UTR4-One-day Training

USTER®
TENSORAPID 4
One-day Training
March 2007
USTER®
TENSORAPID 4
Fundamentals
March 2007
USTER® TENSORAPID 4
• Force
• Tenacity
• Elongation
• Work done
One-dayTraining UTR.ppt 3
Force
 The force depends on the acceleration of the earth
Spring in non-
0
extended state Extended spring
Elongation
Force = m x a
F
Parameters Unit Description

• B-Force cN Breaking force = maximum tensile strength
measured
Determination of force placed on the test sample
• Tenacity cN/tex in reference to the yarn count
Elongation
 Elongation is the lengthening of the test sample (l) when
reaching the breaking force FH with respect to the test length (l0)
Fixed clamp
Elongation E = l / l0 x 100
Test sample
o+
Movable clamp

• Elongation % Breaking elongation / elongation at maximum force
Breaking force / force at rupture
Work Done
W=Fxl

• B-Work cN*cm Work done to break / work at breaking force
Area below the force/elongation curve drawn to
the point of maximum force
CRE - Relationship between force
and distance
• Strength testers from Uster Technologies operate according
to the principle of Constant Rate of Extension (CRE)
• Linear relationship between time and distance
Fixed
clamp
Distance
Test sample
t
Movable
clamp
Time t
Distance
Pre-tensional force
 With the pre-tensional force all yarns have the same initial
conditions
 The pre-tensional force must be adjusted to the yarn type
 The pre-tension is set automatically
Yarn type Raw material Pre-tension
Spun Yarns Cotton, wool, linen, silk, synthetic fibres 0.5 cN/tex
Filament Yarns Viscose, Acetat, Triacetat 0.5 cN/tex

Filament Yarns Polyester 0.5 cN/tex
Filament Yarns Polyamide 0.5 cN/tex
Textured Yarns Polyester, Polyamide 2 cN/tex
Textured Yarns Viscose, Acetat, Triacetat 1 cN/tex
Elastomerics Polyurethane 0.01 cN/tex
USTER®
TENSORAPID 4
Application Range
March 2007
Test Frequency
 Amount of tests per hour for USTER® TENSORAPID 4
and USTER® TENSOJET 4
UT J 4 30000 tensile tests/h at 400 m/min
720 tensile tests/h at 5 m/min

UT R 4
360 tensile tests/h at 5 m/min

UT R 1
126 tensile tests/h at 0.25 m/min

20sec.T est
0 10000 20000 30000
UTR4 versus UTJ4
 Application Range of USTER® TENSORAPID 4 versus
USTER® TENSOJET 4
USTER® TENSORAPID 4 USTER® TENSOJET 4

