RESEARCH ON

ASSESS THE FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTING TO EARLY MARRIAGE AMONG

FEMALE TEENAGERS

A CASE OF UBUNGO MUNICIPAL, DAR ES SALAAM

MIANGA PAMELA

BSWB/T.2015/122
 DECLARATION

I Pamela Mianga, declare that this dissertation is my original work, and that the technical
assistance which I have received is detailed in the acknowledgements. No part of this
dissertation has been or is being submitted to any other university or institution. Where other
people‟s works have been used, references have been provided.

Signed ……………………………… Date ……………………………….

PAMELA MIANGA (researcher)

Signed ………………………………... Date ……………………………………

i
 COPYRIGHT

All rights reserved, no part of this research may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or
submitted in any form or in any means, without prior written permission of the Institute of Social
Work Tanzania on her behalf.

PAMELA MIANGA © 2018

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is not a product of an individual .It is an outcome of combined efforts. I appreciate
the indispensable help and cooperation of many people who sacrificed their time and money
to ensure its completion. Above all I would like to thank God for his constant care on whatever

ABSTRACT
The study aimed at asses the factors which contribute to early marriage among teenagers, it was
to gather information on the extent, magnitude and consequences of early marriages in Ubungo

iii
Municipality, as a basis for raising awareness on how children, particularly girls, are affected by
the practice

The Study was conducted at Msigani ward,Mbezi ward,Saranga ward and Kwembe ward on
May and June 2018. These four wards are among the areas in Ubungo Municipal in Dar es
salaam most affected by early marriage. As shown in this report, girls are more affected by early
marriage than boys, since girls are marginalized, their voices are never heard and they are, in
most cases, considered as „investments‟ by their parents and guardians who receive bride price
when the girls are married.
The survey sought to find out firstly whether people in these wards knew anything about early
marriage in their areas. Respondents were asked to define „who is a child‟, whether they knew
what child marriage was, and if they had any views on child marriage in their localities.
Secondly, respondents were asked about the extent and causes of early marriage in their areas –
the number of cases in their communities – and whether they thought early marriage was a good
practice or bad practice. Factors contribute to early marriage formed a further category of
questioning. The respondents were then asked if they knew the impact of child marriage on the
individual children, their families and the community at large. Finally, respondents were asked if
they knew any laws, policies or regulations which govern marriage in Tanzania.
The practice are compounded by many factors including: economic factors, social factors like
lack of knowledge about what constitutes „a child‟, ideas about the age at which girls or boys are
considered ready for marriage, and the association of puberty with readiness for marriage for
both girls and boys.

The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches while the research design was
descriptive survey design. Data were collected using interviews, questionnaires and focus group
discussion methods.
The population sample of the study comprised fourty (40) respondent , categorized into four
respondents, Teachers 10, local governments officer 5, Parents/Guardians/Community
Members 5,Female pupils/students 15 and social workers 5

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome

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AYA African Youth Alliance

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CDF Children‟s Dignity Forum

DAS District Administrative Secretary

DHS Demographic and Health Survey

FGDs Focus Group Discussions

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

STDs Sexual Transmitted Diseases

STIs Sexual Transmitted Infections

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund

URT United Republic of Tanzania

VEO Village Executive Officer

WEO Ward Executive Officer

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3. 1:Categories of Study Sample......................................................................................... 16

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Table 4. 1:Demographic Characteristics of Respondents ............................................................. 21
Table 4. 2:he extent to which social factors contribute to early marriage among teenagers. ..... 22
Table 4. 3:Summarizes the result in percentages and frequencies for each factors ...................... 25
Table 4. 4:Summarized the results in percentages and frequency for each factors ...................... 26

Table of contents

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i

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COPYRIGHT .................................................................................................................................. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM ................................................ 1

1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the study ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Research objectives ............................................................................................................... 6
1.4.1The general objective: ..................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Specific objectives: ........................................................................................................ 6
1.5 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 6
1.6 Significance of the study....................................................................................................... 7
1.6.1 To the parents ................................................................................................................. 7
1.6.2 To the ministry of health and social welfare .................................................................. 7
1.6.3 To the community .......................................................................................................... 7
1.6.4 To the social workers ..................................................................................................... 7
1.6.5 To the local government ................................................................................................ 8
1.6.6 To scholars and academicians ........................................................................................ 8
1.7 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................ 8
1.8 Limitation Of The Study ....................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 10

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 10

2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Theoretical Literature review: ............................................................................................. 11
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 2.3 Socio-cultural and religious values ..................................................................................... 11
2.4 Social feminist ideology ..................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Religious values .................................................................................................................. 12
2.6 Empirical Literature review: ............................................................................................... 12
2.8 Research gap ....................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 15

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 15

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Research design .................................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Area of the study ................................................................................................................. 15
3.5 Study Population ................................................................................................................. 15
3.5.1 Sample size .................................................................................................................. 16
3.5.2 Sampling Techniques ................................................................................................... 17
3.5.3 Probability sampling .................................................................................................... 17
3.5.4 Non probability sampling ............................................................................................ 17
3.6 Data collection method ................................................................................................... 17
3.6.1 Primary source of data ................................................................................................. 18
3.6.2 Secondary source of data ............................................................................................. 18
3.7.3 Questionnaire ............................................................................................................... 18
3.6.4 Interview ...................................................................................................................... 19
3.6.5 Documentation ............................................................................................................. 20
3.7 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.8 Ethical Consideration .......................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 21

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FISCUSION OF THE FINDINGS ..................... 21

4.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents .................................................................... 21
4.2. To examine early marriage rate among teenagers ............................................................. 22
4.3 To analyze social-economic Factors contributing to early marriage .................................. 24

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 4.3 To explore effort that are done to minimize early marriage ............................................... 25
4.4 Discussion on Findings ....................................................................................................... 26
4.4.1 To examine early marriage rate among teenagers ....................................................... 26
4.4.2 Married female teenagers ............................................................................................. 28
4.4.3 Un marriage female teenagers ..................................................................................... 28
4.5 To analyze social - economic factors contribute to early marriage ................................... 28
4.6 To explore efforts that are done to minimize early marriage among teenagers .................. 30
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 32

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................... 32

5.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 32

5.1. Summary of the Study ....................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 33
5.3 Recommendation ................................................................................................................ 34
5.3.1 Recommendation to the government ........................................................................... 34
5.3.2 Recommendations to the community............................................................................... 35
5.3.3 Recommendations to the parents ................................................................................. 35
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 36
APPENDIXES : QUESTIONNAIRES..................................................................................... 46

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM

1.0 Introduction

Early or Child marriage is a public health issue as well as a human rights violation. Girls married
early are more likely to experience violence, abuse and forced sexual relations. Child marriages
jeopardize girls‟ rights, such as the right to education, because new brides are usually forced to
drop out of school to bear children and to provide household labor . Child marriage has both
negative social and economic consequences. It not only deprives girls of their basic human rights
but also hinders socio-economic development at all levels - the individual, the community and
the national
Chapter one is about historical background, statement of the problems, objectives this contain
general and specific objectives, research questions and significant of the study.

1.1 Background of the study

Early marriage refers to any marriage before the legal age of marriage which may differ from
country to country. The legal age of marriage differs by sex, for example, in some section in the
Law of Child Act, it is 18 for males and only 15 for females. Forced early marriages are known
to cause reproductive health risk to the girl child and they also make them feel isolated. Section
13 subsection (1) state that “No person shall marry who, being male, has not attained the
apparent age of eighteen years or, being female has not attained the apparent age of fifteen
years”. ( Marriage Act ,(2002)

The problem of the early marriage it shows that the 36% of the female teenagers between 20-24
they married before attain 18 years the early marriage obviously emerged in the village areas and
sometimes emerged in the rural areas and shows the different between the regions. The following
are the some of the regions that have the percentages of the early marriages shinyanga 59%,
Tabora 58%, Mara 55%, and Dodoma 51%, Dar es salaam and Iringa are the region that have
the little percentages of the early marriages in female teenagers for 8% and 17% (Tanzania
Demographic and Health survey ,2016).

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The female teenagers under 18 years obviously they got marriage with the men that are elder
than them, in Tanzania county in all region there more than 50% of the early marriages in
teenagers which are greater than them for more than 5 years until 14 years( United Nations
Population Fund ,2011).

