Speed Frame: Speed frame is the machine where the sliver is subjected to one or more

attenuating process and the attenuated sliver receives a small amount of twist and is then wound
on bobbins which are suitable for creeling at next process. It is also known as-
- Simplex
- Fly Frame
- Roving Frame

Conventional way of speed frame where generally three passages were required. The system is
lengthy with more number of machines. Possibility of creating faults is more and requires more
space. They are as below –

Sliver ----------------- Slubber frame ------ Slubber bobbin

Slubber bobbin ----- Intermediate frame ------ Coarse roving

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Coarse roving--------Fine roving frame/Jack frame --- Fine roving

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Roving: Roving is the output product of speed frame. It is a name given, individually or

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collectively to the relatively fine fibrous strands which is used in final process of preparation for

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spinning.
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Characteristics of Drawn Sliver (Feed Sliver of Simplex):
- Nearly cylindrical
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- It should have substantial length

- It has several thousand meter of length
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- It should have coil form

- Weight per unit length of the sliver (gr/yd) should be uniform with CV% 2-3.
- It should have a range of weight per unit length (0.10-0.15 Ne) (65-75gr/yd) (3-5 gm/yd).
- Inner structure of sliver in cross-section 10000-20000 fibers.
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- Arrangement of fiber more/less parallel.

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- All fibers are individual but some are entangled.

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 “The Roving Frame as a Necessary Evil”:
- The first reason for speed frame related to the required draft. Slivers from the draw frame
are generally too coarse (10,000-20,000 fibers in cross-section) in hank number for
intermediate presentation in the Spinning frame for drafting and twisting to yarn. To
convert this to a yarn, required 100-500 draft. But the drafting arrangement of ring
spinning machines are not capable of processing sliver in a single drafting operation to
create a yarn of short staple fiber.
- The second reason is that, the draw frame cans represent the worst conceivable mode of
transport and presentation of the feed material to the ring frame.
For year together technologists tried to subtract speed frame from short staple spinning but
unfortunately they cannot. Even now speed frame is used as a necessary evil.

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Material Passage Diagram of a Speed Frame:

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Draw frame slivers are fed to the roving frame in large cans. The slivers are passed through
separators and then over the guide rollers and tension rollers. Now the slivers are passed through
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the drafting rollers. There is drafting pressure over these drafting rollers. Here generally 6-15
draft is given. The delivered slivers are too thin to hold themselves together and so twist is
needed. The drafted strands of fibres are then passed through flyers. These flyers impart twist in
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the fibre strands by rotating and twist is usually 30-65 per meters. There are bobbins into the
flyers on which the twisted fibres i.e. roving are wound. Bobbin rack moves up and down so that
roving coils are placed adjacent to each other on the surface of the bobbin.
Here transport roller (creel) is positively driven. Drawn sliver is introduced to drafting zone
manually. We will decide the roving count before drafting and then set gear system.

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 Operation involved in Speed Frame:
1.) Creeling: By this process, the drawn sliver is introduced to the drafting zone from
sliver can. At first Sliver is feed over several rollers to the drafting zone manually.
2.) Drafting: Attenuation of drawn sliver to produce a required count of roving. To reduce
weight per unit length of sliver in speed frame so that produces roving can be converted
into yarn easily with draft in drafting zone.
3.) Twisting: To insert small amount of twist in the drafted strand of roving to get required
strength and possible to wind of roving in convenient package. Usually 30-65 turns per
meter which are imparted by flyer. But twist in roving are given such that the fibres hold
its constituent fibres together and not create hinder during drafting in Ring frame.
4.) Winding: To wind the roving on to a suitable bobbin which will facilitate handling,
transfer and feeding to ring frame.

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5.) Building : With the help of building motion , the correct or proper shaped package is

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made by winding of roving on bobbin in some consequent process and the two ends of

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package is formed tapered.

