Coding

• Codes tell the computers what to do.

• Code is set of rules and instructions written in a specific programming
language that help us talk to machine.
• When you open a website, your browser receives hundreds of lines of
code telling it exactly what text, images and videos to display, and
where.
Algorithm design
An algorithm is a series of instructions, often referred to as a
“process,” which is to be followed when solving a particular problem.
To build programs, Coders write small sequences of tasks that they
want to machine to perform. While technically not restricted by
definition, the word is almost invariably associated with computers,
since computer-processed algorithms can tackle much larger problems
than a human, much more quickly. Since modern computing uses
algorithms much more frequently than at any other point in human
history, a field has grown up around their design, analysis, and
refinement.
The Programming Process

• Developing a program involves steps similar to any problem-solving

task. There are five main ingredients in the programming process:
• Defining the problem :
• Planning the solution
• Coding the program
• Testing the program
• Documenting the program
Textile application of Computer
• ERP (Enterprise Resource planning)
Enterprise Resource Planning is Software for running a business. ERP was
coined as an extension of the concept of manufacturing resource-planning
(MRP) software, which automated the process of keeping a manufacturing
line supplied with materials to meet incoming orders. ERP is a suite of
applications including financials, manufacturing, human resources and other
modules, that together automate the back-office business administration
functions of an enterprise. Leading ERP vendors include SAP, Oracle, People
soft and JD Edwards. Enterprise Resource Planning refers to the integration
and extension of a business's operational IT systems, with the end goals of
making information flow within (and beyond) a company more immediate
and dynamic; increasing the usefulness and shelf life of information;
eliminating redundancy and automating routine processes; and making
information system components more flexible.
Evolution of ERP System
Most recently, company has Unintegrated information system. That
results in costly inefficiencies. For example, To share data, a clerk in
one functional area needs to print out data from another functional
area and then type the information into her area’s information system.
this data input take twice the time, it also significantly increases the
chance for data entry errors. Alternatively, the process might be
automated by having one information system write data to a file to be
read by another information system.
Imagine you are working in Styling, a clothing manufacturing company.
Styling is profitable and is keeping pace with the competition, but your
Information System is unintegrated and inefficient (as are the systems of
your competitors). You’ve learned to live with this kind of inefficiency:
Your Marketing and Sales department creates a time-consuming paper
trail for negotiating and making a sale. To schedule factory production,
however, your Manufacturing manager needs accurate, timely
information about actual and projected sales orders from the M/S
manager. Without such information, the Manufacturing manager must
guess which products to produce—and how many of them to produce. To
keep goods moving through the production line, the manager often does
guess. Sometimes the guess overestimates demand for some garments,
and sometimes it underestimates demand.
Overproduction of a certain garment might mean your
company is stuck with garments for which there is no
market, or you might face a diminishing market due to
style changes or seasonal demand. When you store the
garments, waiting for a buyer, you incur warehouse
expense. On the other hand, underproduction of a
certain garment might result in garments not being ready
for delivery when a salesperson promised, leading to
unhappy customers and canceled orders. If you try to
catch up on orders, you’ll have to pay factory workers
overtime, or resort to the extra expense of rapid-delivery
shipments
 Questions
• What are the problems that problems Styling company is facing due
to an inefficient & unintegrated information system?
• Should they implement ERP?
• If they implement ERP, how it can minimize their expenses?
Why ERP implementation fails
• Lack of stuff training. Concern employees of Every department
involved in ERP should be trained properly.
• Lack of top management involvement & monitoring.
• Proper resource (server, people etc) shortage.
• Internal resistance by employees.
• Bottom-up approach.
• Future cost calculations.
• Inability of vendors to customize according to organization needs.
Why ERP implementation fails
• Inability of vendor to upgrade.
• Lack of proper usage by some departments.
• Wrong selection of ERP according to organization nature.
• More emphasis on in- house development rather than market best
practice.
Vendor-managed inventory (VMI), is an approach to inventory
and order fulfillment whereby the supplier, not the customer, is
responsible for managing and replenishing inventory. This
appears at first sight to counter the principle of pull scheduling,
because the preceding process (the manufacturer) is deciding
how many and when to send to the next process (the retailer).
In practice, the basis on which decisions will be made is agreed
with the retailer beforehand, and is based on the retailer’s sales
information. Under VMI, the supplier assumes responsibility for
monitoring sales and inventory, and uses this information to
trigger replenishment orders. In effect, suppliers take over the
task of stock replenishment.
How VMI works
• The supplier tracks their customers’ product sales and inventory
levels, sending goods only when stocks run low. The decision to
supply is taken by the supplier, not the customer as is the case
traditionally. The supplier takes this decision based on the ability of
the current level of inventory to satisfy prevailing market demand.
How VMI works
• The smooth running of VMI depends on a sound business system. It
also requires effective team work between the retailer and the
manufacturer. In order for both parties to gain full benefit from the
system, appropriate performance measures need to be used
• The top priority measure is that of product availability at the retailer.
It is in both parties’ interests to maximize product availability,
avoiding lost sales in the short term and building customer buying
habits in the long term.
How VMI works
• By emphasizing the supplier’s responsibility for maximizing product
availability, VMI aims to achieve this with minimum inventories. In
order to combine both of these apparently conflicting goals, it is
necessary to have access to real-time demand at the customer
• The most widely used technology for broadcasting demand data from
the customer is electronic data interchange (EDI). This provides the
means for exchanging data from customer to suppliers in a standard
format. Internet-based
How VMI works
Applications using EDI protocols are increasingly popular, providing the
same facility at lower cost. Customer demand and inventory data are
often processed through software packages to automate the
application of decision rules and identify stock lines that need
replenishment
Potential Benefits
• The supplier can use these data to provide better control of the
supply chain and so deliver benefits for both the customer and
themselves.
• Having the supplier take the decision on replenishment aims to
minimize the impact of demand amplification. This critical problem
erodes customer service, loses sales, and increases costs. The ability
to dampen demand amplification caused by infrequent, large orders
from customers is key to the success of VMI.
Potential Benefits
• In the longer term, suppliers should integrate demand information
into their organization and develop the capability to drive production
with it.
• It will provide a competitive advantage over the competitors.
Potential problems in setting up a VMI
system
• Unwillingness to share data :Retailers may be unwilling to share their
marketing plans and product range strategies with manufacturers.
• Investment and restructuring costs :Adopting a VMI approach incurs
a high investment by the customer and supplier. Setting up the
processes and procedures for undertaking this new way of working
takes time and effort.
• Retailer vulnerability The process of outsourcing materials
management to suppliers makes the retailer more dependent on
them.
• System maintenance Errors creep into inventory records due to
incorrect part counts, mislabelling, damage, loss and theft. These
records need to be maintained through manual methods such as
stock counts.
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Radio technology used as a means of identification of things or object.
First used in World war II by British to identify their own plane.
Now it has widespread application
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Radio frequency identification is an automatic identification method
consisting of several components such as tags, tag readers, edge
servers, middleware, and application. Among these, the three
important components are RFID tag ,RFID reader and software for data
processing. An RFID tag is a small object that can be attached to or
embedded into a product, animal, or person. It consists of a tiny chip
where the data is stored and an antenna to enable it to receive and
respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFID transceiver. The tags
contain electronic product code (EPC) and the information related to
the product like the name of the company, batch and year of
manufacturing, price etc.
 Middleware

