fundamentals, Cambridge: MIT University,

10
2010. 8
[2] Badan Pusat Statistika, Kota Balikpapan Dalam Angka, Balikpapan: BPS,
2018. 6
[3] Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika, “Analisa Penyusun
Kecepatan Angin Kota Balikpapan,” BMKG, Balikpapan, 2015.
4
[4] S. Sarwito, Studi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin Laut Untuk Memenuhi 2
Kebutuhan Penerangan Jembatan Suramadu, Surabaya: ITS, 2009.
[5] Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, Kajian Energi Terbarukan Di
0
12.00

16.00
10.00
10.30
11.00
11.30

12.30
13.00
13.30
14.00
14.30
15.00
15.30

16.30
17.00
17.30
18.00

Kota Balikpapan, Balikpapan: Pemerintah Kota, 2015.

[6] World Meteorological Organization, World Meteorological Organization
Instruments And Observing Methods Report No.106, Switzerland: Geneva
2, 2011.
[7] World Meteorological Organization, Manual on the Global Data –
processing and Forecasting System Volume I – Global Aspects,
Switzerland: Geneva 2, 2011.
[8] M. Dave, Build Your Own Wind Turbine, Canada: Ontario , 2010.

357
 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10.00

100.00%
100.00%
100.00%

0.00%
0.00%
0.00%

20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
10.30
CISAK 2019

10:46:38 10:08:42 10:1:3

11:12:57 10:31:44 10:27:1 11.00
11:37:14 10:56:3 10:53:2 11.30
12:2:55 11:19:7 11:21:2 12.00
12:27:12 11:42:10 11:50:2
12.30
12:51:30 12:5:14 12:16:3
12:42:4 13.00
13:16:57 12:29:50
13:41:14 12:52:54 13:8:51 13.30
13:36:1 14.00
14:5:32 13:15:57
14:2:28
14:29:50 13:40:17 14:28:3 14.30
14:54:8 14:3:20 14:54:4 15.00
15:20:55 14:26:24 15:22:2 15.30
15:46:39 14:49:27 15:48:3

Humidity (Sunday, July 2, 2017)

16.00

Humidity (Friday, June 30, 2017)

Humidity (Saturday, July 1, 2017)

16:12:37 15:13:33 16:16:1
Wind velocity (Monday, July 3, 2017)

16:36:55 15:36:36 16:42:2 16.30

17:1:13 15:59:40 17:8:42 17.00
17:25:31 16:22:43 17:34:5 17.30
17:49:49 16:47:17 18.00

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0
0
0

40
60
10
20
40
50
20
30
50

20
30
10
40

10:46:38 10:08:42 10:1:3

11:10:28 10:29:26 10:24:3
100.00%

0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%

11:32:17 10:51:28 10:48:7 10:00:02

11:54:6 11:12:14 11:13:2
10:03:07
12:17:19 11:32:59 11:36:5
10:6:13
12:39:8 11:53:45 12:3:17
12:26:4 10:40:41
13:0:57 12:14:30 11:20:55
13:23:56 12:36:49 12:50:1
13:13:4 11:56:38
13:45:45 12:57:35 12:34:35
13:38:3
14:7:34 13:18:20 14:2:7 13:10:18
14:29:23 13:40:22 14:25:3 13:47:32
14:51:13 14:01:08 14:49:8 14:23:15
15:15:31 14:21:53 15:14:8 14:58:58
15:38:47 14:42:39 15:37:3 15:36:15
16:0:36 15:4:27 16:1:8 16:19:9
Humidity (Monday, July 3, 2017)

16:24:6 15:25:12 16:26:1 17:11:4

Temperature (Sunday, July 2, 2017)
Temperature (Friday, June 30, 2017)

Temperature (Saturday, July 1, 2017)

16:45:56 15:45:58 16:49:4 17:20:34

17:7:45 16:6:44 17:13:1 17:30:4
17:29:35 16:27:29 17:36:4 17:41:27
17:51:24 16:49:45 17:50:58
 0
10
20
30
40
10:00:02
10:2:51
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10:5:41
10:31:30
11:5:47
11:41:19
12:16:12
12:48:52
13:21:31
13:55:42
14:28:21
15:01:01
15:35:14
16:15:4
17:6:50
17:17:51
Temperature (Monday, July 3, 2017)

17:26:32
17:37:7
17:45:48
17:54:29

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CISAK 2019

Utilization of Orange Peel Waste (Citrus nobilis Lour.) as

Biogas for Electricity Source in Isolated Areas
Anindya Ramadhanti Yufinanda1,*, An Nisa Nur Laila1, Andi Mar’ie Ramadan Nurusalam1, Yuna Fajar Herdiansyah1, Hadi
Nur Romadlon1

1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Dharmawangsa 4-6, 60286, Surabaya

corresponding author : 1*anindya.ramadhanti.yufinanda-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

1an.nisa.nur-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

1andi.marie.ramadan-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

1yuna.fajar.herdiansyah-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

1hadi.nur.romadlon-2015@ff.unair.ac.id

Abstract. Orange is one of the fruits that have massive productivity in Indonesia. The amount of production has an impact on increasing
orange peel waste. Orange peel waste has the potential to be used as biogas. The biogas from the orange peel waste can be used for an
electricity source. The aim of this paper is to provide innovation of utilization orange peel waste so that it can be used for electricity
source in an isolated area. The process to make biogas from orange peel waste consists of depolymerization, acetogenesis, and
methanogenesis. The depolymerization process is a process of reducing complex organic compounds into simpler compounds by
hydrolytic bacteria. The acetogenesis process is a process to convert simple compounds into volatile organic acids. The last process,
the methanogenesis process, provides the final product in the form of methane gas that used as biogas. The use of biogas has a smaller
negative impact on the environment and is more cost-effective than the use of landfill disposal. Some of the advantages possessed by
biogas from orange peel waste indicate that this research is one of the innovations for alternative electricity sources in isolated areas
for daily life.

Keywords: biogas, electricity source, orange peel waste, waste utilization

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CISAK 2019
A. INTRODUCTION
Oranges are one of the annual leading fruits commodity in
Indonesia, which ranks second compared to other fruits. Tangerine
(Citrus nobilis Lour.) is the most produced type of orange in
Indonesia. Tangerine production in Indonesia can reach around
1.7 million tons in one year [1].
Figure 9 Fig. 1. Tangerine Orange
Source: www.naturalfoodseries.com
Fruit waste is currently underutilized by society. Usually,
people can find the waste in the trash, and after that it causes water
pollution, disrupting the environment, and disturbing health. As a
solution to the impacts of this fruit waste, an innovation is found
by using this waste as a source of alternative potential raw
materials to produce energy [2].
Organic waste generated from human activities such as
activities in the market, household waste, and industry, can have
an impact on the environment such as causing diseases from
garbage decay. However, it turns out that organic waste has a high
potential to be used as biogas production. This solution is to
prevent various problems; however, there are still not many parties
who utilize existing waste [3]. It is already known that energy can
be produced by utilizing solid waste as a raw material. Various
processes and technologies have been developed for converting
waste into energy. [4].
One way to utilize waste in creating energy is by converting
it into biogas (biomethane) through anaerobic digestion [4].
Biogas is a flammable gas produced by anaerobic bacteria (the
bacteria that live in airtight conditions) [5]. The advantages of
anaerobic digestion include low levels of biological sludge, low
nutrient requirements, high efficiency and the production of
methane, which can be used as energy sources for on-site heating
and electricity [5]. Biogas is environmentally friendly and can be
formed like LPG or electricity generators, make it easy to use [10].
In addition, biogas is one form of alternative energy that has high
prospects to be developed, because it can reduce dependence on
fuel and increase the national energy supply [10].
Based on the results of the latest statistical data by the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources regarding the
availability of electricity in rural areas, there are still areas that
have not been reached by electricity. Among them are in 250
villages in the province of West Papua, and 2000 villages in the
province of Papua. [1].
From those statements above, the authors have an innovation
to utilize a tangerine peel waste as biogas for an electricity source.
361
This innovation can be used in any place that needs electricity,
especially in some isolated areas.
B. METHOD
The method used in this study is a literature reviewed from
various sources. Sources are obtained through the Google Scholar
index using the keywords biogas, orange peel waste, Citrus nobilis
Lour, biogas production, and electricity. The analysis starts with
identifying the problem, analyzing the root of the problem, and
finding the best solution for the problem.
1. Materials
The materials used in this research are tangerine peel (Citrus
nobilis Lour), aquades, inoculum, and buffer (Na2CO3 and
NH4HCO3). The instruments used in this research are water
manometer, Erlenmeyer, waterbaths, stopwatch, faucet flow
regulators, and thermometers. The reactor (digester) consists of: a
tub mixer (funnel) for inserting materials, a digesting vessel
(having a gas outlet or pipe), a gas washing vessel and a gas
reservoir, and a stirrer or mixer.
2. Experimental procedure
This research is carried out in a few steps, including
depolymerization, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The
depolymerization process is the process of reducing complex
organic compounds into simpler compounds by hydrolytic
bacteria [6]. The process of acetogenesis is the process of
converting simple compounds into volatile organic acids [6] The
final process, the process of methanogenesis provides the final
product in the form of methane gas used as biogas [6]. Orange peel
is collected and disposed of inorganic, then mashed with a blender
to get a homogeneous material and the organic material will be
easier to degrade. The reactor is filled with a substrate (orange
peel) and water with a ratio of substrate: water is 1:1 [3]. The
mixture is stirred until homogeneous and 25 ml of inoculum is
added inside the mixture [5]. Before the reactor closed, a buffer
(Na2CO3 and NH4HCO3) is added to maintain the pH 7 inside the
reactor during the process [5]. The reactor is tightly closed and
impermeable so that foreign matter that affects the process does
not enter it. The reactor that contains the sample is placed in
waterbath with thermophilic temperature (45-60°C) [7]. Biogas
production is measured with water manometer two times daily, in
the morning and afternoon. The measurement is done after the
digester did not produce biogas anymore [6].
CISAK 2019
Figure 10 Fig. 1. Procedure to make biogas
C. FINDING AND ARGUMENT
Oranges are one of the fruits that are included in the annual
leading fruit commodity in Indonesia, which ranks second
compared to other fruits. Tangerine (Citrus nobilis Lour.), is the
most produced type of orange in Indonesia. Tangerine production
in Indonesia can reach around 2.0 million tons in one year. The
region that produces the highest Tangerine is East Java province
in Indonesia to have as much as 837.369 tons [1].
Table 6 Table 1. Fruits Production in Indonesia 2016 [1]
Commodities Quantity (ton)
Banana 7.007.117
Citrus 2.014.206
Mango 1.814.540
Fruit waste is currently underutilized by society, included
tangerine’s peel. Usually, people can find the waste in the trash
that causes water pollution, disrupting the environment, and
disturbing health. As a solution to the impacts of this fruit waste,
this waste then is used as a source of alternative potential raw
materials to produce energy [2]. In 2018, Budiyono et al., had
utilized lemon’s waste for biogas production [5]. It can be
concluded that Citrus nobilis Lour waste also can be utilized to
produce biogas like lemons’ waste.
Orange peel layer is divided into two parts, epicarp, and
endocarp. Orange peel is composed of flavedo, albedo, oil gland,
and vascular bundle [8]. Orange peel contains a limonene which
can inhibit the decomposition process. So, before producing
biogas from orange peel waste, the authors have to eliminate that
limonene first [9].
The results of the literature study show that biogas can be
produced from tangerine peel waste [4]. The quality and quantity
of biogas produced is influenced by various aspects such as
mixture pH, water content and the amount of substrate in the
mixture, digester temperature, the presence of an inoculum as a
catalyst, the presence or absence of oxygen during the
manufacturing process, and bacterial activity during the biogas
manufacturing process [5, 7]. These aspects will affect each other
so that it is very important to pay attention when producing biogas.
362
The mixture pH of the initial composition of biogas makes
greatly influences the process of biogas formation. The optimum
pH in making a biogas is neutral pH ranging from 6-7. In fact, this
is very difficulty to control because every process of making
biogas, even from the beginning of the process of acetogenesis,
the pH of the mixture will decrease. In order to maintain and
control the pH of a mixture biogas production, buffers need to be
added [5].
The water content and the amount of substrate in the mixture
are also crucial in influencing the end product of biogas. The
denser the substrate that is added to the process, the denser the
mixture will be, and it can increase the potential for a decrease in
pH during the process. Budiyono said that there is too much
substrate that was added to the reactor, the acetogenic and
acidogenic bacteria would become more active and develop faster.
Developing this bacteria can affects the imbalance between two
bacteria so that it can cause a decrease in pH during the process.
However, on the other hand, the quantity of the substrate is also
important. The substrate must be kept not too little, because the
substrate is the basic component to produce the biogas.
The parts of the digester, especially temperature, are also
things that need to be controlled when producing biogas [7]. The
temperature conditions in the digester not only affect the high
biogas production but also affect the speed of time to produce
biogas at the optimum value. In thermophilic conditions the
optimum gas production is obtained in a shorter time, while the
optimum value of gas production pressure in mesophilic and non-
heating conditions takes a few days longer than the thermophilic
conditions[7]. This figure below shows that the temperature
affects biogas production.
Figure 11 Fig. 3. Comparison of some temperature used in bigoas pr ocess
versus accumulation gas production [7]
The high temperature conditions of the digester, which is in
the thermophilic temperature will increase the bacterial population
which results in the production of enzymes as more catalysts [7].
Higher enzyme concentrations can accelerate the rate of
biochemical reactions in the hydrolysis process. This is indicated
by higher CO2 gas production compared to mesophilic conditions.
Enzymes and temperatures are one of the keys to speed in
CISAK 2019

