Extent of Compliance on Waste Disposal Practices of Brgy.

Poblacion, Lapuyan,

Zamboanga del Sur: Basis for Policy Implementation Enhancement

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the College Marine Transportation

Zamboanga Del Sur Marine Institute and Technology

Pagadian City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation

By:

Banghulot, Jerecho Alec D.

Leon, Aljay L.

Lusay, Jayper G.

October 2019
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Solid waste management is the collection, transport or disposal and treatment of

waste materials. It relates to materials produced to human activities, and the process

generally undertaken to endure its effects on health, the environment and aesthetics. It

reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment and human health rather

supports economic development and improved the quality of life. In today’s polluted

world, learning the correct methods of handling the waste generated has become

essential (Marello and Helwege, 2014).

All of the methods of waste prevention and waste management require public

participation. Oliva as cited by Villanueva (2013) said that education is an mportant

component of solid waste management that should be present to establish a good

program for the community. Awareness of solid waste management will create change

on how people look at garbage. People grew up thinking that garbage is garbage, it

should not be touched or one should not go near to it. They thought before that all types

of garbage should just be thrown in one container (Sarino, 2014).

According to Baula as cited by Punongbayan (2014), awareness accompanied

by participation is the key for students to be involved in the waste management program

of the schools where effective and sustainable implementation of the proper waste

management practices could be achieved. Section 55-56 of Republic Act 9003 or The

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act stipulates that the national government
conduct a continuing education and information campaign on solid waste management

and strengthen the integration of environmental concerns in school curricula at all

levels, with particular emphasis on the theories and practices of waste management

principles like segregation at source, reduction, recycling, re-use and composting, in

order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Segregation at source is a solid waste management practice of separating

different materials found in solid waste at the point of origin in order to promote

recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and

disposal (Article 2, Section 3, RA 9003). Ambayic et al. (2013) cited that reduction is

bringing down the amount of trash disposed by consciously buying items that generate

a lot of trash. Recycling saves landfill space and also rescues the resources that were

used to make another new product. It treats used or waste materials through a process

of making them suitable for beneficial use in a way that the original products may lose

their identity. In many cases, recycling can also save energy. (Griffiths et al., 2010).

Reuse is the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different

purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics (Art. 2, Sec. 3,

R.A 9003). Re-using saves the energy and resources that would have been used to

make a new product and results in fewer products going into the rubbish bin and ending

up in landfill (Griffiths, et al. 2010). When none of the 3Rs options apply, then

responsible disposal of the waste is required. One very common irresponsible disposal

of waste is littering (Griffiths et al. 2010).

Solid waste management remains a major challenge in the Philippines. Improper

waste disposal, inefficient waste collection, lack of disposal facilities and irresponsible
attitudes of the residence are among the dominant cases in solid waste management.

The waste generated from various sources will continually lead to health hazards and

serious environmental impacts such as ground and surface contamination, flooding, air

pollution, and spread of diseases.

In regards to this, this study wants to determine the level of compliance on waste

disposal practices in Municipality of Lapuyan. It provides the analysis of the waste

management program of the municipality. This study classifies the practices and

activities they conduct to maintain the cleanliness. The overriding question considered

is, do the residents have the knowledge about waste disposal and how they process

with the actions are making specifically in in managing the waste disposal properly. This

research has to complete formal enterprises education is limited; the research will

survey over a hundred residents of Lapuyan. This contributes to limited literature

examining solid waste management and its proper ways of disposal. The result was

contrasted by a survey beyond the initial analysis.

Statement of the Problem

The main problem of this study is to determine the plans, activities and procedure

does Municipality of Lapuyan in terms of proper waste solid management.

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following;

What is the extent of compliance on waste disposal practices of Municipality of Lapuyan

in terms of:

1.1. Recycling?
1.2. Landfills?

1.3. Incineration?

1.4. Composting?

1.5. Waste Collection?

What is the level of awareness on waste disposal practices among residents of

Barangay Poblacion Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur?

What is the level of participation of residents of Barangay Poblacion Lapuyan,

Zamboanga del Sur on the implementation of waste disposal in Barangay Poblacion

Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur?

