Basic English Grammar Course

Basic English grammar
Unit one: Introduction To Grammar

 What is Word?
 In traditional grammar word is the basic unit of language.
 Word can be classified according to their action and meaning, but its
challenging to define.
 A word refers to a speech sound or mixture of two or more speech
sounds, in both written and verbal form of language.
 A word works a symbol to represent/ refer to something/ someone in
language to communicate a specific meaning.
Examples: love, clue, sky, star and etc.
But if the words blending don't get any meaning like these:-
Gthtou, mghyz, hfhgkl, eiynozg.
So those mentioned above don't get any meaning or they are

misunderstanding one.
 A word is the smallest unit of grammar that can stand alone as

complete utterance, separated by space in written language and
potentially by paused in speech.
 Remind you every sentence is from a word or words combined and that
is why word is the king of grammar or sentence.
 What is Grammar?
WORK UP: TAYO AND TAAMID TEACHERS PAGE 1

 Grammar is the art of putting a right word into a right place; it’s
the system of any language.
 Grammar is the study of words, how they are used in sentences, and
how they change in different situations. ... The study of sentence
structure. Rules and examples show how the language should be
used.
 Grammar is the set of rules which helps us to understand language.
 What is a noun?
 A noun is the name of anything or a word used to name a person,
animal, place, thing and abstract idea.
 What is a pronoun?
 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
There are personal pronouns have three cases: subjective case, objective
case and possessive case so the possessive case are also including possessive
adjective and absolute possessive pronoun.
 How many personal pronouns are there in English?

In general there're eight personal pronouns in English but you may see
some books in written seven they are right because you may addled
sometimes the one (you) it repeats two times.
so we will classify as they are:-
I You He She
It We You They

So in terms of personal pronouns stand for three persons and they are first
person, second person and third person.
So look this table we shall discern nicely.

Hence what are subjective personal pronouns?
 It describes: go before the verb.

So here are some examples of subjective personal pronouns.
o They bought a pound of matches. ( the=subject, verb=bought)

o I play a dice. ( I= is the subject, play=is the verb)
o You eat a corn. (You= is the subject, eat= is the verb).
What are objective personal pronouns?
 It describes: come after the verbs.
So here are some examples of objective personal pronouns.
 We know you. ( you= is the objective, know=is the verb)

 You know us. ( us=is the objective, know= is the verb)
 She goes with him. (Him= is the objective, goes= verb)
 I got them. (Them= is the objective, got= verb past).
What are possessive adjectives?
 It describes: are followed by a noun.
So here are some examples of possessive adjectives.
 My head goes woozy when I board the stair.( my=possessive)

 Take her veil and put on the peg. ( her= possessive adjective)
 Their work was ducky. (Their= possessive adjective).
 Its kids are young (its= possessive adjective).

What are absolute possessive pronouns?
 It describes: To stand alone and are not followed by a noun.
So here are some examples of absolute possessive pronouns.
 He is cully of mine. ( mine= is absolute possessive)

 That auto is his. ( his= is absolute possessive)
 Those books are theirs( theirs=is absolute possessive)
 That belts are ours( ours= is absolute possessive)
What is reflexive pronoun?
 A reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is realizing the

action of the verb is also the recipient of the action.
 Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -self or -selves that are used
when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same (e.g., I
believe in myself).
 The nine English reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself,
herself, oneself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
Here are some examples of reflexive pronouns.

 I was in a hurry, so I washed the car myself.(myself=reflexive)
 He wanted to impress her, so he baked a cake himself.(Try)
 She spoke to herself.( Try to produce the reflexive pronoun)
 We were penalizing ourselves when you were in the station.
(So the reflexive pronoun is ourselves)

Review questions
Part one: Fill in the blanks with the suitable personal pronouns and
possessives. 1. Sofia is ............... sister.
2. ................... goes to school everyday.
3. This pen is .........................
4. Those cars are ..................................
5. I waited for ............................
Part two: complete the following table:














General exercise-articles

So we just use question way:-
Examples:
1. Is there anyone staying there when you were leaving?
2. Are there good students to suggest a super presentation?
Exercise
Fill in the blank spaces with there is or there are maybe use are or is:-
1. ........................ a scourge on the table.
2. ........................ many students sitting in front of the school while they were
late of the public-school.
3. ........................ some water remains in the pitcher.
4. How many teachers ............there in your school?
5. ...........there any question to ask me for now?


Key vocabulary
The tutors must give the learners these words with their meaning
1. Bulwark 16. Enamor
2. Put off 17. Empty-handed
3. Resilience 18. Pull up stakes
4. Spleen 19. Self-restraint
5. Intrinsic 20. Blast
6. Deep down 21. Park
7. Thrash 22. Elf
8. Adamant 23. Accompany
9. Agonize 24. Foe
10. Adulate 25. Watchman
11. Bazaar 26. Astute
12. Ceasefire 27. Wire
13. Coy 28. Stone
14. Distress 29. Fume
15. Elevate 30. Forewarn

Unit two: Auxiliary Verbs
 An auxiliary verb goes with another verb. Sometimes auxiliary verbs

are called helping verbs because they introduce or help out the main
verb.
 For examples:-
- Teacher Hami-sare is making a practical.
- They would like to rest for a while.
 In first sentence the auxiliary verb (is) helps out the main verb
(making) by telling when the action is taking place-now.
 In the second sentence the auxiliary verb (would) helps out the main
verb (like) by telling about its essential-liking must be vital if it is
something that would happen.
 There are two categories of auxiliary verbs and they are:-
1. Primary auxiliary verbs are: verb to be, verb to have and do.
 Forms of verb to be: present: is, am, are. Past: was, were past
participle: been future: will be, shall be.
 Is, am and was: singular form. Are and were: plural form.
 I: am, was. She, he, it: is, was. You, we, they: are, were.
 Examples: - I am teacher. -She is a girl. - They are midget. -we
were students. -You will be teacher. - it is big pussy.