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6.) Doffing: Doffing is to replace a full bobbin with an empty bobbin manually or
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Technical Parameter of Simplex Machine:
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No. of Spindle = No. of Flyer = No. of Sliver Can = 120—140

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Spindle Gauge (Flyer to Flyer distance) = 7”

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Lift = 9.5”
Can Specification = Can dia: 19”, Can length: 35”
Bobbin Specification = Outer dia: 1.5”, Inner dia: 0.8”, Length: 11.5”
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Drafting System = Conventional: 4 over 4 without apron, 3 over 3; Modern: 4 over 4 with apron
Spindle Speed: 800-1200 RPM
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Efficiency: 90 %
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Speed Frame Manufacturer:

TOYOTA Japan
MARZOLI Italy
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LAKSHMI India
ZINSER Germany
PLATTS England
RIETER Switzerland
TRUTZSCHLER Germany

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 Draft: Attenuation or reduction of weight per unit length of the material. And the process by which
we attenuate the mass per unit length is called drafting.
Break draft: The greater portion of draft in speed frame is obtained between middle and front
roller which is known as main draft. But the draft between back and middle roller varied from
1.03-1.5 which is known as break draft. And Total draft = Break draft x Main draft
Functions of Break draft:
 To prepare the processed sliver for final drafting in the front zone.
 Engage to break the curled material to prepare it for final drafting.
 Helps to acquire higher draft between middle and front roller.
Excessive break draft are undesirable from evenness and quality point of view.

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Drafting system of Simplex / Speed Frame:
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1. Conventional drafting system : 4 over 4 without apron, 3 over 3

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2. Modern drafting system : 4 over 4 with apron, e.g. SKF PK 1500 & SKF PK 1600
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 1. Conventional 4 over 4 drafting system :

Features:
1. Draft range: 6 ---10

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2. Roller weighting by dead weight and hook arrangement.

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3. Nip point is in the vertical line of the roller centre.

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4. After passing the nip point, fibre is not controllable.

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5. Nip to nip distance is higher than fibre staple length.
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6. Pressure system is dead weight and hook arrangement.
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7. Top Rollers are rubber coated & Bottom are steel and flutted.
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Advantages of conventional roller drafting system:

- Less slippage due to spiral flutted bottom roller.
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- Less fiber damage due to rubber coated top roller

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- Less complex mechanism.

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Disadvantages of conventional roller drafting system:

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- No additional fiber guidance elements: Less fiber control during drafting. So irregularity
of rovings and higher breakage rate.
- Strict roller setting is required according to the fiber length.
- Pressure adjustment is not possible.
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- Lower amount of draft range.

- No alignment of the system.

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 2. Modern Drafting Zone (SKF PK – 1600 drafting system):

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Features: This is a four roller double apron drafting system developed by German company
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- Draft range – Maxm 20 & Normally 10-15.
- Top Roller dia slightly change with position. Top roller dia: Back 28, 3rd: 28, 2nd:
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25, front: 28 mm.

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- All bottom roller dia ---- 28.0 mm.

- Nip point & center of the rollers are not in the vertical line.
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- Wider roller setting.

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- Cradle, Spacer & Condenser are used accordingly. Cradle gives tension to apron
and Spacer makes space between top & bottom apron. Condenser in middle zone to
hold the fibres in one place.
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- Double apron (Top & Bottom) is used and thickness 1 mm.

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- Top roller hardness is 80-85 shore degree.

- Roller weighting by spring or pneumatic:
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 Front pair roller: 9-12 daN

 2nd pair roller: 10-20 daN
 3rd pair roller: 10-20 daN

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  Back pair roller: 10-25 daN
- Roller type:
 Top front, 3rd, back rollers are synthetic rubber coated whereas bottom rollers are
spiral flutted and made of steel.
 2nd bottom roller has granulated pin.

Advantages of modern drafting system:

- Additional fiber guidance elements. Such as aprons, spacer, calendar. So higher fiber
control during drafting.
- Roller setting is not necessary for small change of fibre length.

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- Pressure adjustment system.

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- Higher amount of draft range.

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- Alignment of the system.

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- Less tendency of roller lapping.

