rqyukRed jktuhfr

Comparative Politics
For School Lecturer
 vuq Ø ef.kdk

Ø-l- fo"k; dk uke is t u-

1- O;oLFkk fl¼kar 2&5

2- lajpukRed & izdk;kZRed fl¼kar 6&8

h
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
jktuhfrd fodkl
jktuhfrd laLd`fr
O;oLFkkfidk
dk;Zikfydk
U;k;ikfydk
9&12
13&16
17&19
20&21
22&24
8- la?kkRed o ,dkRed O;oLFkk 25&30
9- lalnh; o v/;{kkRed ljdkj 31&34
10- 'kfDr i`FFkdj.k rFkk vojks/k o lary
q u 35&38
11- izfrfuf/kRo ds fl¼kar 39&44
12- jktuhfrd ny 45&50
13- ncko lewg 51&55

2
Dr. Beniwal

O;oLFkk fl¼kar@iziz.kkyh fl}kar

(System theory)

& O;oLFkk fl¼kar& O;ogkjoknh Økafr dh nsu gS

& O;ogkjoknh Økafr ds dkj.k jktuhfr foKku es ,d u;h 'kCnkoyh dk fodkl gqvk&
ijEijkxr 'kCnkoyh O;ogkjoknh 'kCnkoyh
jkT; ---------------------------------------------- jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
lrk@'kfä ---------------------------------------- izdk;Z (Function)
laLFkk,¡ ------------------------------------------- lajpuka, (Structur)
in ---------------------------------------------------- Hkwfedk (Role)
tuer ------------------------------------------- jkt- laLd`fr
ukxfjd izf'k{k.k ----------------------------- jkt-lekthdj.k
& O;oLFkk fl¼kar dk fodkl&
& loZizFke tho foKku (yqMfox cVkZUySQh) & ij lekt foKkuks es ;g lcls igys ekuo foKku @u`& foKku
(Anthropology) (jsMDyhQ czkmu o ekyhukWoLdh ) vk;kA & Sociology (iklZUl) & jkt-foKku (MsfoM bZLVu) &
vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr (ekfVZu dsIykWu)
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

vFkZ Model fo'ks"krk,¡ Fram (<kapk)

Input-output structural- functional

& bZLVu & vke.M
jkt-O;oLFkk dk vFkZ&
& ** jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fdlh lekt ds vUnj mu vUr fØ;kvks dh iz.kkyh dks dgrs gSA ftlds }kjk
ewY;ks dk (values) ck/;dkjh@izkf/kd`r vkaoVu fd;k tkrk gSA**&MsfoM bZLVu
& bZLVu ds vuqlkj&O;oLFkk ;k iz.kkyh mu rRoks dk lewg gS tks
(1) vUrlZEcfU/kr gks ;kfu ,d&nwljs ls lEcfU/kr gks
(2) vU;ksU;kfJr gks ;kfu ,d&nwljs ij vkfJr gks
(3) vUr fØ;k djrs gks ;kfu ,d&nwljs ls fØ;k djrs gksA
& jkt- O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
(1) jkt-O;oLFkk vUrfØ;kvks dk leqPp; gSA
(2) jkt-O;oLFkk o izkd`frd O;oLFkk es dkQh lekurk gSA
(3) jkt- O;oLFkk fLFkj ugh xR;kRed gS dkj.k feedback
(4) cUn ugh [kqyh O;oLFkk (open system) ckzg; o i;kZoj.kh; dkjdkas ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA

3
 (5) jkt-O;oLFkk [kqn lekt dh ,d miO;oLFkk (subsystem) gSA rFkk jkt-O;oLFkk dh Lo;a dh cgqr
lkjh miO;oLFkk,a gSA

jkt-ny ncko lewg NGO tkfr /keZ rduhd lapkj lk/ku

& bZLVu bUgs &ijk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk (para political systen) dgrk gSA
(6) izR;sd O;oLFkk es vuqj{k.k (maintenance) o vuqdqyu (Adaptation) dh {kerk gksrh gSA
& vuqj{k.k (maintenance) &u;s in] u;h lajpuk,a&laLFkk,a cukuk]iqjkuh es lq/kkj djuk]iw.kZ ifjorZu ughA
& vuqdqyu(Adaptation) &ifjorZuks ds vuqdqy <kyuk@ekaxks ds vuqdwy iwfrZ c<+kuk
(7) izR;sd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk es ncko o lkrR; gksrs gSA
& ncko (pressure) & ekaxs c<+us ;k iwfrZ ?kVus ls O;oLFkk stress ;k pressure es vk tkrh gSA ;kfu

sd
O;oLFkk dh {kerk dks pqukSrhA
& lkrR; (persistance)& ;g ncko dk mYVk gS ;kfu ncko ds ckctwn O;oLFkk dks fVds jguk ;kfu O;oLFkk
dh {kerk cus jgukA
& lkrR; ds i;kZ; & n`<+rk] fVduk ] vVyrkA
& lkrR; (persistance)-bZLVu model dk dsfUnz; rRo gSA
& lkrR;&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks i;kZoj.k ds lkFk tksM+rk gSA
MsfoM bZLVu dk O;oLFkk fl¼kar

- Input-output model/black box model /flow model

- Books (1) The political system -1953 (mnkjg.k)
- (2) A framwork for political analysis-1965 ladYiuk,¡
- (3) A system analysis of political life 1965 ladYiukvks dk LFk"Vhdj.k
(4) modern political anilysis & jkWcVZ Mgy

i;kZoj.k
ekax :ikUrj.k
Input fØ;k - output &&& (uhfr o fu.kZ;)
leFkZu & ljdkj
fo/kkf;dk dk;Zikfydk U;k;ikfydk

feed back
i;kZoj.k

vkUrfjd czkg;
ns'k ds vUnj vUrjkZ"Vªh;

4
 Input

ekax (Demand) & dPpk eky leFkZu (support)

eakxs (4) izdkj dh leFkZu Hkh (4) izdkj dk
(1) forj.kkRed (Distributive)&oLrqq ;k lsok ds forj.k dh ekax (1) HkkSfrd@nzO;kRed &dj
ukSdjh nks]osru nks]tehu nks] ikuh nksA vnk;xh] eksfnzd lg;ksx
(2) O;ogkj fofu;kedh; (Regulative) (2) vkKkdkfjrk & dkuwukas dk ikyu
dkuwu cukuk] tu lqj{kk vf/k-]?kjsyq fglk eqfDr
vf/kfu;e]lMd lqj{kk fu;e

h
(3) jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk (Political Participetion)) (3) lgHkkfxrk & ernku djuk] jkt-

e
oksV dk vf/kdkj] izfrfuf/kRo dk vf/kdkj xfrfof/k;ks es Hkkxhnkjh
(4) lapkj o lwpuk ekaxs (4) J¼kRed &izrhdka]s lekjksgka]s

M
lEesyu] fopkj] vfHkO;fä dh LOkraa=rk]R.T.I. inkf/kdkfj;ks ds izfr lEeku

ekax vf/kHkkj (Demand overload)

& Demand ekax ruko (Demand stress)
ekax fu;a=.k (Demand regulation)
& ekaxks ij fu;a=.k ;k fu;eu (regulation) ds fy, bZLVu (4) izdkj ds fu;kedh; ;a= (regulative machnism)
crkrk gSA

(1) lajpukRed ;a= (Structural) (2) lkaLd`frd ;a= (Cultural) (3) lapkj;a=@ (4) U;w
zU;wuu ;a=@ ?kVko fØ;k
(Reduction)
&jktuhfrd ny o ncko lewg & jhfr-fjokt] lEiz"s k.k okfgdk, &dk;Zikfydk
ekU;rk,¡ & Media &fo/kkf;dk
&Gate-Keepers & lkekftd lkaLd`frd
&Gate-keeping&Boundary walls laLFkk,¡
& iqu% fuos'k & feedback ;g ekaxks dks ljdkj rd rFkk ljdkjh fu.kZ;ks (out put) dks turk rd igq¡pkrk gSA
& ;g ruko (stress) ?kVkrk gSA
& Input out put dks tksM+rk gSA
& izokg (flow) cuk;s j[krk gSA
& feedback loop (iqu% fuos'k ik'k@QUnk)
Input-Output Loop

& bZLVu izFke jktuhfrd fl¼kardkj gSA ftlus jktuhfrd izfØ;k dks lwpuk izØe iz.kkyh (Information pro-
cessing system) ds :i es ns[kk gSA
& jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fl¼kar ds fl¼kardkj&
(1) MsfoM bZLVu & Input out put model
(2) vke.M & structural -functional approach
(3) fepsYl (mitchell)&exchange model (fofue; fl¼kar) book&the american polity -1962 vFkZ'kkL= ls
izHkkfor
&jkWcVZ fe'ksYl (michael) teZu lekt'kkL=h 5
 lajpukRed izdk;kZRed fl¼kar@mikxe
( Structural - functional model )

& MsfoM bZLVu ds Input - output model es dqN dfe;k¡ Fkh] ftUgs nwj djus ds fy, vke.M us ,d vf/kd
O;kid ekWMy lajpukRed izdk;kZRed dk fodkl fd;kA ;g fodkl'khy ns'kks dh jkt O;oLFkk ds v/;;u
es mi;ksxh gzSA
& lajpukRed izdk;kZRed fla¼kr dks fu"iknu (performance ) fl¼kr ;k fodklkRed fl¼akr (develop-
ment theory) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
& Books - 1. The politics of developing areas (1960) vke.M dkWyeSu

h
& bZLVu ds Model dh vkykspuk
2. Comparetive politics - A develoment Approach (1966) vke.M& ikWoy
s
& vFkZ **jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vUrfØ;kvks dh og O;oLFkk gS tks mu lHkh Loar= lektksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA tks
de ;k vf/kd fof/k lEer 'kkjhfjd ck/;rk dks dke es ysrs gq;s vuqj{k.k (Maintenance) o vuqdqyu (Adap-
tation) LFkkfir djus dk d`R; djrs gSA** vke.M
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk (Political system) ds rRo o fo'ks"krk,¡

rRo
(1) fo'kkyrk@ loZO;kidrk (comprehansive )
(2) vU;ksU;fJr (Interdependence )&ijLij fuHkZjrk
(3) lhek,¡&tgk¡ nwljh O;oLFkk,¡ lekIr gksrh gS] o jkt
O;oLFkk,¡ izkjEHk gksrh gSA
fo'ks"krk,a
1 jkt- O;oLFkkvksa dh lkoZHkkSfedrk
2- jkt- lajpukvksa dh lkoZHkkSfedrk
3- jkt- izdk;ksZ dh lkoZHkkSfedrk
4- jkt- lajpukvksa dh cgqdk;kZRedrk
5- jkt- O;oLFkkvksa dh laLd`fr] fefJr gksrh gS
& vkfne o uwru ds xq.k lkFk&lkFk

6
 Model

Input Output

iz d k;Z (function) lajpuk,a structures izdk;Z lajpuk,

1& jktuhfrd lekthdj.k & ifjokj] fo|ky; 1& fu;e fuekZ.k (Rule Making)& fo/kkf;dk
o HkrhZ efUnj] ppZ]fe=e.Myh 2& fu;e fØ;kUo;u & dk;Zikfydk
2& fgr Li"Vhdj.k@ & nokc lewg 3& fu;e vf/kfu.kZ;u & U;k;ikfydk
Lo:ihdj.k@ 'kfDr&i`FFkdj.k

h
vfHkeq[khdj.k (articulation)

e
3& fgr lewgu@la;qfDrdj.k & jktuhfrd ny & ;s vkSipkfjd laLFkk,a gS
(Aggregation)
4& jkt- lEizs".k @ lapkj - Media
;g feedback dk i;kZ; gS
& ;s vukSipkfjd lajpuk,a gSA
vke.M izdk;Z nks izdkj ds crkrk gSA

d`R;kRed (Functional) vid`R;kRed@nq"d`R;kRed (Dyfuctional)

& ;s os dk;Z gS tks pol system
ds LFkk;hRo es lgk;d gSA ;s LFkk;hRo es ck/kk Mkys
& vke.M] jkt- O;oLFkk vuqdqyu (Adaptation) o vuqj{k.k (Maintence) ds fy, stability-LFkk;hRo
lUrqyu (equalibarium ) o lefLFkfr (Homeostatic) 'kCnkas dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
& vke.M ds vuqlkj lHkh O;oLFkkvks dh izo`fr lUrqyu (equalibarium) izkIr djus es gksrh gSA
& vke.M out put ds :i jkt O;oLFkk dh (4) {kerk,¡ @dk;Z{kerk,¡ (capabilities) crkrk gSA

forj.k {kerk (Distributive) fofu;eu {kerk (Regulative) nksgu {kerk (Extractive) izR;qrj {kerk (Responsive)
fgr ykHk o lalk/ku O;ogkj fu;a=.k ds fy, izkd`frd o ekuoh; ekaxks dh iwfrZ djus
forj.k dh {kerk fof/k lEer cy iz;ksx dh lalk/kuks dks mi;ksx esas dh {kerk
ykus dh {kerk
&lkE;oknh O;oLFkkvks &rkuk'kkgh O;oLFkkvks es ;g &lokZf/kdkj oknh o rkuk'kkgh &yksdrkaf=d
izcy forj.k {kerk gksrh gS {kerk T;knk gksrh gS O;oLFkkvksa es T;knk gksrh gS iz.kkfy;kas es ;g {kerk T;knk
tSls&ghVyj] eqlksfyuh gSA
7
& jkt O;oLFkk dk {kerk fl¼kr vke.M
bZLVu o vke.M dh rqyuk
& bZLVu Input o output nksuks dks egRoiw.kZ ekurk gSA tcfd vke.M Input dks egRoiw.kZ ekurk gS
output dk o.kZuHkj djrk gSA
& vke.M dk dsUnz fcUnw] xSj ljdkjh ;kfu vukSipkfjd lajpuk, gS tks Input dk dk;Z djrh gS] output ykus
okyh ljdkjh@vkSipkfjd lajpukvkas dks og T;knk egRo ugh nsrk gSA
& bZLVu lajpukvks dks (:ikUrj.k fØ;k&dk;Zikfydk fo/kkf;dk U;kikfydk) dks egRoiw.kZ ekurk gSA tcfd
vke.M lajpukvks dh ctk; izdk;ks± dks T;knk egRo nsrk gSA
& Amond -feedback (jkt lEisz"k.k gaS vUrxZr ) o i;kZoj.k dks Input dk fgLlk eku ysrk gSA vyx ls o.kZu

h
ughA
& bZLVu dk Model dsoy ik'pkR; mnkjoknh iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkkvksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA tcfd vke.M dk
ekWMy&fodkl'khy o fiNMs+ ns'kksa ij Hkh ykxwA
& fu"d"kZ r & vke.M dk mikxe T;knk O;kid gS rFkk blds }kjk fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk jktuhfrd
fodkl Hkh ekik tk ldrk gSA blfy, vke.M ds ekWMy dks fodklkRed ekWMy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& bZLVu o vke.M dh vkykspuk
(1) ;FkkfLFkfroknh (Statusquo)
(2) ekDlZokn lkE;okn fojks/kh&D;ksfd /khes o Øfed ifjorZu ds fgeklrh u fd redical changes dsA
(3) nksuks dh role model, if'peh O;oLFkk,¡ gSA
(4) gf.VxVu&**ljapukRed izdk;kZRed mikxe ifjorZu es nqcZy Fkk] lkekftd izfØ;k mikxe jktuhfr es
vksj rqyukRed bfrgkl mikxe fl¼kar fuekZ.k es nqcZy FkkA**
& dqN egRoiw.kZ rF;
(1) lajpukRed izdk;kZRed ekWMy fodkl'khy ns'kks dk v/;;u djrk gSA
(2) vke.M dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ USA ls feyrh gSA
(3) vke.M ds ekWMy ds izjs d (1) bZLVu *(2) VkWydkWV iklZUl (blls vke.M us 'kCnkoyh yh gS) (3) MSfoM Vªew us
& blls vukSipkfjd lewg fy;s gSA

8
 jktuhfrd fodkl
(political Development)