2. Modal auxiliary verbs include: can, could, may, might, must, ought,
shall, should, will, and would.
These verbs - which never change forms the way most other verbs do -
indicate possibility, capability, necessity, or willingness.
 Forms of verb to can: present: can, able to with linking verbs. Past:
can will change could. Future: the helping verbs will agree with able
to.
 Forms of verb to may: present: may, allowed to with linking v. Past:
may will change might. Future: the helping verbs will agree with able
to.
 Forms of verb to must: Present: must, have to, has to, have got to.
Past: must will change ought to, had to, had had to. Future: must will
change have to, then with will or shall.
 Should: used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically
when criticizing someone's actions.
 E.g. He should have been careful.
 Or should it used to indicate what is probable.
 E.g. 200$ should be enough to buy him out.
 Would: past of will, in various senses.
 E.g. He said he would be away for a couple of days.
 Or would it is expressing the conditional mood indicating the
consequence of an imagined event or situation.

 E.g. He would lose his job if he were identified.
 General examples concerning modal verbs:-
 I can go. -He could come - She is able to sleep. - it can leap.
 They may stay in here. - We are allowed to hang-out now.
 I must pray the prayers. - You have to keep silent.
 -She will have to bake the wafer.
 You should accept for my behest. - He should be good one.
 They would like their club. - I would be ducky student.
Primary auxiliary verbs
∆ Verb to be ∆ Verb to have ∆ Verb to do
 What is verb to be?

 It expresses to state of being.
 Verb to be: to be something or to being particularly things.
 The formula: subject +linking verb + complement

NB: How to use as present, past and future the main verbs.
Present:
- I} am/have been. - She, he,it} is/has been.
-We,they,you} are/ have been.
Time expression of presents
- We add the tense 2 now.
- We don't add the tense 1 any time expression entire of them only we add the
main verb or the main helping verbs.
- We don't add the tense 6 any time expression only we speculate the main
helping verbs.
- We add the tense 7 since or for as S/F.
Past: Time expression only use the tense 4 and then we shall add {when}.
I} was/ had been. She, he, it} was/had been. We, they, you} were/ had been.

Future :{ I, she, he, it, we, they, you} we can use {will be} except {I and we}
are using {shall be}.
The eight tenses include:
1- Simple present tense. 5- Simple future tense.
2- Present continuous tense. 6- Present prefect.
3- Simple past. 7- Present prefect continuous tense.
4- Past continuous tense. 8- Past prefect.
1. Present simple its form: Subj+am/is/are + complement or adjective.

So if you see these words such as S, Q, N and N w Q don't worry about with
their meaning so catch up as good as soon.
 S: Statement
 Q: Question
 N: Negative
 N w Q: Negative with question
Examples:
S: 1. I am student S: 2. She is a girl. S: 3. You are teacher
Q: * Am I student? Q: * Is she a girl? Q: Are you teacher?
N: * I am not student N: * She is not a girl N: You aren't teacher
N w Q: * Am I not N w Q: * Isn't she a N w Q: Aren't you

student/aren't I student? girl? teacher?

Try these & use tense one, change into Q, N, N w Q: a) Ali is astute
b) they are soldiers
2. Present continuous: Subj+am/is/are+ complement or adjective +now.
Examples:
S: 1. I am student now S: 2. She is a girl now S: 3. You are teacher

now
Q: * Am I student? Now Q: * Is she a girl? Now Q: Are you teacher?

Now
N: * I am not student now N: * She is not a girl N: You aren't teacher

now now
NwQ: * Am I not N w Q: * Isn't she a N w Q: Aren't you

student/aren't I student? girl? Now teacher? Now
Now
Try these & use tense two, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:
a) Sahra is young girl b) Dahir will be good student

3. Past simple: Subj+was/were+ complement or adjective.
Examples:
S: 1. I was student S: 2. She was a girl. S: 3. You were teacher
Q: * was I student? Q: * was she a girl? Q: were you teacher?
N: * I wasn't student N: * she wasn't a girl N: You weren't teacher
N w Q: * wasn't I student? NwQ: * wasn't she a NwQ: weren't you

girl? teacher?
Try these & use tense two, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:

a) Tutor Awil is a kind person. b) I am runner. c) They are players
4. Past continuous: Subj+was/were+ complement or adjective+ when.
Examples:
S: 1. I was student when S: 2. She was a girl S: 3. You were teacher when
when
Q: * was I student? When Q: * was she a girl? Q: were you teacher? When
When
N: * I wasn't student N: * she wasn't a N: You weren't teacher

when girl when when
N w Q: * wasn't I NwQ: * wasn't she NwQ: weren't you teacher?

student? When a girl? When When
Try these & use tense four, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:

a) We are soldiers b) You are serious c) I am outgoing

5. Future simple: Subj+shall/will+be+ complement or adjective.
Examples:
S: 1. I shall be student S: 2. She will be a S: 3. You will be teacher

when girl
Q: * shall I be student? Q: * will she be a Q: will you be teacher?

girl? When
N: * I shan't student N: * she won't be N: You won't be teacher

when a girl when
NwQ: * shan't I NwQ: * won't she NwQ: won't you be

student? be a girl? teacher?
Try these & use tense five, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:

a) We are happy b) You are wicked c) I am bored
6. Present perfect: Subj+has/have+been+ complement or adjective.
S: 1. I have been student S: 2. She has been a S: 3. You have been

girl teacher
Q: * have I been student? Q: * has she been a Q: have you been

girl? teacher?
N: * I haven't been N: * she hasn't been N: You haven't been

student a girl teacher
NwQ: * haven't I been NwQ: * hasn't she NwQ: haven't you been
student? been a girl? teacher?
Try these & use tense six, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:

a) They are tired b) Teacher Moha is spicy tutor c) you are callous one

7. Present perfect continuous: Subj+has/have+been+ complement or
adjective+ since or for as S/F.
S: 1. I have been student S: 2. She has been a S: 3. You have been

