This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905976, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
A Wide Bandwidth Wearable All-textile PIFA with Dual Resonance
Modes for 5-GHz WLAN Applications
Guo-Ping Gao, Member, IEEE, Chen Yang, Student Member, IEEE, Bin Hu, Senior Member, IEEE,
Rui-Feng Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, and Shao-Fei Wang, Student Member, IEEE
Abstract—A novel wide bandwidth wearable all-textile planar inverted-F
antenna (PIFA), designed for 5-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN)
applications (5.15-5.825 GHz), is proposed in this communication. By using
hollow copper rivets, nylon conductive fabric, and wool felt, a PIFA with a
compact structure and flexible fabrication is realized. Additional wide
bandwidth is achieved by adding a pair of shorting pins and etching a slot to
manipulate the dual resonances of the TM0,1/2 and TM0,3/2 modes. The
variation in the electric field distributions qualitatively explains the effects of
the shorting pins and the slot for these two modes. As a result, the antenna
has good performance with a measured fractional bandwidth of 18.0%, a
peak gain of 5.9 dBi, and an average efficiency up to 74.1%. In addition,
stable performance on a human body is obtained such that the operating
bandwidth on different human tissues and under different bending
conditions can cover the design band. The calculated specific absorption rate
(SAR) values are 0.9307 W/kg and 0.4016 W/kg under 1 g average and 10 g
average, respectively. These properties make the proposed antenna suitable
for wearable systems.
Index Terms—All-textile antenna, dual resonance modes,
planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), wearable antenna, wide
bandwidth, wireless local area network (WLAN).
I. INTRODUCTION
Wearable antennas have attracted much interest over the last decade,
as they are widely used in wireless local area network (WLAN)
applications, such as health monitoring, physical training, emergency
rescue services, and care for children and the elderly [1]-[5]. A key
feature of these antennas is that they have to be located on the human
body; hence, they will face more challenges than conventional
antennas. One of the major challenges for the implementation of
wearable antennas is stable performance on the human body. Unlike
conventional antennas, which are usually placed in free space,
wearable antennas are placed close to different human tissues under
Manuscript received April 11, 2018. This work was supported in part by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61632014, Grant
61627808, Grant 61401183, and Grant 61210010, in part by the National Basic
Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant 2014CB744600, and in
part by the Program of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology
Commission under Grant Z171100000117005. (Corresponding author: Bin Hu.
e-mail: bh@lzu.edu.cn).
G.-P. Gao, C. Yang, R.-F. Zhang, and S.-F. Wang are with the Gansu
Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information
Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (e-mail:
gaoguoping-1983@163.com; shijianyc@163.com; zhangrf17@lzu.edu.cn;
545990696@qq.com)..
B. Hu is with the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing,
School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou
730000, China, and also with the CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science
and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed antenna. (a) Exploded view. (b) Top and
side views.
different bending conditions [6]-[9].
The microstrip patch antenna has attracted a great deal of interest in
wearable antenna design due to its planar structure [10]-[12].
Considering the miniaturization and stable performance on the human
body, the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) can be selected [13]-[14].
Unfortunately, it suffers from a narrow impedance bandwidth due to
its single resonance mode. Enhancing the impedance bandwidth of the
PIFA to cover the whole 5-GHz WLAN band is a critical issue.
Manipulating several resonance modes is one of the methods to widen
the bandwidth. As proposed in [15] and [16], loading shorting pins or
vias can adjust the resonance frequency, and as shown in [17] and [18],
etching slots can achieve the same effect. Loading shorting pins and
etching slots simultaneously to widen the desired impedance
bandwidth of the PIFA was proposed by N. W. Liu, et al. In [19], the
TM0,1/2 and TM0,3/2 modes of a PIFA were selected to realize wideband
performance with a fractional bandwidth of 11.8%, while this antenna
still could not meet the requirement owing to the high relative
permittivity of the substrate. To further widen the operating bandwidth,
an air layer was introduced as part of the substrate in [20], where the
TM0,1/2 and TM2,1/2 modes were selected to realize a fractional
bandwidth of 15.3%. However, mechanical stability could not be
guaranteed in wearable applications.
In this communication, a wide bandwidth wearable all-textile PIFA
for 5-GHz WLAN applications is proposed. The antenna is based on a
conventional PIFA, in which a pair of shorting pins and a slot are
utilized to achieve a wide bandwidth under the resonances of TM0,1/2
and TM0,3/2 modes. The textile substrate with a low relative
permittivity and the conductive fabric not only help to further extend
the operating bandwidth but also guarantee mechanical stability. Note
that the shorting wall is replaced by a row of shorting vias to ensure
stable performance and conformal ability. Section II presents a
description of the antenna geometry and fabrication. Section III
discusses the design approach and parametric studies, where the
variation in the electric field distributions qualitatively explains the
effects of the shorting pins and slot under these two modes. In addition,
the section describes the implementation of the proposed antenna. In
section IV, the simulated and measured results are presented to verify
that this antenna is suitable for 5-GHz wearable applications. The last
section demonstrates a comparison of the proposed antenna and some
other 5-GHz WLAN wearable antennas [21]-[24].
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905976, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
2
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. (a) Configuration and electric field distributions for different resonance
Fig. 2. Photographs of the fabricated antenna. modes of Ant1. (b) S11 of Ant1.

