Chapter 1-Simple Stress and Strain

Russell C.
Hibbeler
Chapter 1: Stress
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to;
 State important principles of statics and show how
they are used to determine the internal resultant
loadings in a body (CO1-PO1)
 Apply the concepts of normal and shear stress (CO1-
PO1)
 Determine the analysis and design of members
subjected to an axial load or direct shear (CO1-PO3)
 Develop method for finding the normal stress in
axially loaded member (CO1-PO3)
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Equilibrium of a deformable body
3. Stress
4. Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar
5. Average shear stress
6. Allowable stress
7. Design of simple connections
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
ECS 428 Mechanics
© 2008 Pearson ofPte
Education South Asia
3 Solid
Ltd
INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials
• A branch of mechanics
• It studies the relationship of
 External loads applied to a deformable body, and
 The intensity of internal forces acting within the body
• Are used to compute deformations of a body
• Study body’s stability when external forces are
applied to it
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INTRODUCTION
Historical development
• Beginning of 17th century (Galileo)
• Early 18th century (Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lamé and
Navier)
• In recent times, with advanced mathematical and
computer techniques, more complex problems can be
solved
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Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Forces
1. Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact
of other body’s surface
2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
© 2008 Pearson ofPteSolid
Education South Asia Ltd
Reactions
 Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Equations of Equilibrium
 Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces
and a balance of moments
F  0 M O 0
 For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin
O,
F  0, F
x y  0, F z 0
M  0, M
x y  0, M z 0
 Best way to account for these forces is to draw

the body’s free-body diagram (FBD).
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Internal Resultant Loadings
 Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force
and moment acting within a body.
 In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Internal resultant loadings
• For coplanar loadings:
 Normal force, N
 Shear force, V
 Bending moment, M
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Internal resultant loadings
• For coplanar loadings:
 Apply ∑ Fx = 0 to solve for N
 Apply ∑ Fy = 0 to solve for V
 Apply ∑ MO = 0 to solve for M
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Procedure for Analysis
• Method of sections
1. Choose segment to analyze
2. Determine Support Reactions
3. Draw free-body diagram for whole body
4. Apply equations of equilibrium
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Procedure for analysis
• Free-body diagram
1. Keep all external loadings in exact locations before
“sectioning”
2. Indicate unknown resultants, N, V, M, and T at the
section, normally at centroid C of sectioned area
3. Coplanar system of forces only include N, V, and M
4. Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at centroid
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• Equations of equilibrium
1. Sum moments at section, about each coordinate axes
where resultants act
2. This will eliminate unknown forces N and V, with
direct solution for M (and T)
3. Resultant force with negative value implies that
assumed direction is opposite to that shown on free-
body diagram
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Example 1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
beam.
Solution:
Free body Diagram Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,
w 270
  w  180 N m
6 9
Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,
F 1
2
1806  540N
which acts
1
3
6  2m from C
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution:
Equations of Equilibrium
Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

   Fx  0;  NC  0
N C  0 (Ans)
   Fy  0; VC  540  0
VC  540 (Ans)
  M C  0;  M C  5402   0
M C  1080 N  m (Ans)
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Example 2
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the
pipe. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical force of
50 N and a couple moment of 70 N·m at its end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution Calculating the weight of each segment of pipe,
Free-Body Diagram
WBD  2 0.59.81  9.81 N
WAD  2 1.259.81  24.525 N
Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,

F x  0; FB x  0 (Ans)
F y  0; FB y  0 (Ans)
F z  0; FB z  9.81  24.525  50  0
FB x  84.3 N (Ans)
 M  B x  0; M B x  70  500.5  24.5250.5  9.810.25  0
M B x  30.3N  m (Ans)
 M  B y  0; M B y  24.5250.625  501.25  0
M B y  77.8N  m (Ans)
 M  B z  0; M B z  0 (Ans)
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Stress
 Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
 We will consider the material to be continuous.
 This intensity of internal force at a point is called
stress.
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Stress
Normal Stress 
 Force per unit area acting normal to A
Fz
 z  lim
A 0 A
Shear Stress 
 Force per unit area acting tangent to A
Fx
 zx  lim
A0 A
F
 zy  lim y
A0 A
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Stress
Tensile stress :
- normal force “pulls” or “stretches” the area element ΔA
Compressive stress :
- normal force “pushes” or “compresses” area element