S/F girl S/F teacher S/F
Q: * have I been student? Q: * has she been a Q: have you been

S/F girl? S/F teacher? S/F
N: * I haven't been N: * she hasn't been N: You haven't been

student S/F a girl S/F teacher S/F
NwQ: * haven't I been NwQ: * hasn't she NwQ: haven't you been
student? S/F been a girl? S/F teacher? S/F
Try these & use tense seven, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:

a) Sahra was shinny lady b) we were arrogant c) it was young
8. Past perfect : Subj+had+been+complement or adjective
S: 1. I had been student S: 2. She had been a S: 3. You had been

S/F girl S/F teacher S/F
Q: * had I been student? Q: * had she been a Q: had you been teacher?
S/F girl? S/F S/F
N: * I hadn't been N: * she hadn't been a N: You hadn't been

student S/F girl S/F teacher S/F
NwQ: * hadn't I been NwQ: * hadn't she NwQ: hadn't you been
student? S/F been a girl? S/F teacher? S/F
Try these & use tense seven, change into S, Q, N, N w Q:

a) Najma is quiet lady b) you are mason c) I am expert man

Right now we will use combined tenses step 1 eight tenses used
Examples: step one: statement
1- I am bookman. 4- I shall be bookman.
2- I am bookman now. 5- I have been bookman.
3- I was bookman. 6- I have been bookman S/F.
4- I was bookman 8- I had been bookman
Question
1- am I bookman? 4- shall I be bookman?
2- am I bookman? now. 5- have I been bookman?
3- was I bookman? 6- have I been bookman? S/F.
4- was I bookman? When 8- had I been bookman?
Negative
1- I am not bookman. 4- I shan't be bookman.
2- I am not bookman now. 5- I haven't been bookman.
3- I wasn't bookman. 6- I haven't been bookman S/F.
4- I wasn't bookman 8- I hadn't been bookman

Negative with question
1- am I not bookman? 4- shan't I be bookman?
2- aren't I bookman? now. 5- haven't I been bookman?
3- wasn't I bookman? 6- haven't I been bookman? S/F.
4- wasn't I bookman? When 8- hadn't I been bookman?
Try these, change into combined tenses as step one: S, Q, N, NwQ
a) I am player b) He is tall man c) They are engineers
Step two are used six tenses: Examples: step two: statement
1- I am bookman. 4- I have been bookman.
2- I was bookman 5- I had been bookman.
3- I will be bookman. 6- I will have been bookman
Question
1- am I bookman? 4- have I been bookman?
2- was I bookman? 5- had I been bookman?
3- will I be bookman? 6- will I have been bookman?

Negative
1- I am not bookman. 4- I haven't been bookman.
2- I wasn't bookman 5- I hadn't been bookman.
3- I won't be bookman. 6- I won't have been bookman
1- aren't/ am I not bookman? 4- haven't I been bookman?
2- wasn't I bookman? 5- hadn't I been bookman?
3- won't I be bookman? 6- won't I have been bookman?
Step three are used twelve tenses: Examples: step three: statement
1. I am bookman 7. I have been bookman
2. I am bookman now 8. I have been bookman S/F
3. I was bookman 9. I had been bookman
4. I was bookman when 10. I had been bookman A/B
5. I will be bookman. 11. I will have been bookman
6. I will be bookman tomorrow 12. I will have been bookman Next

year/next month

Question
1. am I bookman? 7. have I been bookman?
2. am I bookman? now 8. have I been bookman? S/F
3. was I bookman? 9. had I been bookman?
4. was I bookman? when 10. had I been bookman? A/B
5. Will I be bookman? 11. will I have been bookman?
6. Will I be bookman? tomorrow 12. will I have been bookman? N/Y
Negative
1. I am not bookman 7. I haven't been bookman
2. I am not bookman now 8. I haven't been bookman S/F
3. I wasn't bookman 9. I hadn't been bookman
4. I wasn't bookman when 10. I hadn't been bookman A/B
5. I won't be bookman. 11. I won't have been bookman
6. I won't be bookman tomorrow 12. I won't have been bookman Next

year/next month

1. am I not bookman? 7. haven't I been bookman?
2. Aren't I bookman? now 8. haven't I been bookman? S/F
3. wasn't I bookman? 9. hadn't I been bookman?
4. wasn't I bookman? when 10. hadn't I been bookman? A/B
5. Won't I be bookman? 11. Won't I have been bookman?
6. Won't I be bookman? tomorrow 12. Won't I have been bookman? N/Y
Try these, change into combined tenses as step three: S, Q, N, NwQ
a) I am preceptor b) She is cooker c) We are players
Part two: Fill in the blank spaces
1) ................... is a nurse. 7) I am.......... an old man.
2) He..............been guardian. 8)Were they.........................?
3) I shall............ a doctor. 9) They ........... Learners.
4) ............you been baker? 10) You .............. Pupil.
5) ............. Was boy. 11) Joseph .......... An engineer.
6) ............. Was girl. 12) You.......... Teachers.

Part two: Rewrite as accurate forms for these sentences
1) Moha a teacher is
2) I generous am man
3) He be a doctor will
4) Was good lady Sahra
5) Dalmar a kindly teacher is
Part three: change into English these sentences as verb to be
1) waxay tahay gabar
2) waxaan ahay wiil fiican
3) macalinkeygu wuu soodaahay
4) wuu faraxsan yahay
5) Miyaan sidaada ookale ahay?
Verb to have
Verb to have: is to have something seriously or to earn particular things.