TABLE I
DIMENSIONS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA IN FIG. 1
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)
L 20 Lp 14
W 26.7 Dp 20
Dv 3 Ls 19
H 2 Ws 2
(a) (b)
Lg 36 Ds 16.9
Wg 46 Fx 5.8
r 1

II. GEOMETRY AND FABRICATION

As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed antenna is based on a conventional
(c) (d)
PIFA configuration. A rectangular patch with a length of L and width
of W+Dv is adhered at the top of the substrate that has a thickness of H, Fig. 4. Schematic electric field distributions for the resonance of the TM0,1/2 and
while a ground plane with length of Lg and width of Wg is maintained TM0,3/2 modes of (a) Ant1, (b) Ant2, (c) Ant3, and (d) Ant4.
on the opposite side. Moreover, a pair of shorting pins with a diameter
of r and distance of Lp is symmetrically loaded, while they keep a
distance of Dp away from the vias working as the shorting wall. A
rectangular slot with a length of Ls and width of Ws is etched out on the
patch, which is at a distance of Ds away from the vias. A 50-Ω coaxial
probe is used to feed the antenna at a distance of Fx away from the vias
on the midline of the patch.
The substrate of the antenna is wool felt with a relative permittivity
of 1.2 and a loss tangent of 0.02, and these electric properties are
obtained by the microstrip ring resonator method [25]. Meanwhile, the
patch and ground are made of the nylon conductive fabric named
“Nora-Dell-CR Fabric”, whose surface resistivity is less than 0.009
Ω/sq and thickness is 0.13 mm [26]. As displayed in Fig. 2, the antenna Fig. 5. Two resonance frequencies and their frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a function
is fed by an SMA connector that the inner conductor is connected to of Dp/W for the proposed antenna.
the patch, and the outer conductor is connected to the ground. The
hollow copper rivets working as vias and shorting pins are mounted on Fig. 4(b) shows a pair of shorting pins symmetrically loaded near the
the antenna. upper voltage wave node under the TM0,3/2 mode of Ant1. The shorting
pins have almost no effect on the resonance of the TM0,3/2 mode, but it
III. DESIGN APPROACH AND PARAMETRIC STUDIES pulls the upper voltage wave node downward for the TM0,1/2 mode.
Therefore, the resonance frequency f2 is almost invariable, while f1
A. Design approach moves upwards drastically in Ant2. To reduce f2, a rectangular slot is
Fig. 3(a) shows the configuration of a conventional PIFA (Ant1) etched out near the upper voltage wave node for the TM0,3/2 mode on
and the electric field distributions under the resonances of the TM0,1/2 Ant1, and then Ant3 is formed, as shown in Fig. 4(c). As is well known,
and TM0,3/2 modes. For the TM0,1/2 mode (yellow line), Ez changes the antinode in the magnetic field for the TM0,3/2 mode is located at the
(0→Emax) along the y-axis, which reveals that the resonance mode voltage wave node, so f2 moves downward drastically as the voltage
TM0,1/2 is formed at f1 (2.56 GHz), and for TM0,3/2 (green line), Ez wave node is pulled upward for the TM0,3/2 mode, while the resonance
changes (0→-Emax→0→Emax) along the y-axis, which reveals that the frequency f1 moves downward slightly owing to the increase in the
current path. The design approach in this work is presented in Fig. 4(d),
resonance mode TM0,3/2 is formed at f2 (8.10 GHz). As displayed in Fig.
in which the shorting pins and the slot are located near the voltage
3(b), these two resonance modes, radiating predominantly in the
wave node for the TM0,3/2 mode in Ant4. Through the mentioned
broadside direction with the same polarization, can be simultaneously
analysis of Ant2 and Ant3, f1 moves upward while f2 moves downward,
excited.
which makes it possible to extend the bandwidth as long as the ratio of
The basic principle of bandwidth enhancement for the proposed
f1 and f2 (f2/f1) is optimized to the appropriate range.
antenna is to pull the two resonance frequencies f1 and f2 close to each
other, which will be extensively illustrated in a qualitative manner.