Child marriage affects more than female teenagers, the female teenagers are higher risk for
illness and death than older women, adolescent mother have a 35%-55% higher risk than older
women for delivering infants who are preterm an of flow birth weight, the female teenagers are
unhealthy, immune, and lack access to social and reproductive the mortality rates for children 5
years can be 28% higher for children born born to young mothers who are 20 years(WHO
,2013).

Marriage is a social institution that unites people in a special form of mutual dependence for the
purpose of founding and maintaining a family. As a social practice entered into through a public
act, religious or traditional ceremony, it reflects the purposes, character and customs of the
society in which it is found. Many societies have norms that limit the age of young girls to enter
into marriage, but in some cases the age limit does not take into consideration their physiological
readiness for childbearing. Marriage often takes place at ages much earlier than the legally
ratified minimum age. Early marriage is the marriage of children and adolescents below the age
of 18 years (WHO, 1987).

In several culture girls are forced to be married at a very early age due to various reasons such as
setting dowry, the fear of some parents that their daughters would get pregnant while at home. It
was considered shameful for a girl to get pregnant outside wedlock. Other factors include
unequal power relations and economic hardship. This also exposes girls to unwanted
pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS and abortions as common
problems among adolescents worldwide. This also account as to why adolescents suffer more
from related complications, such as maternal and infant death Injecting drug use is in part a
reflection of „frustration and anger of marginalized and impoverished populations seeking escape
through mood-altering drugs‟ (Panos Institute, 1990).

Early marriage put teenagers at risk because they are not fully physically developed to care for
pregnancy, early marriage results in early and frequent child birth and subsequently an increase

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in family size. Early marriage also denies girls the right to enjoy their childhood, the right to
education and the right to a husband of her own choice and of her age. When young girls are
forced to marry someone who is older than herself and if it happens that husband dies the
chances of such girls to become a widow at an early age are high Women are clearly
underrepresented in this research and although some researchers recognize that there is a lack of
knowledge about the course of HIV infection and AIDS in women (Brettle and Leen ,1991).

But not only will that young mothers be left to take care the young children by themselves.
Because of bad customs and traditions, it is not guaranteed that these young wives will inherit
their husband properties. Basically early marriages not only pose greater health risks for the
young mother and the baby, but it also violate the girls right to make her own choice such
customs must therefore be fought in all fronts (Selwyn et al, 1988).

Laws determine the ages, sexes, physical conditions, and relations to mention but a few for both
parties contracting marriage. Early marriage is used to refer both formal marriage and informal
unions in which a girl lives with a partner as if married before age of 18,Early marriage also
known as child marriage is defined as “any marriage carried out below the age of18 years before
the girl is physically, physiologically ready to shoulder the responsibilities of marriage and child
bearing ”Child on the other hand, involves other one or both spouses being children and may
take place with or without formal registration and under civil religious or customary laws. We
can trace the historical background to early by speculating the cultural context of the most of the
people in the world (Alexander ,1990).

In most societies early marriage has been practiced from time immemorial. The children used to
be married after attaining puberty that is at around the age of 12 to 16.This used to be the case
for most of the girls who used to be given to men as old as their fathers. The reason behind this is
explained here after. The girls engage in marriage soon after their attainment to puberty in order
to avoid social scandals. If the girl becomes pregnant at her father‟s house, all blames go to

Father or relatives. It was taken to be a curse if a girl remains at home after her puberty. So the
family has to ensure that their daughters are getting husbands soon after the attainment of the
age. The families often take pride in their daughters‟ marriage. The family prestige depended on
how many children their daughters bore for her husband. The chance of bearing many children

3
was secured as early as possible. Marriage of girls used to be a source of income to many
families. This is how the parents used to pressurize their daughters to get married (WHO, 1987).

Generally most girls become sexually active during adolescence. The rates are highest in several
countries of sub Sahara Africa where girls aged between 16 and 19 are sexually active, thus
leading millions of adolescents to have off-spring. In Latin America and Caribbean about one
third of women population give birth before the age of 20.Likewise in Sub-Saharan Africa more
than half of women give birth before the age of 20.Early marriage and the subsequent forced
marriages are due to outdated customs, culture and taboos. Frankly speaking some tribal cultures
and norms encourage girls‟ involvement in prostitution at a tender age. In Tanzania incidences
of early marriage and early pregnancies are prevalent in areas such as Ruvuma, Mara, Mbeya,
Singida, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Dar es salaam, Morogoro, Lindi, Mtwara and Coastal Region
(Human Right Report ,2015).

The other reasons that encourage the young girls to be involved in early marriage are socio-
economic pressure on the party of the parents. The latter force their children to drop out of
school in order to earn a living on their own because they cannot take care of them.

In 1978 an Anglican Clergyman (priest) Thomas Mathus issued a paper on population growth
and its effects. In it he pointed out that while the population was increasing with giant steps,
economic growth was in small steps. So there would be so many people while resources are
limited. For him one of the courses for population boom was early marriages. He praises the
natural calamities such as famine, floods and drought as blessings in disguise to man because
they help to beat over population (Johnson ,1990).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Throughout the world, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult
life Sadly, the practice of early marriage gives no such cause for celebration. All too often, the
imposition of a marriage partner upon a child means that a girl or boy‟s childhood is cut short
and their fundamental rights are compromised .Young girls are robbed of their youth and
required to take over roles for which they are not psychologically or physically prepared. Many
have no choice about the timing of marriage or their partner. Some are coerced into marriage,
while others are too young to make an informed decision.

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In Tanzania, a survey conducted by Children‟s Dignity Forum (2008) acknowledged early
marriage in Dar es Salaam, Coast, Mwanza and Mara regions. In Dar es Salaam and coastal
regions the tribes found are among the ethnic groups in Tanzania where initiation practices for
young girls are still strong. During the initiation ceremonies young girls and boys are taught how
to live as wives and husbands respectively (Katapa, 1994).
Tanzania‟s Marriage Act of 1971 sets the minimum age at 18 for boys and 15 for girls with
parental consent. It also permits both girls and boys to marry at 14 with a court‟s permission. The
Constituent Assembly, tasked with writing a new constitution, missed an opportunity to include a
uniform minimum marriage age in its October 2014.
The Tanzanian government plans to review the Marriage Act, based on recommendations by the
Tanzanian Law Reform Commission, and will finalize a government paper for public
consultation after the conclusion of the constitutional review process.
Although child marriage rates in Tanzania have decreased in recent years, they remain
unacceptably high, Human Rights Watch said. Four in 10 Tanzanian women married before
turning 18, according to government statistics.
The problem that teenage girls face include drop dropout from schools ,Women who are married
before the age of 19 are 50 percent more likely to drop out of high school, wrote Gordon B. Dahl
in "Demography." Without a high school diploma, prospects for higher education become
unlikely, which makes finding a job more difficult. Without employment, many married teens
will struggle to maintain a household separate from their parents'.

Another problem that teenage girls got Financial Strain, Married teens who do find employment
can expect to earn less than couples marrying older. Women who marry young are 30 percent
more likely to live in poverty. In addition to the strain put on financially insecure marriages,
communities are shouldered with the burden of providing support to these households.

Furthermore the teenage girls got Psychological Problems ,Managing the trials and tribulations
of any marriage requires solid communication and problem-solving skills. While the teenage
brain has developed the ability to process emotions, it is not until someone is in his early 20s that
the ability to control impulses is intact. This means that in handling relationship issues, teenagers
will have a more difficult time responding to emotionally charged events. This can create high
levels of individual stress. In addition, those who marry under the age of 18 have an increased

5
lifetime risk of mental health problems. This could be related to higher levels of stress or higher
levels of substance abuse as a coping mechanism.
Also Effect on Children, Many teens decide to marry because of an unplanned pregnancy or
marrying earlier simply leads to younger parenting. "Development and Psychopathology," that
children born to young parents grow up to experience higher levels of unemployment and even
higher levels of violent crime. In addition, these children more often grow up to be young parents
themselves, repeating the cycle.
Therefore, this Study will focus on findings on the factors which contributing to early marriage
among female teenagers at Ubungo Municipality,Dar es salaam-Tanzania

1.4 Research objectives

1.4.1The general objective:

To assess the factors which contributing to early marriage among female teenagers in Ubungo
Municipality.