E.g. You have a legs. They have a cars.
The formula: subject + linking verb + complement.
Special formula: Subject + possession + noun. e.g: I have money.
( I is the subject, have is the possession and money is the noun)

The eight tenses include:-
2- Present continuous tense 6- Present prefect.
NB: How to use present form, past form and future form.
Present form :
He,She, It} has/has had
I, We, They, You} Have/ have had
Past form: all pronouns takes {had},{ had had}
Future form: I} Shall have He, She, It, We, They, You} Will have
Before the examples we should know how the verb to have is changed
 When we stay in simple past the verb have will change ( had).
E.g: I had a watch.(Simple past).
 When we want to classify the tenses simple past and past
continuous we shall add time expression ( when)
E.g: They had guard when.
 When we want classify the tenses present continuous
and simple present we shall add time expression . {now}
E.g: we have a car now
 We classify the tenses 6 and 7 in time expression. {s/f}

e.g: she has a pen (present perfect)
She has a pen ( Since/For as {S/F})
 When we in past perfect we use double had like(had had).
E.g: I had had a money.
1. Present simple: subject + possession(has/have) + noun or complement
Examples
1. S: I have a cellphone. 2. S: She has a frock 3. S: They have floors
Q: have I a cellphone? Q: has she a frock? Q: have they floors?
N: I haven't a cellphone N: She hasn't a frock N: they haven't floors
NwQ: Haven't I cellphone? NwQ: Hasn't she a NwQ: Haven't they floors?
frock?
Try these change into S, Q, N and NwQ and use tense 1:

a) It has a children b) they have a house c) have I razor?
d) has he a wife?
2. Present continuous: subject + possession(has/have) + noun+now

Examples
1. S: I have a cellphone 2. S: She has a frock 3. S: They have floors now
now now
Q: have I a cellphone? Q: has she a frock? Q: have they floors? Now
Now Now
N: I haven't a cellphone N: She hasn't a frock N: they haven't floors now
now now
NwQ: Haven't I a NwQ: Hasn't she a NwQ: Haven't they floors?
cellphone? Now frock? Now Now

Try these change into S, Q, N and NwQ and use tense 2:
a) teacher Dalamar has money b) Engineer Hami-sare has skill c)Teacher
Young hasn't bald d) she has a yashmak
3. Past simple: subject + possession past(had) + noun
Examples
1. S: I had a cellphone 2. S: She had a frock 3. S: They had floors
Q: had I a cellphone? Q: had she a frock? Q: had they floors?
N: I hadn't a cellphone N: She hadn't a frock N: they hadn't floors
NwQ:hadn't I a NwQ: hadn't she a NwQ: hadn't they

cellphone? frock? floors?
Try these, change into Q,N and NwQ use tense 3: a) He had a book
4. Past continuous: subject + possession past(had) + noun+when
1. S: I had a cellphone 2. S: She had a frock 3. S: They had floors

when when when
Q: had I a cellphone? Q: had she a frock? Q: had they floors? When

When When
N: I hadn't a N: She hadn't a frock N: they hadn't floors

cellphone when when when
NwQ: hadn't I a NwQ: hadn't she a NwQ: hadn't they floors?

cellphone? When frock? When When

Try these,change into S, Q , N and NwQ use tense 4:
a) she had a chair when b) I have a book c) it has a kid
5. Future simple: subject +shall/will+ possession (have) + noun
1. S: I will have a 2. S: She will have a 3. S: They will have floors

cellphone. frock
Q: will I have a Q: will she have a Q: will they have floors?

cellphone? frock?
N: I won't have a N: She won't have a N: they won't have floors

cellphone frock
NwQ: won't I have a NwQ: won't she have NwQ: won't they have
cellphone? a frock? floors?
Try these,change into Q,N and NwQ use tense 5:

a) They had a chance b) I had a friend c) he had a wife
6. Present perfect: subject +have/has+ possession (had) + noun

Examples
1. S: I have had a 2. S: She has had a 3. S: They have had
cellphone. frock floors
Q: have I had a Q: has she had a Q: have they had floors?

cellphone? frock?
N: I haven't had a N: She hasn't had a N: they haven't had floors

cellphone frock
NwQ: Haven't I had a NwQ: Hasn't she had NwQ: Haven't they had
cellphone? a frock? floors?

a) he has had a gal b) You have had a shirt c) I have had money
7. Present perfect: subj +have/has+ possession (had) + noun+S/F

Examples
1. S: I have had a 2. S: She has had a 3. S: They have had floors
cellphone S/F frock S/F S/F
Q: have I had a Q: has she had a frock? Q: have they had floors?
cellphone? S/F S/F S/F
N: I haven't had a N: She hasn't had a N: they haven't had floors

cellphone S/F frock S/F S/F
NwQ: Haven't I had a NwQ: Hasn't she had a NwQ: Haven't they had
cellphone? S/F frock? S/F floors? S/F

a) He has had a glass b) Moha has had bonnie shirt
8. Past perfect: subj +had+ possession (had) + noun

Examples
1. S: I had had a 2. S: She had had a 3. S: They had had floors
cellphone frock
Q: had I had a Q: had she had a frock? Q: had they had floors?
cellphone?
N: I hadn't had a N: She hadn't had a N: they hadn't had floors S/F
cellphone frock
NwQ: hadn't I had a NwQ: hadn't she had a NwQ: hadn't they had
cellphone? frock? floors?

Try these, change into Q,N and NwQ use tense 8:
a) I had had a watch b) you had had a curtain
Right now we will use combined tenses as verb to have
Examples: statement
1. I have smartphone 5. I shall have smartphone
2. I have smartphone now 6. I have had smartphone
3. I had smartphone 7. I have had smartphone S/F
4. I had smartphone when 8. I had had smartphone
Question
1. have I smartphone? 5. shall I have smartphone?
2. have I smartphone? now 6. have I had smartphone?
3. had I smartphone? 7. have I had smartphone?/S/F
4. had I smartphone? when 8.had I had smartphone?
Negative
1. I haven't smartphone 5. I shan't have smartphone
2. I haven't smartphone now 6. I haven't had smartphone
3. I hadn't smartphone 7. I haven't had smartphone S/F
4. I hadn't smartphone when 8. I hadn't had smartphone
1. haven't I smartphone? 5. shan't I have smartphone?