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored on the Reasoned Action Theory (Fishbein and Ajzen,

1975) which stressed the relationship between behavioral intention and behavior. It

argues that behavioral intention precedes action. The behavioral intention is influenced

by one's attitude towards the action and subjective norms. The more fervent is the

intention, the more likely the behavior will be performed. Reinforcing the theoretical

statement above, the theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) explains that human

actions are determined by person's intention which is influenced by his attitude in

combination with the subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. Both theories

provide a framework to help explain, understand, and predict human behaviors when

individual's involvement is voluntary and self-controlled. Linking these theories to the

study, the researchers hypothesized that residents' awareness of the negative

consequences of indiscriminate disposal of waste can favorably influence their attitude

on how they can help to solve the wastes problem which will subsequently be

manifested in their actions of managing their waste properly at home. On the other

hand, while it is true that human behavior may be driven by individual’s intention and

attitude, it could also be argued that self-interest can play a vital role in the decision-

making and acting.

According to the Rational Choice Theory (Green & Fox, 2007), individuals act

with prudence and logic. The decision to act or not to act is based on rational

calculation, and the choice is made on available options that will guarantee the greatest

satisfaction or profit to the individual. Meaning to say, individual human actions may

also be determined by self-interest based on the pleasure and profit outcomes of doing

or not doing. Thus, the theory implies that proper waste management may not always

be altruistic rather it may be influenced by weighing its cost and benefits. Relatedly,

solid waste management awareness is an environmental campaign which aims not only

to educate people on the consequence of creating and managing waste but also to form

in them the right attitude which will consequently motivate them to do desirable

practices for waste disposal at home, in school, and elsewhere. Several studies have

been conducted which linked responsible environmental behavior with knowledge,

attitudes, verbal commitment, and sense of responsibility of the person (Liou, 1992;

Hines, Hugerford & Tomera, 1986); sociodemography, political attitudes, environmental

knowledge and concern combined (Olli, Grendstad & Wollebaek, 2001). Given the

context, education is vital to the solid waste management program. Educating people to

waste management will help them understand of the indiscriminate disposal of waste to
the environment and human health and empower them to act accordingly (Chakraborti,

Hussam & Alauddin, 2003).

Cognizant of the significant role of education in solid waste management, R.A.

9003 mandates Philippine learning institutions to integrate into their educational

activities the awareness and practices of solid waste management for the environmental

education of all members of the academic community. The introduction or integration of

waste management concepts and themes through environmental education in school at

all levels will improve the understanding of the members of the academic community on

proper waste management and more likely change their seemingly unfriendly waste

management behavior and practices (Ifegbesan, 2010 p. 211).

Typically, local governments are responsible for the collection and disposal of the

wastes generated within their jurisdiction, as well as for the operation and maintenance

of their equipment. However, local governments usually lack the authority and

resources to provide a satisfactory and economically viable service. Effective and

efficient solid waste management depends upon an equitable distribution of

responsibilities, authority, and revenue between the national government and all the

local governments. General waste management in Ghana is perceived to be the

responsibility of the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC).

However, regulatory authority is vested in the Local Government Unit in every

Municipality.

The NSWMC are responsible for the collection and final disposal of solid waste

through their Waste Management Departments and their Environmental Health and

Sanitation Departments. However, there is a growing perception that inadequate

education about the importance of proper sanitation account for poor waste

management practices in Lapuyan. Other factors accounting for this situation are poor

attitudes and lack of concern about environmental issues, high levels of poverty and

misguided waste disposal practices.

The proper definition of waste is crucial to constructing a sustainable agenda of

waste management. It is largely the case that current legislation attends to existing

waste. Definitions emerging from this condition may, however, conflict with the goals of

waste prevention, because something that already exists cannot be prevented from

arising. When material is assigned the label of ‘waste’, it will be treated as such;

consequently, despite its explicit wish of waste prevention, implicitly, legislation

essentially amasses waste. The inherent philosophical implication of such definitions is

that they are not able to facilitate a sustainable waste management system.

Therefore, new, dynamic definitions for waste and waste management must be

sought, which can explain why waste is created and can offer an intrinsic solution for

the problem. In connection with the above idea, practices on proper garbage disposals

and waste management are very important to our schools, community, town and

country.

Waste management is a growing problem in Philippines, and despite large

investments that have been made to meet the challenges of effective waste

management in urban Philippines, there is little evidence that such efforts are having

their expected effect. Although huge capital investment is required to improve waste

management, social and behavioral factors are also important if waste management in

urban areas is to be successful. It is in this light that the current study aims to
investigate community practices and perceptions about solid waste management and it

implications for health in urban areas.

This study is anchored on the theory of Waste Management represents a more

in-depth account of the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity

upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of waste management. Waste Management

Theory is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste

causing harm to human health and the environment. The proper definition of waste is

crucial to constructing a sustainable agenda of waste management. It is largely the case

that current legislation attends to existing waste.