biochemical reactions in the process, where high amounts and
concentrations of enzymes can accelerate reactions at the
hydrolysis stage [7]. While the increase in temperature causes
collisions between molecules to occur faster. Because of this
condition, the production with termophilic condition will make a
higher amount of biogas than other condition. This shown in this
graphic below, when the amount of biogas production compared
in various temperature.
biogas for life are certainly related to the existence of alternative
energy that can be used and useful in terms of economy and
environmental friendliness. In this research, it will be discussed
more deeply about the use of biogas for electricity sources in
remote areas considering there are still remote areas of Indonesia
that have not been exposed to electricity due to limited resources.
1 m3 of biogas can be compared with various artificial
resources that have been used for everyday life. In addition,
specifically in its role as a source of electrical energy, 1 m3 of
biogas can produce 1.25 kwh of electricity which can be compared
with 60 - 100 watt bulb lights for 6 hours [10]. This table shown
the increasement of biogas and its accumulation when the process
running. It shown that in 600 minutes (10 hours), biogas collected
is 0,696 m3.

Table 7 Table 2. Accumulation of gas production from cow dung

in minutes [11]

Time Biogas Gas

(minutes) Increasement Accumulation
(m3) (m3)
0 0 0
60 0,043 0,043
Figure 12 Fig. 4. CO2 and CH4 (methane) production with variation of 120 0,068 0,111
temperature in 15 days of fermentation [7] 1: without heating; 180 0,052 0,163
2: mesophilic; 3: thermophilic 240 0,061 0,224
300 0,050 0,274
Biogas production will also be more optimal if anaerobic
fermentation is truly carried out in the absence of oxygen. This is 360 0,065 0,339
because the presence of oxygen can affect biogas production in 420 0,069 0,408
terms of changes in pH. In addition, other fermentation studies 480 0,082 0,490
state that biologically the anaerobic fermentation process is 540 0,086 0,576
strongly influenced by temperature changes because anaerobes are 600 0,120 0,696
sensitive to operating temperatures where bacterial or microbial
activity is given an increase in temperature, bacteria will actively
The use of biogas in the village is most often used for cooking
multiply and degrade substrate 2-3 times faster than by breeding
and lighting. Based on research conducted by [10], in the use of
bacteria at room temperature [7].
biogas biogas users issued Rp. 60,000 per month, so they could
Bacterial activity can affect the process of biogas formation
save Rp. 86,000 compared to using LPG and Rp. 12,000 compared
because bacteria are needed to actively work in the process of
to the use of firewood. Biogas waste, both solid and liquid, can be
acetogenesis and metanogenesis, so that the resulting biogas will
used as fertilizer for agriculture. In addition, from research
be more. Based on research by Darmanto et al, it is known that
conducted by Sinung, the use of biogas can be developed to meet
temperatures can affect bacterial activity. At high temperatures
the needs of cooking, lighting, water heaters, power plants or other
bacterial activity is very fast and active. The characteristics of
uses in the countryside [10]. The table below shown how much
themophilic bacteria have faster growth compared to bacterial
biogas volume needed compared with daily human activities.
growth in mesophilic conditions (20°C to 40°C), cell membrane
division in the process of breeding in thermophilic bacteria is
shorter [7]. In a relatively short period of time the bacteria can Table 8 Table 3. Human activities with biogas volume used [3]
multiply more and finally at this hydrolysis stage (Days 1 to 4) of
chemical reactions at this stage, the enzymes produced by the Activities Gas volume
bacteria hydrolyze more and can change the substrate (and other Cooking for 5-6 people 2 m3 / days
elements contained in the inside is further transformed into Boiling water with capacity 100 liter 3 m3 / days
compounds that are simpler such as organic acids, amino acids and Turn on one lamp a. 0.15 m3 / hour
glucose [7]. Operating machine with two 0.9 m3 / hour
After the things that affect it are controlled, it is expected that horsepower
the quality and quantity of the desired biogas products will be
more numerous and can be utilized more widely. The benefits of

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D. CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment result, it can be concluded that by

using oranges waste, it can produce biogas for daily electricity
resource. Temperature and pH is the important factor that affects
the production of biogas so that the researchers have to keep it
stable. Na2CO3 is the optimum buffer to control S/W with ratio
1: 1 in the steady state of biogas production. The temperature used
in this experiment is thermophilic (45-60°C) because it is the best
temperature to maintain the process. 1 m3 of biogas can produce
1.25 kWh of electricity which can be compared with 60 - 100 watt
bulb lights for 6 hours. For the next experiment, the researcher
needs to do an optimation in order to find the exact ratio for
inoculum and S/W added in process.

E. REFERENCES

[1] Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia, Agricultural Statistics

2017. Jakarta: Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia, 2017.
[2] Marjenah, W. Kustiawan, I. Nurhiftiani, K. H. M. Sembiring, dan R. P.
Ediyono, "Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah-Buahan Sebagai Bahan
Baku Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair," J Hut Trop., vol. 1, no. 2, pp.
120-127, Sept. 2017.
[3] J. Sutrisno, "Pembuatan Biogas dari Bahan Sampah Sayuran ( Kubis ,
Kangkung dan Bayam )," Jurnal Teknik WAKTU., vol. 08, no. 1, pp.
108-120, Jan. 2010.
[4] T. Ariyanto, R. B. Cahyono, A. Vente, S. Mattheij, R. Millati, Sarto, M.
J. Taherzadeh5, S. Syamsiah, "Utilization of Fruit Waste as Biogas
Plant Feed and its Superiority Compared to Landfill," International
Journal of Technology., vol. 8, pp. 1385-1392, Dec. 2017.
[5] Budiyono, F. Manthia, N. Amalin, H. Hawali, A. Matin, dan S.
Sumardiono, "Production of Biogas from Organic Fruit Waste in
Anaerobic Digester using Ruminant as The Inoculum," MATEC Web of
Conferences 156., pp. 1-5, 2018.
[6] P. Rukmini, "Produksi Biogas dari Sampah Buah dan Sayur : Pengaruh
Volatile Solid dan Limonen,” Konversi., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 26–31, Oct.
2016.
[7] A. Darmanto, S. Soeparman, dan D. Widhiyanuriawan, “Pengaruh
Kondisi Temperatur Mesophilic ( 35oC ) dan Thermophilic ( 55oC )
Anaerob Digester Kotoran Kuda Terhadap Produksi Biogas," Jurnal
Rekayasa Mesin., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 317-326, 2012.
[8] X. Ye, Phytochemicals in Citrus. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2017.
[9] R. Wikandari, R. Millati, M. N. Cahyanto, M. J. Taherzadeh, "Biogas
Production from Citrus Waste by Membrane Bioreactor," Membranes.,
vol. 4, pp. 596-607, 2014.
[10] W. Febriyanita, "Pengembangan Biogas dalam Rangka Pemanfaatan
Energi Terbarukan di Desa Jetak Kecamatan Getasan Kabupaten
Semarang," S.Si. skripsi., Universitas Negeri Semarang, 2015.
[11] M. R. Arianto, Yandri, dan A. Hiendro, "Evaluasi Pembangkit Listrik
Tenaga Biogas Berbahan Kotoran Sapi ( Studi Kasus: Desa Jungkat,
Kecamatan Siantan, Kabupaten Mempawah)," vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-3,
2017.