1.4.2 Specific objectives:

The specific Objective of this proposed study were:

i. To examine socio econim factors contributing to early marriage to female teenagers in

Ubungo Municipality.
ii. To examine socio cultural factors that contribute to early marriage to female teenagers at
Ubungo Municipality
iii. To explore efforts taken by Government to minimize the problem of early marriage to
female teenagers at Ubungo Municipality..

1.5 Research questions

i. What are socio econim factors contributing to early marriage to female teenagers in
Ubungo Municipality.
ii. What are socio cultural factors that contribute to early marriage to female teenagers at
Ubungo Municipality
iii. What are the efforts taken by Government to minimize the problem of early marriage to
female teenagers at Ubungo Municipality?

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1.6 Significance of the study

1.6.1 To the parents

 The study will help the parents to change their ideals to force their daughters to be
married in under age.
 The study will provide knowledge to the parents to know the consequences and the
effects of the early married to their daughters.
 The study will enable the parents to follow the roles and the regulations when they need
to marry their daughters. They should have to follow the role of law.

1.6.2 To the ministry of health and social welfare

 The study will help the ministry to be aware that the early marriage is continuing, that
will help the ministry to review and reformat the policy and laws.
 The study will help the ministry to know the numbers of the early marriage in female
teenagers that will enable them to find the way to provide the education to the
community, and the region that they are first in early marriage.
 The study will help the ministry to know the route course of the early marriage.

1.6.3 To the community

 The study will help the community to getting awareness about early marriage, the
community will get to know how the early marriage hindering their children, as well as
the effect of it.
 The study will help the community to change the behavior of forcing their doughter to be
married because they will be convicted as they break the law, becource to force their
daughters to be married is not a human right and also is to break the law, every person
has right to decide.

1.6.4 To the social workers

 The study will help the social workers to know the areas of the interventions, the study
will help the social workers to know the importance to intervening the problem of early
marriage in our country.

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  The study will help the social workers to playing different social work role and
responsibility to advocate the right of the children including central and local government
authority.
 The early marriage because is the social injustice the social worker will be able to
challenges the social injustices, to the level of family, group, and community through
different way like case work, group work and community work.

1.6.5 To the local government

 The study will help the local government to doing an investigation to the household to the
numbers of the children who are married.
 Also the study will help the local government to examine the different wedding that are
done to their area in order to make sure that the married women are attaining to the age of
that are passed by the law.
 The study will help the local government to know the importance to force the use of the
law, especially to those who are breaking the laws.

1.6.6 To scholars and academicians

 The study will help the scholars and the academician to lecture the students in details
about the effect which are coming from the early marriage, the effect in all aspect
including socially, economically as well as politically.
 The study will help the scholars and the academicians to doing more research in order to
getting more details about the early marriage.
 The study will help the scholars and the academicians to prepare different books that will
enable the students to know the problems in details.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study will be conducted at Ubungo Municipal in Dar es Salaam. Therefore the findings will
not be generalized other municipal or district in Tanzania. the study will solely concerned with.
Assess the factors which contributing to early marriage among female teenagers in Ubungo
Municipality. Ubungo municipal is selected because also have the problem of early marriage
(Tanzania Demographic and Health survey, 2016).

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1.8 Limitation Of The Study
Time shortage, regard to the submission time of this chapter to my supervisor i.e. the study
seemed to be demanding a lot of time to collect enough information concerning the topic, also
still having class activities like reasons, class assignment and tests as well as prepare myself for
end of semester examinations.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the reviewed literature from other scholars and researchers related to this
Study of the factor which contribute to early marriage among teenagers in rural areas. The term
“literature” refers to the analysis of text books or manuscripts. Although many people rightly
associate literature with novels and poetry (fiction), in research the term is more specific. In
terms of a literature review, the term literature (non – fiction) means the works the researcher
consulted in order to understand and investigate the research problem. A literature review
therefore is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited, scholars and
researchers. It is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that the
researcher will be carrying out. It involves examining document such as, books, magazine
journals and dissertation that have a bearing on the study being conducted.

2.1 Conceptual Framework

A child to be a person below the age of eighteen under section 13. The law of the Child Act is a
supreme law for the protection of children rights, however it was violated by several legislations
because the definition of child in Tanzania is not inimitable. (Law of the child Act 2009).

Children are dependent on their families, their communities and the State for the realization of
their rights. The fulfillment of children‟s rights requires an enabling environment from
conception to the end of adolescence. It is therefore critical to examine the immediate,
underlying and structural causes that tend to perpetuate disadvantage, and the role of parents and
families, communities, government authorities at local, regional and central levels, voluntary and
civil society organizations, private sector actors and development partners. In other words, the
responsibilities and actions of “duty bearers” need to be assessed to ensure that the rights of
children are respected, protected and promoted (UNICEF REPORT 2009).

The Law of Marriage Act of 1971 under Section 2(1) defines a child as “who has not attained the
age of 18 years” and the same statute under Section 13(1), permits marriage of young girls who
have attained 15 years with consent of parents and court( Marriage Act of 1971)

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2.2 Theoretical Literature review:
A theoretical frame work is a collection interrelated ideas based on theories. It is a reasoned set
of proposition, which are derived from and supported by data or evidence. A theoretical
framework accounts for or explains phenomena. It attempts to clarify why things are the way
they are based on theories. A theoretical framework is a general set of assumptions about the
nature of phenomena. (Kombo and Tromp, 2006:56)

2.3 Socio-cultural and religious values

In communities where child marriage is prevalent, there is strong social pressure on families to
conform. Failure to conform can often result in ridicule, disapproval or family shame. Invariably,
local perceptions on the ideal age for marriage, the desire for submissive wives, extended family
patterns and other customary requirements, are all enshrined in local customs or religious norms.
In many contexts child marriage is legitimized by patriarchy, and related family structures,
which ensure that marriage transfers a father‟s role over his girl child to her future spouse. The
marriage or betrothal of children in parts of Ubungo is valued as a means of consolidating
powerful relations between families, for sealing deals over land or other property, or even for
settling disputes

2.4 Social feminist ideology:

Marxist feminism is a sub-type of feminist theory which focuses on the social institutions of
private property and capitalism to explain and criticize gender inequality and oppression.

Feminist theory is a major branch of theory within sociology that is distinctive for how its
creators shift their analytic lens, assumptions, and topical focus away from the male viewpoint
and experience. In doing so, feminist theory shines light on social problems, trends, and issues
that are otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the historically dominant male perspective
within social theory(Social feminist theory 1960‟s)

The social feminist ideology recognized that the exploitation and oppression of women are
rooted in the structure of patriarchal capitalism. They believed that sexualize is so deeply
ingrained in the social relationship of patriarchal Capitalism that a fundamental transformation is
necessary to bring about social change. Thus, in this study early marriage eradication may be

11
hindered by the system whereby policies, traditions and beliefs still oppressing young girls to be
married. (Social feminist theory 1960‟s)

2.5 Religious values

According to the Priest argued that ” these days with western ideas spread everywhere; girls stay
unmarried as late as 30 years. It is very Scientific and modern, but in our church it is prohibited
such girls are neither clean nor blessed” Thus this strong religious message enforce the view that
marrying early is best as supported by the one of the priests representing Ethiopian‟s Orthodox
Church.

2.6 Empirical Literature review:

Empiricism is a way of knowing the world directly relying on what experienced in the senses of
sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Knowledge is gained based on what is real not what is
imagined or revealed. Empirical knowledge is written, preserved, stored and recorded so that
other people can have access to it, use it and even improve it for the better society (Kombo &
Tromp, 2006).The related literatures to the study at hand are discussed to widen knowledge so as
to have a good focus of the study.

Early marriage in Adolescent girls. Girls are at risk of early marriage and those who are
already married need greater policy and programmatic attention. Programs addressing
Adolescent reproductive health and HIV prevention have focused primarily on unmarried youth.
However the majority of recent unproductive sexual activities among adolescent girls in most
developing countries occur within marriage.