Waste Disposal Practices

Level of Awareness
Implementation of the Waste Disposal Practices

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Review of Related Literature

Waste mismanagement has serious environmental effects making the passage

of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 a

landmark environmental legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in response

to the looming garbage problems in the country. RA 9003 declares the policy of the

state in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program that ensures the protection of public health and the environment and the

proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste

through the formulation and adoption of best environmental practices. Moreover, it

illustrates the potentials and benefits of recycling not only in addressing waste

management problems but also in alleviating poverty.

RA 9003 was passed by the Philippine Congress on December 20, 2000 and

was subsequently approved by the Office of the President on January 26, 2001. It

contains seven (7) chapters sub-divided into 66 sections setting out policy direction for

an effective solid waste management program in the country.

RA 9003 describes solid waste management as a discipline associated with the

control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and

disposal of solid wastes. The manner by which these activities are conducted shall be in

accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation,

aesthetics, other environmental considerations, and public attitudes. The Act provides

for a comprehensive ecological solid waste management program by creating the

necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, appropriating funds, declaring

certain acts prohibited, and providing penalties.

 The classification of wastes varies and depends country by country. Waste can

be divided into many different types. The most common method of classification is by

their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Solid waste is broadly defined as

including non-hazardous industrial, commercial land domestic refuse including

household organic trash, street sweepings, hospital and institutional garbage, and

construction wastes; generally sludge and human waste are regarded as a liquid waste

problem outside the scope of MSW (Zerbock, 2003).

These are waste materials that contain less than 70% water. Example of this

type of waste are the domestic or household garbage, some industrial wastes, some

mining wastes, and oil field wastes such as drill cuttings. Liquid waste. These are

usually wastewaters that contain less than 1%. This type of waste may contain high

concentration of dissolved salts and metals. Liquid wastes are often classified into two

broad types: sewage and toxic wastes. Generally, there are various types of liquid

waste generated in urban centres: human excreta, domestics wastes produced in

households, hospital wastes, industrial effluents, agricultural liquid wastes and nuclear

wastes. when improperly handled and disposed of, liquid wastes pose a serious threat

to human health and the environment because of their ability to enter watersheds,

pollute ground water and drinking water (Us Epa, 2009).

Sludge, it is a class of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain

between 3%and 25% solid, while the rest of the material is dissolved water. Hazardous

wastes are wastes which, by themselves or after coming into contact with other wastes,

have characteristics, such as chemical reactivity, toxicity, corrosiveness or a tendency

to explode, that pose a risk to human health or the environment. Hazardous wastes are
generated from a wide range of industrial, commercial, and agricultural. They may take

the form of solids, liquids or sludge, and can pose both acute and chronic public health

and environmental risks by lining and contouring the fill, compacting and planting the

uppermost cover layer, diverting drainage, and selecting proper soil in sites not subject

to flooding or high groundwater levels. The best soil for a landfill is clay because clay is

less permeable than other types of soil. Materials disposed of in a landfill can be further

secured from leakage by solidifying them in materials such as cement, fly ash from

power plants, asphalt, or organic polymers (bassis, 2005) landfills can also be shifted to

another use after their capacities have been reached. the city of evanston, illinois, built

a landfill up into a hill and the now-complete “mt. trashmore” is a ski area. golf courses

built over landfill sites are also increasingly common (montgomery, 2000).b)recycling or

the 3r’sanother method, which sets off before waste disposal is waste reduction through

recycling or often coined as the 3 r’s: reuse, reduce, and recycle. On the local or

regional level, reducing wastes is accomplished through these methods by source

separation and subsequent material recovery.

Currently, the United States recycles about 10% of its glass and 25%of its paper

wastes; in countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, the proportion in the

glass recycled approaches to 50% while Japan recycles 50%of its paper wastes

(Montgomery, 2000).

Some countries, on the other hand, manage most of their solid waste through

incinerators. Incineration, or the controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to

produce steam and ash, is another waste disposal option and an alternative to land

filling (us environmental protection agency, 2009)

Incinerators are designed for the destruction of wastes and are commonly employed in

developed nations who could afford the costs of the burning facilities, plus its operation

and maintenance (Mc Cracken, 2005).

This type of waste disposal is the second largest disposal method in most developed

countries and ranks next to landfills in the United States and the united kingdom.

(Baker, 2005).

`A further benefit of incineration can be realized if the heat generated thereby is

recovered. For years, European cities have generated electricity using waste-disposal

incinerators as sources of heat (Montgomery, 2000).

There are negative issues, however, in the use of this burning method and much of that

circulate around its safety for the environment and to the human health. It is argued that

the combustion process creates air pollution, ash, and waste water, all of which must be

properly managed using technical monitoring, containment, and treatment systems.