0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905976, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION
Fig. 6. Two resonance frequencies and their frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a function
of Lp/L for the proposed antenna.
Fig. 7. Two resonance frequencies and their frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a function
of Ds/W for the proposed antenna.
Fig. 8. Two resonance frequencies and their frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a function
of Ls/L for the proposed antenna.
B. Parametric studies
The two resonance frequencies f1 and f2 and their frequency ratio
(f2/f1) as a function of Dp/W are graphically depicted in Fig. 5. It can be
observed that f2/f1 decreases as Dp/W increases from 0.60 to 0.77. After
that, the f2/f1 increases. It is concluded that Dp should be set to Dp =
0.75 W to obtain the minimum f2/f1 = 1.11, while the shorting pins are
properly placed near the line of Ez=0 for the resonance of the TM0,3/2
mode.
Next, Fig. 6 depicts the two resonance frequencies f1 and f2 and their
frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a function of Lp/L. Note that f1 is progressively
increased to a maximum value of 5.31 GHz as Lp/L reaches
approximately 0.70 and then decreases after Lp/L exceeds 0.70.
Meanwhile, f2 remains almost constant at approximately 5.94 GHz.
Therefore, the minimum f2/f1 of approximately 1.10 can be acquired by
setting the parameters Dp and Lp as 0.75 W and 0.70 L, respectively.
Then, to further optimize the parameters of the slot, the two
resonance frequencies f1 and f2 and their frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a
function of Ds/W are presented in Fig. 7. Both f1 and f2 decreases as Ds
increases, while f2 decreases faster than f1. Ds should be set as Ds =
0.63W to obtain the minimum f2/f1 = 1.10, while the slot is etched out
around the line of Ez=0 for the resonance of the TM0,3/2 mode.
0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
3
Fig. 9. Simulated input impedance of the proposed antenna.
(a) (b)
Fig. 10. Schematic diagrams of the simulated electric field distribution
underneath the patch of the proposed antenna at (a) 5.30 GHz. (b) 5.85 GHz.
Fig. 11. Three-layer human tissue cubic model in the simulations.
Finally, Fig. 8 depicts the two resonance frequencies f1 and f2 and
their frequency ratio (f2/f1) as a function of Ls/L. It is shown that the f2
decreases as Ls increases. Meanwhile, f1 remains almost constant at
approximately 5.30 GHz. Hence, to obtain a smaller f2/f1, Ls should be
as large as possible. Eventually, the parameter Ls is set at Ls = 0.95 L
considering the actual fabrication of the antenna.
Using parametric studies, the final optimized parameters are listed
in Table I. The simulated real and imaginary parts of the input
impedance of the proposed antenna are plotted in Fig. 9 for
verification. Note that the optimized antenna has two resonance
frequencies f1 = 5.30 GHz and f2 = 5.85 GHz. Schematic diagrams of
the simulated electric field distributions underneath the patch at these
two resonance frequencies are displayed in Fig. 10. The resonance
TM0,1/2 mode (0→Emax) is excited at approximately 5.30 GHz, and the
resonance TM0,3/2 mode (0 → Emax → 0 → -Emax) is excited at
approximately 5.85 GHz.
IV. SIMULATED AND MEASURED RESULTS
The return loss (S11) were measured using a microwave combination
analyzer (Agilent FieldFox Analyzers N9917A). The gain and
radiation patterns were measured by a far-field antenna test system in
which a standard horn antenna was used as the transmitting antenna,
and the proposed antenna was used as a receiving antenna. To further
investigate the on-body radiation performance of the proposed antenna,
a 150 mm × 150 mm × 60 mm three-layer human tissue cubic model
shown in Fig. 11 was set up in CST Microwave Studio.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905976, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
4
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION

Fig. 12. S11 of the proposed antenna in free space and on human model. (a)

Fig. 13. Measured S11 of the proposed antenna placed on real human tissues. (b)
A. S11 parameter Fig. 14. Simulated S11 of the proposed antenna. (a) Bent along the x-axis. (b)
Bent along the y-axis.
The measured and simulated S11 curves of the proposed antenna
placed in free space are shown in Fig. 12. The measured -10 dB
impedance bandwidth is 990 MHz (5.05 GHz to 6.04 GHz) with a
fractional bandwidth of 18.0%, while the simulated bandwidth is 850
MHz (5.14 GHz to 5.99 GHz). The difference between these values is
mainly due to fabrication errors. Notice that both results can cover the
band of 5.15 GHz to 5.825 GHz, which ensures that the proposed
antenna can meet the requirements for 5-GHz WLAN applications.
Moreover, the simulated S11 of the proposed antenna on the human
model is also displayed in this figure. The -10 dB impedance
bandwidth is 850 MHz (5.13 GHz to 5.98 GHz), which still meets the
requirement.
Fig. 15. Normalized radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 5.5 GHz.
Fig. 13 shows the experimental setup and measured S11 of the
proposed antenna placed in free space and clinging to real human
tissues, including arm, chest, and leg. The S11 curves on different B. Radiation patterns
human tissues differ slightly from the S11 result when the antenna is The measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna placed in
placed in free space. The measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth can free space are compared to the simulated patterns in Fig. 15
cover the 5-GHz WLAN band under all conditions. In addition, the (normalized to the max value of gain in the E-plane and H-plane,
simulated S11 on the human model is in good agreement with the respectively). Small differences between the measured and simulated
measured S11 on real human tissues, which verifies the reliability of the values may be attributed to the fabrication error. The measured
human model. radiation patterns show that this antenna can achieve a front-to-back
To further verify its suitability for wearable systems, the antenna ratio (FBR) of more than 9 dB in the E-plane. It is also noted that the
was simulated under the two bending conditions in which the antenna antenna has a half power beam width (HPBW) over 150° in the
was bent around a cylinder with a radius of R along the x-axis and
H-plane (xz-plane) and 118°in the E-plane (yz-plane). A decrease in
along the y-axis. Fig. 14 shows S11 for each bending configuration used
the backward radiation of this antenna placed on a human model in
in the simulations. It can be observed that the resonance frequencies
both planes can be seen in this figure. Due to the influence of the
decrease when the antenna is bent along the x-axis or y-axis. Compared
with the flat antenna, the resonance frequencies and impedance human model, the FBR in the E-plane is more than 20 dB. It is also
bandwidth of the bent antenna change slightly. Note that the -10 dB noted that the HPBW changes from 150°to 83°in the H-plane and
impedance bandwidth can cover the 5-GHz WLAN band as the from 118°to 123°in the E-plane. In addition, the cross-polarization of
bending radius R decreases from 50 mm to 30 mm (typical bending the antenna on the human model is below -16 dB in the H-plane and
radii for wearable systems). Therefore, this antenna can maintain -20 dB in the E-plane.
stability while being bent.

0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905976, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
5
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION

Moreover, the SAR values were calculated based on the IEEE

C95.1-2005 standard and the EN 50361-2001 standard with an input
power of 0.5 W. The simulations show that the 1 g and 10 g averaged
SARs at 5.5 GHz are less than 0.9307 W/kg and 0.4016 W/kg, which
are far below the limits of 1.6 W/kg under the U.S. average and 2.0
W/kg under the EUR average, respectively.