Girls married before age of 18 have low education attainment, earning power and social
mobility. In some settings married girls have been shown to have higher rates of HIV infection
than their sexually active unmarried peers. All countries have regions with areas where early
marriage is forbidden, but it is most pronounced in South and West Africa. In Bangladesh, Mali,
India and Nepal at least half of all women currently aging 20 to 24 were married by age of
18.According to available Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. In certain regions of

Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India and Nigeria at least 40 percent of those women were married before
the age of 18 (considered the legal minimum age of marriage in most Countries) according to a
population council analysis of United Nations Countries data early marriage among boys in

12
much less common. Policy and program Manager are working in two primary ways to address
the disadvantage faced by girls who marry early to support later age of marriage and to respond
to the needs of young married girls. In this study “girls” refer to those under 18years age When
girls are married at a young age, it is often due to poverty, dowry pressures, parental concerns
about pre-marital sex and pregnancy, or other economic or cultural reasons. For many marriage
marks the beginning of their sexual life and an increased social isolation, as girls typically leave
their homes and natal villages losing contact with friends and peers. Existing data cannot
definitively show the causal link between early marriage, poverty, low educational attainment
and other social indicators, which are mult –directional. However studies have found that
married girls have many disadvantages related to health, social and economic spheres, hampering
their ability to negotiate their reproductive and broader life including the needs of their children.

Marriage for many girls is the beginning of frequent and unprotected sexual activity. The
younger the bride, the more likely she is to be a virgin. Frequency of sexual intercourse among
married girls is far higher than among unmarried sexually active girls. Trends have been
exhaustively examined courtesy of World Fertility Survey and DHS data. Analysis of DHS data
shows that in 27 of 29 countries more than half or recent unprotected sexual activity occurs
within marriage. Married girls under pressure to become pregnant are likely to face the risks of
child first birth carry special risks for both mother and child and 90% of first births that occur
before age of 18 years, occur within marriage according to analysis of DHS data by the
population Council.

First time mothers younger than age of 16 are at greater risk of maternal and infant mortality.
Married girls have distinct and in some setting substantial risk of acquiring HIV child brides
have frequent unprotected sex, often with an older partner. The younger the bride the larger the
age gap with her spouse. Older males are more likely to be sexually experienced and may thus
have an elevated risk of being HIV infected. In Kisumu-Kenya Ndola-Zambia studies using bio-
makers found higher HIV infection rates among married girls ages 15 to 19 compared to sexually
active unmarried girls of the same age.(33 percent compared to 22 percent in Kenya and 27
percent compared to 16 percent in Zambia) Young married girls have low educational
attainment and few schooling opportunities.

13
In a cross regions, the percentage of girls married by age of 18 decreases as the number of years
of schooling a girl has received increases married girls rarely attend school married girls have
less house hold and economic power than married women. Population council analyzed data
from Egypt and Kenya and from a study in India indicates that married girls have less decision-
making power than married women, often living with little authority under the supervision of
their new mothers in law. Married girls have less mobility than their unmarried counterparts or
married women. Analyses of data from population council projected in India and Kenya and
study in Bangladesh found significant differences in the mobility of married girls, measuring
how. They often go to such place as a tea stall, another neighborhood, restaurant, bank or post
office.

Married girls have less exposure to modern media. Studies in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Nepal as
well as in Kenya have shown that married girls are generally exposed to less media than
unmarried girls who are married later. Increasingly modern media are a means of providing
information on reproductive health and HIV prevention, thus increasing social contact with the
world. Changing interpersonal communication about HIV/AIDS and in some cases changing
social norms. Married girls have limited social networks. The Bangladesh study and India
analyst found that married girls who often move to their husbands‟ communities are far likely
than their unmarried peers. Married girls may be at greater risk of gender based violence in some
settings. An analysis of DHS data from nine countries found that about half of the countries of
Egypt, Haiti, India and Nicaragua young age at married significantly increased a girls or
woman‟s risk in experiencing violence.

2.8 Research gap

At present, there is a serious lack of data on all aspects of early marriage. This work has
underlined, the sources of information concerning early marriage in terms of demographic trends
and educational attainment. There are as yet very few studies that have examined the practice
from a human rights perspective, in terms of trends or its impact on wives, husbands, families, or
the wider society. These gaps need to be filled urgently, since data must inform policies and
programmers and provide a basis for effective advocacy.

14
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter consist research design, area of the study, sampling, sample size, sampling
techniques, types and source of data, data collection methods and data analysis.

3.2 Research design

Research design defines the study type, research question, hypotheses, variables, and data
collection methods. Some examples of research designs include descriptive, correlation, and
experimental. Another distinction can be made between quantitative and qualitative methods.

Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines,

traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. Qualitative
researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that
govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making,
not just what, where, and when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed than
large samples. Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social
phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques ( Bhattacharyya , 2006).

3.3 Area of the study

This study will be conducted at Ubungo Municipality in Dar-Es-Salaam city. This area was
selected based on the criteria of being a highly populated municipality in Dar-es-Salaam and
therefore potential for huge number of street children. For example, according National Bureau
of Statistics (2012) Kinondoni Municipality (Ubungo was a part of Kinondoni before been
divided into two Municipal) has bigger number of population (1.7 million) as compared to
Temeke (1.3 million) people and Ilala (1.2 million)

3.5 Study Population

Bryman (2004) defined population as the universe of units from which sample is to be selected.
Moreover, according to Creswell (2005) the term population is defined as a group of a person
having common characteristics. The study population of this study was 100 respondents which
include divorced parents, children from divorced parents and governmental officers such as

15
social workers, ward executive officers and magistrates. Therefore researcher selected only 40
respondents as sample.

3.5.1 Sample size

The researcher used sample size of 40 respondents which distributed into four parts teachers 10,
local governments officer 5, Parents/Guardians/Community Members 5,Female
pupils/students 15 and social workers 5 at Ubungo Municipality. The researcher selected this
kind of respondents because it is enough sample to provide accurate data according at a given
time of making an investigation. Therefore the researcher deals with this sample without
genders, marital status and education level bias.
Sample size is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a
statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the
goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in
a study is determined based on the expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient
statistical power.
On that basis, this study covered a sample size of 40 respondents from different categories as
summarized under the Table 3 . 1 below:-

Table 3. 1:Categories of Study Sample

S/N Respondents Number of respondents

1 Teachers 10
2 Local Government officers 5
3 Female Pupils/Student 15

4 Social Workers 5
5 Parents/Guardians/Community Members 5
Total 40

Based on the above table, the study consisted of fiver (5) different groups of
respondents Pupils/students, teachers, Local Government Officers,Parents/Guardians/community
members and social workers.

16
3.5.2 Sampling Techniques

The researcher used probability and non-probability sampling techniques in selecting sample size
of 40 respondents of representatives of total population during data collection.

3.5.3 Probability sampling

Probability sampling is a sampling technique where in the samples are gathered in a process that
gives all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected .A probability
sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In
order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures
that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen (C. R Kothari
2004).
A simple random sampling used by the researcher because community member, pupils and
teachers have equal a chance of being selected, and has occurred in a large population of three
primary school found in Ubungo Municipality.

3.5.4 Non probability sampling

The researcher used judgmental sampling to select the respondents to early marriage family
because it is applied to small population. Non probability sampling does not meet this criterion
and, as any methodological decision, should adjust to the research question that one envisages to
answer. Non probability sampling techniques are not intended to be used to infer from the
sample to the general population in statistical terms (Strauss and Corbin, 1990).

3.6 Data collection method

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an
established systematic fashion, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate
outcomes. Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of
interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection component of research is
common to all fields of study including physical and social sciences, humanities, business, etc.
While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection
remains the same.The researcher collected data by using method such as questionnaire,
interview, and documentation from the respondents.

17
3.6.1 Primary source of data
The researcher used interview, and questionnaire method to collect quantitative and qualitative
data from community members, teachers and Ubungo Munipality. A primary source (also called
original source or evidence) is an artifact, a document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, a
recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study. It serves
as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions can be used in library
science, and other areas of scholarship, although different fields have somewhat different
definitions. In journalism, a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation,
or a document written by such a person (C. R Kothari 2004).

3.6.2 Secondary source of data

Secondary data refers to data that was collected by someone other than the user. Common
sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, information collected by
government departments, organizational records and data that was originally collected for other
research purposes. Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the
research. Secondary data is the data that have been already collected by and readily available
from other sources. Such data are cheaper and more quickly obtainable than the primary data and
also may be available when primary data cannot be obtained at all. The researcher used
documentation method in order to collect qualitative or quantitative data. Those data collected
from different source like internet, library and community development department
(Kvale,1996).

