‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪2020/2019:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺃﻛﻠﻲ ﳏﻨـــﺪ ﺃﻭﳊﺎﺝ )ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳــﺮﺓ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘـﻮﻯ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻔـﻮﺝ‪04 :‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‪/‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴـــــــــــــــﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴــــــــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒــﺤـــــــــﺚ‬

‫ﳏﺎﺿـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﺪﺍﺳـﻲ ﺍﻟﺜــــــﺎﻧــﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻨــــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺿــــﺮﺓ‪):‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴـــﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿـــﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ(‬

‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﺑﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﳍﺎ؟ ﻓﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭﲝﺜﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺼﺮﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻌﺮﰲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻼ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺫﺍﰐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻔﺖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﲝﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲝﺜﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ‪.‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻫﺪﻭﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫–ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﳛﻘﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫–ﺍﻟﺼﱪ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﺎﺑﺮﺓ ‪:‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺑﺪ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﱪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﲝﺚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﱪ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﲑﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫–ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺪﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﺘﺒﺲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺴﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻒ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﲝﺜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﺍ ﺻﺮﳛﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲎ ‪‬ﺎ ﲝﺜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻃﻌﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻪ‪.‬‬
‫–ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ‪:‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻼﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺿﺆﻟﺖ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻭﺃﲨﻞ ﲰﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﲝﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺷﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺭﺅﻳﺎﻫﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻫﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﺎﻝ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻻﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺼﺮﻩ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﺻﻼ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﴰﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺃﴰﻞ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﺪﺩﺍ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺪ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﻌﺎ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻴﻘﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﹼﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺟﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﳎﻬﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳚﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺼﺤﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻔﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﳌﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ ﻭﻛﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻩ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻋﻮﰿ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﻔﻼ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﲑﺓ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻻ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﺃﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻠﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪ ...‬ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ" ﺇﻥﹼ ﻛﻞﹼ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺮﺍﻋﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﻴﺴﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺟﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻏﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲝﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ...‬ﻛﻞﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨــــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺿــــﺮﺓ‪):‬ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ(‬

‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﹼ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻷﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
‫*ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺳﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫*ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﳏﻞﹼ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻴﻘﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﻏﺎ ﺑﺄﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﳛﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﳑﻼﹼ ﻭﻻ ﻗﺼﲑﺍ ﳐﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪-5‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﳑﺘﻌﺎ ﺟﺬﺍﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-6‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺼﺼﺎ ﻻ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-7‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎ ﻻ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓـ" ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ"‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ﻫﻞ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ؟‬
‫‪-2‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﲣﺼﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ؟‬
‫‪-3‬ﻫﻞ ﲣﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﻮﺟ‪‬ﻬﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ؟‬
‫‪-4‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ؟‬
‫‪-5‬ﻫﻞ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ؟‬
‫‪-6‬ﻫﻞ ﰎﹼ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ؟‬
‫‪-7‬ﻫﻞ ﰎﹼ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ؟‬
‫‪-8‬ﻫﻞ ﰎﹼ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ؟‬
‫‪-9‬ﻫﻞ ﺭﲰﺖ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻄﺔ ﲝﺚ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ؟‬
‫‪-10‬ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻊ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ؟‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺘﻤﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥﹼ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺴﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺒﺎﺕ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﺣﺲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪ‪‬ﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻢ‪ ":‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ" ﻫﺎﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻠﻤﺢ ﺃﻥﹼ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ) ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ (ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ)ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ (ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎ ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺷﻄﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺏ" ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻟﺰﻡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺧﻮﺽ ﻏﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻻ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ" ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳐﺼﺼﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳏﺼﻮﺭﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻌﱪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ‪1948 – 1995‬‬