V. CONCLUSION
A wide bandwidth wearable PIFA for the 5-GHz WLAN
applications is proposed. The measured results are in good agreement
with the simulated results. The antenna has a measured −10 dB
fractional bandwidth of 18.0% in the 5-GHz WLAN band, which is far
Fig. 16. Gain and efficiency of the proposed antenna.
larger than that of some other 5-GHz WLAN wearable antennas, as
listed in Table II. The FBR of the antenna is more than 9 dB in the
E-plane and the HPBW is over 150°in the H-plane and over 118°in
the E-plane. At the same time, the antenna possesses a measured
average gain of 4.1 dBi, a peak gain of 5.9 dBi, and an average
efficiency up to 74.1%. The S11 curves of the antenna on different
human tissues or under different bending conditions can cover the
designed band. Moreover, the SAR values prove that the proposed
antenna meets the SAR requirements under both U.S. and EUR
averages. In other words, the proposed antenna is suitable for wearable
systems.
Fig. 17. SAR results of the proposed antenna at 5.5 GHz.

TABLE II REFERENCES
COMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA AND SOME OTHERWEARABLE [1] M. A. Chung and C. F. Yang, “Built-in antenna design for 2.4 GHz
ANTENNAS USED IN 5-GHZ WLAN BAND ISM band and GPS operations in a wrist-worn wireless
Peak communication device”, IET Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 10, no.
Area Profile f0 BW Size 12, pp. 1285-1291, Sep. 2016.
Ref. gain
(mm× mm) (mm) (GHz) (MHz) comparison [2] T. Björninen and F. Yang, “Low-profile head-worn antenna with a
(dBi)
370 monopole-like radiation pattern”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag.
[2] 40.15×40.15 7 5.8 0 341% Lett., vol. 15, pp. 794-797, Mar. 2016.
(6.4%)
230 [3] X. M. Hu, S. Yan, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, “Wearable button
[21] 75×42 1 5.8 3.12 95% antenna for dual-band WLAN applications with combined on and
(4.0%)
709 off-body radiation patterns”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65,
[22] 39.80×39.80 3.92 5.8 6.50 188% no. 3, pp. 1384-1387, Mar. 2017.
(12.2%)
590 [4] A. Ruaro, J. Thaysen, and K. B. Jakobsen, “Wearable shell antenna
[23] 30×30 8 5.3 5.10 217% for 2.4 GHz hearing instruments”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
(11.1%)
280 vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 2127-2135, Jun. 2016.
[24] 41×48 1 5.8 1.12 59% [5] S. W. Su and Y. T. Hsieh, “Integrated metal-frame antenna for
(4.8%)
This 940 smartwatch wearable device”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
46×36 2 5.5 5.90 100% 63, no. 7, pp. 3301-3305, Jul. 2015.
work (18.0%)
[6] B. Hu, G. P. Gao, L. L. He, X. D. Cong, and J. N. Zhao, “Bending
C. Antenna gain and efficiency and on-arm effects on a wearable antenna for 2.45 GHz body area
network”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 15, pp.
The antenna gain in free space is presented in Fig. 16, which has an 378-381, Feb. 2016.
increasing trend within the operating band. There is good agreement [7] D.Ferreira, P. Pires, R. Rodrigues, and R. F. S. Caldeirinha,
between the simulated and measured results, and the differences “Wearable textile antennas examining the effect of bending on their
between the results are mainly due to fabrication errors and cable performance”, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 59, no. 3, pp.
losses. The measured average gain is 4.1 dBi with an average 54-59, Jun. 2017.
[8] M. A. B. Abbasi, S. Nikolaou, M. A. Antoniades, M. N. Stevanovi´c,
efficiency of 74.1%. Moreover, the peak gain of 5.9 dBi is obtained at
and P. Vryonides, “Compact EBG-backed planar monopole for
5.73 GHz. There is a significant increase in the antenna gain in BAN wearable applications”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
5.15-5.5 GHz band when this antenna is placed on the human model. 65, no. 2, pp. 453-463, Feb. 2017.
The simulated average gain of the antenna on the human model is 5.0 [9] H. R. Raad, A. I. Abbosh, H. M. Al-Rizzo, and D. G. Rucker,
dBi. Considering all possible losses, the average efficiency of the “Flexible and compact AMC based antenna for telemedicine
antenna on the human model is up to 64.2% in the simulation, which is applications”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 61, no. 2, pp.
12.5% lower than the simulated efficiency in free space and is due to 524-531, Feb. 2013.
the presence of the human model. [10] M. L. Scarpello, I. Kazani, C. Hertleer, H. Rogier, and D. V. Ginste,
“Stability and efficiency of screen-printed wearable and washable
D. SAR evaluation antennas”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 11, pp.
838-841, Jul. 2012.
The specific absorption rate (SAR) level of the proposed antenna [11] G. P. Gao, B. Hu, X. L. Tian, Q. L. Zhao, and B. T. Zhang,
was investigated numerically to ensure conformance to the FCC’s and “Experimental study of a wearable aperture-coupled patch antenna
ICNIRP’s guidelines on human exposure to radio-frequency fields. for wireless body area network”, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol.
The proposed antenna was placed 10 mm above the model. 54, no. 4, pp. 761-766, Apr. 2017.
[12] H. Carla, T. Anneleen, R. Hendrik, V. Luigi, and V. L. Lieva,
The simulated SAR distributions of the proposed antenna at 5.5 “Aperture-coupled patch antenna for integration into wearable
GHz under 1 g average and 10 g average are presented in Fig. 17.