& fodkl 'kCn vFkZ'kkL= dh nsu gSA development (eco.) political development (pol. science)
& lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa esa yksdr=a dk fodkl] yksxks dh c<+rh jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk] jktuhfrd o yksdrkaf=d
laLFkkvksa dh c<rh la[;k] tkx:drk esa o`f¼] Lora= lapkj vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk vkfn dks jktuhfrd
fodl dk i;kZ; dgk tk ldrk gSaA
& jktuhfrd fodkl mikxe ds mn; ds dkj.k
1+ bZLVu dk lkekU; O;oLFkk fl¼akr (General systemtheory or input output theory) o nkos ds
ckotwn vke.M dh lajpukRed izdk;kZRed ,izkps &fodflr ik'pkR; ns'kksa ds v/;;u rd gh lhfer gks x;hA

h
D;ksafd bu nksuksa dk iwjk /;ku O;oLFkk vuqj{.k (maintance) ij gS tcfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa iwjh O;oLFkk
gh cnyus dh vko';drk gSAa

e
2+ LVhQu dykdZlus dk *ekDlZoknh &ysfuuoknh mikxe dsoy lkE;oknh ns'kksa ds v/;;u esa mi;ksxhaA
& ,sls esa r`rh; fo'o (Third word) ds ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk v/;;u djus ds fy, jktuhfrd
fodkl fl¼kar dk mn; gqvkA
& political development theory dk mn; 1960&1970 ds e/; fizlUVu fo'ofo|ky; (usa) esa gqvkA
iz k s Q s l j ns'k
ekbju ohuj & bf.M;k dk v/;;u fd;kA
fo.Mj & ikfdLrku
MsfoM ,IVj & ?kkuk
yqfl;u ikbZ & E;kaekj(oekZ)
fjXl & pkbuk] FkkbZyS.M Jh ydka dk v/;;u fd;kA
other thinker:- w.w jkWLVkWo] vkxszUldh] vke.M] gf.VxaVu& (dkyesu& ukbthfj;k)
&gkykafd bu lc thinkers us Third word ds ns'kksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS] ij budks jkt+ fodkl dks ns[kus dk
utfj;k iwathoknh mnkjoknh gSA
jkt- fodkl fl¼kar esa ge fuEufyf[kr fo¼kuksa ds fopkjksa dk v/;;u djsaxs

yqfl;u ikbZ vke.M jkWLVkso vkxzUs ldh gf.VxsVu f.w fjXl

(1) yqfl;u ikbZ%&
% & jkt+ fodkl fl¼kar dk firk
book- aspects of pol. development -1966
& **jktuhfrd fodkl laLd`fr dk QSyko (difussion) rFkk thou ds iqjkus izfrekuksa (models) dks u;h ekaxksa
ds vuq:i <kyuk gSA** yqfl;u ikbZ
;g ikbZ dh 'kq:vkrh ifjHkk"kk gS ckn esa bls okfil ys fy;kA
&jkt+ fodkl D;k gS & Pye }kjk fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dh vkykspuk ;kfu jktuhfrd fodkl dh iwoZ 'krksZ dh ppkZ
(1) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS &vkfFkZd fodkl &ikSy ckjku
(2) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS & vkS|ksfxd fodkl w.w jkWLVkWo
(3) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS &jkt+vk/kqfudhdj.k &dkWyesu] fyfIlsV] MsfoM ,IVj] xqukZj feMZy
(4) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS &iz'kklfud o dkuwuh fodkl &eSDloscj]iklZUl
(5) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS &yksdra= &ykW ikWyEcjk
9
(6) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS& jk"Vª jkT; cukuk& ,MoMZ f'kYl
(7) jkt- fodkl dh iwoZ 'krZ gS& LFkk;hrRo o O;oLFkkc¼ ifjorZu&fjXl
& yqfl;u ikbZ bUgs ifjHkk"kk dk ladV dgrk gSA rFkk ifjHkk"kk dh ctk; jktuhfr fodkl ds y{.k crkrk gS
ftlds fy, og ,d fo'ks"k 'kCn iz;qDr djrk gS& fodkl lay{k.k (development syndrom)
jkt- fodkl ds rhu ly{k.k yqfl;u ikbZ

lekurk {kerk foHksnhdj.k

&dkuwu] lekt] jktuhfr &dk;Z fu"iknu o ekaxksa & 'kfDr&izFFkdj.k
ds le{k lekurk dh iwfrZ dh {kerk & lajpukvksa ds lUnHkZ
& lEiw.kZ turk ds lUnHkZ esa ljdkj ds lUnHkZ esa

h
jktuhfrd fodkl ds ladV &6ldaV

e
& vxj dksbZ jkt+ O;oLFkk bu ladVksa ls fuiV ysrh gS rks jkt+ fodklA
& ladV ds mnkgj.k ikbZ us ;wds (fczVus ) ls fy, gSA
(1) vkRe ifjp;@ ns'kHkfDr dk ladV @igpku dk ldaV (Idenlity crisis)
& /keZ] oa'k] tkfr] Hkk"kk dh ctk; ns'k igys] ;kfu jk"Vizes
(2) oS/krk dk ladV (legitimacy crisis)
& lrk dks tulgefr izkIr gksaA
(3) izfo"Vh dk ladV (penetration)
& ;kfu grass root rd yksdra= dk foLrkjA
(4) Hkkxhnkjh@lgHkkfxrk dk ladV (participation)
& fu;e fuekZ.k o fØ;kUo;u esa tuHkkxhnkjh o lk>snkjhA
(5) ,dhdj.k dk ladV (Integration)
& fofHkUu xqVksa o lewgksa dh ekaxks ds e/; lketL; o ,dhdj.kA
(6) forj.k dk ladV (Distribution)
& lalk/kuks ]inks] vf/kdkjks o lEekukas dk lgh forj.k 1 USA eas v'osrks o Hkkjr es nfyr tkfr;kas vkt Hkh
lalk/ku forj.k ls oafpr
(2) vke.M & Book -politics of developing areas -1960
& **jkt-fodkl gS Hkwfedk fofHkuhdj.k o laLd`fr dk ykSfddhdj.k** & vke.M
jkt-fodkl ds y{k.k &(3)
y{k.k&(3)

d``fr dk yksfddhdj.k
la L d miO;oLFkk Lok;Ùkrk Hkwfedk fofHkUudj.k
& ;kfu /keZ fujis{krk &lrk dk fodsUnzhdj.k rkfd {kerk c<+s
& lajpuk,a gh ugh muds
dk;Z Hkh vyx&vyx gksA
& turk ds lUnHkZ es ljdkj ds lUnHkZ es USSR dh lqizhe lksfo;r
ikbZ&&&&&&&&lekurk &&&&&&&&&&&& {kerk &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& foHksnhdj.k

10
(3) lseqvy gfXVxaVu
Book - Political development and political decay - 1965
& jkt- fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfrd àkl@iru Hkh gksrk gSA
& iru (Decay) tc yskxks dh ekax]s psruk] Hkkxhnkjh o tuxfr'khyrk rks c<+ tkrh gS ij mlds vuq:i
lajpukvks dk fodkl ugh gks ikrk rks fodkl dh txg iru vkjEHk mnk-& vjc clar Økafr
gf.VaxVu& tu lgHkkfxrk & laLFkk;u ¾ jkt-fodkl & jkt-vk/kqfudhdj.k $ laLFkk;u¾ jkt-fodkl
Gap Hypothesis (xS i ifjdYiuk)
& gfXVxaVu ds vuqlkj c<+rh tuvkdak{kk o mudh iwfrZ ds e/; [kkbZ mRiUu gksuk (Gap vk tkuk) ;gh iru dk dkj.k
gSA vFkZkr jkt- lgHkkfxrk o laLFkk fuekZ.k lkFk&lkFk pyus pkfg,A
& bl izdkj gf.VxaVu &jkt fodkl dks laLFkkuhdj.k o izfØ;kvks ls tksM nsrk gSA

h
& jktuSfrd laLFkk;u¾ (1) jkt ykecUnh (2) jktuhfrd lesdu (3) jktuSfrd izfrfuf/kRo&
jktuSfrd vi[k.Mu bles ugh vkrkA
& jktuSfrd gkl@iru ( Decay) ls lEcfU/kr gS gf.VxaVu
& bl izdkj gf.VxaVu us ,dy js[kh; fodkl dks pqukSfr nh gSA
jkt-fodkl o iru ds y{k.k (gfXVxaVu)
jktuhfrd fodkl jkt-iru
(1) vuqdqyu'khyrk dV~Vjrk
(2) tfVyrk ljyrk
(3) Lok;rrk (fodsUnzhdj.k) ijk/khurk
(4) ,dhdj.k fo[k.Mu
& ^jktuhfrd fodkl dks lkekftd vkfFkZd vk/kqfudhdj.k (;kfu jkt fodkl o jkt- vk/kqfudhdj.k vyx&vyx)
ls vyx djus okyk fopkjd &gfXVxVu tcfd yqfl;u ikbZ o dkWyesu nksuksa dks ,d gh ekurs gSA
(4) F.W fjXl (Riggs)

fodkl QUnk (Development Trap)

PYE dkvuqlj.k & lekurk {kerk fofHkUuhdj.k

okeiaFkh nf{k.kh iaFkh bls NskM+ nsrk gSA
(cka;)s (nk,s)
& jkt fodkl ds fy, fdlh O;oLFkk es nskuks t:jhA
& lekurk o {kerk es vlUrqyu gks rks O;oLFkk QUns es Qal tkrh gSA
& Third woeld ds ns'k FkksM+s lky ck;as rFkk nk;as ds chp >qyrs gS] rc fodkl gksrk gSA ij ckn es fdlh ,d ds
pDdj es Qal tkrs gS rFkk fodkl :d tkrk gzSA
& lekurk o {kerk dk vkilh lac/k rFkk vlUrqYku ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsus okyk F.W.Riggs

11
 fy;ksukMZ fcUMj viuh iqLrd Økbfll ,.M lsDoslt s bu ikWfyfVdy McyieUV es yqfl;u ikbZ okys
ladV gh ysrk gS (1) igpku dk ladV (2) oS/krk dk ladV (3) lesdu@,dhdj.k dk ladV (4) lalk/ku tqVkus
dk ldaV

STAGES OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

jkt fodkl ds pj.k
vke.M W.W jkWLVkso vkxzsUldh
(1) jkT; fuekZ.k dk Lrj BOOK THE STAGES OF ECONOMIC BWK THE STAGES OF
GROWTH POLO DEVELOPMENT
(2) jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk Lrj (vkfFkZd fodkl ds pj.k) (jkt-fodkl ds pj.k)
(1) ijEijkxr lekt (1) vkfne ,dhdj.k dh jktuhfr

h
Je iz/kku] d`f"k iz/kku] jkT; fuekZ.k
fuEu rduhd
(3) lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj (2) laØkfrdky (Pre Take off stage) (2) vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh voLFkk
(Transitional stage)
(4) forj.k dk Lrj & d`f"k$ vYi vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
(dY;k.k o lkekU; (3) mRd`"B voLFkk ;k Vsd vkWQ LVst (3) jk"Vªh; dY;k.k o [kq'kgkyh
fgr dh jktuhfr) & iw.kZ vks|ksfxdhdj.k (National welfair stage)

(4) izkS<+rk dh vksj izjs .kk dh voLFkk (4) izpwjrk@vkf/kD; dh jktuhfr

(DRIVE TO MALURITY ) ;kfu
POST TAKE OFF STAGE (abudence stage)
& i;kZIr iwath] vehjh] mPPk rduhfd ;g Stage vkxzUs ldh
(5) tuiaqt mi;ksx (Mass-consuption) vuqlkj flQZ us USA izkIr
& Qqy [kpkZ] Qqy miHkksx dh gSA
(6) xqq.kork (quality) dh [kkst
& bls ckn es tksMk

12
 jktuhfrd laLd`fr
(Political culture)
& izfriknd (Father) vke.M (Book-Politics of Developing Areas - 1960)
& jkt- laLd`fr& (1) Sociology ls vk;h gSA vke.M us iklZUl ls yh gSA
(2) O;ogkjoknh Økafr dh nsu gSA
(3) bles vukSipkfjd rRoks]laxBuks o izfØ;kvks ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
(4) bldk lca/k III world ds ns'kks ls gSA
jktuhfrd laLd`fr ds fl}kar

(1) eq[; /kkjk ds fl}kar(Main Stream Theory) (2) vkewy ifjorZuoknh

h
Redicals @ ekDlZoknh
mnkjoknh@ik'pkR;

vke.M vke.M &okteSu vke.M ockZ Qkbuj & jkt lLad`fr dks fopkj/kkjk dgrs gSA
dkoukn~; & xzkE'kh izk/kkU; (Hegemony) dgrk gSA
ledkyhu Hkkjrh; jkt- laLd`fr

eksfjl tksUl ekbju ohuj fjpMZ ,&ikdZ jtuh dksBkjh

jkt-laLd`fr

vFkZ ifjHkk"kk ewy rRo fo'ks"krk,¡ oxhZdj.k

& vFkZ & fdlh lekt dh lkekU; laLd`fr ds os i{k tks mldh jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djrs gS] jkt- laLd`fr ds
vUrxZr vkrs gSA
tSl&s ernku O;ogkj] jkt-?kVuk dks ns[kus dk utfj;kA
& ifjHkk"kk & **,yu ckWy & jkt laLd`fr es ml lekt dh vfHko`fr;k¡] fo'okl] Hkkouk,¡] ewY; vkfn
'kkfey jgrs gS ftudk lEca/k jkt- O;oLFkk o jkt- eqíks ls gSA**
vke.M o ockZ& jkt laLd`fr & 1- izrhdks dh O;ofLFkr iz.kkyh (laxBd@rRo)
2- vfHkfoU;klks dk izfreku (Patterns of orientation)& >qdko
vke.M o ockZ jkt-laLd`fr

jkt-laLd`fr ds izrhd@ewy rRo@ laxBu jkt-laLd`fr ds vfHkfoU;kl@>qdko

(1) vkuqHkfod fo'okl (1) KkukRed >qdko (Cognitive orientation)&fo'okl
ds dkj.k
(2) ewY; vfHk:fp;ka (2) HkkoukRed >qdko (Affective orientation)
(3) izHkkoh vuqfØ;k,¡ (3) ewY;kadukRed >qdko (Evalutive orientation)

13
& jkt-laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,¡& bldk lgHkkxh gS jktuhfrd lekthdj.k
(1) ;g vewrZ o uSfrd vo/kkj.kk gS ij vkuqHkkfod v/;;u gks ldrk gSA
(2) xfr'khyrk&laLd`fr es cnyko gksrk jgrk gSA
(3) vusd rRoks dk lkewfgd :i gSA ;kfu jktuhfrd izo`fr;ks dk lewgA
(4) vkLFkk,¡] fo'okl o ewY;ks ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA
(5) lkekU; laLd`fr ls ?kfu"B :i ls lEcfU/kr gSA
(6) ;g lEiw.kZ jkt- O;oLFkk dk v/;;u djrh gSA
(7) ;g lef"Voknh o O;f.V oknh nksuks mikxeks dk feJ.k djrh gSA
& jkt-laLd`fr ds fu/kkfjd rRo& 1- bfrgkl 2- /kfeZd fo'okl 3- HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ka
4- lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjos'k 5- fopkj/kkjk,a 6- f'k{kk dk Lrj 7- lkekU; laLd`fr

h
jkt-laLd`fr dk oxhZdj.k

e vke.M
(1) ,aXyks vesjhdh
vke.M&okbteSu

(2) egk¼hih; ;wjksih; 'kq¼

(3) vkaf'kd vkS|ksfxd ldh.kZ 1$2
(4) lokfZ/kdkjoknh v/khuLFk 1$3
fefJr (1) ladh.kZ
vke.M&o"kkZ

(2) v/khuLFk
(3) lgHkkxh
Qkbuj

(1) ifjiDo
(2) fodkflr
(3) fuEu
dkoun~;

lgHkkxh 2$3 (4) ukxfjd

vk/kkj & tuHkkxhnkjh
(1) Js.khxr & vkfFkZd fLFkfr o ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij oxZ
(2) mi Js.khxr& vU; Jsf.k;k¡
(3) ih<hxr & oa'k] tkfr] /keZ ds vk/kkj ij foHkktu
(4) miih<hxr& cgqy foHkktu
vke.M & jkt- laLd`fr ds vk/kkj ij lEiw.kZ jkt- O;oLFkvks (ns'kks) dks (4) Hkkxks es ckaVk tk ldrk gSA
(1) ,aXyks vesjhdh U.K/USA
le:ih (Homeogenetic)@[kqyh@mnkj (cgqyoknh@iw.kZ fodflr O;oLFkk,@ ncko lewgks es lkSncs kth)
(2) egk}hih; ;wjksih;&Ýkal ]bVyh] Lisus A
fo[kf.Mr@de fodflr@dbZ milaLd`fr;k¡@ lkSncs kth dh txg 'kfä
(3) vkaf'kd vkS|ksfs xdh & iwoZ mifuos'kks es @III WORLD eas @fefJr& iawthokn lektokn@v/khuLFk
& ,f'k;k o vÝhdk esa
(4) lokZf/kdkjoknh& USSR/CHINA cUn ( CLOSED )

