Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

TUTORIAL SHEETS (BASED ON LECTURE OF THE WEEK)

Tutorial Sheet-1
1. A pressure vessel that has a volume of 10 m3 is used to store high pressure air for operating a
supersonic wind tunnel. If the air pressure and temperature inside the vessel are 20 atm and 300K,
respectively, what is the mass of air stored in the vessel.

2. Air flowing in a duct has a velocity of 300 m/s, pressure 1.0 bar and temperature 290K. Taking
J
γ = 1.4 and R = 287 − K determine:
Kg
a) Stagnation pressure and temperature
b) Velocity of sound in the dynamic and stagnation conditions
c) Stagnation pressure assuming constant density

3. Air (cp =1.05kj/kg-K (cp = 1.05kj/kg − K, γ = 1.38) at P1 = 3 × 105 N/m2 and T1 = 500K flows
with velocity of 200 m/s in a 30 cm diameter duct. Calculate:
a) mass flow rate
b) Mach Number
c) Stagnation pressure values assuming the flow as compressible and incompressible.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-2
1. Consider a normal shock wave in air, with velocity, temperature and pressure of the flow before
crossing the shock of 680 m/s, 288K and 101.3 KPa (abs). Calculate velocity, temperature, pressure
and change in entropy after crossing the shock. Use gas constant R = 287 J/Kg. K and specific heat
ratio γ = 1.4.

2. Consider a normal shock with an upstream Mach number of 3.53. Obtain the downstream Mach
number by:

(a) Using the nearest entry in the tables.

(b) Interpolating the tabulated values.
(c) Exact analytical calculations.
(d) Compare the accuracy of the results.

3. A normal shock moves in a constant area tube as shown in fig. In region 1, V1 = 100 m/s ,T1 =
300 C and P1 = 0.7 atm. The shock speed C, with respect to fixed coordinator system is 600 m/s.
Find the fluid properties in region 2.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-3
1. Consider a normal shock wave propagating into stagnant air where the ambient air where the ambient
temperature is 300 K. The pressure ratio across the shock is 10. Calculate the shockwave velocity, the
velocity of the induced mass motion behind the shock wave, and the temperature ratio across the
wave.
2. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a flow passage are 2.45 bar and 26.5oC
and 1.4 respectively. If the Mach number is 2.5 determine for adiabatic flow of a perfect gas (
γ = 1.3, R = 0.469 kj/kg −K),
i. Stagnation temperature
ii. Temperature and velocity of gas at exit
iii. The flow rate per square meter of the inlet cross section.
3. A Shock strength 0.382 is generated by a piston which moves in still air at 300K. Determine the
shock speed and piston speed.
4. a) Consider an airplane flying at a velocity of 250 m/s. Calculate M if it is flying at a standard
altitude of following conditions: a) Sea level b) 5Km c)10 Km.
b) Consider a point in an airflow where the local Mach number, static pressure, and static temperature
are 3.5, 0.3 atm, and 180 K, respectively. Calculate the local values of p 0 , T 0 , T*, a*, and M* at this
point.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-4
1. A Mach 2 uniform air stream at p1 = 800 KPa and temperature 270 K expands through two convex
corners of 10◦ each, as shown in Figure. Determine the Mach number M3, downstream of the second
fan and P2 , T2 and the angle of the second expansion fan.

2. Air is allowed to expand form an intial state A (Where PA = 2.068 × 105 N/m2 and TA=333K) to
state B (where PB = 1.034 × 105 N/m2 and TB = 305 K. Calculate the change in the specific entropy
of the air and show that the change in entropy is the same for a) an isobaric process A to some
intermediate state C followed by an iso volumetric change form C to B and b) an isothermal change
from A to some intermediate state D followed by an isentropic change from D to B.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-5
1. Air at Mach 2 with 70kPa (abs) pressure, flows through a 100 ramp and forms a weak oblique shock
as shown in the figure below.
Calculate:

a. Shock angle β
b. Downstream Mach number
c. Downstream pressure
d. Total pressure downstreamP02 , measured by the pitot tube.

2. Air flow at Mach 4.0 and pressure 105 N/m2 is turned abruptly by a wall into the flow with a turning
angle of 200 , as shown in figure. If the shock is reflected by another wall determine the flow
properties M and P downstream of the reflected shock.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-6
1. A ramjet flies at 11 km altitude with a flight Mach number of 0.9. In the inlet diffuser, the air is
brought to the stagnation condition so that it is stationary just before the combustion chamber.
Combustion takes place at constant pressure and a temperature increase of 1500K results. The
combustion products are the ejected through the nozzle. A) Calculate the stagnation pressure and
temperature; b) What will be the nozzle exit velocity?
(At inlet P∞ = 0.3 atm and Tm = 213 K, at exit Pexit = 0.3 atm.)

3. A supersonic air flow with properties M1 = 1.5, p1 = 81.5 kPa (abs) and T1 = 256 K passes an
expansion angle (see figure below) that deflects the flow through angle θ = 20°. Calculate M2, p2, T2,
p02, T02, and the upstream and downstream angles of the Mach lines.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-7
1. Consider a normal shock wave propagating into stagnant air where the ambient air where the ambient
temperature is 300 K. The pressure ratio across the shock is 10. Calculate the shockwave velocity, the
velocity of the induced mass motion behind the shock wave, and the temperature ratio across the
wave.

2. A. The velocity and temperature of the flow ahead of a normal shock wave are 1215 m/s and 300 K,
respectively. Calculate the velocity of the flow behind the shock.