3.7.3 Questionnaire
The researcher used open and closed method to obtain data from teachers, pupils and Ubungo
this because they know how to read and write not only that but also they have knowledge, skills
and experience of study concerning importance of safe water supply in primary school at
Ubungo Municipality . A questionnaire is a set of questions for gathering information from
individuals. You can administer questionnaires by mail, telephone, using face-to-face
interviews, as handouts, or electronically. Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written
interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone or post ( Friedman & Rosenman,
1974).
Questionnaire has divided into three types, open ended, closed ended and mixed as follow

18
Open ended questionnaire or Unstructured question is the questionnaire in which (unlike in a
multiple choice question) possible answers are not suggested, and the respondent answers it in
his or her own words. Such questions usually begin with a how, what, when, where, and why.
Closed ended questionnaire,A closed-ended question contrasts with an open-ended question,
which cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no", or with a specific piece of information,
and which gives the person answering the question scope to give the information that seems to
them to be appropriate. Open-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement which
requires a response (Kvale,1996).
Mixed questionnaire, this is the type of the questionnaire the are mixing between the closed
ended and open ended questions, and this will be the best to my research because is mixing all
type of the questions.

3.6.4 Interview
An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. In common
parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation with one person acting in the
role of the interviewer and the other in the role of the interviewee. The interviewer asks
questions, the interviewee responds, with participants taking turns talking(Kvale,1996).

The researcher used structure interview method to collect data from community members, This
because some community member do not know to read and write thus the method is appropriate
to people who have those problem of early marriage. Therefore it is better to meet face to face
with respondents so as to collect information. The qualitative research interview seeks to
describe and the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in
interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say. A qualitative research
interview seeks to cover both a factual and a meaning level, though it is usually more difficult to
interview on a meaning level. (Kvale,1996)
Interviews are particularly useful for getting the story behind a participant‟s experiences. The
interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic. Interviews may be useful as
follow-up to certain respondents to questionnaires, to further investigate their responses.
(McNamara,1999)

19
3.6.5 Documentation
Documentation is a record or the capturing of some event or thing so that the information will
not be lost. Usually, a document is written, but a document can also be made with pictures and
sound. A document usually adheres to some convention based on similar or previous documents
or specified requirements. Examples of documents are sales invoices, wills and deeds, newspaper
issues, individual newspaper stories, oral history recordings, executive orders, and product
specifications(C. R Kothari 2004).
The researcher used documentation method to collect data through reading from different books
which are available in different library, documents or from the report of other researcher. This
gives researcher with skills and knowledge on how to make clear reports.

3.7 Data Analysis

Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the
goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a
variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains. The researcher used
both qualitative and quantitative research in data analysis. Also a researcher used manual and
computer for analyzing data quantitative findings will be presented inform of table, pie chart and
figures by using statistical package for social science (SPSS) (C. R Kothari 2004)..

3.8 Ethical Consideration

In this study will ensure all ethical concerns in conducting research. The study will ensure the
following when they will conduct research: The researcher will ensure respondents are made
aware of the purpose of the research and information they provide will be handled with utmost
confidentiality. Their identity will be kept anonymous and the findings of this current research
will be strictly for academic purposes and not otherwise

20
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FISCUSION OF THE FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings of the research according to research hypothesis as they were
set to obtain reality from the respondents pertaining to factors contributing to early marriage
among teenagers.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

The total of 40 respondents were involved in the study, whereby 25 respondents were involved
in the structured guided questionnaire while 15 took part in semi- structured interview. The
following table shows demographic data of respondents. The logic behind presenting and
analyzing characteristics of respondents in terms of age, sex and education lies on the fact
that responses are determined by sex, age and education level of respective respondents.
As shown in Table 2 below
Table 4. 1:Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Variables Category and percentages of respondents

Sex Female % local % Parents % Teachers % Social % Tota %

Pupil/ Govermen community Worker l
Students tofficers members s
Male 2 5.0% 2 5.0% 3 7.5% 2 5.0% 9 22.5%
Femail 15 37.5% 3 7.5% 3 7.5% 7 17.5% 3 7.5% 31 77.5%
Total 15 37.5% 5 12.5% 5 12.5% 10 25.0% 5 12.5% 40 100.0%
Age
7 to 10 0 0.0%
10 to 15 3 7.5% 3 7.5%
15 to20 12 30.0% 12 30.0%
25 to 30 1 2.5% 1 2.5%
30 to 35 1 2.5% 2 5.0% 1 2.5% 4 10.0%
35 to 40 3 7.5% 2 5.0% 4 10.0% 4 10.0% 13 32.5%
40 to 45 1 2.5% 2 5.0% 1 2.5% 4 10.0%
45+ 3 7.5% 3 7.5%
Total 15 37.5% 5 12.5% 5 12.5% 10 25.0% 5 12.5% 40 100.0%
Education
None 2 5.0% 2 5.0%
Primary 6 15.0% 1 2.5% 7 17.5%
Secondary 9 22.5% 1 2.5% 2 5.0% 12 30.0%
Incomplete
Univeristy 4 10.0% 10 25.0% 5 12.5% 19 47.5%
Colleges

Total 15 37.5% 5 12.5% 5 12.5% 10 25.0% 5 12.5% 40 100.0%

21
As it has been indicated under Table 2 above , that in terms of sex of respondents, the majority
77.5% of respondents were Females as compared with only 22.5% Males. Despite, the big
proportions of Females in this study, yet, for the case of Female students also constituted the
highest proportions 15(37.5%) as the study focus on early marriage and female are most affected
with this problem . The targeted respondents in all wards included men and women of different
age groups and socio-economic backgrounds. Gender, marital status, and age were the main
demographic characteristics of the survey, but respondents‟ occupations, educational levels were
also taken into account Wakwele,wazaramo,People from Tanga, and People from
mtwara,lindi,Mwanza,Tabora,Iringa.

4.2. To examine early marriage rate among teenagers

The first task was to study the extent to which social factors contribute to early marriage among
teenagers. This study measured the contribution of study variables such as inadequate social
control in sex matters, the distance between parents and children, peer pressure group,
environment influence, conformity, prejudice/parents conflict, frustration and influence of mass
media.

Table 4. 2:he extent to which social factors contribute to early marriage among teenagers.

Reasons Male Female Total %

1 Inadequate education 1 3 4 10.00%

2 Poverty 3 6 9 22.50%
3 Traditional milestone 2 9 11 27.50%
4 Parent Conflict 0 2 2 5.00%
5 Peer pressure group 0 4 4 10.00%
6 Conformity 1 0 1 2.50%
7 Environmental influence 1 2 3 7.50%
8 Sexual Immorally 1 3 4 10.00%
9 Inadequate parental care 0 2 2 5.00%
10 Non Response 0 0 0 0
Total 9 31 40 100.00%

22
Source: Primary Data from the Field, 2018

Table 4.2 indicates that early marriage rate contribute inadequate parented education 10.00%,
inadequate parented care 5.00%, parental conflict 5.00% ,poverty among the families 22.5%,
Conformity 2.50%, sexual immorally 10.00% and environmental influence 7.5% ,parents
conflict 5.00% Traditional milestone 27.50% (N=40) were reported by both male and female
respondents as the most contributing factors to early marriage among teenagers in Ubungo
Municipality .

Women's rights activists campaign to raise the age of marriage in Tanzania Authorities in
Tanzania have expressed concern over the large numbers of pupils, mostly girls, who drop out of
school because of pregnancy, teenage marriage, child labour or truancy. President Jakaya
Kikwete said the number of primary school drop-outs rose to 44,742 in 2006 from 32,469 the
previous year. A total of 7,734 students abandoned secondary school in 2006, up from 6,912 in
2005, the president said in his monthly address to the nation.