14
 flMuhh ockZ dk oxhZdj.k
vke.M o flMu
BOOK- The Civic Culture - Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nation 1963
Five Nation ik¡p ns'k - U.K @ USA@ bVyh @teZuh@eSfDldks
& vke.M o ockZ us yksxks dh lgHkkfxrk o vyxko rFkk jkt-LFkk;hRo o vLFkk;hRo es laLd`fr dh Hkwfedk ds
vk/kkj ij jkt-laLd`fr dks (4) Hkkxks es ckaVk gS&
(1) ladh.kZ jkt- laLd`fr (Parochial)&
& ijEijkxr lekt $ xkao @dchys @ /keZ dk egRo
& ,d gh lajpuk lkjs dk;Z djrh gSA lajpukRed foHksns hdj.k ughA
& u yksxks dk jktuhfr dk Kku u jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk

h
& mnk-HkwVku vQxkuhLrku] vjc];qxk.MkA

e
(2) v/khuLFk jkt-laLd`fr (Subject Culture)&
& mifuos'kks@iwoZ mifuos'kks esas ukbZthfj;k] phu vkfn esaA
& Input rks gksrk gS ij output ugh
& yksxks dks Kku rks gksrk gS ij lgHkkfxrk ughA
(3) lgHkkxh (Participatory Culture) &
& mnkjoknh fodflr ns'kks es Kku Hkh lgHkkfxrk HkhA rkfdZd lfØ;rkokn u fd HkkoukRed
(4) ukxfjd laLd`fr (Civic Culture) &
& (vke.M ds vuqlkj ukxfjd laLd`fr ds lcls utnhd gS& U.K. (xzsV fczVsu)
& ;g lcls vPNh gksrh gSA
& bles mi;qZä rhuks ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSA
& ukxfjd laLd`fr ¾ Parochial + Subject + participatory
& vke.M o ockZ& ukxfjd laLd`fr dks 'kkyhu laLd`fr (Nobel Culture) Hkh dgrs gS tks fczVus esa gSA
S.E Qkbuj dk oxhZ d j.k
BOOK (1) COMPARA TIVE GOVT.-1970
(2) MEN ON HORSE BACK -1962
& lsuk dh Hkwfedk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k
rhu izdkj dh jkt-laLd`fr

ifjiDo (Mature) de fodflr@fodflr fuEu@

ifjiDo @[kqyh@mnkj rkuk'kkgh@ lSfud ladh.kZ@/kkfeZd
vfrfodflr@fLFkj rkuk'kkgh@ vfLFkj dchykbZ Vkbi
g.VhxVu us famous essay The clash of Civilization-1994 (lH;rkvksas dk la?k"kZ) es laLd`fr;ksa (Culture) dks
lH;rkvkas (Civiliztaion) ds lkFk tksM fn;kA)

15
 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd laLd`fr & ledkyhu Hkkjr es
(1) eksfjl tksUl BOOK - GOVT. AND POLITICS OF INDIA-1964
Hkkjrh; jkt-laaLd`fr dh rhu Hkk"kka, @rhu eqgkojs (Three Idems)
rhu Hkk"kk,a

vk/kqfud Hkk"kk ijEijkxr Hkk"kk lUrlqyHk Hkk"kk

& bldk iz;ksx lafo/kku] laln] &vketu dh Hkk"kk & vifjxzg] R;kx] vafglk] v/;kRe
vfHktuks o nationl media es &tkfrokn] NwvkNwr] lEiznk;okn
& Hkk"kk&/keZ fujis{krk] lgHkkfxrk &Hkk"kkokn] {ks=okn & xka/khoknh&fouksck Hkkos]

h
dkuwu dk 'kklu] lnHkko - R.S.S, eqfLye yhx] {ks=h; ikfVZ;ka t; izdk'k ukjk;.k

fb .
& usg:] vEcsMdj] ekSykuk vktkn
& ik'pkR; ewY;
(2) ekbuj ohuj
- Essay - " Two Political Culture in India"
- ohuj dk ;g (ys[k)& yqfl;u ikbZ o flMuh ockZ dh famous book- political culture and political devlopment-
1965 eas NikA
India two political culture

vfHktuoknh laLd`fr (Eliets Cutlure) tuoknh laLd`fr (Mass Cutlure)

& ubZ fnYyh dh jkt-laLd`fr & LFkkuh; 'kklu ftyks o jkT; jkt/kkfu;ks
es iuih gSaA
& bls jk"Vªh; usrk] Vksi ukSdj'kkg] mPp lSU;kf/kdkjh yksdfiz; laLd`fr
o vaxzt
s hnk yksx cksyrs gSA /keZ$Hkk"kk $tkfr${ks= dk feJ.k
& /keZ fujis{k [kqyh mnkj tksUl okyh vk/kqfud tksUl okyh ijEijkxr
(3) fjpMZ , ikdZ & Book- India Political System - 1979
& ijEijk cuke~ ifjorZu
& Golden Age Theory - izR;sd milaLd`fr vius&vius Lo.kZ ;qx dks ;kn dj xkSjokfUor gksrh gSA izR;sd
tkfr vius bfrgkl ;kfu Hkwrdky es thrh gSA mnk-jke jkT; vk;sxk vgkA lr;qx
(4) jtuh dksBkjh
Hkkjrh; jkt laLd`fr es tkfr;ks dh eq[; Hkwfedk gSA
(5) Hkkjr dh laLd`fr &
fefJr jktuhfrd laLd`fr gSA (Mixed Politicl Culture) - Ýkalhl ÝSaSdy

le:i laLd`fr (Homegeneous)=

& U.S.A.+U.K. $ i-;wjksi
& vfHktkr oxZ$tu laLd`fr ¾
India
& Subject Culture - phu
& ladh.kZ jkt- laLd`fr&;qxk.Mk
16
 O;oLFkkfidk
( Legisleture)

& i;kZ; 'kCn & fo/kkue.My@ fo/kkf;dk@fu;e&fuekZ.k foHkkx@ izFke vax

& iz'kalk & jk"Vª dk vkbuk] tubPNk dk ewrZ :i] erksa dh dkaxzl s
& vkykspuk & ckrksa dh nqdkus@ oxZ'kks"k.k o mRihMu dh laLFkk,aA
& uke& U.K. Parliament /USA. dkaxszl@India- laln@ tkiku&Mk;V@bZtjk;y& uSlVs @:l&M~;wek
fLoV~tjyS.M& Federal Assembly
& lalnksa dh tuuh& fczVus dh laln fodkl o tUe dk dkj.k& yksdra=
& Parliament 'kCn & Ýsap 'kCn Parler ls cuk gSA Parler cksyuk ;k ckrphr djukA bl izdkj Parliament- mu
O;fDr;ksa dh laLFkk gS] tks ckrphr ds fy;s ,df=r gq;s gSA

h
& fo/kkf;dk ds dk;Z&
1- tubPNk ds vuq:i & fof/k@dkuwu dk fuekZ.k djukA
2- dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=.k djukA
3- jk"Vªh; foÙk ij fu;a=.k j[kukA
4- fuokZpu@ vuqeksnu& fuokZpu& jk"Vªifr oxSjk dk@ lhusV& uSlVs }kjk ea=he.My dk vuqeksnuA
5- U;kf;d dk;Z & egkfHk;ksx vkfn ds le;A
6- lafo/kku la'kks/ku
& lcls 'kfDr'kkyh laln & U.K. dh
Mh&ykWes& ** fczVus dh laln L=h dks iq:"k o iq:"k dks L=h cukus dk NksM lc dqN dj ldrh gS**A
O;oLFkkfidk ds izdkj

lnuksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij tuHkkxhnkjh ds vk/kkj ij

,d lnuh; f}lnuh; yksdrkaf=d lokZf/kdkjoknh

phu U.K., U.S.A, India dukMk detksj
&leFkZd Ýkal] vkLVªfs y;k] tkiku] dsoy ny@O;fDr ds fu.kZ;
& csUFke] ykWLdh fLoV~tjyS.M o vf/kdka'k dk vuqeksnu
ns'kksa esa leFkZd ts-,l-fey lj gS ujheSu
& la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa vko';d

voj@izFke@fuEu@ yksdfiz;@ vLFkk;h lnu vij@f}rh;@mPp@LFkk;h lnu

U.K. - House of Commons U.K.- ykMZ lHkk
U.S.A. - House of Representatives U.S.A.- lhusV
Hkkjr& yksdlHkk India- jkT;lHkk
&la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa & jk"Vª dk izfrfuf/kRo bdkbZ;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo

17
f}rh; lnu&
ykHk & 1- izFke lnu dh euekuh o tYnckth ij jksdA
2- la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa bdkbZ;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kkA
3- tuer fuekZ.k esa lgk;d@
4- vuqHkoh o dk;Zdq'ky **izFke lnu tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dk tcfd f}rh; lnu jktuhfrK] dykdkjksa]
o lektlsfo;ksa dkA**
vkykspuk& 1- vaMxsckth o le; cckZnh & foyEcdkjh lnu
2- vyksdrkaf=d
csUtkfeu Ýssadfyu& **ml rkaxs dh rjg gS ftls nks ?kksM+s foijhr fn'kk esa [khprs gSA**

M
& ,cs l ht **;fn nwljk lnu] igys lnu ls lgefr izdV djrk gS rks O;FkZ gS] fojks/k djrk gS] rks nq"V dgykrk

f.
gS**A
xBu &
& izFke lnu& yxHkx izR;{k fuokZpuA
& f}rh; lnu

oa'kkuqxr fl¼kar uke& funsZ'ku vizR;{k fuokZpu izR;{k fuokZpu

U.K. - ykWMZ lHkk dk;Zikfydk }kjk - India/ czkthy@ U.S.A.- lhusV
& dukMk] bVyh LohVjyS.M@teZuh tkiku
& bdkbZ;ksa }kjk & turk }kjk
& lhusaV (U.S.A.) - fo'o dk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh f}rh; lnuA
& ykWMZ lHkk (U.K.) - fo'o dk lcls detksj f}rh; lnuA
izfrfuf/kRo&
& mPp lnu esa leku izfrfuf/kRo & U.S.A.@fLoV~tjyS.M@ vkLVsªfs y;k
& mPp lnu esa vleku izfrfuf/kRo & dukMk@India@teZuhA
dk;Zdky&
& fczVus dh ykWMZ lHkk o dukMk dh lhusV ds lnL; vkthou dky gsrq euksuhrA
& fczVus dh dkWeu lHkk] India dh yksdlHkk] phu dh National People's Congress dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ
& U.S.A.- House of Representative dk dk;Zdky & 2 o"kZ tcfd lhusV dk Hkkjrh; jkT;Hkk dh rjg& 6 o"kZ
(1@3 lnL; & 2 o"kZ ckn lsokfuo`r)
& vkLVªfs y;k dh lhusV dk dk;Zdky Hkh 6 o"kZ ij ij rhu o"kZ ckn 1@2 (vk/ks) lnL; lsokfuo`rA

18
 ;dkvksa dk ál (Decline of Legisleture)
fo/kkf;dkvks
fo/kkf
& dk;Zikfydk us lkjs dk;Z gM+i fy;s gSA
& vkjksi eq[;r% lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa gSA

ykWMZ tsEl ykWMZ gsoVZ jsEts E;ksj ØkWleSu

czkbl Book- New Despotism Book-How Britain **ukSdj'kkgh yksdra=**
- Modern Democrecies (uohu fujdaq'krk)&1929 Is Governed
-1924 Book dkj.k & izR;k;ksftr fo/kk;u &ukSdj'kkgh Lokeh cuus (Bureaucretic Democracy)
dh dksf'k'k esa
fookn vkjEHk fd;k ij
rg rd ugha igaqpk & izfrfuf/k yksdra= detksj

h
K.C. Ogh;j
**ukSdj'kkgh Ýsadfyax ds nSR; dh rjg gS tks vius Lokeh dks gh [kk tku pkgrh gS*
jsEts E;ksj
Ogh;j& Book (1)- Legisleture - 1963 (O;LFkkfidk,a)
vU; Book (2) - Federal Govt. (3) new Constitations
mi;qZDr fookn iw.kZr;k lgh ugha gS
**dk;Zikfydk ds dk;Z fo/kkf;dk ds vis{kkd`r T;knk c<+ x;s gS vr% lkis{k :i ls fo/kkf;dk NksVh yxus
yxh gSA** Ogh;j
fo/kkf;dk ds g~kl ds dkj.k&
1- izO;k;ksftr fo/kk;u (Deligated Legislation) (v/khuLFk fo/kk;u)
fo/kk;u ;k vf/kfu;e (dkuwu) cukuk fo/kkf;dkvksa dk dk;Z gS ij dkuwuksa dh tfVyrk] lkekU;K fo/kk;d
rFkk le;kHkko ds dkj.k fo/kkf;dk dsoy dkuwuksa dk ewy <kapk gh rS;kj djrh gSA mls O;ogkfjd Lrj ij ykxw djus
ds fy;s mlesa foLr`r fu;e] mifu;e (Rule and Regulation) /kkjk,a vkfn dk;ZikfydkA iz'kklfud 'kk[kk tksM+rh gSA
;s Rule-Regulation ewy dkuwu dh rjg gh ekU; gksrs gSA
& bl izdkj fo/kkf;dk viuh dkuwu fuekZ.k okyh 'kfDr dk;Zikfydk dks izR;k;ksftr (lkSai nsuk) dj nsrh gSA
2- dk;Zikfydk dk c<+rk dk;Z{ks=&
dkuwuksa dh 'kq:vkr] fuEu lnuksa dks Hkax djuk] LFkfxr djuk] jk"Vªifr dh Veto Powers vkfn ds dkj.k fo/
kkf;dk 'kfDr dk àklA
3- U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu (Judicial Review)
U.S.A. **dkuwu@lafo/kku oghtks U;k;ikfydk dgsA** U;k;ewfrZ g~;wtA
Ýsadfyax Mh- :tosYV us [kh>dj dgk &"U.S.A. lafo/kku ?kksM+&s cX?kh okys tekus dk vo'ks"kA**
& bafnjk xka/kh ds le; ds fookn& cSad jk"Vªh;dj.k] fizohilZ [kReA
& laln }kjk ikfjr 99oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku &*U;kf;d fu;qfDr vk;ksx* dks voS/k ?kksf"kr dj S.C. us laln
dh 'kkfDr ij iz'ufpg~u yxk fn;kA
4- ny jktuhfr (Party Politics)
lalnkRed esa T;knk iz;ksxA jktuhfrd ltkrh;rk dh otg ls o Whips ds ek/;e ls dk;Zikfydk laln ij
gkoh jgrh gSA
5- dY;k.kdkjh jkT;
19
 dk;Z i kfydk
(Executive)

& ljdkj dk og vax tks O;oLFkkfidk }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa dks fØ;kfUor dj iz'kklu dk lapkyu djrk gSA
ladqfpr& dsoy jktuhfr dk;Zikfydk
vFkZ mnkgj.k- Hkkjr& jk"Vªifr $ P.M. $ ea=hifj"kn~
jktuhfrd & vLFkk;h
O;kid
iz'kklfud & LFkk;h
dk;Zikfydk ds izdkj

h
uke ek= (lalnh; 'kklu esa)
India, tkiku] teZuh] fczVu

iSr`d@oa'kkuqxr@jktra=kRed
U.K./tkiku@uhnyjyS.M@ukosZ@
LohMu@MsuekdZ
s (U.K.) dukMk] vkLVªfs y;k

fuokZfpr
India
(jk"Vªifr&
vizR;{k fuokZpu)
OkkLrfod

,dy

jktuhfr
cgqy
(fLoVtjyS.M)

LFkk;h@iz'kklfud
vkLVªfs y;k] dukMk] teZuh (vjktuhfrd)

yksdrkaf=d lokZf/kdkjoknh mifuos'koknh

phu&D;wck&m-dksfj;k IIIrd World esa Fkh
ukfer&ok;ljk; cxSjk
Hkkjr ea=h }kjk
lalnh;&mÙkjnk;h v/;{kh;@jk"Vªifr; v¼Zv/;{kh;
India, U.K., teZuh] tkiku U.S.A.,czkthy] n-vÝhdk Ýkal] Jhyadk]:l
dukMk] vkLVªfs y;k
& dk;kZy; & :l& 6 o"kZ
& USA = 4 o"kZ $ fLoV~tjyS.M dh la?kh; ifj"kn~ ¾ 4 o"kZ
& India @n-vÝhdk@Ýkal@China/ UK ¾ 5 o"kZ
& USA o China esa jk"Vªifr vf/kdre nks ckj & USA = 4x 2 =8 o"kZ
& China = 5x 2 =10 o"kZ (ij vc lafo/kku la'kks/ku
'kh ftufiax vkthou Hkh jg ldrs gS)
&fof'k"V
cgqy dk;Zikfydk (Plural Executive)
,dek= ledkyhu mnk- fLoV~tjyS.M
& la?kh; ljdkj esa (7) lnL;ksa dh dk;ZikfydkA lkrksa dks cjkcj vf/kdkj
& lalnh; o v/;{kkRed dk vuks[kk esy& lkrksa ;kfu cgqy dk;Zikfydk dk fuokZpu nksuksa la?kh; lnuksa

20
 }kjk vius gh lnL;ksa esa lsA ;kfu lalnh; xq.kA
& fuokZfpr gksrs gh lnu dh lnL;rk ls R;kxi=& v/;{kh; xq.kA
& cgqy dk;Zikfydk dk dk;Zdky ¾4 o"kZ
& (7) esa ls ,d v/;{k] tks jk"Vªifr dgykrk gSA dk;Zdky& 1 o"kZ
& ,d &,d o"kZ ls Rotate gksrs jgrs gS lkrksaA
& fo/kkf;dk o dk;Zikfydk dk dk;Zdky fuf'pr& u vfo'okl izLrko u egkfHk;ksx u dk;Zikfydk dks
foèkkf;dk Hkax djus dk vf/kdkjA
dsUnzh; dk;Zikfydk (Core-Executive)
& ;g uohu izo`fr gSA blesa iz/kkuea=h$ea=he.My$ofj"B lykgdkj (oSKkfud lykgdkj] foÙkh; lykgdkj
oxSjk)
Nk;k&ea=he.My (Shadow Cabinet)

hb
& oSdfYid ea=he.My U.K.