ΔA
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Stress
General state of stress
• Figure shows the state of stress
acting around a chosen point in a
body
Units (SI system)

• Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or
a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
• kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)
• MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
• GPa = 109 N/m2 (giga-pascal)
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Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
 When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to
axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected
to normal stress.
 Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
 When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
 dF    dA
A
σ = average normal stress
P  A P = resultant normal force
P A = cross sectional area of bar

A
Equilibrium
 2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Equilibrium
• Consider vertical equilibrium of the element
∑ Fz = 0 σ (ΔA) − σ’ (ΔA) = 0
σ = σ’
Above analysis
applies to members
subjected to
tension or
compression.
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Maximum average normal stress
• For problems where internal force P and x-sectional
A were constant along the longitudinal axis of the
bar, normal stress σ = P/A is also constant
• If the bar is subjected to several external loads
along its axis, change in x-sectional area may occur
• Thus, it is important to find the maximum average
normal stress
• To determine that, we need to find the location
where ratio P/A is a maximum
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Maximum average normal stress
• Draw an axial or normal force diagram (plot of P
vs. its position x along bar’s length)
• Sign convention:
 P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the member
 P is negative (−) if it causes compression
• Identify the maximum average normal stress from
the plot
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Average normal stress
• Use equation of σ = P/A for x-sectional area of a
member when section subjected to internal resultant
force P
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Axially loaded members
• Internal Loading:
• Section member perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
at pt where normal stress is to be determined
• Draw free-body diagram
• Use equation of force equilibrium to obtain internal
axial force P at the section
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Axially loaded members
• Average Normal Stress:
• Determine member’s x-sectional area at the section
• Compute average normal stress σ = P/A
Chapter 1: Stress
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Example 3
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.
Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution:
Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.
By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,
PBC  30 kN
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

the largest average normal stress is
 BC 
PBC

30 103  
 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A 0.0350.01
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Example 4
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of
 st  80 kN/m3 . Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.
Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is
   Fz  0; P  Wst  0
P  800.8 0.2   0
2
P  8.042 kN
The average compressive stress becomes
P 8.042
   64. 0 kN/m 2
(Ans)
A  0.2 2
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
• Shear stress is the stress component that act in
the plane of the sectioned area.
• Consider a force F acting to the bar
• For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar will
deform and fail along the planes identified by AB
and CD
• Free-body diagram indicates that shear force, V =
F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure
equilibrium
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Average Shear Stress
 The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.
V
 avg 
A
 = average shear stress
P = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section
 2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
• Case discussed above is example of simple or
direct shear
• Caused by the direct action of applied load F
• Occurs in various types of simple connections,
e.g., bolts, pins, welded material
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Single shear
• Steel and wood joints shown below are examples
of single-shear connections, also known as lap
joints.
• Since we assume members are thin, there are no
moments caused by F
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Single shear
• For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between the two members are
subjected to single shear force, V = F
• The average shear stress equation can be applied
to determine average shear stress acting on
colored section in (d).
Chapter 1: Stress
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Double shear
• The joints shown below are examples of double-
shear connections, often called double lap joints.
• For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding
surface between two members subjected to double
shear force, V = F/2
• Apply average shear stress equation to determine
average shear stress acting on colored section in
(d).
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Internal shear
1. Section member at the pt where the τavg is to be
determined
2. Draw free-body diagram
3. Calculate the internal shear force V
Average shear stress
1. Determine sectioned area A
2. Compute average shear stress τavg = V/A
Chapter 1: Stress
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Example 5
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine
the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.
Solution:
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are
   Fx  0; FAB  3000 53   0  FAB  1800 N

   Fy  0; FBC  3000 54   0  FBC  2400 N
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution:
The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is
   Fx  0; V  1800 N
Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

1800
 AB   1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans)
2540
2400
 BC   1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans)
5040
Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is
1800
 avg   0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans)
7540
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Allowable Stress
 Many unknown factors that influence the actual
stress in a member.
 A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable
load.
 The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure
load divided by the allowable load
F fail
F .S 
Fallow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Example 6
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5 mm the
required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
 allowable  55 MPa . Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.
Solution:
For equilibrium we have
  M C  0; FAB 0.2  150.075  25 53 0.125  0  FAB  15 kN
   F x  0;  15  C x  25 54   0  C x  5 kN
   F y  0; C y  15  25 53   0  C y  30 kN
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution:
The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,
FC  52   302  30.41 kN