According to the Minister for Education and Vocational Training, Dr. Shukuru Kawambwa
(2012), a total of 5,157 girls dropped out of primary schools dues to pregnancies last calendar
year; with that the number of girls in secondary schools has decreased from 48 to 45 percent.
Besides other challenges that the government is facing in terms of providing education to girls,
they are also struggling with helping pregnant girls continue with schooling. Unlike the United
States where they have continuation schools, Tanzania does not have that therefore they let the
girls seek secondary education by registering as private candidates. In the last few years
Tanzania has been one of the countries with the highest number of child pregnancies causing
about 16,999 girls to drop out of school between 2006 and 2009. According to the Minister for
Community Development, Gender and Children, Ummy Ally Mwalimu, the society is supposed
to invest heavily in girls education. She also states, “ By educating a girl child, it is one way of
saving her from child pregnancy, because experience shows that each year of educating girls
give them more chances of making good decisions.” Based on these reports, most of the girls do
not get pregnant out of their own will, 3 out of 10 experience sexual abuse before they are 18
years old. With half of the abuse happening at home and the other half centered around school.
The government needs to take extreme measures to ensure that girls are protected from sexual
predators. Being a young African girl and hearing stories from friends and family, it has been

23
made clear to me that in most African homes, girls are afraid to report if they are being sexually
abused, especially if it is by a family member. In most cases, they do not bring up these incidents
until later on in their lives. If this is affecting their education attainment, then the government
should take an initiative in helping the girls face their fears. If the number of girls getting
pregnant cannot be controlled then schools should provide facilities that can cater to mothers.
Some may argue that there isn‟t enough funds to provide such facilities but by doing so might be
one way of investing in girls education.

Women activists have accused the government of delaying a review of the law on marriage,
especially provisions that allow a girl to marry at 14 or 15. "The government should make it
illegal for a girl to be married at younger than 18 because she is still a minor as far as the
country‟s constitution is concerned," said Ananilea Nkya, director of the Tanzania Media
Women Association. "The Law of Marriage Act [1971] allows a girl as young as 14 to be
married." Evidence shows that girls who marry early often abandon formal education and
become pregnant. Maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth are an important
component of mortality for girls aged 15–19 worldwide, accounting for 70,000 deaths each year
(UNICEF, State of the World‟s Children, 2009).

4.3 To analyze social-economic Factors contributing to early marriage

On cultural factors the study analyzes the extent to which cultural factors contribute to early
marriage among teenagers. This study measured the contribution of the following variables; lack
of transparence, negative attitude on contraceptive, shame/shyness, lack of access to information,
inadequate parental care inadequate socialization in family and community and traditional
milestone.

24
Table 4. 3:Summarizes the result in percentages and frequencies for each factors

Male Female Total %

1 Peer pressure group 1 3 4 10.00%

2 Influence of mass media 1 3 4 10.00%

Inadequate socialization in the family and

3 2 7 9 22.50%
community

4 Negative contraceptives 1 4 5 12.50%

5 Shame or shyness 1 3 4 10.00%

6 Lack of transparence 1 2 3 7.50%
7 Youth identity need 1 2 3 7.50%
8 Traditional milestone 1 3 4 10.00%
9 Customs 0 2 2 5.00%
10 Discrimination 0 2 2 5.00%
Total 9 31 40 100.00%
Source: Primary Data from the Field, 2018

table 4 show the results of the responses per factor as follows; peer pressure group 10%
shame/shyness(10%), negative attitude on contraceptive 12.5%,lack of transparence 10.0%,
customs 5.0%, mass media 10.0%,youth identity need 7.5%,Traditional millstone
10.0%,negative contraceptive 12.5% and discrimination 5.0% (N=40)

4.3 To explore effort that are done to minimize early marriage

On economic factors the study examined the extent to which economic factors can contribute
early marriage among teenagers. This study measured the contribution of the following
variables; inadequate economic resources, unemployment, financial problem facing teenagers,
the presence of commercial sex, inadequate family patterns, globalization, inadequate credit
facilities to enable teenagers, access to capital and commercial sex.

25
Table 4. 4:Summarized the results in percentages and frequency for each factors

Reasons Male Female Total %

1 Inadequate economic factors 1 3 4 10.00%

2 Unemployment 2 6 8 20.00%
3 Financial problem facing teenagers 1 8 9 22.50%
4 Presence of commercial sex 1 4 5 12.50%
5 Inadequate family patterns 1 4 5 12.50%
6 Globalization 1 2 3 7.50%
Inadequate credit facilities to enable girls
7 2 4 6 15.00%
and boys access to capital

Total 9 31 40 100.00%
Source: Primary Data from the Field, 2018

4.4 Discussion on Findings

4.4.1 To examine early marriage rate among teenagers

This study found that Poverty and Traditional millstones were reported by the respondents to be
the most important factors contributing to early marriage as it was reported by 50.0%.
According to the study importance, youth on productive health and HIV/AIDS stated that
existing data cannot definitively show the casual link between early marriage, poverty, low
educational attainment and other social indicators, which are likely to be multi directional.
However other studies have found that married girls have many disadvantages related to health,
social and economic sphere as hampering their ability to negotiate their reproductive and broader
life including the needs to the children. Women affected by pregnancy or related conditions must
be treated in the same manner as other applicants or employees with similar abilities or
limitations. Consult your human resources office regarding specific provisions for parental
leaves for both women and men. (University of Minnesota 2017)

Young married girls have low educational attainment and less schooling opportunities. Married
girls have fewer experiences in managing household compared to grown up women. Population
council analyzed data from Egypt, Kenya and India indicated that married girls have less
decision making power than married women. They are often under the authority and supervision

26
of their new mothers-in law. Married girls have less mobility than their unmarried counterparts
or married women. Analysis of data from population council in India, Kenya and a study,

The problem of the early marriage it shows that the 36% of the female teenagers between 20-24
they married before attain 18 years the early marriage obviously emerged in the village areas and
sometimes emerged in the rural areas and shows the different between the regions but most the
young female married at urban area are those came as house workers and others caused by
human trafficking. The following are the some of the regions that have the percentages of the
early marriages shinyanga 59%, Tabora 58%, Mara 55%, and Dodoma 51%, Dar es salaam and
Iringa are the region that have the little percentages of the early marriages in female teenagers for
8% and 17% (Tanzania Demographic and Health survey 2016).

The female teenagers under 18 years obviously they got marriage with the men that are elder
than them, in Tanzania county in all region there more than 50% of the early marriages in
teenagers which are greater than them for more than 5 years until 14 years( United Nations
Population Fund 2011).

The early marriage to female teenagers are affect them biological, this will be seemed when they
need to delivery from their pregnancy they should have to be enlarged to their virgin because
their body are not support them to deliver the baby in the virgin, this will influence them to get
more pains in delivering the baby, the pains will accelerate them many of them to die. Also
during delivery they lost many blood that can accelerate their death as well.

Child marriage affects more than female teenagers, the female teenagers are higher risk for
illness and death than older women, adolescent mother have a 35%-55% higher risk than older
women for delivering infants who are preterm an of flow birth weight, the female teenagers are
unhealthy, immune, and lack access to social and reproductive the mortality rates for children 5
years can be 28% higher for children born to young mothers who are 20 years(World health
organization 2013).

27
4.4.2 Married female teenagers
The data revealed that Poverty and Traditional millstones 50%of respondent said that school
female student engage sexual intercourse with drivers and Kondactas for getting fever in city bus
(Daladala). These shows how many female are marriages due to the issues of poverty, cultures,
biological constriction (body), un employment, perception and gender roles so actually these
factors influences amongst female teenagers to be married.

4.4.3 Un marriage female teenagers

The study of finding 7 (17.5%) of respondent said that female teenagers are un marriage in
primary school a maximum are those whose their family can afford the whole cost of the schools
including fare paying, closes, foods, as well as the money to use while there in the schools in
order to afford the life of the. In fact some of the female teenager who continuing with study are
those whose their parents they have some status like chairperson of the villages.

4.5 To analyze social - economic factors contribute to early marriage

This study found that peer pressure group, shyness reported by 10.0% as contributing factors.
For many marriage marks the beginning of their sexual life and an increased social isolation. As
girls typically leave their homes. Married girls under pressure to become pregnant are likely to
face the risks of child birth. First births carry special risk for both mother and child by 90%. First
time mothers younger than age of 16 are at greater risk of maternal and infant mortality. Many
girls at that area of study face death simply because of birth. The study found that unemployment
scoring 20.0% financial problem facing teenagers 22.5% were reported by respondents that have
contribute to early marriage.