2. haven't I smartphone now? 6. haven't I had smartphone?
3. hadn't I smartphone? 7. haven't I had smartphone? S/F
4.hadn't I smartphone? when 8. hadn't I had smartphone?
Try these: use as combined tenses: a) She has a ring, b)they have a wallet,
c) I have a pen, d) you have a fez

General Exercise
Part two:- Fill in blank spaces
1) He ...............a love now. 4) I shall have............. guard
2) I .............. have a children. 5) will Moha .......... Spector?
3) We have............ Occupations 6) Haven't you .......... mentee?
Part three: Rewrite as accurate forms for these sentences

1) That teacher a talent has
2) Dalmar a beard has
3) skills Moha has
4) This novel chuckle has
5) Tayo school 14 has teachers
6) has glass moha bonnie
7) has the bookman a period
8) they currency have?
9) has pants she
Part four: change into English

1. kursi miyaanan heysanin?
2. Cunug miyuu leeyhay?
3. Macalinka jeesto maheysto
4. Aniga gurbaan ayaan leyahay
5. Lacag miyaad heysataa?

Part four: Answer these questions
1. What is verb to have?
2. State the formula of verb to have?
3. Whose tense this formula: subj + had + had + been + noun?
4. List the eight tenses that we used in verb to have?
Verb to Do
There are two types of committing about something: Make and Do.
However many people confused them how to use in the events so we should
learn the easiest way about them.
So before we get down the verb to do we will start verb to make as to

perceptual vividly mode.
 What is verb to make?

 Make: to create something and/or produce a result.
 For instances:-
o I am making a shopping list.
o I need some stuff to make dinner.
o I have to make a presentation for our meeting tomorrow.
 So if you make a shopping list, make dinner, or make a presentation,
then you create something.
 Make: to create result.
Here are alot of examples about to create result.
 Make a card ∆ Make a mistake - Make a sandwich

 Make a cake ∆ Make progress - make a cup of tea
 Make dinner ∆ Make a noise - Make pizza
 Make a toy ∆ Make a shelf - Make a joke
 Make a suggestion
 Make a chair - Make money
 Make a friend - Make a profit
 Make an appointment - Make an investment
Thus we have just known how to create a result or something so now we use
other way about make.
 Make: to produce a reaction

Here are some common examples to produce a reaction.
 They make my face really puffy.
 They make my eyes water.
 The antihistamines make me sleepy.
 The news made him angry.
 Thinking about what he said made me angry.
 It was such a sad film. It made me cry for hours.
 He's so funny. He makes me laugh all the time.
So we look a side of Interrogative way:-

 What makes you really happy?
 Being outside on a beautiful day makes me really happy.
 Can you remember the last thing that made you laugh?
 The last thing that made me laugh was a joke my colleague made in a
meeting this morning.
 What could make you angry?
 Someone not telling the truth could make me angry.

Answer these questions: Don't repeat the replies of above.
1) What makes you really happy?

2) Can you remember the last thing that made you laugh?
3) What could make you angry?
4) Define Make?
5) State three examples about make something and make produce a
reaction?
6) What can you make when you are in the home?
What is verb to Do
So we just known verb to make how to use as it whereas verb to do is easier
make so let's get in verb to make.
What is verb to do?

 Do means to perform an active or a task.
 Do: carry out a task.
 For instances:-
o Have you done the report for our sales meeting?
o I have been doing a course on digital marketing.
o I am going home to do some last-minute revision.
Here are some common examples to perform an active or a task.
- Do work - do business - do a deal - do a report -do
homewrok - do research - do exams - do a course -do revision
-do a subject

Do + something/anything/everything/nothing
Examples
 I need to do something about my hair. It's a mess!

 Do you want to do anything this weekend?
 They are very close couple; they do everything together.
 She is so lazy! She sits in her office all the day long doing nothing.
Do is used as emphasize way.
1. I do love you.
2. I do you the term of exam have to come rightly.
3. She does hard time to get off the hardly action.
Answer these questions
1. Define do?
2. List five examples about using verb to do?
3. What do you do when you have spare time?
4. What can you use the verb to do in other way?

Key vocabulary
The tutors must give the learners these words with their meaning
1. Trigger 16. Razor
2. Button 17. Wafer
3. Shawl 18. Coax
4. Turbulance 19. Dole out
5. Cheeseball 20. Marbles
6. Chillax 21. Visage
7. Pimp 22. Rat
8. Baby(sweetheart) 23. Aircraft
9. Quiz 24. Snack
10. Tummy 25. Whistle
11. Auction 26. Pool
12. Yore 27. Bald
13. Race 28. Pavement
14. Wacky 29. Scratch
15. Ass 30. Forecast

Unit three: Active tenses
 what is tense?
 Tense is the form of the verb that takes to show the time it happened.
 the tense of a verb indicates the time of an action or events.
 Examples
o I go to market daily.
o She took a chair yestreen.
o They will arrive next week.
 What is subject?
 Subject is the doer of the action.
 Examples
o She is watching a bottle.
o I am baking a wafer.
o They built a house.
 what is verb?
 A word that indicates an action, event, or state.
 A verb is a word that says something about a person or thing.
 Verb is the king of the sentence.
 Examples
o The cooking oil is boiling.
o I am hawker at the mall.
o He shut the pick.