21
 U;k;ikfydk
(Judiciary)

& dkuwu & U;k;] fu.kZ;u

& U;k;ikfydk ljdkj dk rhljk vaxA
izFke & fo/kkf;dk (vk/kqfud yksdra= dh nsu)
f}rh; & dk;Zikfydk
& **U;k; dk nhid va/kdkj es cq> tk, rks va/kdkj cgqr ?kuk gksxkA** & ykWMZ czkbl

e h
1- ukfer@ fu;qä
U;k;k/kh'kksa dh HkrhZ

2- fuokZpu 3- HkrhZ ijh{kk ls p;u $Promotion

& U.A.S jk"Vªifr }kjk
ukfer&lhusV }kjk vuqeksnu turk }kjk laln }kjk & Ýkal o teZuh
& Hkkjr@tkiku&ea=he.My &fLoV~tjyS.M ds dqN &fLoV~tjyS.M & India ds v/khuLFk a
dh flQkfj'k ij jk"Vªk/;{k dsUVu esa &phu U;k;ky;ksa es
}kjk & U.S.A ds dqN jkT;ksa ds
v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa esaA
fof'k"V
nksgjh U;k;ikfydk & U.S.A/LohV~tjyS.M@vkLVªfs y;k
(la?k o bdkb;ksa dh)
* la?kkRed ns'kksa esa
,dy bdgjh & dukMk @ Hkkjr
(1) lkekU;

* Ýkal dh fof'k"Vrk & nks izdkj ds U;k;ky;

(2) iz'kklfud

22
& U.K - gkml vkWQ ykWMlZ & fo/kkf;dk dk ;g lnu nhokuh dk vfUre U;k;ky; FkkA ;kfu ykWMZ lHkk & As
a Suprim Court rFkk bldk v/;{k & Lord Chanceller - As a chief Justice ij lafo/kku lq/kkj vfèkfu;e &

2005 ls U.K. esa LokZPs p U;k;y; dh LFkkiuk rFkk ykWMZ lHkk ds U;kf;d {kS=kf/kdkj dk yksiA

U;k;ikfydk ds dk;Z

(i ) U;k; fu.kZ;u djuk & nhokuh QkStnkjh o laoS/kkfud ekeyksa esaA

(ii) fof/k dh O;k[;k djuk &
& lafo/kku ;k laln }kjk fufeZr vLi"V] tfVy fof/k dhA

h
& U;k;ikfydk dh O;k[;k vafre o loZekU;
(iii) ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh laj{kd
(iv) lafo/kku dk laj{k.k & nks izdkj ls
(A) fof/k dh O;k[;k }kjk
(B) U;k;kf;d iqujkoyksdu@leh{kk }kjk
(v) la?kh; O;oLFkk dh j{kk & la?kh; o bdkb;ksa ds e/; fookn fuiVkuA
(vi) ijke'kZ nsuk & jk"Vªk/;{kA dk;Zikfydk dks lao/S kkfud ;k lkoZtfud egRo ds fo"k;ksa ij ekaxus ijA mnk-India-
vuq- 143
(vii) U;kf;d leh{kkA iqufoZyksduA iqujkoyksdu (Judicial Review)
& lalnh; o dk;Zikfydk dkuwuksa dh leh{kk o mUgsa voS/k djus dh 'kfä U;kf;d leh{kkA
& LohV~tjyS.M dk la?kh; U;k;y; la?kh; laln ds dkuwuksas dh leh{kk ugha dj ldrk ij dSUVu
(jkT;ksa) ds dkuwuksa dh leh{kk dj ldrk gSA
& fczVus esa ewy dkuwu dh ugha ij izO;k;ksftr fo/kk;u dh leh{kk gks drh gSA
& bl izdkj U;kf;d leh{kk eq[;r% nks gh ns'kksa ls lEcfU/kr U.S.A and India
& U.S.A & U;kf;d leh{kk dk vkjEHk blh ns'k esa gqvkA
& ij U.S.A ds lafo/kku esa izR;{kr% :i ls U;kf;d leh{kk of.kZr ugha gSA
& bldk vkjEHk & 1803 esa ekjcjh v/s esMhlu ckn esa & U;k;ewfrZ ek'kZy ds fu.kZ;u ls gqvkA
& India - USA ls U;kf;d leh{kk dk izko/kku India us fy;kA
& gekjs lafo/kku esa Hkh 'kCn'k% fyf[kr ugha gS ij dqN vuqPNsnksa esa vizR;{k of.kZr & fo'ks"kdj & 13(2)

23
 fof/k dh LFkkfir fØ;k (Procedure Esteblised by Low)
leh{kk ds vk/kkj tkiku ls India
fof/k dh mfpr izfØ;k & (Due Process of Low)
U.S.A - izkd`frd U;k; & mfpr&vuqfpr ns[kk tkrk gSA
& gekjs lafo/kku esa ^fof/k dh LFkkfir* izfØ;k gSA blds nks vFkZ gSA
(i) D;k tks dkuwu cuk gS og iw.kZ o lgh izfØ;k ls cuk gS& yksdlHkk&jkT;lHkk o jk"Vªifr ds gLrk{kj
ls
(ii) D;k og Intra vires gS ;kfu laln ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa vkrk gSA

h
& A.K. xksikyu~ okn & 1950 & xksikyu~ enzkl jkT; esa fuokjd fujks/k esa cUnA LoksZPp U;k;y; us

e
^fof/k dh LFkkfir fØ;k* dks ekukA
& esudkxka/kh okn & 1978 & loksZPp U;k;y; dk fu.kZ; & ^fof/k dh LFkkfir fØ;k* esa ^fof/k dh mfpr
izfØ;k* Hkh 'kkfeyA
& 1978 esa U;kf;d leh{kkvksa esa nksuksa dk iz;ksx ij lafo/kku esa vc Hkh ^fof/k dh LFkkfir izfØ;k* &
vuq&21
& U;kf;d leh{kk dh vkykspuk &
* ykWLdh & ^^U;kf;d leh{kk ds dkj.k LokZPs p U;k;y; U.S.A esa dkaxzl
s dk rhljk lnu cu x;k gS**A
* U;k;ewfrZ g~;wt (U.S.A) & ^^lafo/kku ogha tks loksZPp U;k;y; dgs**A
& blhfy, U.S.A esa dgk tkrk gS & gj jkst tc LoksZPp U;k;y; dk njoktk [kqyrk gS rks u;k lafo/kku
ckgj vkrk gSA
* Hkkjr esa U.S.A dh rjg u rks U;k;ikfydk LoksZPp gS u fczVus dh rjg laln cfYd nksuksa dk feJ.k gSA

24
 la?kkRed o ,dkRed O;oLFkk
( Federal and unitary system)
& 'kfä;ksa dk caVkokjk bu OoLFkkvksa ds ukedj.k dk vk/kkj gSA
(A) 'kfä foHkktu ;k 'kfä;ksa dk caVokjk & la?k o bdkb;ksa ds e/;
(B) 'kfä i`FFkdj.k & fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk o U;k;ikfydk ds e/;
(C) 'kfä fodsUnzhdj.k & ok;r 'kklu bdkb;ksa ls lEcfU/krA
la?kkRed la?k
& lÙkk dk m/okZdkj caVokjk (Vertical) & [kM+k caVokjk

h
,dkRed bdkb;ka

e
lalnkRed
& lÙkk dk {kSfrt caVokjk (Horizental) &
v/;{kkRed
& ysVk gqvk caVokjk & fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk
'kfä foHkktu & 'kfä;ksas dk caVokjk
,dkRed la?kkRed
mnk- phu] fczVus ] Ýkal] tkiku] mnk- USA,vkWLVªfs y;k] dukMk] fLoVtjyS.M] India,
Jhyadk] ckaXykns'k USSR, teZuh] ukbthfj;k] ikd n-vfÝdk] Now
usiky
(A) leLr 'kfä dsUnz esa fufgr] caVokjk ugha & la?k o bdkb;ksa esa 'kfä;ksa dk caVokjk
(B) NksVs ns'kksa ds fy, mi;qDr & viokn&phu & cM+s ;k cgqy u`tkrh;] cgqy lkeqnkf;d ns'kksa ds
fy, mi;qDrA
(C) bdgjh ukxfjdrk & bdgjh] nqgjh ;k frgjh ukxfjdrk
(D) yphyk lafo/kku & fyf[kr] vfyf[kr & fyf[kr o dBksj lafo/kku
(E) dsUnz Lokeh & bdkb;ka ,ts.V & bdkbZ;ka Lok;r
(F) O;oLFkkfidk@laln LoksZPp & lafo/kku LoksZPp
(G) U;k;ikfydk egRoghu & U;k;ikfydk Lora=] fu"i{k] lafo/kku j{kd]
lary
q udkjh
(H) mPp lnu esa bdkb;ksa dks izfrfuf/kRo ugha & mPp lnu esa bdkbZ;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo

25
 ,dkRed la?kkRed

lalnkRed v/;{kkRed v¼Z & v/;{kkRed lalnkRed v/;{kkRed

UK@tkiku v¼Z & lalnkRed India/dukMk USA/n-vÝhdk

Ýkal@Jhyadk vkLVªsfy;k@teZuh czkthy@vtZsUVkbu

la?kokn & Federlism

& Federlism 'kCn ySfVu Hkk"kk ds ^Fodus* ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS & laf/k ;k le>kSrkA ;kfu bdkb;ka vkil
esa le>kSrk djds la?k dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
& mnk- USA, vkWLVªfs y;k] LohVtjyS.M vkfn la?k bdkb;ksa ds le>kSrs ds ifj.kke] ij dukMk o India ughaA
& la?kokn dk fodkl &
& loZizFke U.S.A esas & 1789 vr% la?kokn dh tudA
fLoVtjyS.M & 1848 lgdkjh@lg;ksxkRed
dukMk & 1867 la?kokn dk fodkl f}rh;
vkWLVªfs y;k & 1901 fo'o ;q¼ ds ckn
India & 26 tuojh& 1950
n- vÝhdk & 1994
& 'kfä & forj.k ds izdkj &
1- USA& ^^x.kuk o vf/k'ks"k dk fl¼kar** ;kfu dsUnz dh 'kfä;ka fxuk (lafo/kku esa fyf[kr) nh x;h gS rFkk
'ks"k ;kfu vof'k"V jkT;ksa dksA bl izdkj la?k dh 'kfä;ka iznr o bdkb;ksa dh ekSfydA
2- dukMk& jkT;ksa dh fy[k nh x;h gS] vof'k"V dsUnz ds ikl
3- vkWLVªfs y;k & nksuksa dh fy[k nh x;h gS] rFkk ,d rhljh leorhZ lwfp]A vof'k"V bdkb;ksa ds iklA
la?kokn ds :i & Types of Federalism
1- ijEijkxr la?kokn & USA 2. lgdkjh l?koknA v¼Z la?kh; (quasi-Federa-
tion)

& nksgjh ukxfjdrk & bdgjh ukxfjdrk

& mPp lnu esa leku izfrfuf/kRo & ,dy lafo/kku
& vof'k"V 'kfä;k¡ jkT;ksa ds ikl & leku izfrfuf/kRo ugha mPp lnu esa
& jkT;ksa us la?k cuk;k & vof'k"V 'kfä;ka dsUnz ds ikl

26
 & mnk- India/dukMk
& la?k@lafo/kku us jkT; cuk;s
USA

India
& ijEijkxr la?kokn ds mnk- vkLVªfs y;k]
LohVtjyS.M
3- ifjla?kkRed 4- leorhZ la?kokn@lkeqnkf;d 5- fo'o la?k (Universal)
(Conferderation) la?kokn (Consociational) & UNO

h
& USSR & yscuku (1969)] csfYt;e & ,sfPNd lnL;rk

e
& jkT;ksa dks i`Fd gksus
dk vf/kdkj & dk;Zdkjh 'kfä;ksas dk lfEefyr & izR;sd bdkbZ Lok;r o lEizHkq
& U.S.A esa Hkh bdkb;ksa iz;ksx
dks i`FFkd gksu dk & lEiznk;ksa dks Lok;Ùkk
vf/kdkj & lHkh u`tkrh; lewgksa dks laln esa
Veto Power

& vleku jkT;ksa dk] leku la?k & USA(vof'k"V 'kfä;ka jkT;ksa ds ikl)
& leku jkT;ksa dk vleku la?k & India (vof'k"V 'kfä;ka dsUnz ds ikl)
& u'oj jkT;ksa dk vu'oj la?k & India
& vu'oj jkT;ksa dk u'oj la?k & USA
& vlerksy la?k & India (Because - vuq- 370 o 371)
& lerksy la?k & USA (lHkh bdkbZ;ksa dks leku 'kfä;k¡)A
la?kokn dh uohu izo`fr;k¡

,dkRed la?kokn lgdkjh la?kokn

(A) ,dkRed la?kokn (Unitarian Federalism) (Co-opretive Federalism)
& u;k izfreku & dsUnzh;dj.k dh fn'kk esa rdZ laxr izo`fr ;kfu vc dksbZ Hkh 'kq¼ la?k ugha gks ldrkA
& ;g dsUnz dh c<+rh 'kfä;ksa o bdkb;ksa dh lÙkk {kj.k dk izrhd gSA
& vesfjdk ftls 'kq¼ la?k dk izrhd ekuk tkrk Fkk ogk¡ Hkh eq[; U;k;ewfrZ ek'kZy us eSdykWp cuke~ esjhys.M
okn & 1819 esa ^vUrfuZfgr 'kfä;ksa ds fl¼kar* dk izfriknu dj fn;kA bl fl¼kar dh otg ls ogk la?k
ljdkj dh 'kfä;ksa esa dkQh btkQk gqvk gSA
& ,d ek= viokn dukMk gS tgk¡ dsUnz ds ctk; jkT;ksa dh 'kfä;ksa esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS ;kfu la?k dh ctk; jkT;
etcwr gq, gSA 27
 ,dkRed la?kokn ds dkj.k %&
;kfu bdkb;ksa dh rqyuk esa la?k dh 'kfä;ksa ds c<+us dk dkj.k
(i) ;q¼ dh jktuhfr & lqj{kk gsrq ,dkRed fu;a=.k vko';d
(ii) vkfFkZd eUnh o vkfFkZd ladV dh jktuhfr
(iii) dY;k.k dh jktuhfr & turk dh c<rh vis{kk,a dsUnz gh iwjh dj ldrk gSA
(iv) lgk;rk vuqnku dh jkthuhfr & bdkbZ;k¡@jkT; fHk[kkjh dh rjg
(v) nyxr jktuhfr & nksuksa Lrjksa esa ,d gh ny dh ljdkj gksus ls tSls & 1967 rd Hkkjr esaA
(B) lgdkjh la?kokn & (Co-oprative Federation)

h
& blesa la?k o bdkbZ;ksa ds chp 'kfä forj.k ij ugha cfYd lg;ksx o lgdkfjrk ds fl¼karks ij tksjA ;g

e
,dkRed la?kokn dh rjg udkjkRed ugha cfYd ldkjkRed izo`fr gSA
& blesa la?k o jkT;ksa dks vyx o izfr}U}h ugha cfYd iwjd o lg;ksxh ekuk tkrk gSA
lgdkfjrk@lgk;ksx c<kus dh laLFkk,¡