Unemployment is the most contributing factors to early marriage. This is simply because
unemployment cause girls and boys engage in love affairs very early. Experiences show that the
girls engage in love affairs at very early age simply because they have nothing to do. This
situation is higher to women than to men (4.2% and 2.9% respectively). Some of the causes
range from low education status to male chauvinism among the employees who associate
women‟s reproductive roles with interference in their work performance even if they have to
perform the job, Micro-credit programs provide women and girls with the basic economic
opportunities they often lack and a social support network that promotes changes in attitudes and

28
behavior. It serves as a means of granting them higher status and more control over their lives –
including their options in marriage (Kabeer 2005 and Umashankar 2006).

Female isolated in decision making, confined to their homes by domestic and child-rearing duties
or because their husbands and in-laws restricted their movements. The isolation and abrupt end
to childhood that is typically associated with child marriage combined with the physical, verbal,
and sexual abuse that married girls suffer, the lack of support when girls seek help from
authorities and their families, as well as economic and cultural pressures that prevent some girls
from leaving abusive marriages have profound effects on a girl‟s psychological health. Many
girls interviewed by Human Rights Watch said they were unhappy in their marriages and
regretted having married early. Some said they had contemplated suicide Sex or gender
discrimination in employment involves treating someone unfavorably because of the person‟s
sex, whether they are applying for a job or are a current employee. Although women have made
clear they have the ability to perform with the same skill and success in every endeavor engaged
in by men, the issue of sex discrimination still holds many back. Sex discrimination, although
predominantly an issue for women, can sometimes be directed towards men as well (Privacy
Policy, Terms of Service, 2017).

Gender discrimination, the gender discrimination is the serious problem that can influence
different effect with including the sense of increasing the productivity to the work place, the
increase the productivity is coming from the motivation of the employers to the employee, the
employers should required to have the sense of giving the motivation the employers that will
result to the increasing the productivities, for example the women will feel inferiors,
discriminated, isolated and deprived in the working. This section offers in-depth information on
unlawful gender and sex discrimination in a number of settings -- including employment and
education -- and provides links to key federal laws and U.S. Supreme Court decisions related to
gender and sex discrimination. Gender discrimination laws also protect the rights of transgender
individuals. Read the articles below to learn how to identify and protect you against gender based
discrimination. (Rosemary Agonito – 1977).

29
Gender roles, most female teenagers they stay at home and doing domestic work and wait to be
married but male teenager they always going to schools and increasing performance. This means
that boys/men in East Africa are socialized into masculinity with the aura of violent and
aggressive behavior. Such behavior has been reinforced by poverty, lack of access to education
and employment. Men are expected to perform certain roles, including being sexually
aggressive, and they may not see any wrong in sexual violence. They are entirely justified - they
are just exercising their right. They are authorized by an ideology of supremacy (as also
suggested by Cornell, 1995; Lindsey, 1994).

4.6 To explore efforts that are done to minimize early marriage among teenagers

The conduct of different researches, Child marriage is deeply embedded in Tanzanian society. In
many cultures in Tanzania, girls are generally considered ready for marriage when they reach
puberty and marriage is viewed as a way to protect them from pre-marital sex and pregnancy that
undermine family honor and may decrease the amount of dowry a family may receive. Cultural
practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) also contribute to child marriage in some
communities. Among the Maasai and Gogo ethnic groups, where Human Rights Watch
conducted some of its research for this report, FGM is closely related to child marriage and is
done primarily as a rite of passage to prepare girls, aged 10-15 years, for marriage (human right
report 2014).

Presidential decree 22th June 2017 the president of Tanzania his excellence Dr. John Pombe
Magufuli has declared that any female teenager has not allowed to come back to governmental
schools after being pregnancy, By permitting child marriage, the government becomes
responsible for the serious harms suffered by girls and women, thus violating many human rights
recognized under international law. Girls married as children are usually unable to continue with
their schooling and consequently have limited wage-earning prospects due to their lack of
education. Girls may experience domestic violence and marital rape, and receive little or no
support during their marriages or when they leave. They are forced into adulthood before they
are physically and emotionally mature and they struggle with the physical and emotional health
effects of becoming pregnant too young. These harmful effects take the heaviest toll on the
youngest brides(Tanzania Broad Casting Cooperation (TBC1) 22 june 2017 08:15pm).

30
Tanzanian government, The Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act, adopted in 1998 (SOSPA),
has made important legal and policy reforms in the area of girls‟ and women‟s human rights. The
Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act, adopted in 1998, criminalizes rape, sexual exploitation
of children, and FGM, and sets the age of sexual consent at 18 years. In addition, in June 2014
the cabinet passed the Education and Training Policy that explicitly allows the admission of girls
to school after they have given birth. The policy does not address the position of married girls,
although it states that girls who drop out due to “other reasons” should also be readmitted. The
government has developed national plans to combat violence against women and children. In
October 2014, the Tanzanian Constituent Assembly adopted the final draft of the proposed new
constitution that includes a provision defining a child as every person below the age of 18. The
final draft, however, fails to explicitly set a uniform minimum marriage age of 18 for both boys
and girls(Human right report 2016).

The law of marriage Act 1971, Tanzania‟s laws, however, permit child marriage for girls and do
not provide adequate protection from domestic violence. The Marriage Act of 1971 sets the
marriage age at 18 years for boys, but at 15 for girls with parental consent. Existing laws are
contradictory and sometimes vague, failing to consistently define who is a child. The
government has yet to review the Marriage Act to provide protections against child marriage,
despite indicating it would do so. In addition, government national plans of action to address
violence against women and children do not lay out comprehensive strategies to curb child
marriage. Human Rights Watch calls on the government of Tanzania to take immediate and
long-term measures to protect girls and women from child, early, and forced marriage and ensure
the fulfillment of their human rights, in accordance with its international human rights
obligations. Any upcoming examinations of national plans on violence against women and
children provide an opportunity for the government to strengthen protections against child and
forced marriage (Human right report 2014).

The Ministry of Community Development, Gender, and Children, Create a national action plan
to combat child marriage, in accordance with international good practices, with input from
women‟s and children‟s rights groups, health professionals, and other service providers;
coordinate efforts among all relevant ministries; seek sufficient resources to implement the
plan(Human right report 2015).

31
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presents a summary of the study, conclusion based on the findings and
recommendations both for action and further research.

5.1. Summary of the Study

The main objective of this baseline was to survey on asses the factors which contribute to early
marriage among teenagers, it was to gather information on the extent, magnitude and
consequences of early marriages in Ubungo Municipality, as a basis for raising awareness on
how children, particularly girls, are affected by the practice

The survey was conducted at Msigani ward,Mbezi ward,Saranga ward and Kwembe ward on
May and June 2018. These four wards are among the areas in Ubungo Municipal in Dar es
salaam most affected by early marriage. As shown in this report, girls are more affected by early
marriage than boys, since girls are marginalized, their voices are never heard and they are, in
most cases, considered as „investments‟ by their parents and guardians who receive bride price
when the girls are married.
The survey sought to find out firstly whether people in these wards knew anything about early
marriage in their areas. Respondents were asked to define „who is a child‟, whether they knew
what child marriage was, and if they had any views on child marriage in their localities.
Secondly, respondents were asked about the extent and causes of early marriage in their areas –
the number of cases in their communities – and whether they thought early marriage was a good
practice or bad practice. Factors contribute to early marriage formed a further category of
questioning. The respondents were then asked if they knew the impact of child marriage on the
individual children, their families and the community at large. Finally, respondents were asked if
they knew any laws, policies or regulations which govern marriage in Tanzania.
The practice are compounded by many factors including: economic factors, social factors like
lack of knowledge about what constitutes „a child‟, ideas about the age at which girls or boys are

32
considered ready for marriage, and the association of puberty with readiness for marriage for
both girls and boys.