 What is an object?
 An object It is receiver of the action.
 An object is a word that describes the person or thing that is done to be
verb.
o I did the function.
o She is washing her skirt.
o The manager is holding a flash summit.
 How many tenses are there in English?
 In general there are four tenses and they are:-
1. Present tense
2. Past tense
3. Future tense
4. Conditional tense


How to analyze the tenses

Time references of all tenses

1) Present continuous tense (progressive tense)
Definition: present continuous tense is used to express an action
going at the time of speaking.
 Is used to express an action which is happening now.
General formulas
 Statement: subj+am,is+are +verb with “ ing ” + obj

 Question: am/is/are+subj+V1+ing+object+?
 Negative: subj+am,is+are+not+verb with “ ing ” + obj
 Isn't/aren't + subj + V1 + ing + obj

 Amen't(am I not) + isn't + subj + V1 + ing+obj
 How to know pronouns the way of using progressive tense:-
I } am
He, she, it, singular name} is
You, they, we, plural name} are
spelling rules in progressive tense
■ Most verbs add -ing Examples:

Talk-talking, cook-cooking, read-reading, look-looking, work-working, walk-
walking, eat-eating, laugh-laughing, meet-meeting, speak-speaking, fix-
fixing, do-doing, start-starting and etc.
■ Most verbs ended with vowels+y, add -ing

Examples: Buy – buying Enjoy – enjoying Play – playing
Say – saying Try – trying
■ Verbs that ended with -e, drop the -e and add -ing
Examples:
Make – making, Write – writing, Drive – driving, Take – taking,
Have – having, Shave – shaving, Share – sharing, Shake-shaking, decide-
deciding, bake-baking, ride-riding, hire-hiring and etc.
■ Verbs that ended with -ee just add -ing
Examples:
See – seeing Agree – agreeing, flee-fleeing, free-freeing and etc.
■ Verbs ended with a consonant preceded by a vowel, double the consonant
and add -ing
Examples:
Admit-admitting, Swim – swimming, Run – running, Get – getting,
Stop – stopping, Sit – sitting, Put – putting, Skip – skipping, Travel –
travelling, Regret – regretting, hit-hitting and etc.
■ Do not double the letter if the words ends in two consonants
Examples: Help – helping, Talk – talking, Work – working and etc.

■ Two-syllable verbs: the last consonant is doubled when the last syllable is
stressed
Examples: Forget – forgetting Upset – upsetting Prefer – preferring
■ Do not double the letter if the word ends in -y, x, d or -w
Examples: Buy-buying, Enjoy-enjoying, Snow-snowing, chew-
chewing, box-boxing , read-reading and etc.
■ Verbs ended with -ie, change -ie to -y, add -ing
Examples: Lie – lying, Die – dying, tie-tying, vie-vying.
■ Verbs ended with -c, change -c to -ck -ING Rules Examples:
Picnic – picnicking
Exceptions: Age – ageing Dye – dyeing Singe – singeing
Budget – budgeting Enter – entering
■ Time Expressions in present Continuous Tense
Tonight, now, right now, currently, this month, today, this week, this
morning and etc.
Examples: present continuous tense(progressive tense)
1. S: You are playing 2.S: She is decorating 3.S: I am stopping

game the wedding-room English(Try this)
Q: Are you playing game? Q: Is she decorating the Q:
weddin-room?
N: You are not playing N: She is not decorating N:
game the wedding-room
QwN: Aren't you playing QwN: Isn't she QwN:
game? decorating the wedding-
room?

Try these: change into Q, N and QwN: a) He is baking an egg. b) We
are going to market. c) It is jumping the table.
Work out
Part one: Turn into question and negative these sentences in tense 1
1- She is watching movies 6- We are making the lamp
2- They are eating their hominy 7- You are doing a practice
3- I am pulling my spring 8- She is hating them
4- He is taking a chat with her 9- He is working as hardly
5- You are looking me 10- I am erring my speech
Part two: Turn into statement these questions

1. Am i eating a corn? 5. Are we accompanying them?
2. Is he stealing my book? 6. Sahra is not cooking chapati
3. Are they studying English? 7. Is she enlarging to me?
4. Is she seeking the preceptor? 8. Is it dropping the tree?
Part three: Turn into English these sentences in tense 1

Use these verbs ( eating, going, laughing, throwing, doing)
1. Waxay cunoosaa canbo
2. Waxay tuurayaan dhagax
3. Geelkaas wuxuu usocdaa si xoog ah

4. Miyaan qoslayaaa?
5. Sahra ma sameenooso hawsha

guriga
Part 4: match these sentences in using tense 1

1.____are making practice. ( ) aren't
2.____am watching telly ( ) are
3. she___ playing a dice now ( ) you
4. ____they sitting at park? ( ) I
5. we___eating a rice right-now ( ) is
Non-continuous verbs
Some verbs, an account on their meaning are not normally used in the
continuous form. Here are some of the most common non-continuous verbs:-
-Verbs of sense and preception: see, small, notice, taste, signify,

sound, hear and so on.
-Verbs of appearing: appear, look, seem and so on.
-Verbs of emotion: want, wish, desire, feel, love, hate, refuse, prefer,
dislike, mind, doubt, envy, need, regret, hope .
-Verbs of thinking: think, suppose, believe, imagine, agree, consider,
trust, remember, forget, know, understand, mean, mind, forgive, keep,
recollect, guess, assume and so on.