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Recirculating Bioremediation Integrated System (RBIS):

Water Revitalization System Based on Microbial Remediation
Method as a Concept to Overcome the Impact of Water
Pollutant and Energy Requisite in the Fisheries Agroindustry
Muhammad Fauzan1, Annur Ahadi Abdillah1

1
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyosari, 60115, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1fauzanm1998@yahoo.com

1annur.ahadi@fpk.unair.ac.id

Abstract. This research is meant to find a solution towards the overproduction of fisheries waste in the fisheries agroindustry. Fish
wastes can harm the river body as they cause eutrophication and absorb dissolved oxygen. The concept being proposed is ‘Recirculating
Bioremediation Integrated System (RBIS): Water Revitalization System Based on Microbial Remediation Method as a Concept to
Overcome the Impact of Water Pollutant and Energy Requisite in the Fisheries Agroindustry.’ The method used was a literary study to
contain data with relevance to the topic. Then, the data was selected to obtain specifically needed content which will be discussed.
Microbial remediation method was used in accordance with the level of convenience given remembering the plenteous waste produced
in the fisheries agroindustry. Hereupon, an anaerobic microorganism has the ability to breakdown ammoniac to ammonium, and releases
electrons to generate energy resulting in pollutant-free water and electricity. It is expected to be applied in fisheries agroindustry or any
industry that produces high amount of organic waste, and become a solution to tackle water pollution and clean energy problem.

Keywords: Microbial remediation, water pollution ammonia, electricity.

D. INTRODUCTION

Fisheries agroindustry is one of the businesses that has a very high
potential in Indonesia. The need of protein from aquatic animals
will continue to increase along with the increase in population and
also public awareness of the importance of consuming fish. This
is also supported by the extent of freshwater areas in Indonesia,
ranging from lakes, rivers, and ponds.. However, along with the
increase in the business of fisheries, the remaining organic matter
will also increase. Fish produces ammonia up to 80—90% from
their osmoregulation, feces, and urine [1]. Excessive ammonia can
cause unpleasant odors, eutrophication, and siltation to
environment, especially the water body [2]. According to
Titiresmi and Sopiah (2006), the effect of excess ammonia to
human can lead to irritation, especially in the respiratory tract, skin
and eyes [3]. Meanwhile, the effect of excess ammonia to fish,
according to Hastuti and Subandiyono (2011), are gill damage,
inhibitation of the growth rate and incapability on fighting disease
[1]. Al
so, excess level of organic matters contained in fish waste will
intensify the BOD contents and cause the oxygen level of the
water body to be decreased resulting to massacre of fish [4].Those
data show how fish waste can harm not only fish but also the
environment and human as well. However, the spoilages can be
avoided by creating a water remediation method with a closed
recirculation system.
The closed recirculation system is an innovation in freshwater
aquaculture that puts forward the green concept. In this system,
the incoming water will be quarantined in advance so that there
will be no contaminants that endanger fish cultivation. The
quarantined water will continue to be used during the cultivation
period. To keep the water clean, it is given a variety of treatments
such as filtering. That way, the need for water will not be too
excessive which means it is water effective [1]. In addition, the
environment will be free from the effects of residual feed and fish
feces. However, physics filtration is considered not to be able to
reduce ammonium compounds effectively. Meanwhile, the
anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) is considered to be
more effective in reducing ammonium compounds [5]. On the
other hand, the anammox process of breaking down ammonia can
generate electricity with the help of sovereign technology; it is
known as Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). With all the information
above, the authors designed an integrated system that can be used
to reduce the level of water pollution caused by ammonia due to
the agroindustry activity and simultaneously generate electricity.
Recirculating Bioremediation Integrated System combines
filtration method from microbial, physical and using aquatic
plants to create an integrated system that mimics the breaking
down of ammonia in nature. Anaerobic bacteria as a remediation
agent is selected in accordance with its high pace of
reproducibility, safely environment, and it can be combined with
other methods. The high reproducibility pace of bacteria creates
an efficient way on degrading vast amount of fish waste.

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E. METHODS
Fertilizer Container
This paper was written with the method of literary study by
collecting data that has relevance to the topic. Literary study is a
method to collect any data from various sources, such as books
and journals, and study them to develop the existing research even
further. The work is to identify problems, then to develop and
Agroindustry /
combine data from various research from the past. This literary Aquaculture
study focuses on microbes that degrade fish waste and turn them
to energy. Therefore, it uses data that refers to any study or
research on microbial remediation and other journals that
correlate.. The data that has been obtained will be processed so Power Physics Filtration
that innovations and development can occur. In the end, the result Plant
will be a novel innovation and the design of the latest model.
F. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT
Degrading of ammonia using anaerobic bacteria is considered Plant Filtration
more effective than just using physical filtration. Filtration that
helps the nitrification process is only able to reduce ammonia by
58% [1]. Meanwhile, anaerobic ammonia-breaking bacteria
combined with MFC can reduce ammonia concentration by
61,234-98,241% [3]. To maximize the change of organic matter RIVER
in fisheries agroindustry waste, plant filtration is applied to
resemble the original concept that occurs in nature. Theoretically,
the combination of anaerobic bacteria, MFC, physical filtration,
and natural filtration will be more effective to reduce ammonia
level in the water. Figure 1. Layout design of Recirculating Bioremediation
Each unit has its own role. The Power Chamber is a unit to Integrated System
accommodate all organic material from the cultivation pond to be
processed by MFC. The shape of this unit is circular to facilitate
the process of separation of substrate and water. The substrate will
settle to the base of the unit caused by the difference in density
when it is forced to flow in circular following the shape of the unit. Waste
Then the water-free substrate will flow out through the drain. The
deposits created will be monitored in the Control Building so it
Water
will not exceed capacity. Power Chamber follows the principle of
Single Chamber MFC which requires two different phases,
namely activated sludge deposits which are rich in anaerobic
bacteria as decomposers of organic compounds at the bottom and
oxygen-containing water as the last electron acceptor at the top [2] Cathode
[6]. Excess deposits that have been processed in the Power Waste
Waste water
water
Chamber will come out through the sewer. Meanwhile, the
substrate-free water will be channeled into Physics Filtration to be Anode
processed using coral. Corals are magnificent filter because they
Sediments
have pores so that they can grow nitrifying bacteria and have better Sediments
ability to filter organic matter [1]. Then, the water is flowed to the
Plant Filtration unit to reduce the remaining nitrogen content and
then flow back to the cultivation pond. The plant used is water
Figure 2. Design of Power Chamber
hyacinth because of its ability to absorb ammonia [7]. In addition,
water hyacinth can be easily controlled.
The mechanism of anaerobic bacteria in reforming organic
matter into electricity depends on the electrochemical reaction that
occurs between a low-potential organic substrate (glucose) and a
high-potential last electron receiver (oxygen). On the anaerobic
side, bacteria will break down glucose and release H+ which will
flow to the aerobic side through the water. At the same time,
electron will flow from the anode to the cathode, and will be
reduced due to the presence of the electron acceptor. Electron

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acceptors in the form of carbon graphite need to be added because
nitrates which are natural electron acceptors will be reduced under
anaerobic conditions [3]. The transfer of electron from the anode
to the cathode through the electrical circuit will produce electric
current. Nitrogen as an element from the breaking down of
ammonia in the substrate will be needed by bacteria to reproduce
and grow. The initial bacterial count and total initial ammonia
affect the electricity produced by MFC. The more bacteria and
ammonia found at the beginning of the process, the more
electricity is produced. Bacteria will eat nutrients derived from
organic matter that originate from fishery agroindustry waste. The
dominant bacteria that appeared in anaerobic remodeling are
Geobacter sp., E. coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp.,
Clostridium sp. [2]. Each bacteria will produce different electricity
power but multiple bacteria will perform better comparing to only
using single isolates.