The theoretical framework that guided this study were Socio-cultural and religious values ,In
communities where child marriage is prevalent, there is strong social pressure on families to
conform. Failure to conform can often result in ridicule, disapproval or family shame. Invariably,
local perceptions on the ideal age for marriage, the desire for submissive wives, extended family
patterns and other customary requirements, are all enshrined in local customs or religious norms.
In many contexts child marriage is legitimized by patriarchy, and related family structures,
which ensure that marriage transfers a father‟s role over his girl child to her future spouse. The
marriage or betrothal of children in parts of Ubungo is valued as a means of consolidating
powerful relations between families, for sealing deals over land or other property, or even for
settling disputes
The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches while the research design was
descriptive survey design. Data were collected using interviews, questionnaires and focus group
discussion methods.
The population sample of the study comprised fourty (40) respondent , categorized into four
respondents, Teachers 10, local governments officer 5, Parents/Guardians/Community
Members 5,Female pupils/students 15 and social workers 5

5.2 Conclusion
The poverty ,Traditional and adequate education were the main social factor which accelerates
high contribution factors to early marriage. This is simply because many girls do not go to school
so they get married early because they think that being married will solve their problems. Our
schools do not offer sex education and reproductive health as a result young girls who complete
standard seven get married and enter into marriage without adequate health education. Ignorance
on reproductive health was seen to be the factors contributing to early marriage. Also the study
show that early marriage is the major cause for girls not to attend school or discontinue their
education. However advising parents to send their daughters to school when schools are too far
will not work. Making schooling for girls more accessible is very important

33
5.3 Recommendation
Early marriage is recognized as a violation of human rights and a critical social problem with
multifaceted consequences - particularly for women and children. The practice is also recognized
as a barrier that inhibits young girls from attaining education that would otherwise have a lasting
positive impact on their life and wellbeing.

In view of these facts, and based on the findings of the study, the following are the
recommendations that Government and other agencies can observe. In this regard in order to
solve the problems of social factors on contributing early marriage to teenagers the society must
negate the bad values by introducing education for all boys, girls, parents, their relative and the
community. Also the society must recognize the gender strategic needs and practical gender
needs for both men and women.

5.3.1 Recommendation to the government

Government through the Ministry of health and social welfare and the ministry of Community
development gender and children affairs should conduct programmes in both rural and urban
areas concerning early marriage.

Government and other authorities to involve teenagers in decision making is a problem.

Therefore youth should have access to education especially girls, access to resources which
include land ownership, access to and control over resources in the family and be involved in
decision making. This is a challenge to the Government and all other stakeholders.

Government youth Development should intervene to empower youth with employable skills so
that the youth can disengage from factors which contribute early marriage such as commercial
sex and inadequate parental care. Simply because the work force of teenagers in Ubungo
Municipal is idle this lead to behaviors which goes against laws of the United Republic of
Tanzania such behaviors are like prostitution, thief, drug abuse and alcoholism.

This element of communities that oppose early marriage, such as women‟s organizations; need
support to ensure that they have the capacity to act effectively as advocates against it. Work
jointly with religious, health and education strategy about the negative effects(Social,
economical, health etc) of early marriage

34
Providing economic opportunities to young girls: Poverty is one of the major factors
underpinning early marriage. Efforts to improve the access of young married and non married
girls to economic resources should focus on expanding employment and entrepreneurial
opportunities. Micro-credit programs provide women and girls with the basic economic
opportunities they often lack and a social support network that promotes changes in attitudes and
behavior. It serves as a means of granting them higher status and more control over their lives
– including their options in marriage

5.3.2 Recommendations to the community.

The community should required to understand the rights of the female teenagers in details
especially the right to educations and prohibit all form of injustices like forced marriage.

The community should to omit some of the costume and tradition that are oppressing and
discriminate women in the community, like in gender bias like female remain at home and doing
domestic work while the male teenagers are going at schools.

The community should set the rules and regulation on how to protect the female teenagers who
are oppressed and discriminate for example they set punishment for those who are force their
female teenager to be married than to going to schools.

5.3.3 Recommendations to the parents

The parents should know their rules and their responsibilities to take to their female teenager to
ensure they going at schools at exactly time with the time to come back from their schools.

The parents should avoid to force their female teenagers because they violet the right to
education as according to the constitution united republic of Tanzania of 1977.

The parents should required to protect the ethics of the Tanzania country as well as the
community.

35
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APPENDIXES : QUESTIONNAIRES

THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL WORK

P.O BOX 3375
DAR ES SALAAM.
ASSESS THE FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTING TO EARLY MARRIAGE AMONG
FEMALE TEENAGERS
Instructions
1. This questionnaire consist of two types of questions
i. Questions which need a ticking the appropriate box option
ii. Questions which need filling or explanations
1. Please kindly answer all questions correctly as instructed but you are free to skip.
2. The researcher asks your maximum co-operation to make this work succeed.
3. This is not a test there is no correct or wrong answer/response.
4. All information supplied will be treated confidential and will be used for intended purpose.
5. Don‟t write your name
6. The researcher expects these questions back on or before-date.
For question 1-6 tick [v] the correct option in the box
1. Your age group
a) 15 - 19 years ( )
b) 20 - 26 years ( )
c) 27 – 33 years ( )
d) Above 33 years ( )

2. Your sex
a) Female( )
b) Male ( )
3. Your education level
a) No formal Education ( )
b) Primary incomplete ( )
c) Primary complete ( )

46
 d) Secondary education and above ( )

4. What is your marital status?

a) Single ( )
b) Married ( )
c) Separate/divorce ( )
5. What is your occupation?
a) Peasants ( )
b) Self-employment ( )
c) Business ( )
d) House wife ( )
e) Student ( )
f) Social worker ( )
g) Health worker ( )
h) Others ( )
For question 6-13 put the tick to one option only
6. Do you agree that there are side effects when one is married early?
a) I strongly agree ( )
b) I agree ( )
c) I disagree ( )
d) I strongly disagree ( )
7. Which of the following social or economic reasons do you think cause early marriage among
the teenagers?
a) Poverty ( )
b) Inadequate education ( )
c) Social power ( )
d) Parent conflict ( )
e) Frustration ( )
f) Ignorance ( )
g) Bad attitude ( )

47
 h) Peer pressure group ( )

8. Is there a system of health education to youth in Ubungo district?

i) Yes ( )
a) No ( )
b) I don‟t know ( )
9. If yes who give this education?
a) Health workers ( )
b) ii) Community workers ( )
c) Teachers ( )
d) Others mention ……………………………………………..( )
10. Do you think inadequate Socialization cause early marriage among teenagers in Ubungo
municipality?
a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )
c) I don‟t know ( )
d) Others (mention)…………………………………………………. ( )
11 Tick any of the social problem which you think contribute to early marriage among teenagers
in Ubungo municipality?
a) Traditionalism ( )
b) Environmental influence ( )
c) poverty ( )
d) Peer pressure group ( )
e) Sexual immorality ( )
f) Inadequate advice for teenagers ( )
12. Do you think the influence of mass media/Social Media has contribution on early marriage
Among teenagers in Ubungo Municipality?
a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )

48
 c) I don‟t know ( )

13. If yes, how does it contribute to early marriage?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. Do you think negative attitude on the use of contraceptive has led to early marriage among
Teenagers in Ubungo municipality?
a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )
c) I don‟t know ( )

15. If yes explain

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. Tick cultural problems which contribute to early marriage among teenagers in Ubungo
Municipality?
a) Peer pressure group ( )
b) Lack of transparence ( )
c) Negative attitude on contraceptive ( )
d) Shame/shyness ( )
e) Inadequate Socialization in the family and Community ( )
f) Youth identity need ( )

49
 g) Traditional milestone ( )
h) Customs ( )
i) Discrimination ( )

17. Tick economic problems to early marriage among teenagers in Ubungo municipal?
a) Inadequate economic resources ( )
b) Unemployment ( )
c) Financial problems facing teenagers ( )
d) Commercial Sex ( )
e) Inadequate family patterns ( )
f) Globalization ( )
g) Inadequate credit facilities to enable girls to access capital. ( )
h) Economic hardship ( )
18.Please list 3 social problems leading to early marriage among teenagers in Ubungo
municipality.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Please list 3 cultural problems leading to early marriage among teenagers in
Ubungo Municipality.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………….………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Do you have other factors than those in question 19? If yes mention them;
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

50
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….…………………………………….
21. Please list 3 economic problems causing early marriage among teenagers in
Ubungo Municipality
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22. Mention other reasons than those mentioned above;
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23 Does there any strategy that the Government plans to minimize the problem
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24 Does the gender Desk help to minimize the problem?
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25 How many cases reported to the Gender Desk to the year 2017/2018 and how do they solved
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THANK YOU

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