USA vkWLVªfs y;k Hkkjr

xoZuj dkWUÝsal P.M/C.M (i) vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~
lEesyu (ii) {ks=h; ifj"kns
(iii) eq[;ea=h@jkT;iky
lEesyu
(i) uhfr vk;ksx
& ;kstuk vk;ksx & blus India esa ,dkRed la?kokn dks c<kok fn;kA ;kfu dsUnz dks etcwr o jkT;ksa dks
detksj dj lgdkjh la?kokn dks detksj fd;kA uhfr vk;ksx lgdkjh la?kokn dks c<+kok nsxkA
Hkkjr o la?kokn
& lg;ksxh la?kokn & xzsufoy vkWfLVu] fczpZ o ÝkaMk & (lgdkjh la?kokn)
& lkSncs kth la?kokn & ekWfjl tkWUl
& v¼Z la?k (quasi-Federation) & K.C Ogh;j (iw.kZ la?k dk Ogh;j dk ekWMy & USA)
& ^vR;Ur la?kh; & vkboj tsfuaXl
Books&xsu
z foy vkWfLVu & The Indian Constilution-Cornestone of a Nation - 1966
& Ogh;j (A) Modern Constitution - 1966
(B) Federal Govt.
& dkaxzl
s uy xoZuesaV & cqMjks foYlu

28
& n vesfjdk dkWeuosYFk & tsEl czkbl
& MseksØl
s h bu vesjhdk & Mh- VkWdfoys
& vesfju izl
s hMsUlh & ykWLdh
^^ Hkkjr esa dsUnzhdj.k dh etcwr izo`fr ds lkFk la?k**A
& Paul H. ,iYch

h
Hkkjrh; o vesfjdk la?k dh rqyuk

e
(Comparision between India - USA Federal System)

b
lekurk
USA India

1- fyf[kr] fufeZr] LoksZPp o dBksj Same

lafo/kku & (fQykMsfYQ;k & 1787)

2- Lora= o fu"i{k U;k;ikfydk Same

3- U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu Same

vUrj
vk/kkj U.S.A India

1- fuekZ.k & jkT;ksa us la?k cuk;k & la?k us jkT; cuk;s

2- vof'k"V 'kfä;k¡
3- ukxfjdrk
4- U;k;ikfydk
5- lafo/kku
6- jkT;ksa dk vfLrRo
7- lafo/kku la'kks/ku
& jkT;ksa ds ikl & la?k ds ikl
& nksgjh (dsUnz&jkT; dh) & bdgjh (dsoy la?k dh)
& nksgjh & ,dy
& nksgjk (jkT; lafo/kku ds os izko/kku) & ,dy (J and K viokn)
voS/k tks la?kh; lafo/kku ds foijhr)
iw.kZ xkjUVh (bdkb;ksa dh vuqefr ds & uke] lhek] xBu vkfn esa la?k
cxSj mudh lhek] uke] xBu vkfn esa }kjk ifjorZu oks Hkh lk/kkj.k
ifjorZu ugha) cgqer lsA
la?kh; lafo/kku esa ifjorZu gsrq & lhfer Hkkxhnkjh
3@4 ;kfu 75% bdkb;ksa dk leFkZu
t:jh

29
8- jkT;iky turk o fuokZpd e.My }kjk & jk"Vªifr ;kfu la?k }kjk fu;qä
9- mPp lnu esa izfrfuf/kRo lHkh bdkb;ksa dk cjkcj & vleku izfrfuf/kRo
(50x2=100)
10- vkikrdky izko/kku ugha & izko/kku gS
11- bdkb;k¡ T;knk Lok;r & de Lok;r
12- euksu;u jk"Vªifr }kjk ugha & yksdlHkk esa 2 o jkT; lHkk esa
12 lnL;ksa dk euksu;u

e h

30
 lalnh; o v/;{kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh
(Parliamentary and Presidential Govt.)

& ukedj.k dk vk/kkj & O;oLFkkfidk o dk;Zikfydk ds vkilh laEca/kA

& lalnh; & O;oLFkkfidk o dk;Zikfydk esa ?kfu"B lac/k] dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;hA
& v/;{kkRed & 'kfä i`FFkdj.kA fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ,d nwljs ls Lora=A
ns'k
lalnh; & tuuh&fczVus v/;{kkRed tuuh&USA v¼Z v/;{kkRed@ jk"Vªh; ljdkj 1940&
v¼Z lalnh; pfpZy U.K

h
India,vkWLVsªfy;k] U;wthyS.M] czkthy] vtsZUVkbuk] & Ýkal

e
dukMk] tkiku] teZuh] n-vÝhdk] vQxkuhLrku] & Jhyadk
bVyh] ikd] ckaXykns'k] eSfDldks] fQyhfiUl & bZjku
New usiky & :l
& vkfLVª;k
lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh
vU; uke & caLs VfefuLVj ekWMy
& bfXy'k 'kklu iz.kkyh & Because -U.K. esas tUe
& mÙkjnk;h ljdkj & D;ksafd dk;Zikfydk] O;oLFkkfidk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h
& vkbcj tsfuaXl & dsfcusV ljdkj & ea=he.My egRoiw.kZ (eueksgu flag)
& ØkleSu & iz/kkueaf=; ljdkj & (ujsUnz eksnh)
& ykWLdh & lalnh; ljdkj & laln vfo'okl izLrko ls dk;Zikfydk dks gVk ldrh gSA
v/;{kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh
& jk"Vªifr 'kklu iz.kkyh
& lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh dh foijhr & lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh & Power - Fusion ij tcfd v/;{kkRed &
Power Sepration ('kfä i`FFkdj.k ij vk/kkfjr)
'kfä i`FFkdj.k & ekW.VsLD;w (Ýkal) & Book - "Sprit of the Laws" 1748
& blh iqLrd esa ek.VsLD;w us loZizFke 'kkfä i`FFkdj.k dk fl¼kar fn;kA ftls USA ds 1787 esa cus o
1789 esa ykxw lafo/kku esa viuk;k x;kA
& vr% vesjhdh lafo/kku dk ckSf¼d firk & ekW.VsLD;w
& ij ekW.VsLD;w us 'kfä i`FFkdj.k dk fl¼kar & U.K dh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa ns[kk tks fd lgh ugha gS
D;ksafd ogka rks 'kfä & la;qfädj.k gSA

31
& ekW.VsLD;w & ^vxj 'kfä;ksa dk i`FFkdj.k gskrk gS rks O;fDr dh Lora=rk lqjf{kr jgrh gS*A
& vr% Power-Sepration dks ^O;fDr dh Lora=rk dk fl¼kar* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& esMhlu & ^ vxj 'kfä;ksa dk ldsUnz.k gksrk gS] pkgs ,d] dqN ;k cgqr ds gkFkksa esaA pkgs os yksx iSr`d gks]
fuokZfpr gks ;k euksuhrA ;g vR;kpkj ra= dk nwljk uke gksxk*A

vUrj
lalnkRed v/;{kkRed
1- dk;Zikfydk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä ukeek= & jk"Vªifr gh okLrfod iz/kku lEeku o

h
;k laoS/kkfud iz/kku & lEeku jcj LVkU; 'kfä nksuks

e
& U.K.o tkiku & jktk (jktra=) & ukeek= o okLrfod dk vUrj ugha
& dukMk] vkWLVªfs y;k & xoZuj & tujy
& India& jk"Vªifr
& okLrfod & 'kfä
& Inda/UK/tkiku ¾ P.M.
& teZuh & pkalyj
2- jk"Vªk/;{k o 'kkluk/;{k vyx&2 (jkT; dk & nksuksa ,d gh & jk"Vªifr & jk"Vªk/;{k Hkh
v/;{k) (ljdkj dk v/;{k) 'kkluk/;{k Hkh
3- dk;Zdky& vfuf'pr & nksuksa dk & fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk dk Hkh
dk;Zikfydk dks vfo'okl izLrko ls gVk ldrh gS & dk;Zdky & fuf'pr
& dk;Zikfydk] jk"Vªk/;{k ls dgdj fo/kkf;dk ds O;oLFkkfidk dk Hkh
fuEu lnu dks Hkax dj ldrh gSA
4- laca/k & dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk dk ?kfu"B laca/k & 'kfä i`FFkdj.k & ,d nwljs ls Lora=
& dk;Zikfydk lnL; ;kfu ea=h fo/kkf;dk (laln ds & ea=h] dkaxzl
s (laln) ds lnL; ugha
lnL;) vxj gS rks ea=h curs gh bLrhQk
& ea=h lnu esa cksy ldrs gS] oksfVax dj ldrs gS & u izfrfuf/k lHkk lhusV esa cksy ldrs gS]
u oksfVax dj ldrs gS
5- dk;Zikfydk] O;oLFkkfidk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h mÙkjnk;h ugha
6- jktuhfrd ltkrh;rk & cgqer ny dk 'kklu ltkrh;rk dk vkerkSj ij vHkko
7- ;g 'kfä la;ksx (Power-Fusion) ij vk/kkfjr & 'kfä i`FFkdj.k (Power Sepration) ij
vk/kkfjrA
8- ea=he.My & ea=h foHkkx ds losZlokZ (eaf=;ksa) dh gka & ea=h ugha] foHkkxh; lfpo & jk"Vªifr gh
pm dh gk¡] eaf=;ksa dh uk pm dh uk 32 loZslokZ
& Nk;k eaf=e.My (Shadwo Cabinet) & fyadu & ^,d dh gka lcdh gk¡ ,d dh
uk lcdh uk*A
fdpu dsfcusV & ea=h ^jk"Vªifr ds egy
j{kd * dqN eaf=;ksa ls lykg
& *efLr"dksa dk U;kl* & vk/kkj ;ksX;rk
9- iz/kkuea=h egRoiw.kZ jk"Vªifr egRoiw.kZ
10- ea=h] fo/kkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h & ea=h jk"Vªifr ds izfr mÙkjnk;h
11- 'kkafrdky ds fy, mi;qDr & ladVdky esa mi;qDr

h
12- jk"Vªifr laln dk vax& laln ¾ yksdlHkk & jk"Vªifr laln dk vax ugha

e
$jkT;lHkk$jk"Vªifr
13- x.kra=kRed & jk"Vªifr laln }kjk fuokZfpr & jk"Vªifr & turk@ fuokZpu e.My }kjk
jktra=kRed & iSr`d (tkiku& fczVus ) fuokZfpr
14- yphyh & (Flexibal) gVkuk laHko dk;Zikfydk dks & de yphyh & egkfHk;ksx dfBu (2@3)
ls
15- ea=h p;u & jktuhfr ds vk/kkj ij & ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij
16- dBksj nyh; fu;a=.k & M.P. nyh; jktuhfr ls ca/ks & Lora= ernku] nyh; fu;a=.k detksj
vr% fo/ks;dks ij Lora= ernku ugha Long Rolling

17- foi{k dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ugha

18- mÙkjnkf;Ro fuf'pr mÙkjnkf;Ro dh vfuf'prrk] D;ksafd
i`FFkdj.k
19- dk;Zikfydk dh fujadq'krk ij jksd & fujadq'krk dk Hk;
20- vfLFkj ljdkj & fLFkj ljdkj
21- oSdfYid ljdkj cukus dh O;oLFkk & ugha
v¼Z v/;{kh; ;k v¼Z lalnh; 'kklu
(Semi - Presidential)
& iz.ksrk & Ýkal (1958 esa ykxw ikapos x.kra= ls)
& Tailor Made lafo/kku
& ladV dky dk f'k'kq
& pkYlZ n xkWy dk lafo/kku
& lalnh; o v/;{kh; iz.kkfy;ksa dk feJ.kA

33
(A) v¼Z & v/;{kh;& (i) jk"Vªifr dk iyM+k Hkkjh
(ii) jk"Vªifr jk"Vªk/;{k o 'kkluk/;{k
(iii) jk"Vªifr dk pquko&fuf'pr vof/k gsrq turk }kjk
(iv) egkfHk;ksx }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
(B) v¼Z & lalnh;& (i) ,d iz/kkuea=h ij detksj
(ii) P.M o ea=he.My & laln ds izfr mÙkjnk;hA
jk"Vªh; ljdkj

h
& mnk- & U.K. esa foLaVu pfpy }kjk fufeZr & 1940 dh ljdkj

e
& lalnh; 'kklu ds nks"k & ladVdky esa vuqi;qDr ds nks"k dks nwj djus gsrq
& pfpZy us IInd w.w esa Rofjr fu.kZ;u gsrq %&
1- ea=he.My dk vkdkj NksVk fd;k
2- loZnyh; ljdkj & yscj o fycjy ikVhZ dks Hkh ea=he.My esa txg
& jk"Vªh; ladV & jk"Vªh; ljdkjA ladV gVk & nyh; ljdkj
& bldk rkRi;Z & xBcU/ku ljdkj ugha gSA

34
 'kfä i`FFkdj.k rFkk fu;a=.k o lUrqyu
( Sepration of Powers/ Checks and Balances)
& 'kfä i`FFkdj.k & izdk;kZRed :i ls ljdkj ds rhuksa esa dk;ZfoHkktuA
& ;g ¼S/krk fl¼kar (Duality Theory) tks fd ljdkj ds dsoy nks vax ekurk gS & O;oLFkkfidk o dk;Zikfydk
(U;k;ikfydk dk;Zikfydk dk gh ,d vax) ds foijhr f=ewfrZ fl¼kar (Trinty Therory) dks ekurk gS ;kfu
ljdkj ds rhu vax & O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydkA
& 'kfä i`FFkdj.k ds fl¼kar dk izFke Li"V o.kZu & Ýkalhlh fopkjd & ek.VsLD;w us viuh d`fr & 'Sprit of
Low's1748 eaas fn;k ftls vesjhdk ds lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us viuk;kA

h
& vFkZ & O;fäxr Lora=rk ds fgr esas ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxksa dh 'kfä;ksa o dk;ksZas dk i`Fkdkj.kA izR;sd vax ,d

e
&nwljs ls Lora=A
& fu;a=.k o lUrqyu &
& 'kfä i`FFkdj.k dks iw.kZr;k viukus ls izR;sd vax vius&2 fuf'pr dk;Z{ks= esa fujadq'k gksdj vO;oLFkk
iSnk dj ldrk gSA vr% vesjhdh 'kkldksa us 'kfäi`Fdj.k ds vU/kkuqdj.k dh ctk; bl fl¼kar ds nks"kksa dks
nwj djus ds fy, & *fu;a=.k o lUrqyu* ds fl¼kar dk fodkl fd;k rFkk bls lafo/kku esa Hkh txg nhA
& bl izdkj ^fu;a=.k o lUrqyu * ds }kjk & ^'kfä ij 'kfä }kjk fu;a=.k* (Power As the Rival of Power-
gSfeYVu) ;kfu dkaVs ls dkaVk fudkyk tkrk gS rkfd i`FFkdj.k ds lkFk&2 rhuksa vaxksa esa leUo; Hkh cuk jgsA

fo/kkf;dk

fu;a=.k o larqyu
'kfä i`FFkdj.k rFkk fu;a=.k o lUrqyu
dk;Zikfydk U;k;ikfydk

U.S.A esa 'kfä i`FFkdj.k ls lEcfU/kr izko/kku

& vesfjdk ds lafo/kku esa dgha 'kCn'k% 'kfä i`FFkdj.k dk fl¼kar of.kZr ugha gS ij tSlk fd esMhlu us dgk
gS & ^ge fujUrj ek.VsLD;w dh vn`'; Nk;k ls izjs .kk xzg.k djrs jgs gS**A
& lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn %&
& vuq- (1) [k.M (1) & O;oLFkkiu 'kfä dkaxzl
s esa fufgr gksxhA
& vuq- (2) [k.M (1) & dk;Zikfydk 'kfä jk"Vªifr esa fufgr gksxhA
& vuq- (3) [k.M (1) & U;kf;d 'kfä] U;k;ikfydk esa fufgr gksxhA