0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905976, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
6
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION

textile systems”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 6, pp.

392-395, Aug. 2007.
[13] P. J. Soh, G. A. E. Vandenbosch, S. L. Ooi and M. R. N. Husna,
“Wearable dual-band sierpinski fractal PIFA using conductive
fabric”, Electron. Lett., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 365-367, Mar. 2011.
[14] W. E. Hajj, C. Person, and J. Wiart, “A novel investigation of a
broadband integrated inverted-F antenna design; application for
wearable antenna”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no. 7,
pp. 3843-3846, Jul. 2014.
[15] J. H. Liu, S. Y. Zheng, Y. X. Li, and Y. L. Long, “Broadband
monopolar microstrip patch antenna with shorting vias and coupled
ring”, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 39-42, Jan.
2014.
[16] N. W. Liu, L. Zhu, W. W. Choi, and X. Zhang, “A low-profile
aperture-coupled microstrip antenna with enhanced bandwidth
under dual resonance”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no.
3, pp. 1055-1062, Mar. 2017.
[17] J. Liu, Q. Xue, H. Wong, H. W. Lai, and Y. Long, “Design and
analysis of a low-profile and broadband microstrip monopolar patch
antenna”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 11-18,
Jan. 2013.
[18] H. Wong, K. K. So, and X. Gao, “Bandwidth enhancement of a
monopolar patch antenna with V-shaped slot for car-to-car and
WLAN communications”, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 3,
pp. 1130-1136, Mar. 2016.
[19] N. W. Liu, L. Zhu, W. W. Choi, and X. Zhang, “Wideband shorted
patch antenna under radiation of dual-resonant modes”, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2789-2895, Jun. 2017.
[20] N. W. Liu, L. Zhu, and W. W. Choi, “A low-profile wide-bandwidth
planar inverted-F antenna under dual resonances: principle and
design approach”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 65, no. 10,
pp. 5019-5025, Oct. 2017.
[21] Y. Hong, J. Tak, and J. Choi, “An all-textile SIW cavity-backed
circular ring-slot antenna for WBAN applications”, IEEE Antennas
Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 1995-1999, Dec. 2016.
[22] H. W. Lai, K. M. Mak, and K. M. Luk, “Shorted bowtie patch
antenna with less susceptibility to surface condition”, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 306-311, Jan. 2016.
[23] B. Mandal, A. Chatterjee, and S. K. Parui, “A wearable button
antenna with FSS superstrate for WLAN health care application”, in
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., London, U.K., pp. 1-3, Dec.
2014.
[24] D. G. Kang, J. Tak, and J. Choi, “Low-profile dipole antenna with
parasitic elements for WBAN applications”, Microwave Opt.
Technol. Lett., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1093-1097, May 2016.
[25] G. Zou, H. Gronqvist, J. P. Starski, and J. Liu, “Characterization of
liquid crystal polymer for high frequency system-in-a-package
applications”, IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 503-508,
Nov. 2002.
[26] Technical Textiles Inc. (2018). Technical Application Guide:
Shieldex® Nora Dell-CR. [Online]. Available:
https://www.shieldextrading.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/1401
101S80CR-NoraDell-CR.pdf

0018-926X (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.