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Question

In a constant-volume process, 
d U=n C_{V} d TdU=nCVdT
. But in a constant-pressure process, it is not true that 
\mathrm{d} \mathrm{U}=\mathrm{nC}_{\mathrm{p}} \mathrm{d}
\mathrm{T}dU=nCpdT
. Why not?

Explanation

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Step 1
1 of 2
The molar heat capacity 
(C_{p}(Cp
 or 
C_{V})CV)
 of a substance depends on the conditions under which the heat is added. The first law
of thermodynamics in a differential form is
dQ = dU + dWdQ=dU+dW
where
\begin{gather} dQ = nC_{V}dT \end{gather}dQ=nCVdT
At constant volume (the molar heat capacity 
C_{V}CV
) there is no work done and 
W =0W=0
 So 
dQ = dUdQ=dU
 and equation (1) can also written by
\boxed{dU = nC_{V} d T}dU=nCVdT
While at constant pressure ( the molar heat capacity 
C_{p}Cp
) the work done is given by 
dW = p dVdW=pdV
 and the heat
\begin{gather} dQ = nC_{p}d T \end{gather}dQ=nCpdT
Therefore 
dU \neq dQdU=dQ
. So it is not true that 
dU = nC_{p} dTdU=nCpdT
 when the pressure is constant. But the truth is at a constant pressure
\begin{gather*} dU= dQ - dW\\ \boxed{dU = nC_{p} dT - p dV}
\end{gather*}dU=dQ−dWdU=nCpdT−pdV
Result
2 of 2
At constant volume the work done 
WW
 = 0. So 
dQ = dU = nC_{V}dTdQ=dU=nCVdT
. While at constant pressure 
dQ= nC_{p}dTdQ=nCpdT
 and the work done has a value so 
dQ \neq dUdQ=dU
 and the truth is 
dU = nC_{p} dT - p dVdU=nCpdT−pdV

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Related questions

ENGINEERING
In this chapter, the following expression was used in the derivation of the dry adiabatic
lapse rate: 
d Q=C_{p} d T-V d PdQ=CpdT−VdP
. Derive that expression starting with a statement of the first law of thermodynamics: 
d Q=d U+d WdQ=dU+dW
, where 
d U=C_{v} d TdU=CvdT
 is the change in internal energy when an amount of heat, dQ, is added to the gas,
raising its temperature by dT and causing it to expand and do work 
d W=P d V . C_{v}dW=PdV.Cv
 is the specific heat at constant volume. Then use the ideal gas law, , where n 
P V=n R TPV=nRT
, where n is moles (a constant) and R is the gas constant, along with the definition of the
derivative of a product, 
d(P V)=P d V+V d Pd(PV)=PdV+VdP
, to find another expression for . Finally, using the definition 
C_{p}=(d Q / d T)Cp=(dQ/dT)
 with the pressure held constant, show that 
C_{p}=C_{v}+n RCp=Cv+nR
, and you're about there.

PHYSICS

State whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false,
revise it so that it becomes true.
(a) The change in thermal energy in a constant-volume process is zero.
(b) The work done in a constant-pressure process is zero.
(c) The area under the curve on a pressure-volume graph is equal to the work.
(d) Work and heat are equal in an isothermal process.
(e) The thermal energy of a system increases when work is done on it in an adiabatic
process.

ENGINEERING

Is the relation 
\Delta u=c_{v, \mathrm{avg}} \Delta TΔu=cv,avgΔT
 restricted to constant volume processes only, or can it be used for any kind of process
of an ideal gas?

PHYSICS

Gas in a container with a movable piston initially at volume 

V_{1}V1
,pressure 
P_{1}P1
, and a very high temperature 
T_{1}T1
 expands at constant pressure until its temperature and volume became 
T_{2}T2
 and 
V_{2}V2
.(a) Describe the process using the concepts of work, heating, and internal energy. (b)
Draw a bar chart representing the process. (c) Calculate the work that the environment
did on the gas. (d) Explain the process from a microscopic point of view. (e) Represent
the process using 
PP
-versus-
VV
, 
PP
-versus-
TT
,and 
VV
-versus-
TT
 graphs. (f) Repeat steps (a)–(e) for a situation in which the gas started with the same
initial state but expanded at constant temperature in stead of constant pressure.

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