35
& okn & fdycksuZ cuke~ FkkWelu &1880 & 'kfä i`FFkdj.k dk fl¼kar vesjhdh lafo/kku dk izeq[k y{k.k
gSA
& O;oLFkk,¡ & 'kfä i`FFkdj.k ls lEcfU/kr
(i) 'kklu ds rhuksa vaxks ds p;u dh vyx&2 izfØ;k&
& izfrfuf/k lHkk o lhusV dk izR;{k fuokZpu] jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu e.My }kjk ijks{k fuokZpu] U;k;/kh'kksa dk
euksu;uA
(ii) ,d gh vax dh lnL;rk dk izko/kku &
& ea=h ;k U;k;/kh'k cuus ij dkaxzl
s dh lnL;rk dk R;kx] U.K. ds foijhrA
(iii) vaxks dk vyx&2 dk;Zdky o dk;Zdky dh fuf'prrk
& izfrfuf/k lHkk &2 o"kZ] lhusV lnL; & 6 o"kZ] jk"Vªifr & 4 o"kZ] U;k;/kh'k lnkpkj i;ZUr] & thou i;ZUrA
(iv) mÙkjnkf;Ro esa fHkUurk &
& izfrfuf/k lHkk dk m.p vius & fuokZpu {ks=] lhusVj vius jkT;] jk"Vªifr & lEiw.kZ jk"Vª rFkk U;k;/kh'k
lafo/kku ds izfr mÙkjnk;hA
& la{ksi esa &
& ljdkj ds rhu fof'k"V dk;Z & fu;e fuekZ.k] fu;e fØ;kUo;uk] o U;k;&fu.kZ;uA
(i) rhuksa fof'k"V dk;Z vyx&2 vaxksa o vyx&2 O;fä;ksa }kjkA
(ii) rhuksa vax leku o ,d nwljs ls Lora=A
(iii) fo/kkf;dk }kjk lÙkk dk izR;k;kstu ughaA
fu;a=.k o lUrqyu
& ;g USA 'kklu O;oLFkk dk ^ekSfyd izko/kku* gSA rhuksa vax ,d&nwljs ls Lora= ij O;ogkj esa ,d vax] vU; nks
vaxksa ij fu;a=.k Hkh j[krk gSA rkfd lUrqyu cuk jgsA
(i) dkaxzl
s (laln) dh 'kfä ij fu;a=.k &
fof/k@dkuwu fuekZ.k dh 'kfä dkaxzl
s ds ikl ij bl ij ckdh nks vaxksa dk fu;a=.k
A dk;Zikfydk fu;a=.k %&
& dkaxzl
s }kjk ikfjr fo/ks;dksa ij jk"Vªifr foyEcdkjh fu"ks/kkf/kdkj (Suspensive veto) o tsch ohVks (Pocket
veto) dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA
& jk"Vªifr v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA
& O;ogkfjd :i ls jk"Vªifr dkaxzl
s dks lUns'k Hkstdj] jk"Vª ds uke vihy tkjh dj] rFkk dkaxzl
s esa vius ny
dks dgdj dkuwu fuekZ.k dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
B U;k;ikfydk fu;a=.k %& U;kf;d leh{kk ds }kjk dkaxzl
s ds dkuwuksa dks lafo/kku fo:¼ gksus ij S.C. mUgs

voS/k ?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA

36
(ii) dk;Zikfydk (jk"Vªifr) ij fu;a=.k %&
& jk"Vªifr dkuwu fØ;kUo;u esa rkuk'kkg ugha cu ldrkA
A dkaxzl
s }kjk fu;a=.k & foÙkA ctV ij dkaxzsl dk fu;a=.kA bldk O;ogkfjd mi;ksx Hkh dbZ ckj gks pqdk gSA
mnk- vksckek dh Health Insurence Scheme.
& ;q¼ ?kks"k.kk dh iqf"V dkaxzl
s ls vko';dA
&

cuok ldsA

sM e h
fons'kksa lfU/k;ksa o le>kSrksa dh lhusV }kjk 2@3 (66%) cgqer ls iqf"V vko';dA mnk- isfjl laf/k dh
lhusVh; iqf"V uk gksus ij rkRdkfyd jk"Vªifr cqMjks foYlu pkgdj Hkh U.S.A dks jk"Vªla?k dk lnL; ugh

d
& jk"Vªifr dks dsfcusV] U;k;ikfydk o vU; cM+s inksa ij fu;qfä;ka djus gsrq lhusV ls vuqeksnu djokuk

,
vko';dA
& jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksxA
B U;k;ikfydk }kjk fu;a=.k
& U;kf;d leh{kk ds }kjk dk;Zikfydk vkns'kksa dks voS/k ?kksf"kr djukA
& uSfrd fu;a=.k & jk"Vªifr }kjk S.C. ds C.J. ds le{k lafo/kku j{kk dh 'kiFk ysukA
(iii) U;k;ikfydk ij vkaf'kd fu;a=.k &
(A) dkaxszl }kjk &
& U;k;/kh'kksa dh la[;k] osru o la?kh; U;k;ky; ds {kS=kf/kdkj dks lhfer djus dh 'kfäA
& dkaxzl
s }kjk egkfHk;ksx ds ek/;e ls U;k;/kh'kksa dh in~P;wfrA
& jk"Vªifr }kjk U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfä dh lhusVh; lgefr vko';dA
& dkaxzl
s lafo/kku la'kks/ku djds U;k;ikfydk ds fu.kZ; dks iyV ldrh gSA
(B) jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;a=.k &
& U;k;/kh'kksa dks euksuhr djuk
& U;k;ikfydk }kjk nf.Mr O;fä dks {kek djukA
& 'kfä i`FFkdj.k fla¼kr dh vkykspuk
^^vaxks ds vyx&2 dk;ZfoHkktu ls dk;Zdq'kyrk dh tks gkfu gksxh og gkfu] O;fäxr Lora=rk ls izkIr ykHk
dh ctk; T;knk gksxh**A J.S. fey
(i) 'kklu esa ,drk o mÙkjnkf;Ro dk vHkkoA
(ii) jk"Vªifr o dkaxzl
s ds chp ikjLifjd fojks/kA
(iii) jk"Vªifr fujdqa'k gks ldrk gSA
(iv) U;k;ikfydk dk LoksZPp lnu cuukA

37
& dqN izFkkvksa dh ctg ls fu;a=.k o lUrqyu dk izHkko de gksuk&
(i) lhusVh; f'k"Vrk (Senitorial Courtsy) *ln~Hkko o lkSncs kth dh feyhtqyh 'kfä* (Senitorial Courtery)
lEcfU/kr jkT; ds lhusVj dh iqf"V rks iwjs lhusV dh iqf"VA
(ii) vodk'k fu;qfä;ksa dh izFkk & jk"Vªifr lhusV ds vodk'kdky esa mlds vuqleFkZu ds fcuk Hkh fu;qfä;ka
dj ldrk gSA
(iii) dk;Zdkjh le>kSrksa dh izFkk & fons'kh lafU/k;ksa o le>kSrks ij lhusV dh vuqefr vko';dA blls cpus
ds fy, lfU/;k ugha *dk;Zikfydk le>kSrs* fd;s tkrs gSA
& lkajk'k & bu rhuksa izFkkvksa ls dk;Zikfydk tgka fo/kkf;dk ij gkoh gks x;h gSA ogha U;k;kf;d leh{kk dh 'kfä

h
ds dkj.k U;kf;d LoksZPprk dh fLFkfr iSnk gks x;h gSA

38
 izfrfuf/kRo ds fl¼kar
( Theories of Representation)
& vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa esa tula[;k o`f¼ ds dkj.k izR;{k yksdra= lEHko ugh jgk vr% izfrfuf/k;kRed
yksdra= dk mn; gqvkA
& izfrfuf/k;kRed yksdra= & og yksdra= tgk¡ turk }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k] tufgr esa 'kklu dk lapkyu
djrs gSA
izfrfuf/kRo ds izdkj
(Types of Representation)

h
izknsf'kd izfrfuf/kRo O;kolkf;d oxZ lewg
izfrfuf/kRo izfrfuf/kRo izfrfuf/kRo
,dy lnL; cgq lnL; G.D.H dkWy lektoknh@ cgqyoknh&mnkj
fuokZpu {ks= fuokZpu {ks= lkE;oknh 'kklu oknh O;oLFkkvksa esa
O;oLFkkvksa esa
(i) izknsf'kd@{ks=h; izfrfuf/kRo &
(A) ,d lnL; fuokZpu {ks= & U.K./U.S.A/India
& iwjs ns'k dks vusd fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd {ks= ls ,d gh lnL; dk fuokZpu fd;k tkrk
gSA
& bllsa vkerkSj ij 'First past to the post' tks lcls vkxs oks thrs* pquko iz.kkyh gksrh gSA
(B) cgqlnL;h; fuokZpu {ks= & blds nks rjhds gS&
izFke & iwjs ns'k dks gh ,d fuokZpu {ks= cuk fn;k tkrk gS] mnk- bZtjk;y] uhnjyS.MA
f}rh; & iwjs ns'k dks dbZ fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA mnk- LohMu] ukosZ] MsuekdZ] fLoV~tjyS.M]
bVyhA
& izR;sd fuokZpu {ks= ls dbZ lnL;ksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA
& blesa vkerkSj ij izfrfuf/k & vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo iz.kkyh ls pqus tkrs gSA
(ii) O;kolkf;d izfrfuf/kRo@dk;kZRed@izdk;kZRed izfrfuf/kRo & (Functional Representation)
& izknsf'kd izfrfuf/kRo dk fodYi
& leFkZd & Guild Socialist, Qsfc;uoknh (fczfV'k osc &flMuh osc)
& Js"B izorZd & G.D.HdkWy & Book- Guild Socialism Restated
& mnk- jkWeu dky] eqlksfyuh dk fuxfer jkT; (Corporate State)
& vk/kqfud felky & b.Mksufs 'k;k] jk"Vªifr lqd.kksZ (1965 ls iwoZ) & laln esa lSU; dkfeZdksa] efgykvksa o
39
 O;olkf;d izfrfuf/k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;kA
& India -ns'k esa orZeku esa ekStwn 7 fo/kkuifj"knksa esa dqN LFkku (1@6) v/;kidksa o LukÙkdksa gsrqA
& ^^lPpk o yksdrkaf=d izfrfuf/kRo] izdk;kZRed izfrfuf/kro gS**A G.D.H. dkWy

izfrfuf/kRo ds fl¼kar
( Theories of Representation)

izfrfuf/kRo dk :<+hoknh mnkjoknh vkewy ifjorZu laHkzkr oxhZ;

h
izfrfØ;koknh fl¼kar fl¼kar oknh fl¼kar fl¼kar
fl¼kar
& gkWCl] gsfeYVu & ,.MeaM cdZ & tkWu ykWd o & :lksa o uo & isjVs ks]eksLdk
o esfMlu tsQjlu okeiaFkh fepsYl

(i) izfrfØ;koknh fl¼kar & gkWCl] gsfeyVu

& vketu dk u fu;a=.k o u lgHkkfxrk ;kfu fujdqa'k jktra=
& Law and order state O;oLFkk o lÙkk dh vko';drk ij cyA
(ii) :<hoknh fl¼kar cdZ o esfMlu
& lkoZtfud fu;a=.k Lohdk;Z] ij lgHkkfxrk ughaA
& ernkrk dk dk;Z dsoy izfrfuf/k;ksa dk pquko] pquko ckn mUgsa funsZ'k ughaA
& ,.MeaM cdZ & 1890 esa fcLVy (uk) ls M.P.
^^eSa fczLVy ugha] iwjs jk"Vª dk izfrfuf/k gw¡A**
^^fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k u rks fuokZpdksa dk xqyke gS] u HkksaiwA** cdZ
(iii) mnkjoknh fl¼kar & tkWu ykWd o tsQjlu
& tu fu;a=.k Hkh] tu lgHkkfxrk HkhA
& izfrfuf/k fuokZpdksa dks lUns'kokg gS ^uhfr&fuekZrk* ughaA
& lhfer jktra= o laoS/kkfud ljdkj dk leFkZuA
(iv) Økafrdkjh ;k vkewy&ifjorZudkjh fl¼kar & :lksa] uookeiaFkh
& izR;{k o lgHkkxh iztkra= ds leFkZu
& yksder LoksZifj & izfrfuf/k 'kklu gh vLohdk;Z
(v) laHkzkroxh; (Eliets) fl¼kar & isjVs ks] eks"dk] fepsYl
40
& ;ksX;rk rRo egRoiw.kZ ;ksX; o laHkzkr ;kfu vfHktu oxZ gh 'kklu dk gdnkjA
& yksdra= ds 'kkL=h; fl¼kar (turk dk] turk }kjk] turk ds fy,) ds ?kksj vkykspd ;kfu yksdra= dsoy
NykokA
izfrfuf/kRo ds vU; fl¼kar
(1) VªLVhf'ki ekWMy (Turtiship Model) eq[; izoDrk ,.Me.M cdZ (:<+hoknh fl¼kar)
& lekt esa lHkh dh ;ksX;rk leku ugha blfy, lekt eswa izcq¼ oxZ dk 'kklu gSA
& izfrfuf/kRo ,d uSfrd dÙkZO; gSA lekt ds f'kf{kr o izcq¼ yksxksa dks vf'kf{kr o eq[kZ yksxkas ij 'kklu djuk
pkfg, D;ksafd bUgsa vius okLrfod fgrksa dk Kku ugha gksrk A

h
& ts-,l-fey lHkh yksxkas dks izfrfuf/kRo dk vf/kdkj gS ysfdu lHkh yksxksa ds er dk ewY; leku ughaA fey cgqy

e
erkf/kdkj dk leFkZd gSA
(2) iznÙk ekWMy (Deligated Model)&Fkksel isu
& izfrfuf/k fuokZpdksa ds funsZ'kkuqlkj dke djsA Lo;a dh bPNk ds vuqlkj ughaA
(3) tukns'k ekWMy (Mandate Model)
& oksV O;fDr dks ugha nyksa dks fn;s tkrs gSA fofHkUu eqíksa o dk;ZØeksa rFkk fopkj/kkjk ds vk/kkj ij vr% ny
egRoiw.kZ gS u fd O;fDrA
(4) izfr:i ekWMy (Resemblance Model)
& izfrfuf/kd ljdkj o fo/kkf;dkvksa esa lHkh tkfr] /keZ oxZ ds yksxksas dk izfrfuf/kRo gksuk pkfg,A ;kfu fofHkUu
lewgksa dk izfrfuf/kRo A
izfrfuf/k;kss ds pquko dh iz.kkyh

lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo iz.kkyh

(First past the post)

fujis{k cgqer iz.kkyh lkis{k cgqer iz.kkyh

A. oSdfYid ernku iz.kkyh (A) ,dy gLrkarj.kh; er
iz.kkyh
B. f}rh; ernku iz.kkyh (B) lwfp iz.kkyh
(C) lhfer ernku iz.kkyh
(D) lap;h ernku iz.kkyh
(E) cgqy ernku iz.kkyh
(F) vfrfjDr lnL;h; pquko

iz.kkyh&teZuh
41
(i) lkekU; cgqer iz.kkyh %&
& First Past the post system & lokZf/kd er okyk fotsrkA
& ,dy lnlh; fuokZpu {ks=
& lokZf/kd izpfyr o vklku
& ;g f}nyh; iz.kkfy;ksa o fLFkj ljdkjksa dks tUe nsrh gSA
& ;g cgqla[;d ds vR;kpkj o vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa ij dqBkjk?kkr djrh gSA
& ;kfu & vYila[;dksa dks izfrfuf/kRo ugha
& T;knkrj er O;FkZ pys tkrs gS

h
mnk- India - U.K. - U.S.A ds yksdfiz; lnu ds lnL;ksa dk pquko

e
(ii) vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo iz.kkyh (Propor tional)
& eq[; leFkZd & J.S fey & Book - Consideration on Representative Govt.
ykHk & vYila[;dksa dks i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo
& eq[; fl¼kar & oksVks dks fxuk ugha rksyk tkuk pkfg,A
& dksbZ Hkh er csdkj ugha tkrkA
& cgqlnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=&vkerkSj ij
& fot;h mEehn~okj dks ,d fuf'pr dksVk izkIr djuk gksrk gSA
gkfu & cgqnyh; iz.kkfy;ksa dk tUe QyLo:i vfLFkj ljdkjsaA
vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo dh ^fujis{k*
cgqer iz.kkfy;k¡
& oksVksa dk Li"V cgqer izkIrk djuk gksrk gS ;kfu] 50%$1
(A) oSdfYid er iz.kkyh (Allternative vote system)
& vU; uke & ofj;rkiw.kZ er iz.kkyh
& mnk- India ds jk"Vªifr o mijk"Vªifr rFkk vkLVªfs y;k ds yksdfiz; lnu ds M.P. dk pqukoA
& ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh dk gh ,d :i & ij nks vUrj
(d) cgqy dh txg & ,dy lnL; dk p;u
([k) Mwi dksVs dh txg vU; QkewZyk %&
lw= ¾ dqy oS/k er@1$1$1 ¾ 100@2 ¾ 50$1 ¾ 51
& izFke ofj;rk ds 50%$1 oksV u feyus ij lcls de oksV izkIr djus okys izR;k'kh dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS
rFkk mlds oksVksa dh f}rh; ojh;rk dks ns[kk tkrk gS rFkk mls ckdh cps lnL;ksa esa izFke okfj;rkuqlkj ckaV
fn;k tkrk gSA