Table 1. Comparison of Electricity Production and Ammonia Degradation from Different Researchers (Rahmanto et al., 2016)
Electricity
Ammonia
No Substrate System Treatment Production Source
Degradation
(mW/m2)
• Amonia 4,56
mg/l
14823,34 98,42%
1 Waste water Single Chamber
• Amonia 2,32 255662,29 88,3%
Rahmanto et al.
mg/l (2016)
81100,79 61,23%
• Amonia 0,76
mg/l
2 Ammonia Single Chamber
• Nafion 945 97%
Yan et al. (2012)
• DEA 900 95%
• Ammonia 18 mM 83,33%
3 Ammonia Dual Chamber 0,181 Daalkhaijay (2012)
• Ammonia 30,6 mM 70,97%
4 Waste Water Single Chamber 180 59,57% Kim et al. (2008)
G. CONCLUSIONS Chamber, which is an advantage to separate water and sediments
Recirculating Bioremediation Integrated System is a system with no addition of effort. This concept is expected to be the
that uses anaerobic bacteria to clean excess ammonia from solution for excessed ammonia production following agroindustry
fisheries agroindustry activity. Ammonia degradation by activity that contaminates river. It is also designed to be the future
anaerobic bacteria is done under the anammox process. During the of renewable energy.
process, electricity can be obtained by creating a well-maintained H. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
environment for the bacteria, which is the Microbial Fuel Cell. It Thank you to Mr. Annur Ahadi Abdillah, S.Pi., M.Si., as our
uses carbon graphite electrode to catch electrons produced by guidance lecturer who always supports and gives guidance during
bacteria after degrading organic matters in the anaerobic side, and the process of preparation of this manuscript so that can be solved
flow it through wires to reach oxygen in the aerobic side. While well.
electrons move through the wire, it generates electricity. RBIS
uses tubular Single Chambered Microbial Fuel Cell as the Power

I. REFERENCES 4. Moertinah, S., Kajian Proses Anaerobik Sebagai

1. Norjanna, F., E. Efendi, and Q. Hasani, Reduksi
Amonia pada Sistem Resirkulasi dengan
Pengunaan Filter yang Berbeda. e-Jurnal Rekayasa
dan Teknologi Budidaya Perairan, 2015. 4(1): p.
427-432.
2. Ibrahim, B., P. Suptijah, and B.S. Agung, Electrode
Distances Of Microbial Fuel Cell System On Salted
Boiled Fish Processing Wastewater To Electricity
And Pollution Load. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil
Perikanan Indonesia, 2017. 20(3): p. 561-569.
3. Rahanto, A.D., Bioremediasi Sedimen Tercemar
Limbah Amonia Menggunakan Teknologi
Microbial Fuel Cell Di Kawasan Mangrove Nusa
Dua Bali. Jurnal Perikanan Kelautan, 2016. 7(1).
Alternatif Teknologi Pengolahan Air Limbah
Industri Organik Tinggi. Jurnal Riset Teknologi
Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri, 2010. 1(2): p.
104-114.
5. Nindrasari, G., V.I. Meitiniarti, and J.C.
Mangimbulude. Pengurangan Amonium dengan
Metode Nitrifikasi dan Anammox pada Air Lindi
dari Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah
Jatibarang, Semarang. in Prosiding Seminar
Biologi. 2011.
6. Liu, H. and B.E. Logan, Electricity generation
using an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel
cell in the presence and absence of a proton

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exchange membrane. Environmental science & Semarang). Jurnal Presipitasi: Media Komunikasi
technology, 2004. 38(14): p. 4040-4046. dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan, 2006.
7. Zaman, B. and E. Sutrisno, Kemampuan 1(1): p. 49-54.
Penyerapan Eceng Gondok Terhadap Amoniak
Dalam Limbah Rumah Sakit Berdasarkan Umur
Dan Lama Kontak (Studi Kasus: RS Panti Wilasa,

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Hydrogeological Analysis at Non-Artesian Wells Based on

Groundwater Facies and Water Quality Index: Case Study in
Karangawen, Demak Regency, Cental Java
Joshua Simanjuntak1, Hananto Asyam1 and Debby Citra Kumala Dewi2

1
First Department, First University, address city, postal code, country
2
Second Department, Second University, address city, postal code, country

corresponding author : 1*joshuadityas@gmail.com

1hanantoasyam7@gmail.com

2dbbyctr@gmail.com

Abstract. Nowadays the demand for good quality of water is extremely high. This led to the determination of the groundwater quality is absolutely
necessary. Therefore, a hydrogeological mapping is conducted in Karangawen Subdistrict, Demak regency to know Groundwater Facies and Water
Quality Index. Field data obtained from 17 geological observation stations and 21 hydrogeological observation stations. Groundwater samples needed
are a pH, DHL, and cation-anion analysis. They are used to know the groundwater quality index more specifically based on the dominant element.
Based on the results, the range of pH values is 7.1-8.8 and DHL 639–2440 μs/cm. As for the predominance of chemical elements based on the results
of a laboratory analysis of water samples in the Karangawen, The groundwater contains the types of Sulfide sodium bicarbonate water, which means
that the groundwater is dominated by cation form of sodium and the anions form of Bicarbonate and Sulfate. From the geochemistry analysis, the value
of the WQI is 75.48 and 58.49, which is good for consumption; whereas the value of SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) is 10.765 and 13. Thus, the
quality of groundwater in the region of Karangawen is still in good quality, drinkable, and great for irrigation.

Keywords: hydrogeology, groundwater, non artesian well, geochemistry analysis, groundwater quality

A. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has the potential of water resources. The 2/3 of
the vast water area of Indonesia consists of oceans, rivers, lakes.
In fact with the potential water resources abundant, clean water
service coverage of urban areas in Indonesia is still very low.
Currently, there are only 43 villages are reached by clean water
out of 247 villages in this region [1]. C. FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS
Clean water infrastructure that has not been used by From the results of the mapping which has been done in
Karangawen society to fulfill their need for clean water through is 17 geological observation stations and 21 hydrogeological
alternative source, which is obtained from shallow well and deep observation stations, geological observations in the region of
well. It is the background behind this research; therefore, it Karangawen is performed laterally by mapping on the surface.
requires studies and analyses of clean water in Demak. This Based on geological data, it obtained 2 units of lithology,
research aims to know groundwater facies and the index of the sandstones and alluvium units. On the unit of sandstones, there is
quality of clean water to be used as irrigation and consumption by bedding structure features and varying grain size and carbonate
the people of Demak. cementation. The distribution of the lithology in the area of
mapping can be seen on the Figure. 1.
B. METHODS
This research was conducted with direct data retrieval
method in field geological and hydrology mapping. Then, this
research conducted an analysis of the samples that have taken.
Geological mapping covers the recording field, lithology,
measurement of structure geology, and rock sampling.
Hydrogeological mapping covers measurement the depth of water
table, as well as sampling the water. The samples of water are then
analyzed the pH and DHL, as well as sample taken 2 for a more
detailed laboratory analysis to find out the content of chemical
elements there is in the water sample. In addition, the performance
of the study literature includes the regional geology condition and
General State of the area of research.

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Figure 1. Geological Map of Karangawen, Demak Regency, Central Java
Hydrogeological observation station consists of non-
artesian (unconfined) wells, with a depth of water table
approximately 2 - 8.8 meters below the ground level. From the 21
observation station, the samples of water are then analyzed the pH
and DHL that can be seen on Table 1. Based on results,The pH
values is 7,1 - 8,8 and DHL (Electrical Conductivity) about 639 -
2440 s/cm.
Table 1. Result of Hydrogeological Mapping and Analysis of pH and
DHL
Further analysis of the cation and anion, Total Dissolved
Solid (TDS), hardness, and iron elements contained in the
groundwater samples is to find out the name of the groundwater,
groundwater facies and water quality index based on the results of
the calculation of the WQI. The water samples analysis is located
in the Southern and northern part of the area. From the laboratory
results, ion content, Hardness, TDS and Fe on the samples of the
water are as follows (Table 2):
Table 2. Result of ion content, Hardness, TDS (Total Dissolve Solid)
and Fe Sample 1 and Sample 2
370
Based on the results of the analysis by using Kurlov table
and Piper diagram [3], the aim is to find out the type of water and
the processes that have been traversed by the water because every
chemical element on the aquifer will be affecting the chemical
content of groundwater. The results of calculations of chemical
contents can be seen in Table 3 and Table 4.
Table 3. Kurlov Table of cation and anion sample 1
Table 4. Kurlov Table of cation and anion sample 2
Based on the dominance of ion contents From the both
samples, this water contains sulfate sodium bicarbonate water,
meaning that both samples dominated by cation in the form of
sodium (Na) and the anion form of Bicarbonate (HCO3) and
Sulphate (SO4). To know the source of the water, from the kurlov
table result is inserted into the Piper diagram [3], which can be
seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Plotting cation and anion from sample 1 and sample 2 on Piper
Diagram [3]
From the result of the plotting on diagram of Piper, both
water samples have the same facies which include in alkaline
water predominantly (hydrogen) carbonate facies (Figure 3). This
facies shows that the existence of groundwater has already
reached the downstream areas. This facies has dominant carbonate
content that is interpreted is derived from rainwater or meteoric
water. This material occurs in sedimentary rocks that contain
carbonate cement such as sandstone. The aquifer of this type of
groundwater can be interpreted as sandstone that contain
carbonate materials, because the process of dissolving carbonate
cement may increase levels of carbonate compounds on
groundwater. The dominant cation contents are sodium and
CISAK 2019