Harmful pollutants are released into the environment whenever these by-products are

not controlled (us epa, 2009).

Operators of these facilities must be well-trained and certified to ensure proper

management Waste prevention and minimization prevention means eliminating or

reducing the quantity of waste which is produced in the first place, thus reducing the

quantity of waste which must be managed. Prevention can take the form of reducing the

quantities of materials used in a process or reducing the quantity of harmful materials

which may be contained in a product. Prevention can also include the reuse of products.

Prevention is the most desirable waste management option as it eliminates the need for
handling, transporting, recycling or disposal of waste. It provides the highest level of

environmental protection by optimizing the use of resources and by removing a potential

source of pollution.

Minimization includes any process or activity that avoids, reduces or eliminates

waste at its source or results in re-use or recycling. Garbage disposal system for proper

waste management. The solid wastes we throw in our garbage bins everyday can be

classified into groups, this is called segregation. If you want to reduce, reuse and

recycle, then it would be better for you to identify those wastes that can still be used

from real garbage that needs to be thrown away. Garbage are decomposable food

wastes, these are excess foods, ingredients, etc., that are has no use for human

consumption anymore. If you have a lawn and garden, making a compost pit can be a

good way to make use of these wastes. This can be a good fertilizer for your garden

plants.

Proper waste disposal is very important in making sure that your place and

environment is free from any waste that can cause health risks. If you want a clean and

healthy environment, then you have to constantly clean your area, and put some tools

and equipment like a garbage disposal to help you in keeping that area clean and free

from harmful bacteria. One place in our house that usually accumulates smelly wastes

is our kitchen. Usually, garbage from excess food ingredients, rotten food, etc., goes

straight to your kitchen's wastes bins, but this waste bins most of the time contains all

things that cause bad odor in our kitchen. What is bad about this waste bins are that its

bad smell can spread all over your house and that would be really unsanitary.
 Bad waste disposal in our kitchen can direct the waste straight into our plumbing

system, causing a bigger trouble for you and your family. If you want to keep your house

free form the bad smell of food waste and garbage, then it would be wise for you to

have a proper garbage disposal. (Daniel Hansen)

Composting it is a natural process in which plant and other organic wastes are

broken down biologically to produce a nutrient-rich material. At home, put yard and

kitchen waste such as leaves, grass clippings, and fruit and vegetable scraps in a bin.

This will eventually decompose and produce a mixture that can be used for soil

improvement in individual gardens. Municipalities can treat waste in the same way.

Recycling is one of the best ways of waste management. It helps in reducing pollution,

saving natural resources and conserving energy. Recycling newspapers, plastics, glass

and aluminium also helps in saving money. Recycling other materials such as tires,

batteries, asphalt, motor oil, etc. reduces pollution (otherwise these would end up in

landfill or incinerator). In order to reduce trash, it is necessary to encourage and

implement recycling at all levels of society. Burning waste in cities that do not have

enough land available for landfills, controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to

produce steam and ash is a preferred waste disposal technique. Combustion reduces

the volume of waste to be disposed significantly.

Moreover, solid waste can provide for a continuously available and alternative

source for generating energy through combustion. This energy can be channelled into

useful purposes.
Significance of the Study

This study will be one of the helping hands of the government, the students the

community and to future researchers in following ways:

-LGU. This study would help the LGUs to know what practices and projects they

will implement to reduce the increase of waste.

-Residents. This study would help them to know the proper ways of disposing

trashes and they will able to manage their waste.

-Future Researchers. This study will help them as their basis, able to guide them

in their process and an additional source for their future investigation.

Definition of Terms

For clearer understanding of this study, the following terms were defined

conceptually and operationally.

Waste – is any solid, liquid and gaseous wastes emitted by the people. It could either be

biodegradable or non-biodegradable wastes.

Waste Management – is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and

monitoring of waste materials.

Waste segregation - is the division of garbage and waste products. It is the process of

dividing garbage and waste products in an effort to reduce reuse and recycle materials.

Practice - doing something regularly in order to be able to do it better. A practice is one

of these periods of doing something.

Garbage - is waste to be thrown out, or anything worthless or offensive.

Improper - not in accordance, with accepted standards, especially of morality or

honesty.

Extent- the area covered by something

Compliance- the action or fact of complying

Waste Disposal Practices- removing, destroying or storing damaged, used or other

unwanted domestics, agricultural, or industrial products and substances.

Policy- a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party,

business, or individual.

Implementation- The process of putting a decision or plan into effect.

Enhancement- an increase or improvement in quality, value, or extent.

Behavior- the way in which one acts.

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