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Disadvantages of modern drafting system:
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- If draft is below the limit, then drafting resistance become high and drafting operation
becomes difficult to control.
- Cracked apron, badly joined leather apron produce bad roving.
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Apron: Aprons are usually made of synthetic rubber used in the front zone of drafting system.
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Usually double apron is used in modern drafting system. Inside the apron cradle, tension bar and
spacer is used. The objects of apron, therefore is to control the floating fibers to the possible
extent and help to produce regular material. It guides and transport the fibers during drafting.
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Specification of an apron:
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Cradle: It is usually made of plastics.

- It is a tensioning device.
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- It is used to hold the apron.

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Cradle Length (mm) Material

36 (Short) Cotton up 1 1/8”; Synthetics fiber 40 mm
43 (Medium) Cotton upto 1 1/8”; Synthetics fiber 50 mm
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50 (Long) Synthetics fiber 60 mm

Condensers: 'Infeed' condensers are mounted on a reciprocating bar. Reciprocating movement

helps to spread the wear over the whole width of the roller coating. Presence of condensers
reduces ‘hairiness’ of the rovings.

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 Spacer: Control the pressure between top apron and bottom apron and provide slide gap or space
at exit point.
Cradle spacer color Apron nip (mm)
Red 2.5
Yellow 3.0
Green 3.5
Blue 4.0
White 5.0
Grey 6.0

Roller Setting:
Roller setting is a very important task in the spinning department. Incorrect setting leads to the
creation of various problems and hampers in spinning condition.

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Factors considered for roller setting: The following factors are considered for roller setting.

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Length of fiber: The space between two pairs of rollers must be slightly greater than staple

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length of fiber under processing.

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Bulk of material: As the bulk is increased the distance between the drafting roller increases and
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vice versa. Otherwise roller will slip and induce irregularities.
Speed of drafting rollers: If the speed of the rollers is to be higher for higher production at
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constant draft the roller setting will be wider.

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Degree of compactness: Higher the degree of compactness of fiber wider the setting.
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Fiber characteristics: If the frictional properties of the fibers are higher for the same staple
length and bulk the roller setting need to be increased.
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Types of rollers: For metallic roller the setting will be wider and for rubber roller setting will be
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closer.
Amount of draft already done: If the draft increased gradually then the setting will be
gradually increased due to fiber parallelization.
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Setting distance: On a three line roller system, the setting will be between the back and middle
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pairs if rollers is not important in the view of the small draft applied at this stage. On the other
hand the magnitude of the setting between the middle and front rollers are important. The usual
setting is given below for 3 over 3 drafting system:
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Zone Setting distance

Front to Middle Staple length + 1/8”
Middle to Back Staple length + ¼”

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 Twisting: Twisting is one of the main operations involved in speed frame.
To insert a small amount of twist by giving spiral rotation in the drafted material along its axis is
called twisting.
Twist helps to bind the fibers together to give a desired strength to the drafted strand just
sufficient to enable it to build up in the form of bobbin & easy withdraw for the next process.
Effect of lower twist:
- Frequently roving breakage
- Flabby roving
- Drafting disturbance at next process
Effect of higher twist:
- High level of roving twist represent production losses

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- Also draft problem in the ring.

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Factors consider for selection of twist in Roving:

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For a desired count i.e. when count is constant then TPI is proportional to TM i.e. if TM increases
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then TPI will be increases. The following factors are considered for selecting twist in the roving.

1. Staple length of fibre: For higher staple length, lower TM because it gives sufficient strength
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to roving.
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2. Fineness of fibre: For fine fiber TM is less and coarser fiber it will be high.
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3. Hank or count of roving: If roving hank increases more twist are required for sufficient
strength.
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4. Type of fibre: TM depends on the type of fiber. Such as TM for cotton is higher than polyester.
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Yarn count Roving Hank T.M

6-10 0.8-1.0 1.3

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18-26 1.0-1.2 1.2

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27-36 1.3-1.5 1.1

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37-44 1.5-2.0 1.0

45-60 2.0-4.0 1.0

60-80 3.0-6.0 0.9

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