potassium. It can be interpreted that these elements derived from Parameter

Si
sedimentary rocks with rich in clay minerals. Sample 1 Ministry WHO Weight value
Ministry WHO
TDS 500 1000 2 700 32.94118 16.4706
Fe 0.3 0.4 2 0.0162 0.635294 0.47647
Cl 250 250 4 32.7 3.077647 3.07765
Ca/Mg
500 500 4
(Hardness) 330.13 11.65165 11.6516
pH 7.5 7.5 2 7.755 12.16471 12.1647
SO4 250 250 2 319 15.01176 15.0118
TOTAL 75.48224 58.8528
Water Quality Good Good
Table 7. The results of WQI Calculation on Sample 2
Parameter
Si
Figure 3. Determination of groundwater facies from the plotting on piper sample 2 Ministry WHO Weighr Value
Ministry WHO
diagram [3]
TDS 500 1000 2 554 26.07 13.04
The drinking water standard was released by the Ministry Fe 0.3 0.4 2 0.0548 2.15 1.61
of Health of the Republic of Indonesia [4] and the WHO [6], can Cl 250 250 4 28.2 2.65 2.65
be seen in Table 5. From both samples, the analysis has been Ca/Mg
500 500 4
conducted and the weighting of each parameter of Water Quality (Hardness) 312.25 11.02 11.02
Index (WQI) in accordance with the conditions of the research pH 6.5-8.6 6.5-8.6 2 7.7 12.08 12.08
area where the region is dominated by the settlements, factories SO4 250 250 2 96.03 4.52 4.52
TOTAL 58.49 44.92
and plantations. Where pollution from settlements and factories
Water Quality Good Good
will have an effect on the quality of shallow well, so that the
This indicates a good quality of water that can be consumed
highest weight given to the parameters of TDS and SO4. From the
and used for daily activities. The quality of groundwater is
calculation, the WQI includes assessment of parameters such as
supported by the existence of elements of each parameter has a
hardness, TDS, NH4, Fe, Cl and SO4. The calculation is done
value below the maximum of the standard has been set.
using the following formula:
𝑤𝑖 Then, to find out the quality of water for irrigation need, it
𝑊𝑖 = ∑𝑛 (1) has done by analysis of the SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio). SAR
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖
𝑐𝑖
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑥100 (2) is determined by the concentration of dissolved solids in the water.
𝑆𝑖 Calculation of SAR value of this notice the concentration of
𝑆𝐼 = 𝑊𝑖 𝑥 𝑞𝑖 (3) (meq/l) of the elements sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and
𝑊𝑄𝐼 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝐼 (4) magnesium (Mg), and is calculated by a formula based on Richard
After the calculation, to determine the water quality can be seen (1954) [7] as follows:
on the classification of Water Quality Index [5] in table 5.
Table 5. Classification of Water Quality Index (WQI) (Tebbut, 1992)
WQI scale Quality According to the above formula, the SAR value from
<50 really good sample 1 is 10,765 and sample 2 is 13.00 (table 8). Based on
50-100 good classification of SAR [7], This water classified into good
100-200 bad conditions for irrigation irrigation (table 9). The content of the
200-300 very bad alkaline element in water does not contain a lot of sodium so that
not feasible to other minerals will effectively play a role in plant growth because
>300 drink most of the Alkaline element is essential nutrient elements.
From the results that have been obtained on the basis of the Table 8. The results of SAR Calculation
standard Permenkes (Ministry of health Republic of Indonesia) SAMPLE SAR CLASSIFICATION
obtained that total Si or its WQI shows value of 72, 91 (sample 1) 1 10.765 Good
and 45.93 (sample 2) included into the good - very good quality
2 13.000 Good
of groundwater. Then based on the standards of the World Health
Table 9. Classification of SAR (Richard, 1954)
Organization (WHO) obtained that total Si or its WQI shows value
Classification W ater Quality Value
of 56.28 (sample 1), and 32.36 (sample 2) included into the good
- very good quality of groundwater. (Table 6) SAR Very Good 0-10
Table 6. The results of WQI Calculation on Sample 1 Good 10-18,0
Enough 18-26
Bad >26
Electrical conductivity is the number of ions present in the
water can drain electrical conductivity values, describe the ability
of water to conduct electricity. from the measurement of electrical

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conductivity, the average value of electrical conductivity obtained M.Eng., PhD as Department Chief and Mr. Tri Winarno, S.T.,
from these types of water and based on the average value of non- M.Eng as the mentor of the team who teaching and guiding us in
artesian wells is 1215.429 and including as the types of the process of extended abstract making. Special acknowledgment
groundwater based on electrical conductivity value.
is made to CISAK 11th for publishing this paper.
Table 10. Average value of electrical conductivity and the type of water
(Danaryanto,2006).

D. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of geological and hydrogeological
mapping conducted in 26 hydrogeological observation stations
and 17 geological observation stations. The lithology in this area
is sandstones and form a unit of alluvium.
On the analysis of the chemical content of the water
sample, it is obtained that both cations are dominant in the form
of sodium (Na) and the anion form of Bicarbonate (HCO 3) and
sulphate (SO4). Based on the results of plotting cation and anion
percentage on piper diagram, this water was considered as alkaline
water predominantly (hydrogen) carbonate facies.
From the results of the water quality index (WQI) and
SAR, it can be known that the water is good to be used for
irrigation and consumption purposes by communities around the
villages in the region of Karangawen, Demak. Based on the value
of electrical conductivity, the groundwater was contaminated by
the circumstances from surrounding, such as lithology and human
activities.
E. REFERENCES
[1] Danaryanto and Hadipurwo, "Konservasi sebagai Upaya Penyelamatan
Airtanah di Indonesia" Direktorat Jenderal Mineral Batubara dan Panas
Bumi, Departemen Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral, 2006.

[2] Kesuma, N.P., "Pengaruh Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) air pengairan
terhadap sifat fisika tanah" Skripsi. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta, 2008.
[3] Piper, A.M., "A Graphic Procedure in the Chemical Interpretation of Water
Analysis" US Geological Survey Groundwater Note, 12. Journal of Water
Resource and Protection,vol. 7, no.7, 1953.
[4]
Permenkes No. 115 tahun 2003, Tentang Pedoman Penentuan Status Mutu
Air. Departemen Lingkungan Hidup Jakarta, 2003.
[5] Tebbutt, T.H.Y., "Principle of Water Quality Index (WQI) Control" 4th
Edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1992.
[6]
WHO, "Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality" 2nd Edition. Vol.2 Health
Criteria Another Supporting Information. World Health Organization,
[7] Geneva, 2003.
Richard, L.A., "Diagnose and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils" US
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook. American Journal of
Water Resources. Vol. 3 No. 2 pg. 32-43, 2015.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are would like to thank the Department of
Geology, Diponegoro University particularly Mr. Najib, S.T.,

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Disaster Level and Geological Formation of Bongkah Village,

Banyubiru, Ambarawa Central Java, Indonesia: Analysis of
Stability Slopes with the Slide Application
Miftahul Jannah1, ,Hezron Christian Marbun2, ,Joshua Simanjuntak3 and Asyuara Farah4

Faculty of engineering, Diponegoro University,

Tembalang, Semarang City
2Geological Engineering Department, Diponegoro University,
Tembalang, Semarang City
*miftageologiundip@gmail.com, phone: +6282195950189

corresponding author : 1*miftageologiundip@gmail.com

1hezronchristian10@gmail.com

2joshuadityast@gmail.com

Abstract. Bongkah Village is located in the Sepakung area, Banyubiru, Semarang, Central Java. The research area is classified as
having a geological formation (Kalibiuk formation), which is dominated by lithology of Old Ungaran, Clay, and volcanic breccias.
Natural disasters occurred in October 2017 in Bongkah Village area which subsequently resulted in economically significant losses in
the surrounding citizens. The main cause of the landslide disaster is due to the relatively steep slope of Bongkah Village area with the
main lithology. It belongs to the type of soft rock lithology that has undergone exogenous processes in high intensity. The research
method is the result of slope stability analysis directly in the field with slide application. Based on the results, Bongkah village safety
factor values below 1.25 with lithology units were very resistant so that Bongkah Village area was interpreted as an area that is very
vulnerable to natural disasters. From the results obtained in this study, it can be indicated that Bongkah village is an area that is very
prone to disasters such as landslides. Therefore, a socialization program in the form of a disaster-prone map is needed to provide an
early introduction to vulnerable areas around the Banyubiru sub-district.

Keywords: Bongkah Village, Exogenous Processes, Natural Disasters, Slide Analysist.

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A. INTRODUCTION
According to BPBD 2019, Banyubiru area is classified as a
disaster-prone area in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. This
research was conducted following the landslide in Bongkah
village. The purpose of this study is to mapping the prone zones
of land movement in Banyubiru area as a disaster mitigation effort
for surrounding communities. Natural disasters are natural events
that can have a big impact on humans such as landslides. One
factor in the occurrence of disaster Landslides occur due to the
influence of slope stability from the disaster area. This research
belongs to the Kalibiuk formation (figure 1) which is dominated
by the Volcanic breccia from Old Ungaran Mountain and
claystone lithology. Figure 1. Geological Map and Scoring.
Important Requirements
2. Rainfall Intesity and Scoring
The position of Indonesia in the equator makes the climate in
Indonesia has a tropical climate with two seasons, rainy and dry
season. The higher the level of rainfall affects the value of slope
stability, the higher the value of other influential rainfall for
landslides. Moreover, the mapping area has high to very high
rainfall (Figure 3) because based on the BMKG weather forecast
in March 2019 the study area had 201-300 mm rain intensity
(score 2) and 301-400 mm (score 3).

Figure 1. Ungaran regional geological map(Budiardjo, et. al., 1997)

B. METHODS
The method used in this research is field observations
(geological and geotehnical mapping). While, for the map, this
study uses lithology, rainfall, and slope data. Slope stability
analysis is performed using the Slide application with parameters
such as lithology, slope and slope height

C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Figure 3. Rainfall intensity map

1. Geological conditions
The geomorphic conditions of the mapping area in the Crash 3. Slope Map and Scoring
and surrounding, areas have three landforms, namely denudational, Making slope maps is based on van Zuidam, 1985. On the
fluvial, and volcanic forms. While the geological conditions in slope maps, they are given a range of scores 1-7 since the steep
Banyubiru region based on Nadiar et al., 2014 there were nine slope tends to have a low level of resistance because it can be
lithological units namely Volcanic elephant, Andesite Andong influenced by structural factors or can make a slope will have the
Lava, Andesite Kendil Lava, Andesite Telomoyo Lava, Volcanic potential for higher ground movements.
Telomoyo, Merbabu volcanic deposits and alluvium deposited
around the Rawa Pening area. In the observation area, the
weathering level of rocks is dominated by medium to high. Also,
it is found several geothermal manifestations in the study area.
Based on lithology, which also includes the weathering level is
determined to be three points, namely 1 to 3. In lava rocks given a
score of 1, this is due to the level of rock resistance. Whereas in
the volcanic (tuff and breccia) rocks were given a score of 2 since
it has a level of resistance that is not too high because it is still
influenced by the sedimentation process. Whereas the alluvium,
the gray deposits are given a score of 3 because of the low level of
resistance due to lack of lithification.