42
& tc rd iw.kZ cgqer uk fey tk,A ;g izfØ;k nksgjk;h tkrh gS] blesa Ýkal dh rjg nqckjk ernku dh t:jr
ughaA
& 1969 esa v.v fxjh dk pquko f}rh; ilUnxh ds vk/kkj ij gqvk FkkA
(B) f}rh; ernku iz.kkyh & (Second Ballat System)
& Ýkal ds jk"Vªifr ds pquko esa@Ýkal dh laln ds lnL;ksa dk pquko esaA
& izR;k'kh dks Li"VA iw.kZ cgqer (50%$1) izkIr djuk gksrk gSA
& iw.kZ cgqer uk feyus ij& lokZf/kd er ysus okys nsk izR;kf'k;ksa dks nqckjk pquko eSnku esa mrkjk tkrk gSA

h
vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo dh lkis{k cgqer iz.kkyh;k¡

e
& buesa cgqlnL;ksa dk fuokZpu@vYila[;dksa dks i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo
(A) ,dy laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh (Single Transferebal vote system)
& izfriknd& MsuekdZ dk ea=h & dkyZ vkUnzk;, & vr% vkUnzs iz.kkyh (1793)
& ifj"d`r By& FkkWel gs;j (uk) & vr% gs;j iz.kkyh (1851)
& la'kks/ku By-Mwi vr% Mwi dksVk iz.kkyh
Mwi QkewZyk & dqy oS/k er $ 1@ fuokZpu in $ 1 ¾ 100@4$1 ¾ 100@5 ¾ 20$1 ¾ 21
fo'ks"krk,a & (d) cgqlnlh; fuokZpu ;kfu nks ls vf/kd lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu
[k- izR;sd voter dk ,d oksV rFkk ml ij ojh;rk vafdr djuh gksrh gS& 1]2]3]4
x- blds ckn Mwi dksVk fudkyk tkrk gSA mEehn~okn dks dksVs ds vuqlkj izFke ojh;rk izkIr djuh gksrh gSA
?k- fu/kkZfjr dksVk izkIr u gksus ij lcls de oksV mEehn~okj dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS rFkk mlds oksVksa dk caVokjkA
laØe.k dj fn;k tkrk gSA
M- ernkrk pkgs rks ojh;rk ds dqN [kkus fjDr Hkh NksM+ ldrk gSA
p- izR;sd ny mrus gh izR;kf'k;ksa dks pquko esa [kM+k djrk gS ftruh [kkyh lhVsa gSA
& mnkgj.k & India esa jkT; lHkk o fo/kkuifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa ds pquko esaA
& vk;jyS.M x.kjkT; esaA
(B) lwph iz.kkyh (List system)
& cgqlnlh; fuokZpu {ks=
& ernkrk mEehn~okj dks ugha vfirq iwjh lwph@ny dks oksV nsrs gSA
& fdlh ny dks ftrus % oksV feyus gS] lwfp esa izkFkfedrk ls mrus gh lnL; pqu fy;s tkrs gSA
& mnk- fLoVtjyS.M] csfYt;e] yDteoxZ $ bZtjk;y (if'peh ;wjksi esa)
(C) ,d=hHkwr@lap;h er iz.kkyh (Comulative Vote system)
& cgqlnlh; fuokZpu {ks=A
43
& ftruh lhVsa & mrus oksV
& ernkrk pkgs rks vyx&2 mEehn~okj dks vius er ns] pkgs rks lHkh er ,d gh mEehn~okj dks ns nsA
(D) lhfer ernku iz.kkyh %&
& lhVksa ls de oksV
& lkjs oksV ,d gh mEehn~okj dks ughA fn;s tk ldrsA
(E) erHkkj@cgqy@Hkkjhd`r pquko iz.kkyh (Weightage system)
& vYila[;dksa dks cgqla[;dksa ls vf/kd er nsus dk vf/kdkjA
& ;g ,d O;fä & ,d oksV& ,d eksy dh fojks/khA

h
& leFkZd & J.C. fey

e
& mnk- 1949 ls iwoZ U.K esa f'kf{kr o djnkrk dks vfrfjDr oksV dk vf/kdkjA
(F ) vfrfjDr lnL; pquko iz.kkyh &
& mnk- teZuh ds yksdfiz; lnu (cqUnsLVkWx) ds lnu ds lnL;ksa ds pquko esaA
& vk/kh lhVs & 'First Past the post' $ vk/kh & ^lwph iz.kkyh* lsaA
& ;g bVyh] :l o U;wthyS.M esa izpfyrA
& vYila[;dksa dks fiNM+kas dks izfrfuf/kRo nsus ds vU; rjhds
(i) jk"Vªk/;{k }kjk euksu;u &Hkkjr esa jkT;lHkk esa 12 o yksdlHkk esa nks ,aXyks&b.Mh;u dk euksp;u
(ii) LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k & yksdlHkk@ fo/kkulHkkvksa esa S.S/S.T dks vkj{k.kA

44
 jktuhfrd ny
( Poltical Parties)
& LVsfl;ksykWth (Stasiology) & jktuhfrd ny foKku
& izfrfuf/k;kRed yksdra= dk vk/kkj jktuhfrd ny gh gSA yksdra=h; ljdkj nyh; ljdkj gh gksrh gSA
^^nyh; O;oLFkk vPNh gks ;k cqjh yksdra= ds fy, t:jh gS** & ,.Me.M cdZA ^^
**ny jk"Vª ds eu dks fØ;k'khy cuk;s j[krs gS**A ykMZ czkbl
& vk/kqfud :i esa jktuhfrd nyksa dk 'kq:vkrh fodkl fczVus esa gqvkA
fczVus esa nyh; fodkl (17oha lnh)

e h
dsofs y;lZ

jktlÙkk leFkZd & jktra=oknh

Vksjh vuqnku ny
jkm.M gSM~l

laln leFkZd & x.kra=oknh

fOgx

jktuhfrd ny dk vFkZ o fo'ks"krk,¡

rhu vyx&vyx er

;wjksih; er U.S.A er lkE;oknh er

(i) ;wjksih; er %& Ýkal] bVyh] fczVus vkfn ds fopkjd ekurs gS fd&nyksa dk fuekZ.k fdUgh fl¼karksa ds
vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA
& ,.MeaM cdZ & ^^ jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dk ,slk lewg gS tks fdUgh fof'k"V fl¼karksa ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vªh;
fgrksa dks vkxs c<kus ds fy, laoS/kkfud rjhdksa ls lÙkk izkfIr dk iz;kl djrk gS**A
(ii) vesjhdh er & jktuhfrd nyksa dks dksbZ lS¼kafrd ;k oSpkfjd vk/kkj ugh gksrk ny ek= lÙkk ds fy,
la?k"kZ ds lk/ku ek= gSA dsoy ^^er izkIr djus okyh e'khus** gSA
& blhfy, & ykWMZ czkbl fy[krs gS & ^^nks cksrysa ftuesa Same 'kjkc ij yscy vyx&2 gS**A
& jkWcVZ&Mgy& "U.S.A dh nksuksa ikfVZ;ksa esa fopkj/kkjkRed lkn`';* rFkk fo"k;xr fojks/k gSA**
& 'kwEihVj (cdZ dk mYVk) & ^^jktuhfrd ny ,slk lewg gS ftlds lnL; jktuhfrd lÙkk ds fy,
izfr;ksfxrk iw.kZ la?k"kZ djrs gS**A

45
(iii) lkE;oknh er & ekDlZ esa la'kks/ku dj ysfuu us dgk& fd loZgkjk ds laxBu ;kfu lkE;oknh ikVhZ }kjk
etnwjksa esa tkx`fr yk;h tk;sxhA
& ^O;olkf;d Økafrdkfj;ksa* dk ;g ^gjkoy nLrk* Økafr dk usr`Ro djsxkA
& lkE;oknh ikVhZ & yksdrkaf=d dsUnzokn* ;kfu m/okZdkj dsUnzh;dj.k ds vk/kkj ij laxfBr gksxhA
& jktuhfrd nyksa ds rRo@fo'ks"krk,¡ %&
1- vkSipkfjd laxBu & tks HkrhZ] ykecUnh] tkx:drk o fgr lewghdj.k djrk gSA ny jktuhfrd
lekthdj.k Hkh djrs gSA
2- lkekU; fl¼karksa ds vk/kkj ij fuekZ.k
3- laoS/kkfud lk/kuksa ls lÙkk izkfIr dk iz;kl

h
4- ljdkj dk fuekZ.k thrus ij] gkjus ij fojks/kh ny dh Hkwfedk ;k 'kSMks dsfcusVA
& ^^fopkjksa ds nyky** & ykWoy
s

nyksa dk oxhZdj.k & rhu izdkj ls

HkkSxksfyd vk/kkj ij fopkj/kkjk ds vk/kkj la[;k ds vk/kkj

ij ij

jk"Vªh; {ks=h; & ,d nyh; &phu] D;wck

& f}&nyh;] U.K/U.S.A
& cgqnyh; & India,bVyh
Ýkal] LohV~tjyS.M
okeiaFkh nf{k.kiaFkh e/;e ekxhZ
& ;FkkfLFkfroknh fojks/kh & ;FkkfLFkfr dk leFkZu & vjLrqoknh
& vkewy&ifjorZoknh & ukth] Qklh] BJP, & dkaxzl
s
vuqnku ny Nkrk ikVhZ
dkaxzl
s iz.kkyh&jtuh dksBkjh

fofHkUu fopkjdksa }kjk nyh; oxhZdj.k

,yu ckWy ekWfjl MqoZtj yk&ikyksEcjk o thu Cyk.Msy ljVksjh

ekbuj ohuj
46
(A) ,ysu ckWy dk oxhZdj.k & Book - Modern Po.litics and Govt. 1971 vk/kkj&nyksa dh la[;k] lajpuk o 'kfä
ds vk/kkj ij & 7 izdkj dh
1- vLi"V f}nyh; i¼fr;k¡ & USA (vLi"V&D;ksafd ,d gh fopkj/kkjk&iwathokn&mnkjokn)
2- Li"V f}nyh; i¼fr;k¡ & U.K, vkWLVªfs y;k (nyksa dh fopkj/kkjk vyx&vyx o Li"V)
3- dk;Zokg cgqnyh; i¼fr;k¡ & fLoV~tjyS.M] ukosZ] LohMu] uhnjyS.MA
4- vfLFkj cgqnyh; i¼fr;k¡ & bVyh India,1958, ls iwoZ Ýkal
5- (,d ny) izHkkoh ny i¼fr;k¡ & 1967 ls iwoZ dkaxzl
s ] eSfDldksa dh PRI tkiku dh fycjy MseksØVs ikVhZ
(1993 ls igys)

h
6- ,d nyh; i¼fr;k¡ & b.Mksufs 'k;k esa lqd.kkZs dh ikVhZ] ?kkuk esa ,ukØwek dhA

e
& fopkj/kkjk ugha] & ny esa gh [khaprku dh btktr
7- lokZf/kdkjh ,dnyh; i¼fr;k¡ & U.S.S.R., China D;wck] ukth] QkfLlV fopkj/kkjk egRoiw.kZ
(B) thu CykWdMsy dk oxhZdj.k & ik¡p izdkj dh
1- ,d nyh; & USSR, Chine ] D;wck] fo;ruke] mÙkjh dksfj;kA
2- f}&nyh; & UK/USA ] dukMk] vkWLVªfs y;k] JhyadkA
3- <kbZ&nyh;& teZuh
4- ,d ny iz/kku cgqnyh; & dkaxzl
s (1967 ls iwoZ)] tkiku&fycjy MseksØVs ikVhZ 38 o"kZ rd rFkk nf{k.k
vÝhdk&vÝhdu us'kuy dkaxzl
s 1994 ls yxkrkjA
5- cgqnyh; ;ksx iz.kkyh & fLoV~tjyS.M
(C) ekWfjl Mqot
Z j & Ýkal Book - Political Parties - Their organization and activity in Modern state - 1963
& nqoZtj (Duverger) ds vuqlkj & fuokZpu iz.kkyh o jktuhfrd ny i}fr esa lh/kk leca/k gksrk gSA
1- First past the post & ;g f}nyh; iz.kkfy;ksa dks tUe nsrh gS & UK/USA
2- vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/kRo iz.kkyh & ;g cgqnyh; O;oLFkk dks tUe nsrh gSA Ýkal] bVyh] fLoV~tjyS.M
& nqoZtj & ^^izfrfuf/kd lalnh; iz.kkyh Hkh f}nyh; O;oLFkk dks tUe nsrh gSA**

47
 oxhZdj.k & ;wjksih; nyksa ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij (oxhZdj.k dk vk/kkj if'peh ;wjksi)

vk/kkj

vkdkj laxBukRed lajpuk mn;@fodkl ds

o dk;Z'kSyh vk/kkj ij
dkWMj ikVhZ ekWl ikVhZ 1- dkWdl vkUrfjd ckg~;
2- czkap laln ds vUnj

h
3- lsy dh ikfVZ;ka

e
4- fefyfl;k mís';- pquko thruk
vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k %&
A. dSMj ikVhZ (Cadre Party) & laoxZ ny
& p;u eas fo'okl u fd pquko esaA
& fof'k"V oxZoknh o dsUnzoknh] dqN gh yksxksa dk fu;a=.k
& mnk- CPI, C.P.I (M) etnwj & la?k] fdlku la?kks ls ikVhZ esa vkrs gS] ikVhZ ls okfil vkius dkWMj esa pysa
tkrs gSA
& ikVhZ ugha] Carder lfØ; jgrs gSA
B. ekl ikVhZ (Mass Party) & tu ny
& vla[; lnL; & bUgha esa ls usrk dk pquko
& 'kk[kkvksa o ny lnL;rk esa fujUrj o`f¼
& ernkrkvksa ds e/; lnSo lfØ;A
& mnk- dkaxzsl] U.K dh etnwj ikVhZ] vuqnku ny
(ii) laxBukRed lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij & ;kfu lajpukRed (Structure) ds vk/kkj ij
& vkUrfjd o`r (Iner Circle) ds vk/kkj ij
d- dkWdl (Cocus) & tq.Myh
& yk[kksa dk;ZdÙkkZ] ijUrq lEiw.kZ fu;a=.k o lHkh fu.kZ; & ^,d NksVs ls lewg & (Cocus)* ds gkFkksa esaA
& vR;Ur dsUnzhd`r fu.kZ; izfØ;k] vketu ls nwjh] flQZ pquko ds le; lfØ;A mnkjg.k & U.S.A
[k- czkap (Branch) & 'kk[kk ny
& iwjs ns'k esa 'kk[kk,a QSyh gksrh gS
& ges'kk lfØ; jgrh gS
& usrk p;u o fu.kZ;u izfØ;k esa 'kk[kkvksa dh egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkA
48
& mnk- U.K dh Labour Party, India esa dkaxzslA
x- lsy (Cell) (izdks.B ny@dksf'kdk ikVhZ)
& izR;sd txg NksVh&2 bdkbZ;ka
& fopkj/kkj ds vk/kkj ij laxfBr
& xqIr :i ls dk;Z djrh gS
& LoksZPp usrk dk fu.kZ; ekU;
& lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk ifjorZu dh dksf'k'k] flQZ pquko thruk gh mís'; ughaA
& mnk- lkE;oknh ikfVZ;ka

h
?k- fefyfl;k (Militia) & ukxfjd lsuk

e
& xSj&ljdkjh lsuk] fojksf/k;ksa dk lQk;k
& Mªl
s dkWM] O;fä iwtk (Hero-Worship)
& mnk- Qklhoknh] ukth ikVhZ
& fgVyj ds & ^rwQkuh nLrs (Strom Trops)] ekvksa dh Red Army
& nqoZtj dk ;g oxhZdj.k& vkuqikfrd gS tks ^ijks{k ny* ;kfu ny ds Hkhrj xqVks]a lewgksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku
nsrk gS tks ikVhZ dk okLrfod lapkyu djrs gSA
& ;gh & nqoZtj dk ^vkUrfjd o`r fl¼kar* (Inner circle theory) gSA
& nqoZtj dh Inner circle theory - feV~pYs l dh 'Iron Low of oligarchy' dh i;kZ; gSA
ykW ikWyEcjk o ekbju ohuj dk oxhZdj.k
Book - Political Parties and poliitical Development - 1960

