TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

DISUSUN OLEH :

NAMA : ANDRE SEFTRIANDI PUTRA

KELAS : 2B KEPERAWATAN

NIM : PO72201201667

DOSEN PEMBIMBING : ENI SETYOHARI M,Pd

KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

PROGRAM STUDI D-lll KEPERAWATAN

POLTEKKES KEMENKES TANJUNGPINANG

TAHUN 2021
Summarizing nursing care

v Urinary system

Overview of the Urinary System

1. Kidneys
2. Nephrons
3. Bowmans Capsule
4. Proximal Tubules
5. Loop of Henle
6. Distal Tubules
7. Collecting Tubes
8. Ureters
9. Bladder
10. Urethra

ELEMENTS OF RENAL FUNCTION

• URINE FORMATION
• KIDNEY AS ENDOCRINE RECEPTOR

1. PTH
a. Inhibits absorption of Phosphate
and Bicarbonate in the proximal tubule by increasing intracellular cyclic 3 ,5 adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP)
b. Stimulates renal conversion of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol, the major biologically
active form of Vitamin D

2. ALDOSTERONE
a. Stimulate the rate of Naabsorption in the distal nephron
b. Increase the rate of net Ksecretion and net proton secretion by the distal nephron

3.ADH
 a. Promotes formation of ahypertonic urine both by increasing the rate of salt absorption
in the ascending limb of Henle
b. Increases water permeability of the collecting duct system

Disorders of the Renal System

• Disorders of fluid volume, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
• Diabetes and Hypertension
• Acute Renal Failure
• Chronic Renal Failure
• Urinary Tract Infections and Pyelonephritis
• Glomerular Diseases
• Tumors of the Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder
• Tubulointerstitial Diseases and Toxic Nephropathies
• Anomalies of the Urinary Tract
• Obstructive Uropathy

KIDNEY AS ENDOCRINE ORGAN

1. Prostaglandin production
2. Operation of degradation of low molecular weight proteins
3. Site for synthesis of erythropoietin and of renin

a. Erythropoietin: stimulate the rate of red blood cell production by bone marrow
b. Renin: secreted in response to reductions in renal perfusion pressure

FYI !!!!
Hypertension and Diabetes are the main causes of chronic kidney disease. Other causes include
glomerulonephritis, cystic kidney disease, other urological diseases, and of unknown etiology.

Diabetes

How does diabetes cause kidney disease?

1) Our bodies digest the proteins eaten

2) Processes create waste products
3) Kidneys filter waste products (proteins and RBCs are not able to pass through this filter)
4) Blood sugar
5) kidneys filter too much blood
6) hyperfiltration state / microvascular disease affecting renal glomerulus
7) leakage of proteins (microalbuminuria)
 Late: unable to filter proteins and other substances/ kidney failure toxin buildup

Hypertension

There is a high incidence of hypertension in CRF :

1) Na retention and volume expansion

2) rise cardiac outputrise peripheral resistance

Kidney Stone Formation

Renal calculi are abnormal concretions occurring in the kidneys, consisting of crystalline
components and an organic matrix.
They are typically located within the calices or pelvis and may become lodged in the ureter or
bladder as they are passed.
Symptoms may include pain or renal colic which is the manifestation of ureteral spasm caused
by the stone s movement, dysuria, hematuria, and obstructive pathology manifested in inability
to urinate.

Urinary Tract Infection

UTI refers to both microbial colonization of the urine and tissue invasion of any structure of
the urinary tract.
Bacteria are most commonly responsible, although yeast, fungi, and viruses may produce
urinary infection.
Symptoms include frequency, dysuria, hematuria, suprapubic discomfort, flank pain or lower
back pain.
Most are self limited. Some may worsen to pyelonephritis.
Some worsen to renal papillary necrosis, renal abscess, and perinephric abscess.
 v Digestive system

PRELIMINARY

• The digestive system is responsible forcrushing and absorbing food anddrink

• Involves multiple organs mechanicallyto chemistry
• Mechanics: crush food frombig size to small
• Chemistry: macromolecular size foodinto smaller molecules by enzymes

MOUTH

ü Esophagus
ü Stomach
ü small intestine(duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
ü large intestine
ü rectum-anus

DIGESTIVE ORGANS LAYERS

Digestive organs have 4 layers, with tissue andtheir respective functions:

§ Mucosa; layer that is able to absorb andsecrete. Composed of epithelial cells and
connective tissue
§ Submucosa; thicker, more blood vesselsand serve the mucosa
§ Muscularis; responsible for contraction andmovement (peristalsis). Composed of
smooth muscle
§ Serosa; protective layer. Composed of connective tissuenonvascular, and squamous
epithelium.Secretes serous lubricant. The outermost layer oforgan

ACCESSORY ORGANS

Organs that help digest foodbut not part of the digestive tract
1. Salivary gland (salivary gland)
ü Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands
ü Exocrine glands that produce saliva

2. Tongue
ü Help destroy food andswallow
ü Taste/taste organ

3.Teeth
ü Crush food

4.Liver
ü Produce bile to emulsifyfat. Some drain into the duodenum,some are stored in the
gallbladder(galbladder)
ü Metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates
ü Produces urea (as the final product),formed in the liver and consists of ammonia
ü Breaks down insulin and other hormones
ü Production of coagulation factors (coagulation)

5.Gallbladder
ü Bile storage area

6.Pancreas
v exocrine function; digestive protein production
• Stores inactive enzymes active when proteinenter
• Trypsinogen
• Chymotrypsinogen – chymotrypsin digests protein
• Carboxypeptidase
• Amylase: digest carbohydrates

v endocrine function; hormone production

• Somatostatin: blocks insulin function
• Glucagon: stimulates glycogen in the liverto be converted into glucose
• Insulin: puts glucose into cellsto produce energy

7. Tassel of worms
 • vestigial organs (does not have a primary function)
• Immune functionMaintain good bacteria in digestion

DIGESTIVE TRACT
ü The first stage of the digestive system whenfood/drink in mouth
ü Smell or see food glandssaliva produces saliva, preparationprocessing
ü incoming food
ü The process of swallowing when the tongue and mouth musclespush food into the
pharynx
ü The epiglottis closes the pathway for food to pass throughenter the Trachea
ü Esophagus = muscular tube through which it passesfood from pharynx to stomach
ü Passage of food through the esophagus into thestomach by peristalsis