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Figure 3. Slope Map (Based on Van Zuidam,1985) and scoring
D. Disaster Prone Map
Based on rainfall data, this area has a very high rainfall in
southern area (300 - 400 mm per year) in the northern area. Also,
based on slope, the area that has the highest level of vulnerability
is located on the area that has high value of slope, especially in
west Banyubiru.
So, based on types of lithology, data rainfall, and slope, this
study has a map of land movement (figure 5) which is
recommended for further development areas. The researchers
realize that this area is currently under Semarang State University
for their daily academic activity. Also, for further development for
the Semarang State University and the people, the researchers
recommend that the safety area is located in northern Banyubiru,
which is visualized by green color. Banyubiru areas have a very
high potential for land movement.
Figure 5. landslide hazard map
E. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
1. Slope Analysis in Banjarsari Village
Analysis of slope stability is in Banjarsari Village (Figure 2).
This slope is composed of volcanic breccias Gajah. It has a slope
of 68 °, and a slope height of 12 m. This slope has the potential to
experience a landslide due to its geomorphological conditions in
the hill area, with an altitude of 75 m, which is a denudational land
area influenced by exogenous processes,. In addition, it is
controlled by the rainy season and the dry season which affect rock
resistance. Due to these climatic conditions, the rocks in this area
store a lot of water and seep into the slopes, thereby increasing the
saturation of the soil and rocks on the slopes so that the soil and
rocks move easily. This slope has the potential for landslides
375
influenced by human activities, where above the slope does not
have vegetation that can withstand landslides, since the trees
above this slope have been cut down (deforestation) by the
surrounding community.
Figure 2. slope of the Sepakung (left) and Banjarsari(right) Village
Slope stability analysis was carried out to determine whether
the slope can cause landslides. This slope stability analysis uses
the Roclab application, and slides (Figure 3). Where the slope
stability analysis requires data on slope slope, slope height, and
geological conditions. This slope has a slope of 68°, a height of 12
m slope, geological conditions composed of sandstones, and
volcanic breccias.
Figure 3. Analysis of the stability of the slopes of the Bongkah
Village
From the results of the analysis the results shown above, where
the FK value is obtained, the safety factor is at 0.946. From the
FK values, it can be seen that this slope is not safe and potentially
landslide since the FK values are smaller than <1.25. So that it can
be know the slope stability of an area not only with field
observations but also slope stability analysis, observations in the
field have the potential to experience landslides, and after
analyzing the slope shows a safety factor of 0.946 indicating that
the slope is potentially landslide.
2. Slope Analysis in Sepakung Village
From the data obtained in the field (Figure 4), slope stability
analysis was performed using the Slide application with
parameters such as lithology (sand), slope, and slope height. From
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the results obtained, it is known that the safety factor value of the
slope is 3,445. This indicates that the slope is stable according to
the slope safety classification, Bowles 1984. The FK value is high
and included in the value of F at 1.25 (landslides are rare or slopes
are relatively stable). This indicate that the areas are safe and
stable from landslide.

F. CONCLUSION
Based on the condition of the mapping area in Bongkah
village, Banyubiru area, it is found that the area consists of
volcanic rocks, sandstone, breccia rocks, and weathered soil from
volcanic breccia weathering. The analysis of slope stability uses
rocklab software and slide software. They are shown that there are
slopes that have the potential to landslide, and on the other hand,
there are some safe slopes too. Other analysis is also carried out
by making maps prone to landslides, using lithology, slope,
groundwater, and rainfall data.

To prevent natural disasters that may occur, the researchers

have several recommendations below:
• Plant trees on steep slopes and do not cut trees on slopes
or in the areas that have high slopes
• On very steep slopes, it is recommended to renovate the
slope geometry, which previously had a very steep slope
to be sloping
• Some landslides occur around the river, so counter
weight is recommended. So, the soil or rocks are strong
enough to prevent landslides.
• Several hills were cut for road construction, and many
cliffs found on the roadside had the potential to landslide;
however, it can be prevented by doing grouting and
making drainage.

G. REFERENCES
[1] Kramadibrata, S. (1996): The Influence of Rock Mass
and Intact Rock Properties on The Design of Surface
Mines with Particular Reference to The Excavatability
of Rock, Ph. D. Thesis, Curtin University of
Technology.
[2] Bieniawski, Z.T. (1973): Engineering Classification of
Jointed Rock Masses, Trans. S.Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. 15.
pp. 335 – 344.
[3] Carter, W.N., 1991, Disaster Management : A disaster
Manager’s Handbook, ADB, Manila.
[4] Lee,E.M, Jones,D.K.C, “Landslide Risk Assesment”,
Thomas Telford
[5] Nakamura,H and Daisuke H, “Landslide” Referensi
Mata Kuliah MPBA
[6] Greiving, S., 2006, Multi-risk assessment of Europe’s
Region, dalam Birkmann, J. (Ed.), 2006, Measuring
Vulnerability to Natural Hazards, Towards Disaster
Resilient Societies, UNU-EHS, UNU-Press, Tokyo.

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Smart Box Solar Collector Fresnel Lens Based on Thermoelectric Generator Sp1848-27145
SA to Support Renewable Energy

Muhammad Haris1, Roberto Abimanyu Baggio2, Adamul Istikanah3

1
Departement of Engineering, Faculty of Machine
State University of Jakarta

Rawamangun Muka Street No 1, Jakarta 13220

2
Department of Electrical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,
State University of Jakarta

Rawamangun Muka Street No 1, Jakarta 13220

3
Department of Physics,Faculty of Mathematics and Science,
State University of Jakarta

Rawamangun Muka Street No 1, Jakarta 13220

1
muh.haris75@gmail.com, phone: +62898-5885-725

Abstract: Indonesia has sunny weather annually , its hours is around 2975 hours or 124 days, the average duration of irradiation is 8.2 hours by the
day (Kesdm 2010). The prototype of Solar Head Collector utilizes heat energy generated from sunlight and makes electricity generation without
producing carbon dioxide or pollutants. this study uses the thermoelectric TEG SP1848-27145 SA type, which is a thermoelectric generator to convert
heat energy from sunlight to electrical energy as an output. Refractive Fresnel lenses are used in photovoltaic applications, while many reflective
mirrors are applied in solar thermal. Using the Seebeck effect principle, the thermoelectric generator converts the thermal energy in the thermoelectric
element, from the thermoelectric to electrical energy. Using temperature differences between the cold and the hot side, the current will flow and making
a voltage difference. The thermoelectric generator, in various cases uses heat sources as electricity generators. The need for electrical energy keeps
increasing, resulting in a non-renewable resource depleting. It makes the resources will be a crisis of electrical energy on this earth. Therefore, this
study made Smart Box Solar Collector Fresnel Lens based on Thermoelectric Generator Sp1848-27145 SA.

Keywords: Fresnel Lens, Thermoelectric Generator, Solar Thermal, Smart Box

Indonesia has abundant solar energy sources with the intensity of

INTRODUCTION
Heat energy is energy can be easily found in everyday life, starting
from the heat provided by nature, namely from the sun's heat.
solar radiation averaging around 4.8 kWh / m2 by the day in all
regions of Indonesia. Indonesia has sunny weather conditions
annually or annual sunshine hours is around 2975 hours or 124
days, while the average duration of irradiation is around 8.2 hours
by the day day [3]. The energy produced by the sun is 3.8 x 1020
MW, which, means it is equal to 63 MW/m2 of energy produced
by the sun's surface. The energy is radiated from all directions and

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the total radiation of solar energy that reaches the earth is around 1.7 x
1014 kW [2].
Thermoelectric materials are unique materials which can
convert heat energy into electrical energy, or vice versa,
without producing toxic carbon dioxide gas or other
pollutants such as environmentally friendly heavy metal
elements.
378
Therefore, to utilize heat energy generated from
sunlight and make electricity generation without
producing toxic carbon dioxide or other pollutants
that can damage the environment.
The researchers make an innovation in the form of a
power plant with Fresnel Lenses as a Solar Heat
Collector. Then, the researchers use the TEG
SP1848-27145 SA Thermoelectric type, which will
be used as a thermoelectric generator to convert heat
energy from sunlight to electrical energy output.
Solar heat is very easy to get because of the
availability of a free and abundant atmosphere.
METHODS
The research method used is the research and development
approach, which aims to produce certain products, and to test
the usefulness of the products developed (Sugiyono, 2016:
297). Then, the writing method used is a literature study
approach that is relevant to the problem case. In addition, the
development of the Smart Box system
CISAK 2019

uses prototyping methods, which consist of stages of Therefore solar energy has advantages. The
communication, quick planning, modeling quick design, and potential of solar energy can be seen in table
construction of quick design. 1 below:

FINDINGS AND ARGUMENT Table 1. The Classes of Solar

Radiation
1. Thermal Energy of Solar Radiation

Solar
The intensity of solar radiation outside the Earth's
atmosphere depends on the distance between the sun and the radiation Generator
earth. Each year, this distance varies between 1.47 x 108 km
Classes by the capacity
and 1.52 x 108 km, and the result is that the E0 emission
increases up between 1325 W / m2 to 1412 W / m2. The day
average value is called the solar constant with the value E0 =
1367 W / m2. This emission cannot reach the surface of the (kWh/m2) (kW)
earth. The earth's atmosphere reduces insolation which Low scale 3.0 – 4,0 1 – 25
passes reflection, absorption (by ozone, water vapor, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide), and spread (caused by air molecules, Middle 4,0 – 6,0 25 – 100
dust particles or pollution). In good weather during the day,
scale
the emission can reach 1000 W / m2 on the surface of the
earth. The greatest insolation occurs on part of cloudy and Big scale >6,0 >100
sunny days. As a result of the sun's rays bouncing through the
clouds, insolation can reach up to 1400 W / m2 for the short
term (Darmanto, 2011). (Source : NREL, 2014)

The outer layer of the sun called the photosphere emits a continuous spectrum of
The electromagnetic radiation of solar energy
radiation. The radiation emitted by the sun's surface (Es) is the same as the result of
multiplying the Stefan-Bolzman constant ( ), the power of four absolute surface emitted to the earth’s sunlight which consists of
conditions Ts4 and the surface area ds2 (Jansen, 1985). photons or particles of solar energy that are
converted into electrical energy. Solar energy that
= ds2 4
reaches the surface of the earth is called global solar
radiation as measured by the power density on the
surface of the receiving area. The average value of
atmospheric solar radiation is 1,353 W
2. Using of Solar Thermal Energy
[6] m which is expressed as a solar
constant (PNPM Renewable Energy
Solar energy can be generated for the entire land of Handbook, 2011).
Indonesia, which has an area of 2 million km2, it is an average In other data on the utilization of heat energy based
of 5.10 mW or 4.8 KWh / m2 / day. on the Observatoire Médi-terranéen de l’Energie
(OME) report (2011), can be seen in table 2.