The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of 15.205 kN acts over its cross-
sectional area between the arm and each supporting leaf for the pin.
The required area is

V 15.205 6
A   276. 45  10 m 2
 allowable 55  103
2
d 
    246.45 mm 2
2
d  18.8 mm
Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)

Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Example 7
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an
aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter
pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is  st  fail  680 MPa and  al  fail  70 MPa respectively, and the failure
shear stress for each pin is  fail  900 MPa , determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.
Solution:
The allowable stresses are
 st  fail
 st allow  680
  340 MPa
F .S . 2
 al  fail 70
 al allow    35 MPa
F .S . 2
 fail 900
 allow    450 MPa
F .S . 2
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution:
There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,
  M B  0; P1.25  FAC 2  0 (1)

  M A  0; FB 2  P0.75  0 (2)
We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the rod,
block, and pins, respectively.
  
For rod AC, FAC   st allow  AAC   340 106  0.01  106.8 kN
2
Using Eq. 1, P 
106.82  171 kN
1.25
   
For block B, FB   al allow AB  35 10 180010  63.0 kN
6 6
Using Eq. 2, P 
63.02  168 kN
0.75
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Solution:
  
For pin A or C, V  FAC   allow A  450 106  0.009  114.5 kN
2
Using Eq. 1, P 
114.52  183 kN
1.25
When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal
stress in the aluminium block. Hence,
P  168 kN (Ans)
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
In-class Activities
1. Check homework, if any
2. Reading Quiz
3. Applications
4. Normal Stress
5. Shear Stress
6. Concept Quiz
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
© 2008 Pearson ofCopyright
Education South Asia PteSolid
Ltd © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
READING QUIZ
1. What is the normal stress in the bar if P=10
kN and 500mm²?
a) 0.02 kPa
b) 20 Pa
c) 20 kPa
d) 200 N/mm²
e) 20 MPa
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
READING QUIZ (cont)
2. What is the average shear stress in the
internal vertical surface AB (or CD), if
F=20kN, and AAB=ACD=1000mm²?
a) 20 N/mm²
b) 10 N/mm²
c) 10 kPa
d) 200 kN/m²
e) 20 MPa
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
APPLICATIONS
Where does the average normal stress occur?
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
APPLICATIONS (cont)
Will the total shear force over the anchor length be equal
to the total tensile force σtensile A in the bar?
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
APPLICATIONS
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The thrust bearing is subjected to the loads
as shown. Determine the order of average
normal stress developed on cross section
through BC and D.
a) C>B>D
b) C>D>B
c) B>C>D
d) D>B>C
Chapter 1: Stress
ECS 428 Mechanics
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Internal loadings consist of
1. Normal force, N
2. Shear force, V
3. Bending moments, M
4. Torsional moments, T
• Get the resultants using
1. method of sections
2. Equations of equilibrium
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CHAPTER REVIEW
• Assumptions for a uniform normal stress distribution
over x-section of member (σ = P/A)
1. Member made from homogeneous isotropic material
2. Subjected to a series of external axial loads that,
3. The loads must pass through centroid of cross-section
Chapter 1: Stress
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CHAPTER REVIEW
• Determine average shear stress by using τ =
V/A equation
 V is the resultant shear force on cross-sectional
area A
 Formula is used mostly to find average shear
stress in fasteners or in parts for connections
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CHAPTER REVIEW
• Design of any simple connection requires that
 Average stress along any cross-section not exceed a
factor of safety (F.S.) or
 Allowable value of σallow or τallow
 These values are reported in codes or standards and
are deemed safe on basis of experiments or through
experience
Chapter 1: Stress
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Chapter 1-Simple Stress and Strain

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Chapter 1-Simple Stress and Strain

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Russell C.

 Best way to account for these forces is to draw

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,

- normal force “pushes” or “compresses” area element

Units (SI system)

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

 2 different types of shear:

   Fx  0; FAB  3000 53   0  FAB  1800 N

Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

FC  52   302  30.41 kN

The required area is

Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)

  M B  0; P1.25  FAC 2  0 (1)

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