• As the name implies, it is something that sits in the middle. When

used in the context of RFID technology, middleware refers to the
software that lies in between the RFID readers in a retail store or
warehouse and the company's management level information
systems (like ERP or other large database systems.) RFID middleware
helps the large number of RFID readers in a typical Auto-ID
application to transfer data smoothly to higher level system. It also
enables the higher level systems to send data or instructions and
control parameters to the readers.
Is there only one type of
RFID tag?
No, there are several and they can be classified in many
ways. One of the ways is by classifying them on the basis of
their power source. Active tags are RFID tags that have their
own onboard power supply, like a battery. On the other hand
passive tags are those that do not have their own power.
These tags derive their power from the RFID reader, when it
communicates with them. The tag shown in the picture
below is a passive tag. Semi-passive tags have a smaller on
board battery, that is enough to retain only its on board data.
It cannot use this power for communication.
The picture shows a passive tag. The colored lines are copper
strips which acts as a tag antenna. The small black thing in
the middle is a small electronics chip, that actually stores the
data.
Comparison of Barcode & RFID
Barcode
• Reading rate is slow
• Line of Sight is required.
• Scans individually in barcode
based stores.
• Barcodes can have limited data
• Relatively cheap & less
automated.
RFID
• Reading rate is fast.
• Not required as long as tags in
the read range
• Scans many items at a time in
RFID based stores.
• RFID can generate enormous
data.
• Relatively expensive & highly
automated.
RFID applications in recent time
• Tracking marathon race.
• Anti theft.
• Library management
• In laundry management (hospitals, hotels)
• Humans are also implementing RFID.
RFID applications and impact in textile
industry
Inventory Control: The use of RFID system assists in better inventory
management and enhances customer shopping experience. Stock level can
be quickly monitored which helps in a real-time and efficient inventory
management.
Labor reduction: The RFID use also helps in reducing labor. For example,
American Apparel applied RFID system in eight of their stores, which saved
about 60–80 h per week in labor. RFID also reduces the human error as this
technology is least human dependent when monitoring the inventory level,
brand identification and product authenticity.
RFID for brand segregation: It will be quite beneficial to adopt RFID system
for departmental stores, which stocks a range of products and brands under
one roof .The different brands can be controlled in terms of their inventory
and location quite easily using RFID whereas it would be quite challenging
task to segregate the brands in case they are mixed.
RFID applications and impact in textile
industry
Tracking of Procurement : The materials which are purchased from overseas,
can be tracked their location easily & thus it will help in better planning for
manufacturing company.
Garments Production Process control: The location and movement of the
components, semi-finished and the finished products can be detected by the
RFID system, which helps in production monitoring and control. The
performance of departments and the individuals can be evaluated by the
rate of movement of the garment components from the departments or
individuals. This helps in improving the productivity and the quality. In the
packing floor the mixing of different styles and sizes can be avoided by RFID
tags. Also the number of pieces in packed cartons can be counted without
opening, which saves the time and labor.
RFID applications and impact in textile
industry
Customer relationship management : If the customer entered into the
store and picked few item connected to RFID technology that would
provide signal of their pattern of choices on that day. As competition is
intense between the brands so it is important to satisfy the customers
by knowing their choice by creating their history of purchases. By
creating their profile, age group, choice trend, preferred styles etc. the
professional suggestion can be provided upon their next purchase so
that they feel taken care of.
 RFID tags with care labelling
The recent care labels are printed or woven labels storing a limited
information .The electronic labels use RFID tags for storing information
electronically on a garment. The same RFID tag used for containing the
product details at the point of sale cannot be used for storing the wash
care instructions, due to the privacy concerns. Hence, additional tags
are needed for the wash care instructions, which will increase the cost
of the garment. In addition, the consumers need special readers to
extract the information stored in the RFID tag. Hence, they will prefer
the physical label instead of an electronic label. Furthermore, the use
of RFID tags in the garment, may pose health risks to the consumers
due to the exposure to radiation.
The other concern related to the use of RFID tag is the electronic
waste. An appropriate method should be devised to recycle or reuse
the RFID tags, if they are removed at the point of sale. Similarly, if
customers remove the chip at some point, proper disposal of the
tags is essential, which causes additional worries to the companies.
In addition, the other issues related to RFID are the lack of
standardization and high cost. Standardizing the technology, design
and use of the tags can solve the issues related to lack of
standardization, whereas the technological developments can help
to overcome the cost related issues.