Table 2. The Utilization of Heat Energy

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Sector Processes Temperat

ure
(0C)
Brewing Wort boiling 100
and Bottle 60
malting washing 90
Drying 60
Cooling
Milk Pasteurizati 60 – 85
on 130 –150
sterilization
Food Pasteurizati 110 – 125
preservati on < 80
on Sterilization 70 – 100
Cooking 95 – 100

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Scalding <90
According to Menghani et al. (2012),
Bleaching
there are two types of Fresnel, namely
Meat Washing, <90 refractive lens and bias mirror
(reflective mirrors), as shown in
Sterilization Figure
,cleaning
2. Most Fresnel lenses are
Wine and Bottle 60 – 90 mostly used in photovoltaic applications
while many reflective mirrors are applied in
beverage Washing 85 solar thermal. Optical design The fresnel
Cooling lens is more flexible and can produce
uniform flux density in the absorber. In the
(single type of Fresnel lens with a point focus
geometrically arranged in the form of a
effect circular groove in the form of a prism with a
certain slope angle to form the focus (Figure
absorption 2)
cooling
Textile Washing, <90
bleaching, 140 – 220
dyeing
Cooking
Automotif Paint drying 160 – 220
degreasing 35 – 55
Paper Paper 170 – 180
Tanning pulp:cookin 165 – 180
g (steam)
Water
heating for
damp
proccesses
Cork Drying, cork 40 – 155
baking

(Source : Observatoire Médi-terranéen de l’Energie (OME) report

,2011)

3. Fresnel Lens Concentrator

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difference between the ends of the cell and produce an

electric current. The circuit block diagram is shown in
the following figure 3.

Figure 1. Reflective Mirror Fresnel (Source : Mengani et al, 2014)

Figure 2. Refractive lens Fresnel

(Source : Mengani et al, 2014)

Fresnel was also classified as an imaging lens (3D-lens) and non-

imaging lens (2D-lens). The difference between the two types is the
shape of the focal plane. The imaging lens is a focal point while the
non-imaging type is a line (line / linear focus) along the axis of the
cylindrical reflector parabolic.

FLOW CHART

To facilitate and understand in learning the workings of this tool, a

tool design must be based on a flow chart, where each stage has a
specific function between processes with other processes that are
interconnected and supportive, this system is designed

using thermoelectric generator technology. Where this technology is applied to

utilize the sun's heat, this system uses a thermoelectric which will be used as a
producer of electrical energy. Peltier cells work when there is a temperature

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Figure 3. Flow Chart of Smart Box

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE BY SMART BOX

Functional Design

Figure 5. Work scheme of Smart Box

The working principle of Smart Box is when

sunlight comes in. Then, it is collected by the
solar heat collector. The collector continues the
beam to the hot side of the thermoelectric. While
the cold side is connected with a cooling system
to
Figure 4. Design 3D of Smart Box
keep the temperature constant. Temperature
changes in both the thermoelectric side will be
read by the temperature sensor and will send it to
the microcontroller.

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Thermoelectric cells work when there is a temperature difference measured data will be read by the microcontroller
resulting in electric current and voltage. The amount of electric displayed on the LCD. Microcontroller serves as
current and voltage generated will be read by the current and the main tool to collect measurement data.
voltage sensors, which then send it to the microcontroller. All

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of existing data processing

and analysis of the data obtained, it
can be concluded that sunlight is one of the most
important alternative energy sources since
its energy solar cells can be converted
directly into electrical energy.

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[9] Menghani,Pankaj D, “Low Pressure Steam Generation

To increase efficiency and optimize sunlight, a tool that is able to
focus on sunlight radiation is converted into electrical energy using
thermoelectric aid, and stored in a battery so that it can be used
whenever needed. Thermoelectric generators can be used to produce
electrical energy by utilizing solar thermal energy as a heating source
on the hot side of thermoelectric. Fresnel lenses plays a very
important role in collecting sunlight and making Smart Box
power plants works environmentally and friendly without
creating environmental pollution. It also utlizes abundant
solar systems using thermoelectric generators, and designs
sunlight collectors using Fresnel lenses.
by Solar Energy With Fresnel Lens,” India :
University of Pune.
[10] Nam, Yip Wai, “Thermoelectric Material and
Devices,” Hongkong : City University of Hong Kong
[11] R. Wirawan, “Analisa penggunaan heat pipe pada
thermoelectric generator,” Skripsi, 2012.
[12] Zemansky dan Sear, “University Physics. The City
College of the City of New York,” Jakarta: Trimitra
Madiri 391-458, 1999.

References

[1] Darmawan, Sidiq dkk, "Pengaruh Luas Permukaan

Heat Sink Terhadap Tegangan Listrik yang dihasilkan
Thermoelektrik," Malang, Universitas Brawijaya.

[2] F. Keith dan A. Priyono, " Prinsip-Prinsip

Perpindahan Panas," Edisi ke 3. Jakarta : Erlangga,
1986.

[3] Erlangga Giancoli, Douglas C, “Physics,” Edisi ke

lima. Jakarta : Erlangga 65-77, 1998.

[4] Holman, “Perpindahan Kalor,” Edisi keenam. Jakarta

: Erlangga, 1991.

[5] John, T Stephen, “High Efficient Thermoelectric

Device for Power System Design and Efficiency
Calculation: A Review of Potential Household
Appliances,” Chennai : Satyabama University, 2014

[6] Kavei,G, ‘’ Thermoelectric Element Assigned As

Electric Generator From Waste Heat,” Iran :IJTPE
Journal.

[7] Malvino, A.P, “Prinsip - prinsip Elektronika,” Edisi

ke dua, Jakarta: Erlangga 60-70, 1999.

[8] Maisyha, Ima, “Pemanfaatan Tenaga Surya

menggunakan Rancangan Panel Surya Berbasis
Transistor 2N3055 dan Thermoelectric Cooler,”
Bandung: UPI.

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The Use Of Smart Concrete Sensor In Controlling The Quality

Of Strength And Temperature Of Concrete Through Real
Time Data For Construction Project (Case Study: The
Construction Of Utan Kayu Building)
Muhammad Dafa Sultan Pasha1, Muhammad Faqih Nashiruddin1* and Miftahul Firdaus2

1
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganeca No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
2
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganeca No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia

corresponding author : 1sultanpasha407@gmail.com

1*mfaqih2306@students.itb.ac.id

2firdausicg@gmail.com

Abstract. Concrete is the most vital construction material which plays a big part in determining the success and failure of the structure.
Concrete is the mixture of aggregate, water, and cement and it can be found in almost every structure. Making concrete, without planning
and executing can invite disastrous result for construction project. One of the highlighted problems with concrete in this paper is the
inability to monitor the condition of concrete element directly. Smart Concrete Sensor is a wireless concrete sensor embedded inside
columns, beams, or slabs for measuring temperature and strength. The data from the sensor is then provided real time by devices like a
smartphone or computer. The smart concrete sensor is an emerging technology in the construction market, but it is not widely used yet
on construction project in Indonesia. This paper presents studies of financial and economic benefits of using a smart concrete sensor in
the construction project of the Utan Kayu Building. Results show significant benefit in the form of minimization of construction duration
and rework risk and the improvement of quality control on concrete element. From the economic and financial calculation, the cost
could be decreased up to $106,193,93. It is recommended to use this sensor to minimize the risk of failure that can lead to a decrease in
the project budget. It is also recommended for contractor in Indonesia to start using this technology.

