Draw frame

Input: card sliver

Output: Drawn sliver

##Difference between card sliver and Drawn sliver:

Card sliver
Fiber orientation in all direction
Many fibers are projected out from
sliver
Hooks (leading & trailing) are present
Irregular wt./unit length
Card sliver has less strength
Drawn sliver
Fiber orientation in the parallel direction
to the sliver axis
Less fibers are projected out from sliver
Less hooks ( leading & trailing) are present
Regular wt./unit length
Drawn sliver has more strength

## Both input and output of a draw frame is sliver. Then why we use
draw frame??
Answer: From a purely commercial point of view draw frame is of little
significance. But its influence on quality and evenness is greater. The carded sliver
contains fibers which are oriented in various directions and they are hooked. They
entangled with one another and their weight per unit length is high. They are
irregular and contain some impurities. So they need a process for eliminating these
errors.
In cotton spinning line draw frame is the definitive compensation point for
eliminating errors. This draw frame:-

 Straighten the fibers in sliver.

 Make the fibers more or less parallel.
 Reduce the weight per unit length of sliver.
 Remove dust from sliver.
 Make very perfect blending of fibers.
Working principle of a draw frame:

1. Feeding of material: Four to eight card sliver can (feed can) are fed at
below of creel frame. These slivers are the creeled and fed to the drafting
arrangement through a feed roller pair located above each feed can to
enable the feeding in a controlled manner.
2. Drafting of material: The slivers then run through the drafting
arrangement where range of draft of 4 to 12 as required is applied. Here
straightening, parallelization and attenuation operation take place.
3. Sliver formation: after leaving the drafting arrangement a package of fiber
is called drafted web, lacking significant cohesion between fibers is
produced. In this condition the fibers do not form a transportable
intermediate product in order to avoid disintegration of the web. The
intermediate transportable product sliver is produced after condensing the
drafting web passing through the condensing tube (trumpet) just after
leaving the drafting arrangement.
4. Delivery of material: This sliver is then guided through a tube via a
passage of the coiler tube gear into a delivery can in which it must be laid in
clean coils with optimal utilization of the space in the can. To enable the can
to take up as much material as possible, the sliver is compressed by passing
it through calendaring rollers.
5. Doffing of material: The filled can is prepared for the doffing operation.
There is can track for feed-in of the empty can and delivery-out of the filled
can.
Main objectives of a draw frame:
1. To remove majority of hooks present in card sliver
2. To increase uniformity of sliver
Objects of draw frame:
1. To straighten the hooked fibers in the card slivers
2. To make them lie in a manner parallel to their neighbors and to the sliver
axis.
3. To improve the uniformity and evenness of the slivers by doubling
4. To produce a more uniform sliver of definite weight/unit length.
5. To reduce weight per unit length of sliver
6. To remove dust from sliver
7. To make perfect mixing/blending of the sliver
Tasks of draw frame:
1. Equalizing: one of the main tasks of the draw frame is improving evenness
over short, medium and especially long term variation. Equalizing is always
performed during drawing by a first process namely doubling and can
optionally also be performed by a second process namely auto levelling. The
slivers fed to the draw frame from the card contains variations in thickness
that is they are not regular. The doubling process in draw frame improve the
regularity of the final sliver by averaging out the weight variations existing in
slivers fed to draw frame.
2. Parallelizing and straightening: To obtain optimum strength in yarn, the
fibers must be arranged parallel in the fibers strand. The draw frame has the
task of creating this parallel arrangement. It fulfils this task by the way of the
draft since every drafting step leads to straightening of the fibers.
3. Blending: Though a blending can be achieved in modern blow room process,
further blending after card improves the composition of fibers in the sliver.
The practice of feeding several slivers ( doubling) side by side through the
draw frame and recombining them at the front gives a very good blending of
fibers in the individual sliver and this makes the final sliver more uniform
than card sliver in fiber composition.
4. Dust removal: The draw frame is a good dust removing machine because
there are high levels of fiber to fiber and fiber to metal friction during
 drafting. On high performance draw frames equipped with appropriate
suction or removal system more than 80% of the incoming dust is extracted.
Q. what is the influence of doubling on sliver quality?
Q. what is the influence of drafting on sliver quality?
Definition of different terms:
1. Drawing: A process in short staple spinning in which the slivers are blended,
doubled, levelled and drafted by passing the slivers through a series of pairs
of rollers each pair moving faster than the previous one.
2. Doubling: The process of combing two or more slivers, rovings or yarns into
one is called doubling.
3. Drafting: The action of reducing the weight/unit length of the feed material
by drawing is known as drafting.
4. Creeling and doffing: The operation of replacing the cans of feed material at
the back of the machine and joining the new can full of sliver to the old is
known as creeling and that of removing the full delivery cans from the front
of the machine is known as doffing.
Features of modern draw frame:
1. Elimination of mechanical causes of irregularity. Provides electrical control
auto levelling which gives and maintains higher degree of regularity in drawn
sliver.
2. High speed running
3. Pneumatic suction devices for dust removal
4. Stop motions at strategic points to stop the machine when needed
5. Automatic can changers
6. More machines per operative and little attention needed. So reduces labor
cost
7. Improved top arm weighting system
Elements of drafting arrangement:
Bottom roller: Bottom rollers are made of steel and are mounted in roller strands
or in frames by means of needle or ball bearings. They are positively driven from
main gear transmission.
On order to improve their ability to carry the fibers along, they are formed with
flutes of one of the following types.
a) Axial flutes
b) Spiral flutes
c) Knurled flutes

