1.All drafting system.

All parts of drafting

- Drafting System
How much number of roller and it how way arrange is known drafting system. The drafting
system is the heart of the draw frame and thus the part which exerts the most decisive influence
on quality.
- Drafting systems:
I) 4-over-4 roller drafting system.
II) 3-over-4 roller drafting system.
III) 3-over-3 roller drafting system.
IV) 4-over-3 roller drafting system.
V) 5-over- 4 roller drafting system .

- Parts of drafting
1. Sliver
2. Top roller
3. Back roller
4. Front roller
5. Apron
6. Bottom roller
7. Back zone
8. Middle zone
9. Front zone
10. Roving

2.Lap former machine Specification, Procedure And Parts?

- Lap Former Machine of spinning mill is used for lapping cotton and forming compact lap from
drawn sliver by drawing & drafting to feed the combing machine. The lap of 30 inch wide is
wound on to bobbin and cotton wool. The lap former machine is not use in the carded yarn
process because it is used for lapping yarn by lapping process. Former meaning make laps of
various counts for carding machine of textile industry.

- Specification
Product Category Spinning
Machine Category Lap Former
Product Name Lap Former Machine
Product Model According to Manufacturer
Product Class New
Origin China/India/Others
Power 9.7Kw
Temperature Normal
Certification SGS/Others
Production Capacity 1000 Set/Sets per Month
Machine Width 1060 mm
Time Of Lap Forming 365457 min
Output 250 Kg/hr
Cotton Diameter 365-457 mm
Punching Diameter 3.18-5.83 mm
Cotton Roller Diameter 230/10-13 mm
Combined-Beater Diameter 406-900 1000 mm
Dimensions of machine (L×W×H) 3745×2710×1520
Weight 4300 Kg
Description The machine is applicable for the raw cotton of all classes or chemical fiber. It is
used for cotton wool

- Procedure
1. There are three creels, three zones and three different feed plates in this machine. Here, 48-60
slivers (in each creel 16-20slivers) are fed at a time.
2. The slivers are passed through 3 over 2 drafting system, made up of pair of back rollers.
3. After drafting the webs are led through the pairs of calendar rollers and along a table where
they are superimposed, calendared and made into a lap.
4. Stop motions are fitted to all the rollers including the calendar rollers and an indicating light is
fitted there.
5. Here, doffing of full laps and threading are fully automatic.

- Parts of Lap former

1. Sliver can
2. Sliver guide
3. Separator
4. Dead weight
5. Guide plate
6. 2 over 2 drafting zones
7. Dead weight
8. Dead weight
9. Web guide
10. Calendar roller
11. Fluted roller
12. Minilap

3.Literature review of comber machine

- In the process of yarn spinning, the role of comber is to improve the quality of raw material by
removing short fibres, trash particles and neps present in it. Combed yarn has appearance,
strength, evenness and luster better than carded yarn. The quality of combed yarn depends on
the type of raw material, amount of noil extracted and the selection of process parameters at the
comber. The process parameters which decide the amount of noil% are the type of feed, feed
amount/nip, detaching distance (the distance between the detaching roller nip to the nipping
point of the top and bottom nipper), type of top comb and amount of top comb penetration. In
actual practice, the amount of noil% to be extracted at comber is decided on the basis of end use
of the yarn and the marketable value. The type of feed is decided on the basis of amount of noil%
and then the feed/nip is selected as it affects the productivity. Then, the top comb penetration
and detaching distances are adjusted to get the required noil%. Charles Cogauff developed the
noil theory and described the effects of detachment setting and feed distance moved per cycle
on elimination of noil for concurrent feed (forward feed) as well as counter feed (backward feed).
Wakankar and Ramaswamy studied the effect of waste extraction at comber and its dependence
on comber settings and needling arrangement of cylinder and top comb. Sriramulu and
Shankaranarayanan? studied the effect of different comber settings on the improvement in fibre
length characteristics and yarn properties. The amount of waste extracted by the comber is
affected by the fibre disorder and number of trailing hooks^3-5. Jayaram" reported that the top
comb having more number of needles per inch gives slivers having improved mean length, less
short fibre content and better CV of length distribution for the fibres. The top combs with more
number of needles per inch have a better cleaning capacity and give less number of naps per
gram in the combed sliver. The generation of periodicity in mass variation of sliver is known as
piecing wave. The studies related to mass profile of combed fringes have been carried out^7.8
and it was found that the mass profiles of overlapped fringes are dependent on the
corresponding single fringe mass profile as well as amount of overlap?. Gupte and Patel' reported
that the % short fibre removal and % improvement in mean length are higher with forward feed
as compared to that with backward feed at any level of noil. Narasimhan et al." have studied the
effect of top comb penetration on yarn quality and reported that in all practical conditions,
possibly a top comb depth of +1.0 is recommended and that only in case when waste% cannot be
reduced with other means, the top comb depth should be reduced. Most of the studies carried
out before focused on the effect of process parameters on yarn properties mainly the
imperfections and, to some extent, on classimat raw material faults. The present work is the
complete study on the effect of different process parameters at comber on yarn and fabric
properties for the same noil%.