4 izdkj dh
1- vkf/kiR; oSpkfjd & U.K. Li"V f}nyh;]fl¼karks ij vk/kkfjr
2- vkf/kiR; Qyewyad & U.S.A.Li"V f}nyh; ]fopkj/kkj ugh^
3- mYVuh; oSpkfjd & Ýkal]bVyh]cgqnyh;] fl¼kar vk/kkfjr
4- mYVuh; Qyewyd & India - cgqnyh;] fl¼kar ughaA
vkf/kiR; & (Hegimonic) & LFkk;h vkf/kiR; okyh] lkyksa rd ny O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ugha
mYVuh; & (Tern over) & ?kweku ysus okyh] vLi"V nyh; O;oLFkk
oSpkfjd (Ideological) & fopkj/kkjk o fl¼karksa ls ca/kh gqbZ
Qyewyd (Pragmatic) & O;ogkfjd] <hyh <kyh fopkj/kkjk] fl¼kar ugha

& T;ksokuh lkjVksjh (Sartori) & From bVyh & Famous Book - Democratic theory

49
& lkVksZjh us viuh iqLrd & ^^The Typology of Part system** & esa nyh; oxhZdj.k ds rhu vk/kkj crk;s
gS&;kfu
f=eq[kh vk/kkj

jktuhfr nyksa dh la[;k nyksa dh fopkj/kkjk nyksa esa fo[k.Mu

dh izd`fr dh ek=k

oxhZdj.k cgqnyh; iz.kkfy;ksa dk lalnh; O;oLFkkvksa esas if'peh ;wjksi

la;r cgqnyh; iz.kkfy;ka /kqzohd`r cgqnyh; iz.kkfy;ka@mxz

h
(Moderate Pluralist system) & fLol] ukoZ]s LohMu]uhnjyS.M (Polarized Pluralist system) & 1950 ls

e
iwoZ Ýkal] okbej teZuh] bVyh]Lisu
1- la;r cgqyoknh iz.kkfy;ka 2- /kqzohd`r cgqyoknh iz.kkfy;ka
& vusd ikfVZ;ka] ij buds e/; T;knk & vusd ikfVZ;ksa ij buds e/; T;knk
fopkj/kkjk nwjh ughaaA fopkj/kkjkRed nwjh ;kfu dêj
& vkilh le>kSrk djds fLFkj ljdkjksa dk & vkilh le>kSrk ugha] vfLFkj ljdkjksa dk
fuekZ.k djrh gS fuekZ.k
& tufgr igys] ikVhZ ckn esa & ikVhZ igys] tufgr ckn esaA
jktuhfrd nyksa dk egRo &
& czkbl & ^^ny jk"Vª ds eu dks ltho j[krs gS& tSl-s TokjHkkVk leqnz dks**A
jktuhfrd nyksa dk fojks/k & ny fofgu yksdra= (Party Less Democracey)
& loZizFke 18oha lnh esa USA jk"Vª fuekZrkvksa us ny fofgu yksdra= dk concept fn;kA leFkZd &
okaf'kxVu] tsQjlu] gsfeYVu] esfMlu
& India loZizFke fopkj & M.N. jk; us
& J.P us viuh iqLrd & ^^Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk dh iqulZjapuk** essa ny&fofgu iztkra= ij foLrkj iwoZd
fy[kkA
& Gandhi us blhfy, blfyl dgk & Lora=rk ds ckn dkaxzl s dks [kRe djksA ftls fouksck Hkkos us [kwc
izlkfjr fd;kA
& vU; rF; & ,d nyh; O;oLFkk & phu] D;wck] m- dksfj;k fo;ruke & lkE;oknh ikVhZ
& f}nyh; O;oLFkk & U.K@USA/dukMk@vkLVªfs y;k@U;wthyS.M@Jhyadk
& ,d nyh; izHkqRo] cgqnyh; iz.kkyh & 1967 ls iwoZ dkaxzl s ] eSfDldksa dh PRI - ikjfVMks Revolutionary
Institule & Nkrk ikVhZ] O;fDr rkuk'kkgh dh ctk; nyh; rkuk'kkgh
& One Plus (1$) ikVhZ flLVe & tkiku

& vkax lku lw dh & dh ikVhZ N.C.D & National Leage for Democracy

50
 ncko lewg (Pressurs Group)
& ncko lewg dks & fgr lewg (Intrest Group) laxfBr lewg] mRizjs d xqV ;k xqV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& cgqyoknh & ncko lewg ds LFkku ij dsoy ^lewg* (Group) 'kCn dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSA
& A.E. Qkbuj & ncko lewg dks ^xqeuke lkezkT;* (Anonymous Group) rFkk ^rhljk lnu* dgrk gSA
& D.D eSDdhu & ^vn`'; ljdkj* (Invisibal gove.)
& ,ysu ckWy & ^izHkkod xqV* (Effective Group)
& jkWMh xSj & ^ljdkjh lapkj lq=*A
& tsa- ds xkWy czFs k & izfr lUrqyudkjh 'kfä

h
& fgr lewg & vius fgr iwfrZ ds fy, laxfBr yksxA tc ;g laxBu fgr iwfrZ ds fy, ljdkj ij ncko

e
Mkyrk gS] rks ncko lewg] vR;f/kd laxfBr o lfØ; ncko lewg dks *ykWfcxa* dgrs gSA
& lewg fl¼kar (Group theory)
& bldk izfriknd & vkFkZj csUVys gSA
& Book - 'The Process of Govt' - 1908 blh esa loZizFke lewgksa dk vkuqHkkafod v/;;u 'kq: gqvkA
& csUVys ds ckn blh fo"k; ij O;ogkjoknh D.V. VweSu us fy[kkA
Book - 'the Governmental Process' - 1951

& lewgksa dk lcls foLr`r v/;;u fd;k & V.O.K twfu;j us viuh Book - Political Parties and Pressure
Group - 1939

& MsfoM VweSu] V.O.K twfu;j] vyySFke & fo'ys"k.kkRed cgqyoknh

& ykWLdh] fx;dhZ] esVyS.M] G.D.H dkWy] Øsc & cgqyoknh
& flMuh ockZ] yk- ikWyEcjk] ,MoMZ 'khYl & vk/kqfud lewg fl¼kardkj
& uo cgqyoknh & jkWcVZ Mgy] fy.MCykWe (okf.kfT;d laxBuksa ij tksj)
& lewgksa dk v/;;u djus okysa dks ^uo O;fäoknh* Hkh dgk tkrk gS tks lewg ds ek/;e ls O;fä ds
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrs gSA
& ifjHkk"kk & vkWMhxkMZ & ^^ncko lewg ,sls yksxksa dk vkSipkfjd laxBu gS ftuds ,d ;k vf/kd LokFkZ gksrs
gS rFkk ;s vius bUgh LokFkksZ o fgr iwfrZ ds fy, lkoZtfud uhfr&fuekZ.k o iz'kklfud dk;ksZ dks izHkkfor
djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gS**A
& jktuhfrd ny o ncko lewg esa vUrj
(i) vkWe.M & ncko lewg fgr eq[kju tcfd jktuhfrd ny fgr la;qfädj.k dk dk;Z djrs gSA
(ii) ny iw.kZ jktuhfrd gksrs gS] tcfd xqV Hkhrj&ckgj dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA
& lewgksa dh F;ksjh gksrh gs] jksVh [kk Hkh ys rFkk cpk Hkh ysA

51
& ;s jkt- nyksa dh rjg lh/ks pquko esa Hkkx ugha ysrs ij pqukoh pUns] vihy] fVdy forj.k] izpkj vkfn
ds ek/;e ls jktuhfr esa lfØ; jgrs gSA
(iii) O;fä fgrksa ds cgqyksd esa jgrk gS vr% og dbZ ncko lewgksa dk lnL; gksrk gS] tcfd jktuhfrd ny
mldk dsoy ,d gksrk gSA
(iv) xqV vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd nksuksa izdkj ls laxfBr gksrs gS tc fd ny dk laxBu vkSipkfjd gksrk gSA
(v) xqVksa dk vkdkj o lnL; la[;k de] nyksa dh T;knkA
(vi) ncko lewg fgr iwfrZ ds fy, laoS/kkfud o vlaoS/kkfud nksuksa lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gS tcfd ny dsoy
laoS/kkfud lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e h
vkWe.M
ncko lewgksa dk oxhZdj.k

thu Cyk.Msy
fopkjd

ihVj vkWMhxkMZ
lkEiznkf;d lkeqnkf;d lsD'kuy dkWt
(Communal) (Associational)

Institutional Associational Non-associational Anomic

(A) vkea.M dk izfl¼ pkSeq[kk oxhZdj.k

1- Institutional Group (lkaLFkkfud lewg)

& ljdkj o laLFkkvksa ds vUnj gksrs gSA

& vukSipkfjd gksrs gS
& fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa lh/kk gLr{ksi
& mPprj ukSdj'kkgh o lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds xqV Hkh vkrs gS& blesaA
& mnk- dkaxzl
s dk lalnh; lewg] dk;Zdkfj.kh] I.A.S ds xqVA
& yksdra= dh ctk; vf/kuk;dokn esa T;knk izHkkoh & ukSdj'kkgh o lSU; xqVA
(ii) Associational (la?kkRed@lkgp;kZRed)

& bldk vkSipkfjd laxBu] vkWfQl] deZpkjh] lafo/kku lc gksrk gSA

& iwjs fo'o esa ;gh 'kfä'kkyhA fodflr ns'kksa esa T;knkA

52
& mnk- O;kolkf;d lewg (fQdh)] vkS|ksfxd la?k] etnwj la?k (CITU, INTUK, AITUC)] efgyk laxBuA
(iii) Non-Associational (xSj lkgp;kZRed@lkEiznkf;d)

& vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd nksuksa izdkj dk laxBuA

& ;s /keZ] tkfr] Kinship vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fufeZrA
& fodkl'khy o fiNMs ns'kksas esa T;knk izHkkohA
& mnk- fo'uksbZ egklHkk] {kf=; egklHkk] xka/khoknh o i;kZoj.koknh laxBuA
& bVyh o vk;jyS.M esa T;knk & tks viuh mxzuhfr;ksa ds dkj.k ;nk&dnk lkekftd o jktuhfrd ruko
iSnk dj nsrs gSa
(iv) anomic (izn'kZukred@fgald@vizfrekfur)

h
& vukSipkfjd] vfo'oluh;] vpkud fgald dk;Zokgh djrs gSA
& O;ogkj dk iwoZ vkadyu ugha ;kfu minzoh] fgald gksrs gSA peRdkfjr fojks/kA
& mnk- Nk=ksa ds lewg] mxzoknh xqV (cCcj [kkylk] mYQk] LITTE)

thu Cyk.Msy dk oxhZdj.k

lkEiznkf;d (Communal) leqnk;kRed

Hkk"kk]tkfr] /keZ ds vk/kkj (Associational)
ij laxfBr
laj{k.kkRed mRFkkukRed
& fgr laj{k.k dsoy vius lnL;ksa & budk mís'; lkoZtfud
dk dkfeZd laxBu] O;olkf;d laxBu dY;k.k o mRFkku &
xka/khoknh] i;kZoj.koknh
laxBu

ihVj vkWMhxkMZ dk oxhZdj.k & ihVj vkWMhxkMZ

lsD'kuy dkWt
& LFkk;h O;olkf;d laxBu] vLFkk;h & ,d gh fgr dh j{kk gsrq xfBr & mnk-
vkS/kksfxd laxBu] etnwj la?k vkfn ekbuj cukvks] lM+d cukvks laxBuA
& ekax iwjh lewg [kRe
53
 d`f=e ncko lewg & nqoZtj
& bl lewg esa fo'ks"kK gksrs gS tks ykWfcax o ncko dk iz;ksx Lo;a ds fy, ugha cfYd nwljksa ds fy, djrs gSA
;s O;olkf;d ykWfcLV gksrs gSA vkfFkZd rF; egRoiw.kZA mnk- jhuk jkfM;k & (VkVk Msi)

fofHkUu jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa ncko lewgksa dh Hkwfedk

& yksdrkaf=d esa T;knk] lokZf/kdkjoknh esa deA
1- v/;{kkRed O;oLFkk & (USA)
& iwjs fo'o esa lewgksa dk izHkko lcls T;knk ;ghaA
& ykWfcax dk iz;ksx Hkh lokZf/kd ;ghaA

h
& ;gk¡ lewg & Pok Barrel, Long rolling, Fillibustring o Lobbing dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
& dkj.k & jktuhfrd nyksa dk lnL;ksa ij dBksj fu;a=.k ughaA vr% ^^ikVhZ usrkvksa dh Vkaxs frtksfj;ksa es]a frtksjh
dh pkch /kuoku lewgksa ds gkFkksa esa**A
& oqMjks foYlu & ^^dkaxzl
s dh bPNk,a ewyr xqVksa dh bPNk,a gS**A oqMjks foYlu
^^oqMjks foYlu U.S.A dh ljdkj ,slk f'k'kq gS tks fgr lewgksa dh ns[kjs[k esa pykrk gS**A blhfy, jk"Vªifr
vkbtu gkWoj & U.S.A dks ^^lSU; & vkS|ksfxd ladqy** dgrk gSA
2- lalnh; iz.kkyh & ;gk¡ dBksj nyh; fu;a=.k o fOgi dh otg ls ykWfcax de izHkkohA
& fodflr ns'k & ;gk¡ Associational xqV T;knk gksrs gS] vkS|ksfxd lewg] O;olkf;d lewg vkfnA
& fodkl'khy ns'k & ;gk¡ lewgksa dk fodkl izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa gSA ;gk¡ Non-Associational ;kfu tkrh;]
/kkfeZd] lkEiznkf;d lewg T;knkA
& Ýkal o bVyh & Crisis system & ;gka ncko lewg] jktuhfrd nyksa dks fua;f=r djrs gSA ny o lewg vkil
esa tqM+s gksrs gS] Hkkjr dh rjg ij fczVus esa ,slk ughaA Ýkal o bVyh esa ncko lewg oxhZ; fgrksa dks jk"Vªh; fgr
ls Åij j[k ladV iSnk dj nsrs gSA
Hkkjr esa ncko lewg
& ;gk¡ Non-Associational (/kkfeZd] tkrh;) T;knk gSA
& India esa ncko lewgksa dk v/;;u
1- ekbuj ohuj & Book - Pressur group in India
vU; Books - Politics of scarcity vHkko dh jktuhfr, Party Politics in India
2- ekWfjl tkWUl & Books - The Govt\, and Politices in India
^^ ;fn Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>uk gS rks xSj&ljdkjh o vKkr (Anomic) laxBuksa dh
xfrfof/k;ksa dk v/;;u t:jh gS**A

54
3- jkWCVZ dkWpuhd & Book - "Bussiness and Politics"
& bUgksus Hkkjrh; O;olkf;d laxBuksa dk v/;;u fd;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ fcUnq
& ncko lewgksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
1- fgr eq[kju 2- pquko ugha yM+rs 3- fgr iwfrZ ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djuk 4- jkuhfrd nyksa dh
oSpkfjd o fofÙk; lgk;rk 5- flQZ vius lnL;ksa ds dY;k.k ij tksj
& vkHkk"kh ;k d`f=e nokc lewg dk fopkj & eksfjl nqoZtj }kjk

h
& vke.M dk Famous pkSeq[kk oxhZdj.k &

e
1- Institutional 2. Associational 3. Non. Associational 4. Anomic
& ncko lewg dks Anonymous Empire (xqeuke lkezkT;) dgrk gSA S.E. Qkbuj
& Book - Intrest groups in American Society - H .ftxyj

& nokc lewgksa dh Hkwfedk dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys rRo %&
(i) jktuhfrd laLd`fr %& U.S.A esa ncko lewgksa dks ldkjkRed o yksdra= esa lgk;d ekuk tkrk gS tcfd Ýkal]
bVyh ersa fo?kVudkjh o fo/oald ekuk tkrk gSA
(ii) laLFkkRed lajpuk & v/;{kkRed esa T;knk] lalnh; esa deA
(iii) nyh; O;oLFkk & ,d nyh; esa de] cgqnyh; esa T;knkA

55