Top roller: The top rollers are not positively driven; they are mounted by the means
of ball bearings. These top rollers are made of steel and they are covered with thick
coating of synthetic rubber. An important matter avoid this coating is its hardness.
Soft rubbers coating can grip the fiber strand more perfectly than that of hard one,
but soft coating of rubber wear out more quickly.

Hardness of rubber coating on top rollers is specified in terms of degree shore.

Soft coating -> 60-70 degree shore
Medium coating -> 70-90 degree shore
Hard coating-> Above 90 degree shore
Top roller pressure: To clamp the fibers, the top rollers must be forced out at high
pressure towards the bottom rollers. This pressure can be generated by:
 1. Loading by means of dead weight (now obsolete)
2. Spring weighting (the most usual form)
3. Hydraulic systems (hardly used)
4. Pneumatic weighting ( the Rieter company)
5. Magnetic weighting

Types of drafting arrangement: Early draw frames had almost exclusively 4 over 4
roller drafting systems. The 3 over 4 roller system was developed out of this earlier
version and there after a multitude of new forms emerged. The drafting system
may be classified based on the form of roller arrangement can be described below:
1. Conventional 4 over 4 roller drafting system
2. 3 over 4 roller drafting arrangement
3. 3 over 3 roller drafting
4. 4 over 3 roller drafting
5. 5 over 4 roller drafting
4 over 3 roller drafting arrangement: This is the most widely used drafting
arrangement for draw frames. Strictly speaking, this is also a 3 roller pressure bar
drafting arrangement but a fourth roller with somewhat lower loading is added to
the delivery roller to act as a guide. This leads the web in curve round the grooved
roller directly into the delivery trumpet, thereby facilitating the formation of the
sliver. The top rollers are uniform in diameter and are large in order to keep the
strain imposed in them low.

Draft calculation: let, back roller rpm=500 & diameter=30mm

Middle roller rpm= 900 & diameter= 30mm
Front roller rpm=3000 & diameter= 40mm
We know, draft =
. × ×
= (surface speed=πdn)
. × ×
=8
Back draft =
. × ×
=
. × ×
= 1.8
Front draft=
. × ×
=
. × ×
= 4.44
Total draft = back draft × front draft
= 1.8×4.44
=8

Requirements of drafting arrangement:

1. Simple, uncomplicated construction
2. Stable design with smooth running of the roller
3. A mode of operation giving a high quality product even at high running speed
4. High degree of flexibility (suitability for all raw material, fiber length, sliver
wt.)
5. Rapid and simple adjustability of roller spacing
6. Rapid and simple adjustability of draft level
7. Ease of maintenance and cleaning
Q. what do you mean by roller setting/roller spacing/roller gauge? What is the
importance of roller setting on drafting arrangement?
Answer: In a draw frame it is necessary to space the rollers a certain distance
apart. The distance from the centre of one roller to the centre of another is
known as the roller setting/roller spacing/roller gauge.
Roller setting mainly depends on the staple length of fiber. If fiber staple length
is high then roller setting must be wide. On the other hand if fiber staple length
is low then roller setting must be close.
Factors depending upon the drafting arrangement:
1. Diameter of the rollers
2. Hardness of top rollers
3. Pressure exerted by the top rollers
4. Surface characteristics of top rollers
5. Roller setting/roller spacing/roller gauge
6. Level of draft
7. Distribution of draft between various drafting stages
Q. 1. A draw frame is running with 4-over-4 drafting system. Please distribute
the draft between various drafting stages. (Sufficient data will be given)
2. A draw frame is running with 4-over-3 drafting system. Please distribute
the draft between various drafting stages. (Sufficient data will be given)
Necessities of auto stop motion:
1. The sliver run out from the creeled can
2. Sliver breaks in the creel
3. Lapping up on drafting rollers
4. If sliver is lapping between trumpet and calendar roller
5. If delivery can is filled with sliver
If auto stop motion is absent:
1. Considerable damage may cause to machine
2. The output sliver may be thick or thin
3. Lapping up of drafting or calendar roller
4. Irregular drafting
5. Excess of full can
6. Too much waste produce
7. The yarn strength or roving strength may vary from place to place
8. Any operator must have to attend the machine full time to stop it at any fault
Auto levelling: Auto levelling is an additional device which is meant for
correcting the linear density variations in the delivered sliver by changing either
the main draft or back draft of the drafting system, according to the feed
variation.
There are two types of auto levelling systems:
1. Open loop system
2. Closed loop system
Open loop auto levelling: In open loop auto levelers sensing is done at the
feeding end and the correction is done by changing either a back draft or main
draft of the drafting system. Most of the draw frame auto levellers are open
loop auto levellers.
Closed loop auto levelling: In closed loop system, sensing is at the delivery side
and correction is done by changing either a back draft or main draft of the
drafting system. Most of the earlier card auto levellers are closed loop auto
levellers. But the latest cards have sensing at the feed rollers and as well as at
the delivery calendar rollers. We can say, both closed loop and open loop
systems are being used in such auto levellers.
Let us discuss about an auto leveller system which is being used in most
successful draw frames like RSB-951, RSB-D-30 etc.