-Verbs of measurement: contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh, consist of
and so on.
-Other verbs: to be(in most case), to have( when it means to possess
like own, belong to), satisfy, promise, realize .
-Exceptions: perception verbs (see, hear, feel, taste an small) are often
used with can. E.g. I can see you.
-These verbs maybe used in the continuous form but with a different
meaning. Examples are below:-
-this goat feels nice and warm(your perception of goat's qualities)
-Joseph's feeling much better now(his health is improving)
-She has three books and a pen(possession)
-He's having supper( he is eating)
-I can see the teacher later(perception)
I am seeing the teacher later(we are planning to meet)
-Note: non-continuous verbs become simple present tense.
General formulas of non-continuous verbs
Statement: Subj+noncontinuous verb+object+now

Question: Do/does+subj+verb+obj+now+?
Negative: subj+don't/doesn't+subj+verb+obj+now+?
N.with Q. : Don't/doesn't+subj+verb+obj+now+?
Pronouns: I, you, they, we, plural name} do.

He, she, it, singular name} does

Examples of non-continuous tense:
1. She hates me 2. You want Sahra 3. He hears me. (Try this)
S: She hates me now S: you want sahra now S:
Q: does she hate me Q: Do you want Sahra Q:

now? now?
N: She doesn't hate me N: You don't want N:

now Sahra now
NwQ: Doesn't she hate NwQ: Don't you want NwQ:

me now? Sahra now?
Work out: Change into statement, question, negative.
Using general formulas of non-continuous verbs these:-
1. They hold a conference 6. We measure them

2. I know you 7. Sofia tastes the sauce
3. He hopes me to stay with him 8. He seems like an cat
4. She loves him 9. They realize the puzzle
5. It needs a water 10. I see you

2) Simple present tense (real present/present simple)
Definition: simple present tense is used to express a habitual action and

general truth.
-Is used to describe an event which happens everyday.
General formulas
 Do formula positive: subject+ verb present+ object.

 Do formula interrogative: Do+subj+V1+ object+?
 Do formula negative: Subj+do not+V1+obj
 Do formula neg.with qu: Don't+subj+V1+Obj+?
 Does rule positive: Subject+ V1with s/es/ies+obj
 Does rule Qu: Does+subj+V1 without s/es/ies+obj
 Does rule neg: Subj+does not+V1an-s/es/ies+Obj
 Does rule neg.with qu: Doesn't+Subj+V1+Obj+?
How to know pronouns the way of using present simple tense:-
She you
He does we do
it they

 Singular name} does
 Plural name} do
Spelling rules in present simple tense

 In third person singular like he, she, it, and singular
name we add the verb (s) for some verbs. E.g. kill-kills, return-returns.
 If the verb ends in (o, ch, sh, ss, x, z) we add (es) in third
person. E.g. go-goes, watch-watches, wash-washes, kiss-kisses, buzz-
buzzes, box-boxes.
 If the verb ends in (e) and (ee) we add (s) e.g. make-
makes, write-writes, flee-flees, see-sees, decide-decides.
 If the verb ends in (y) and its preceded by a consonant,
change the (y) into (i) and then add (es). E.g. marry-marries, worry-
worries, cry-cries, fly-flies, dry-dries, hurry-hurries, carry-carries, try-
tries, study-studies.
 But we don't change the (y) after vowel we only add (s)
e.g. play-plays, stay-stays, buy-buys, say-says, enjoy-enjoys.
Examples: present simple tense( habitual )
1. S: I study English 2.S: She studies English 3.S:He watches telly (Try
Q: Do I study English? Q: Does she study English? Q:
N: I don't study Englisb N: She doesn't study N:

English
QwN: Don't I study QwN: Doesn't she study QwN:

English? English?
Try these: change into Question and negative: a) She cooks lunch. b) I
don’t play football. c) They drive a car in the village. d)she writes a lesson

Work out: Turn into Statement these sentences in tense 2
1. Does he play a game? 8. Do I laugh at them?

2. I don't go to home 9. Does Moha explain the episode?
3. We don't eat any nosh 10. Don't we stay in here?
4. She doesn't come here 11. Doesn't she worry about me?
5. Do you speak English? 12. Does he buzz to me?
6. It doesn't jump the tree 13. Do they sit there?
7. You don't wash your sweater 14. Doesn't Ali wash his clothes?
3) Simple past tense (past simple)
Definition: simple past tense is used to express an action going at some time
in past.
 Is used to express an event which happened in the past time.

 All pronouns will take (did) when it needs such as negative, question
and negative with question.
 N.B. Two past words can't be used in one sentence.
 I, She, he, it, you, we, they} Did
General formulas
 Statement: subj+ verb past(V2) + obj.

 Question: Did+subj+V1+obj+?
 Negative: Subj+didn't (did not) +V1+obj
 Negative with Question: Didn't+subj+V1+obj+?

Spelling rules in past simple as regular forms
 Most verbs to add (ed) e.g. talk-talked, empoly-employed, fail-failed,

work-worked, jump-jumped, paint-painted, cook-cooked, laugh-
laughed.
 If the verb ends in single consonant preceded by single vowel, double
the last letter and then add (ed). E.g. stop-stopped, top-
topped, plan-planned, drip-dripped, slam-slammed, omit-omitted.
 However do not double if the verb ends in W, X or Y just add (ed). E.g.
play-played, stay-stayed, mix-mixed, sew-sewed.
 If the verb ends in (e or ee) just only add (ed) for those regular verbs.
E.g. create-created, decide-decided, live-lived, love-loved, place-
placed, tape-taped, like-liked, agree-agreed.
 If the verb ends in a consonant +Y change the (Y) to (I) and add (ed).
E.g. try-tr ied, worry-worried, hurry-hurried, busy-busied, pry-
pried, study-studied.
REGULAR OR WEAK VERBS
 Regular verbs are those whose past tense

and past participles are formed by adding a -d -ed -ied to the end of the
verb.