B. Air is discharged from a reservoir at P0 = 6.91bar and t 0 = 3250 C through a nozzle to an exit
pressure of 0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 36000 kg/hr determine for isentropic flow:
a) Throat area, pressure and velocity
b) Exit area, Mach number
c) Maximum velocity
3. Explain internal energy and enthalpy, 3.0 kg/s of air is to be discharged through smooth circular duct
at a velocity of 10 m/s. The pressure and temperature of air in the pipe are 1.5 bar and 300 K
respectively. Determine the enthalpy and internal energy of air and the diameter of duct (R =
0.287 kJ/kg −K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-8
1. A shock tube is filled with air. The temperature in the low pressure chamber is atmospheric. a) If the
shock generated by rupturing the diaphragm moves at Mach 10, treating the air traversed by the shock
as perfect gas, determine the stagnation temperature of the air behind the shock. b) What will be the
time available for the testing a model located at 8 m from the diaphragm?

2. a) At a point in airflow the pressure, temperature and velocity are 1 atm, 320K and 1000m/s.
Calculate the total temperature and total pressure at this point.
b) Air flows through a duct. The pressure and temperature at station are p1 = 0.7 atmosphere and
T1 = 30o C, respectively. At a second station, the pressure is 0.5 atm. Calculate the temperature and
density at the second station. Assume the flow to be isentropic.

3. Explain the difference between flow and non flow work. Carbon dioxide expands isentropic ally
through a nozzle from a pressure of 3.0 bar to 1.0 bar. If the initial temperature is 473 K determine
the final temperature, the enthalpy drop and the change in the internal energy.
kJ
Take γ = 1.24, R = 0.189
Kg − K

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet-9
1. Air γ = 1.4, R = 287.43J/kg −K) enters a straight axissymmetric duct at 300K, 3.45 bar and 150 m/s
and leaves it at 277 K, 2.058 bar and 260 m/s. The area of cross section at entry is 500 cm2.
Assuming adiabatic flow determine:
a) Stagnation temperature
b) Maximum velocity
c) Mass flow rate
d) Area of cross section at exit
2. a) Consider an airplane flying at a velocity of 250 m/s. Calculate M if it is flying at a standard
altitude of following conditions: a) Sea level b) 5Km c)10 Km.
b) Consider a point in an airflow where the local Mach number, static pressure, and static temperature
are 3.5, 0.3 atm, and 180 K, respectively. Calculate the local values of p 0 , T 0 , T*, a*, and M* at this
point.
3. Consider a normal shock wave in a supersonic airstream where the pressure upstream of the shock is
1 atm. Calculate the loss of total pressure across the shock wave when the upstream Mach number is
(a) M 1 = 2, and (b) M 1 = 4. Compare these two results and comment on their implication.
4. The state of a gas( γ = 1.3, R = 0.469 kJ/kg-K) upstream of a normal shock wave is given be the
following data:
M1 = 2.5, px = 2 bar, Tx = 275K
Calculate the Mach number, pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas downstream of the shock;
check the calculated values with those given in gas table.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet 10
1. Consider a horizontal supersonic flow at Mach 2.8 with a static pressure and temperature of 1 atm and
519o R, respectively. This flow passes over a compression corner with a deflection angle of 160 . The
oblique shock generator at the corner propagates into the flow, and is incident on a horizontal wall, as
shown in figure. Calculate the angle ∅ made by the reflected shock wave with respect to the wall and
the Mach number, pressure and temperature behind the reflected shock.

Fig. Regular reflection from solid boundary

2. Consider a Mach 3 flow. It is desired to slow this flow to a subsonic speed. Consider two separate
ways of achieving this: (1) the Mach 3 flow is slowed by passing directly through a normal shock
wave; (2) the Mach 3 flow first passes through an oblique shock with a40◦ wave angle, and then
subsequently through a normal shock. These two cases are sketched in Figure. Calculate the ratio of
the final total pressure values for the two cases, that is, the total pressure behind the normal shock for
case 2 divided by the total pressure behind the normal shock for case 1. Comment on the significance
of the result.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021

 Department of Aerospace Engineering

Sub: Aerodynamics-II AST-311

Tutorial Sheet- 11
1. Briefly explain the shock polar diagram and hodograph plane.
A gas (γ = 1.3) at P1 = 345 mbar, T1 = 350 K and M1 = 1.5 is to be isentropically expanded to
138 mbar. Determine a) the deflection angle, b) final Mach number c) the temperature of the gas.
2. The condition of a gas in a combustor at the entry are:
P1 = 0.343 bar, T1 = 310K , c1 = 60 m/s.

Determine the Mach number, pressure, temperature and velocity at the exit if the increase in
stagnation enthalpy of the gas between entry and exit is 1172.5 kJ/kg.

Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K , γ = 1.4

Tutorial Sheet-12
1. A re-entry vehicle (RV) is at altitude of 15,000 m and has a velocity of 1850 m/s. A bow shock wave
envelops the RV. Neglecting dissociation, determine the static and stagnation pressure and
temperature just behind the RV centre line where the shock wave may be treated as normal shock.
Assume that the air behaves as perfect gas, with γ =1.4 and R= 287 J/kg- K.

2. The Mach number at the exit of a combustion chamber is 0.9. The ratio of stagnation temperatures at
exit and entry is 3.74. If the pressure and temperature of the gas at exit are 2.5 bar and 1000o C
respectively determine a) Mach Number, pressure and temperature of the gas at entry, b) the heat
supplied per kg of the gas and c) the maximum heat that can be supplied.
Take γ = 1.4, cp = 1.218 kj/kg − Ke.

Semester: V Session July-Dec 2021