testing speed 50mm/min - 5000mm/min 200m/min, 400m/min
yarn count Yarn count is not limited 5 - 150 tex
Nm 6.5 – 200
Nec 4 - 120
material staple yarn, filament yarn, staple yarn
ply yarn, fiber
assemblies, skeins,
fabric strips
max elongation 1000% (100mm) 70%
max force 500N, 1500N 50N
test length 100mm - 1000mm 500mm
test/hour 720 UTR4 30.000
Individual Settings
Test length Higher elasticity requires shorter test length. Same applies for fabric strips
and fiber assemblies.
Test speed Test speed must be adjusted to the different types of raw material.
Different settings required for staple fiber yarn, filament yarn, fabrics and
fiber assemblies.
Way to find best setting: Trial and error.
Clamp force Different clamps are available for different applications: 500N preferably
for filament yarn, 1500N for staple fiber yarn, 1500N+ pressure amplifier
for highest possible force values
Clamp Clamp pressure should be controlled continuously. Low clamp pressure
pressure leads to clamp slip, high clamp pressure to clamp breaks.
Clamp Some yarn types, e.g. glass fibers, require precise adjustment of test
position equipment. Clamp position is one way to achieve best setting for these
yarns.
Clamp In the standard equipment different insert types are included. Staple fiber
inserts yarns can be tested with standard steel inlays, filament yarns need soft
inlays. Also the finish of the inserts are influencing the test performance,
e.g. very strong yarns could require serrated insert.
USTER®
TENSORAPID 4
Graphical Illustration
March 2007
USTER Quality Report
Report Table
 MEAN
 s
 CV
 Q95
 MIN, MAX
 USP01(07)
Stroke Diagram
Force-Elongation Characteristic Curve
50%PES / 50%CO, OE, carded 100% Wool, Nm 50
100% PES, Filament 100% PES, Mono
Spectrogram
 With the USTER® TENSORAPID 4 it is possible to get a
spectrogram for force and elongation as long as more than
205 tests per sub sample are measured
 In this example a Nec16, open-end yarn, 100% cotton was
tested and the periodic defect was caused by a defective front
roller of the drawing frame
USTER®
TENSORAPID 4
Influence on Test Results
March 2007
Influence on test results
• Sample Conditioning before Testing
• Standard Atmosphere in the laboratory
ISO 139:2005
20°C ± 2°C Temperature
65% ± 4% relative Humidity
• Simple tensile test
10 sub samples
20 breaks within
• Test length, test speed, pre-tension, clamp pressure,
clamp position and clamp inlay have to be adjusted
individually according raw material and yarn type
Relative Humidity and breaking force
Influence of the relative humidity on the breaking force of yarns
20
15
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 RH%
Cotton Wool / Silk Acetate Viscose Linen Polyamide Polyester
Air Moisture at various temperatures
% RH 19°C 20°C 21°C 22°C 23°C
62% 82.8 88.8 95.4 102.5 110.3
63% 84.1 90.2 96.9 104.2 112.1
64% 85.5 91.7 98.5 105.9 113.9
65% 86.8 93.1 100.0 107.5 116.6
66% 88.1 94.5 101.6 109.2 117.4
67% 89.5 96.0 103.1 110.8 119.2
68% 90.8 97.4 104.7 112.5 120.9
Influence of test length
 Breaking force will decrease the longer the test length.
 Due to increasing probability of weak places with increasing test
length
 The standard test length - 500 mm for all yarns with exception of the
highly elastic, undrawn and partially oriented yarns
Breaking force FH
110%
CVFH = 0%
100%
CVFH = 5%
90% CV FH = 10%
CV FH = 15%
80% CV FH = 20%
70%
Test length
100 200 300 400 500 600
Influence of test speed on
breaking force
Cotton 100%, carded
Ring-yarn Nm 50
5 m/min (UTR4)
Cotton 100%, combed < 1 1/8"
Ring-yarn Nm 50 400 m/min (UTJ4)
Cotton 100%, combed > 1 1/8"
Ring-yarn Nm 100
PES/cotton 65/35%, combed
Ring-yarn Nm 50
PES 100%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
Viscose 100%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
PES/viscose 65/35%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
Cotton 100%, carded
OE-rotor yarn Nm 50
PES/cotton 50/50%
OE-rotor yarn Nm 50
Viscose 100%
OE-rotor yarn Nm 50
Wool 100%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
PES/wool 55/45%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 cN/tex
Influence of test speed on
breaking elongation
Cotton 100%, carded
Ring-yarn Nm 50
5 m/min (UTR4)
Cotton 100%, combed < 1 1/8"
Ring-yarn Nm 50 400 m/min (UTJ4)
Cotton 100%, combed > 1 1/8"
Ring-yarn Nm 100
PES/cotton 65/35%, combed
Ring-yarn Nm 50
PES 100%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
Viscose 100%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
PES/viscose 65/35%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
Cotton 100%, carded
OE-rotor yarn Nm 50
PES/cotton 50/50%
OE-rotor yarn Nm 50
Viscose 100%
OE-rotor yarn Nm 50
Wool 100%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
PES/wool 55/45%
Ring-yarn Nm 50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 %
Clamp Pressure
Typical saw-gain curve due to clamp slips
 Clamp slip: Samples must be held tight otherwise the test material
could “crawl” out of the clamps during the tensile test. This can be
controlled by checking the force-elongation-characteristic-curve
 Clamp break: The clamps must hold the sample without damaging it,
otherwise this will lead to breaks at the clamp position.
Clamp type and clamp position
 When comparing test results of two different instruments,
all setting have to be identical.
Skein Clamp
horizontal vertical
Clamp Inserts
 With USTER® TENSORAPID 4 the customer gets
recommendations concerning test settings like test length,
speed, clamp-type and -position, clamp pressure and inlays.
 Still, there is no other way to define the best setting for testing
different materials than trial and error.
Black colored filaments will slip through and not break

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USTER®

Parameters Unit Description

Parameters Unit Description

Parameters Unit Description

Yarn type Raw material Pre-tension

Filament Yarns Viscose, Acetat, Triacetat 0.5 cN/tex

UT J 4 30000 tensile tests/h at 400 m/min

720 tensile tests/h at 5 m/min

360 tensile tests/h at 5 m/min

126 tensile tests/h at 0.25 m/min

0 10000 20000 30000

USTER® TENSORAPID 4 USTER® TENSOJET 4

50%PES / 50%CO, OE, carded 100% Wool, Nm 50

100% PES, Filament 100% PES, Mono

Cotton Wool / Silk Acetate Viscose Linen Polyamide Polyester

% RH 19°C 20°C 21°C 22°C 23°C

62% 82.8 88.8 95.4 102.5 110.3

63% 84.1 90.2 96.9 104.2 112.1

64% 85.5 91.7 98.5 105.9 113.9

65% 86.8 93.1 100.0 107.5 116.6

66% 88.1 94.5 101.6 109.2 117.4

67% 89.5 96.0 103.1 110.8 119.2

68% 90.8 97.4 104.7 112.5 120.9

Typical saw-gain curve due to clamp slips

Black colored filaments will slip through and not break

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