Keywords: Concrete sensor, construction project, economic benefit, risk of failure, real time data, Utan Kayu Building

A. INTRODUCTION structural or the execution element. For concrete, a contractor can

A construction project is a process of converting raw materials
into finished goods. However, construction project distinguishes
itself from other projects since the end product of a construction
project is a relatively long-lasting structure. The construction
industry has been for decades the engine of National economic
growth, contributing around 6% of the national GDP [1]. Concrete,
one of the most durable building materials is the most widely used
construction material in Indonesia, making concrete as the most
important material in the construction industry. Concrete is a
composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate,
cement, and water. Concrete provides superior fire resistance, and
can gain strength over time. In the following years, concrete
consumption is estimated to grow with a Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR) between 6% and 9% [2]. Despite the
abundant use of concrete, this material still possesses a variety of
problems. One major problem of concrete material is regarding
the testing technique and quality control. Quality control is vital
to the success and failure of construction project. A contractor
must control quality of every part of the project, whether it is the
only monitor the condition of structural element through in-situ
destructive testing, but this kind of strength consume both budget
and time. Another problem from this in-situ destructive testing is
that contractor could not possess real time data to resolve
important problems. Testing techniques for concrete today require
samples to be taken. This testing is done on the laboratory for
further analysis and quality control. Furthermore, many of the
tests today are time consuming, expensive, and provide results
only after it has been poured and set [3]. The testing done in
laboratory could not give real time data. For example, when site
engineer wanted to know the temperature and strength of slab after
it is poured, the site engineer must provide sample and then the
test could be done, this method is unable to directly analyse and
make further. This problem in concrete testing is one of many
factor that affects construction problem. Construction Projects
across the world take 20% longer to finish and are up to 80% over
budget [4]. The inability of real time monitoring of temperature
and strength in concrete structure generates risk of failure in
construction project. This problem can be answered with the use

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of sensor embedded inside concrete or in this paper is referred as
Smart Concrete Sensor. Smart concrete sensor is an invention to
address limitations within the prior art relating to concrete testing
and concrete structure characterization. This smart concrete sensor
is a system for establishing cured concrete performance from
measurements of wet concrete and automatically send the data via
wireless transceiver. Smart concrete sensor has been built from a
processor with associated memory. The processor is coupled to a
wireless transceiver, battery and additional sensors which are
coupled to Sensor Interfaces (SENINTs). Electrical conductivity
between the contacts like arising from water within a concrete mix
may be monitored, processed with the processor, stored and then
subsequently transmitted via wireless transceiver when a link is
established to a portable electronic device such as smart-phone,
tablet PC, or dedicated device. Once the concrete is poured, the
sensor could be read for curing information and then subsequently,
depending upon battery, power consumption etc., periodically
read for life-time data of the concrete. In each instance, the data
could be acquired wirelessly and stored in to a user’s portable
electronic device or it may then be pushed to a cloud. The devices
with the help of software application could provides to the user
concrete parameter data either as provided from the sensors
directly using the calibration curves stored within or upon the
device using calibration curve data stored within the sensor but not
processed by it, stored within the device or retrieved from the data
stored upon the remote server. This paper proposed the concept of
using smart concrete sensor embedded inside concrete in
construction project in Indonesia. Hence, this construction method
is hoped to give financial and economic benefits to construction
project.
topic. A literature study is a method of data collection by studying
the scientific journal of the existing research that developed
further in this study. The researches identify, develop, and
incorporate research evidence relevant past. For this paper, the
main literature to be studied is the project estimation document of
the construction of the Utan Kayu Building as the case to be
studied. The construction method, schedule, and budget then will
be studied if smart concrete sensor is incorporated into the project.
The construction project budget and timeline are taken from the
project estimation document. The study project is the construction
of Utan Kayu Building [5]. Utan Kayu Building is a five stories
office building above 300 m2 area located at Jl. Mangga No. 40,
Utan Kayu Utara, Matraman Jakarta Timur. The structure is built
using reinforced concrete and the project begin in 24th of
November 2017 and ended in 28th of May 2018. The output this
paper is to provide the benefit of using concrete sensor and provide
recommendation on the project and also for construction project
in Indonesia whether to the smart concrete sensor or not.
Figure 2. The location of Utan Kayu Building.

Figure 1. Smart concrete sensor attached to the reinforcing bar of the concrete
slab. (sumber?)
B. APPROACH
This paper studies the effect of using sensor embedded in
concrete through the comparison and analysis of using the
technology and conventional method. The case study is then used
to analyze the benefit of using concrete sensor on a construction
Figure 3. Front view of Utan Kayu Building.
project. The benefit is to analyze trough two main features,
financial and project duration. This study used literary study
method by collecting data or information in accordance with the

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C. RESULT AND DISCUSSION using water, thus reducing the risk of cracking in early-age
From the project estimation document the overview of the concrete greatly.
project budget is given below. The total cost of the project is
$306,061.061. Most of the budget is allocated for the architectural 3. Data Sharing
work and structural work, each has portion of 36.80% and 35.80% This project used the conventional method of construction
respectively. project management. There are multi-layers of worker ranging
from field worker, site engineer, and quality controller. In this
Table 1. Budget of the Project project, the quality of concrete is monitored by quality controller
No. Type of Work Total Budget (IDR) Total Budget (USD) Budget Percentage and then the analysis and judgment will be carried out before the
1 Preparation Work Rp270,140,605.00 $18,909.84 6.80% instruction is given to the field worker. Using smart concrete
2 Soil Work Rp3,986,465.00 $279.05 0.10%
3 Foundation Work Rp94,566,566.00 $6,619.66 2.40% sensor, every worker could acquire the strength and temperature
4 Structural Work Rp1,424,773,435.00 $99,734.14 35.80% data through their devices. The data could then be shared between
5 Architectural work Rp1,462,970,504.00 $102,407.94 36.80%
6 Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Work Rp718,438,561.00 $50,290.70 18.10% workers at any time and place, thus reducing the coordination path
Total Budget Rp3,974,876,136.00 $278,241.33 and reaction time significantly.
Tax (10% ) Rp397,487,613.60 $27,824.13
Total Budget After Tax Rp4,372,363,749.60 $306,065.46
Budget Rp4,372,300,000.00 $306,061.00 4. Minimize the Risk of Rework
Rework is the process of working the concrete over again
The construction is done in approximately 124 days of because of concrete failure. Early-age concrete failure usually is
working hour or 27 weeks. The project started on the 24th caused by the failure of estimated concrete strength. When the
November 2017 and ended in 28th May 2018. From the project concrete strength does not meet the design strength of concrete,
estimation document and literature from the smart concrete sensor the concrete is not safe to be used, and needs to be built over again.
it is concluded that the benefit of using the sensor could be This project used conventional method of concrete strength
categorize as below: testing. It usually takes time for the data could be acquired because
1. Direct Detection of Concrete Strength the concrete is tested inside a lab or using a lab apparatus in the
The concrete structure like slab, column, or beam when site. Thus, there is a risk of doing rework when the concrete is
poured must be tested later on to know whether the current already settled (28 days of age). When using this sensor, the
strength matches the design strength. The concrete must be tested concrete strength could be monitored instantly by reducing the
for its age on third, seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-eight days. risk of concrete rework after it is settled. The risk of rework after
The project used the conventional method of testing through a the concrete is settled calculated by it’s price is given below:
Table 2. The Price of Doing Rework on Concrete Element of the Project
hammer test. This test costs money and time, and the results could
not be acquired directly. In contrast when the project uses smart No. Type of Work Rework Price (IDR) Rework Price (USD)
concrete sensor, the strength of the concrete could be acquired at 1 Foundation Work Rp94,566,566.00 $6,619.66
2 Pile Cap Work Rp62,644,923.00 $4,385.14
every age of concrete directly through the sensor. The data history 3 Tie Beam Work Rp62,582,438.00 $4,380.77
of strength could be acquired through the reading on the devices 4 Column Work Rp240,026,622.00 $16,801.86
connected to the sensor. 5 Beam Work Rp427,020,894.00 $29,891.46
6 Slab Work Rp492,955,474.00 $34,506.88
7 Stairway Work Rp137,259,221.00 $9,608.15
2. Avoid Cracks on Concrete Total Rp1,517,056,138.00 $106,193.93
Cracks in concrete caused by the hydration heat of the
cement are a well-known phenomenon. The heat of hydration as 5. Quality Control through Devices
well as other temperature changes are the primary cause of The project used a conventional method for its quality
restraint stresses and cracks in unreinforced as well as reinforced control. The quality of the concrete is controlled by a site surveyor
concrete [6]. The avoidance of early age cracking is a task which using a hammer test and laboratory test on concrete sample. Using
requires engineering judgment carried out in the field. To be able the sensor, the quality of the concrete could be directly monitored
to carry out engineering judgment, the site engineer must have the at every time or place, thus greatly increasing the quality control
necessary temperature data from the concrete. This project used of the concrete.
numerous laboratory techniques to measure the temperature rise
in concrete. The testing methods used calorimeter to check the 6. The Ease of Gaining Strength and Temperature Data
temperature rise of a concrete sample. When using smart concrete This project used conventional method of concrete testing.
sensor, the temperature rise in the concrete can be monitored Using conventional methods, it needs three to four days of the
automatically. The temperature data from the concrete will be working hour. Using this sensor, the sensor could read the strength
acquired directly. Using this sensor, the site engineer could and temperature of concrete instantly.
instantly carry out judgment based on the temperature reading on D. CONCLUSION
the devices. For example, if the concrete is much hotter than the It is beneficial to use a smart concrete sensor in the
designed temperature, the site engineer could cool off the concrete construction of the Utan Kayu Building. The sensor increases
quality control that can lead to the minimization of risk, project

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duration, and budget. This sensor is also adaptive, and can be used [3] Ghods, et al, “Embedded Wireless Monitoring Sensors,” in
in any kind of construction project. This technology is new and United States Patent Application Publication, pp. 1-3, 2017.
rarely used in construction project in Indonesia, so it is highly
recommended to use the Smart Concrete Sensor in the [4] Agarwa, et al, “Imagining Construction’s Digital Future,” in
construction of the Utan Kayu Building and construction project McKinsey & Company Capital Projects and Infrastructure,
in Indonesia. 2016.
[5] Vincent, et al, “Project Estimation Proyek Pembangunan
E. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Gedung Utan Kayu,” PT. Me Rehuso Construction, 2017.
Thanks to Dr. Iris Mahani ST, MT as our guidance lecturer
from Civil Engineering ITB who always support and give
guidance during the process of the preparation of this manuscript [6] Springenshmid, “Prevention of Thermal Cracking in Concrete at
so it can be finished well. Early Ages,” Rilem Report, 1998.
F. REFERENCES
[7] D’Alessandro, et al, “Towards Smart Concrete for Smart Cities:
[1] Soemardi W. Biemo, Prbadi S. Krishna, “The Construction
Recent Result and Future Application of Strain-Sensing
Sector of Indonesia,” in Sustainable Construction Policy and
Nanocomposites,” Iowa State University, 2015.
Market, pp. 1-3, 2018.
[2] Alizadeh, et al, “Electrical Methods and Systems For Concrete
Testing,” in United States Patent Application Publication, pp. 1-
3, 2017.

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