Now Find out the problems with RFID tags with care labelling
 Challenges with RFID
• High cost: Although there is a great potential of RFID in the local
logistics sector, the major drawback is the cost of the RFID tag is
higher as compared to barcode system. Therefore, industrial leaders
are concerned about the return on investment and net profit by
investing the extra cost into the existing system. The cost depends on
the volume of usage. The lowest cost tags available on the market are
as low as 7.2 cents each in volumes of 10 million units or more. The
average cost of a RFID tag is around 30–40 cents if the volume is not
sufficiently large but the cost is only 4 cents for a barcode
 Challenges with RFID
• Security and privacy issues: The security and privacy of the RFID
against unauthorized readers is in debate from the very beginning
There is a great challenge to the consumer privacy. The consumers
using the product with RFID tags can be traced easily. There is a very
high chance of privacy violations.
• Tag damage: The RFID tags can be damaged by attackers or due to
the improper handling of the material. This attack in turn can prevent
the data communication with the reader.
• Fake tag : The attackers may replace the original tags with fake ones,
which will prevent the data transfer or provide fake information to t
the reader.
 Challenges with RFID
• Security attacks: The attackers can break the security algorithm used in
the RFID system or modify the message in the reader.
• Compatibility: A lot of time and money is needed to set up the RFID
systems, which may not be economical for many companies. Furthermore,
RFID may not be compatible with some existing technologies and even if it
can be integrated with existing system the expectancy of 100% data
accuracy is still a matter of concern.
• Lack of standardization: Radio frequency identification is at the infancy
stage and there are many hurdles ahead of it. There are many versions of
RFID that operate at different frequencies and need different software and
readers. So the need is to be agreed upon one or group of frequencies to
have interoperability between the manufacturers, retailers and
distributors.
 Industry 4.0
Although the terms "industry 4.0" and "fourth industrial revolution" are often used
interchangeably, "industry 4.0" factories have machines which are augmented with wireless
connectivity and sensors, connected to a system that can visualize the entire production
line and make decisions on its own.
In essence, industry 4.0 is the trend towards automation and data exchange in
manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), the
internet of things (IoT), industrial internet of things (IIOT)[2], cloud computing , cognitive
computing and artificial intelligence (AI).

The concept includes:

• Smart manufacturing
• Smart factory
• Lights out (manufacturing) also known as dark factories
• Industrial internet of things also called internet of things for manufacturing
Major occupations that are in threat due to
automation in the RMG and textile sector
Major new occupations that will emerge in the
RMG and textile sector:
Major new occupations that will emerge in
the RMG and textile sector
Emerging areas of Apparel sector
 Few notes
Virtual reality : 3D games , 3D tour etc
Augmented reality : Advance of VR (Virtual reality) .