This system is an electronic levelling system. The major components in the

system are scanning roller, signal converter, levelling CPU, servo motor,
Differential gear box. Function of the scanning roller is to measure the
variation in the feed material. All slivers fed to the machine pass through a pair
of scanning rollers. One of the scanning rollers is moveable and another is fixed.
The variations in sliver mass of the incoming slivers displace the scanning roller.
The distance moved by the scanning is proportional to the sliver mass fed. This
displacement of scanning rollers is transformed into voltage by a signal
converter and is fed to an Electronic Levelling processor. It is the Electronic
Levelling processor which furnishes the correct target value to the servo motor.
 Delivery speed of the machine and electric signal values arrived at by the slivers
fed are the two important signals for the correction. Servo drive takes the
information and is converted in such a way that servomotor RPM and direction is
decided for appropriate correction. Differential gearing with its controlled output
speed drives the middle and back roller. i.e. Sliver entry of the drafting system.
Because the servo motor RPM and direction varies according to the feed variation
and the servo motor generates a control speed of the differential gearing, the
required change in main draft is accomplished, compensating for the weight
variation of the sliver fed.

 If the slivers fed are too heavy, the entry speed (back and middle roller
speed) is reduced i.e. draft increased
 If the slivers fed are too light, the entry speed is increased i.e. draft reduced

Delivery speed (the front roller speed) remains constant and hence the production
remains constant.

Mathematical problem:

1. Find out the draft of a draw frame if card sliver wt. is 70 gr/yd, drawn sliver
wt. is 75 gr/yd, doubling ratio is 6:1.

Solution: 15.432 gr = 1gm; 1yd = 0.9144 m

We know, Draft = ×

/
= ×6
/

= 5.6 (ans.)

2. If front roller rpm is 5000 and diameter is 40mm then what will be the
delivery speed of this draw frame?

Solution: delivery speed of draw frame = π × front roller dia × front roller rpm
 = 3.1416 × 40 × 5000
= 628320 mm/min

= m/min

= 628.32 m/min (ans.)

3. Find out the production/hr in kg of a draw frame if front roller surface speed
650 m/min, drawn sliver wt. 75 gr/yd, efficiency 90%.

× × × .
Solution: Production/hr =
. × × .
× × × .
=
. × × .

= 186.55 kg (ans.)

4. In a 4 over 3 drafting system, speed of back roller is 500, diameter of back

roller is 35 mm and total draft 8.45. If drawn sliver wt. is 75 gr/yd then what
will be the production in kg/hr. let efficiency 90%.

Solution: Draft =

Or, 8.45 =
. × ×

Or, surface speed of front roller = 464564.1 mm/min

= 464.56 m/min

× × × .
Production/hr =
. × × .

× . × × .
=
. × × .

= 133.33 kg (ans.)
 5. Let, count of input sliver 72 gr/yd, doubling, total draft and front roller
surface speed were set 8, 8.7 and 700 m/min respectively. Find out the
production/day of this draw frame. (Efficiency 88%).

Solution: Draft = ×

/
Or, 8.7 = ×8

Or, ℎ = 66.20 gr/yd

× × × × .
Production/day =
. × × .

. × × × × .
=
. × × .

= 4161.43 kg (ans.)

6. Let, count of input sliver 70 gr/yd, doubling ratio 8:1, back draft 1.8, front
draft 4.4, back roller rpm 500, diameter of back roller 30mm. find out the
production/day of this draw frame. Assume efficiency 92%.

Solution: draft = back draft × front draft

= 1.8 × 4.4

= 7.92

Again, Draft = ×

/
Or, 7.92 = ×8

Or, ℎ = 70.70 gr/yd

Again, Draft =

Or, 7.92 =
. × ×

Or, surface speed of front roller = 373222.08 mm/min

= 373.22 m/min

× × × × .
Production/day =
. × × .

. × . × × × .
=
. × × .

= 2477.29 kg (ans.)