 Here are the common regular verbs
Part one: those take (d)
present Past Past participle Somali meaning
1: Advise Advised Advised
2: Advertise Advertised Advertised
3: Admire Admired Admired
4: Believe Believed Believed
5: Compensate Compensated Compensated
6: Criticize Criticized Criticized
7: Capsize Capsized Capsized
8: Complete Completed Completed
9: Compete Competed Competed
10: Debate Debated Debated
11: Dedicate Dedicated Dedicated
12: Deceive Deceived Deceived
13: Educate Educated Educated

14: Ensure Ensured Ensured
15: Exclude Excluded Excluded
16: Extradite Extradited Extradited
17: Flare Flared Flared
18: Facilitate Facilitated Facilitated
19: Fascinate Fascinated Fascinated
20: Hate Hated Hated
21: Hesitate Hesitated Hesitated
22: Inflate Inflated Inflated
23:: Isolate Isolated Isolated
24: Investigate Investigated Investigated
25: Injure Injured Injured
26: Jostle Jostled Jostled
27: Joke Joked Joked
28: Jangle Jangled Jangled
29: Jeopardize Jeopardized Jeopardized

30: Medicate Medicated Medicated
31: Memorize Memorized Memorized
32: Minimize Minimized Minimized
33: Name Named Named
34: Narrate Narrated Narrated
35: Operate Operated Operated
36: Penalize Penalized Penalized
37: Pare Pared Pared
38: Persuade Persuaded Persuaded
39: Place Placed Placed
40: Quote Quoted Quoted
41: Rape Raped Raped
42: Reduce Reduced Reduced
43: Refuse Refused Refused
44: Save Saved Saved
45: Separate Separated Separated

46: Translate Translated Translated
47: Use Used Used
48: Utilize Utilized Utilized
49: Urinate Urinated Urinated
50: Urge Urged Urged
51: Vacate Vacated Vacated
52: Vaccinate Vaccinated Vaccinated
53: Venerate Venerated Venerated
Part two: those take (ed)

k
1: Affect Affected Affected
2: Allow Allowed Allowed
3: Ambush Ambushed Ambushed
4: Barrow Barrowed Barrowed
5: Banish Banished Banished
6: Ban Banned Banned

7: Bestow Bestowed Bestowed
8: Debauch Debauched Debauched
9: Destroy Destroyed Destroyed
10: Extend Extended Extended
11: Finish Finished Finished
12: Gain Gained Gained
13: Grab Grabbed Grabbed
14: Gush Gushed Gushed
15: Hunt Hunted Hunted
16: Hatch Hatched Hatched
17:Invest Invested Invested
18: Jab Jabbed Jabbed
19: Kick Kicked Kicked
20: Kidnap Kidnapped Kidnapped
21: Kill Killed Killed
22: Kiss Kissed Kissed

23: Knock Knocked Knocked
24: Look Looked Looked
25: Leap Leaped Leaped
26: Learn Learned Learned
27: Laugh Laughed Laughed
28: Mash Mashed Mashed
29: Mix Mixed Mixed
30: Nab Nabbed Nabbed
31: Neglect Neglected Neglected
32: Omit Omitted Omitted
33: Offer Offered Offered
34: Open Opened Opened
35: Obey Obeyed Obeyed
36: Pass Passed Passed
37: Perform Performed Performed
38: Quarrel Quarreled Quarreled

39: Quench Quenched Quenched
40: Quit Quitted Quitted
41: Reach Reached Reached
42: Refer Referred Referred
43: Sail Sailed Sailed
44: Search Searched Searched
45: Talk Talked Talked
46: Touch Touched Touched
47:Train Trained Trained
48: Travel Travelled Travelled
49: Visit Visited Visited
50: Vouch Vouched Vouched
51: Walk Walked Walked
52: Wait Waited Waited
53: Wash Washed Washed
54: Want Wanted Wanted

55: Watch Watched Watched
56: Xerox Xeroxed Xeroxed
57: X-ray X-rayed X-rayed
58: Yaw Yawed Yawed
59: Yell Yelled Yelled
60: Yield Yielded Yielded
61: Yawn Yawned Yawned
62: Yowl Yowled Yowled
64: Zap Zapped Zapped
65: Zip Zipped Zipped
66: Zoom Zoomed Zoomed
Part three: those take (ied)

Present Past Past participle Somali meaning
1: Apply Applied Applied
2: Gratify Gratified Gratified
3: Notify Notified Notified

4: Cry Cried Cried
5: Carry Carried Carried
6: Query Queried Queried
7: Satisfy Satisfied Satisfied
8: Reply Replied Replied
9: Defy Defied Defied
10: Simplify Simplified Simplified
11: Try Tried Tried
12: Deny Denied Denied
13: Testify Testified Testified
14: Burry Buried Buried
15: Hurry Hurried Hurried
16: Falsify Falsified Falsified
17: Study Studied Studied
18: Pry Pried Pried
19: Busy Busied Busied
20: Worry Worried Worried
21:Fry Fried Fried

General formulas for regular verbs
 Statement: Subject+ Verb past with d/ed/ied+object

 Question: Did+subj+verb present+object+?
 Negative: Subj+did not/didn't+verb present+object.
 Negative with question: Didn't+subj+V1+obj+?
Examples as working regular verbs
Statement Question Negative Neg.with.que.

1. She cooked the Did she cook the She didn't cook Didn't she cook
food food? the food the food?
2. I agreed you Did i agree you? I didn't agree you Didn't i agree
you?
3. They studied Did they study They didn't study Didn't they study
English English? English English?
4. He satisfied
her(Try this)
Exercise: Turn into past simple as statement, question, negative and
negative with question
1. They decide to go to home. 5. You cooked the gravy.
2. I enlarged herself. 6. It jumped the tree.
3. He yells me loudly. 7. The people finished the work.
4. We vote them. 8. Sahra and I wanted to stay at home.

So we studied regular verbs and now we learn irregular verbs
IRREGULAR OR STRONG VERBS
 Irregular verbs are verbs those don't take ('d' 'ed' 'Ied') but change
their forms while in the simple past tense and participle tenses.
Part one: all three are different

1: Arise Arose Arisen
2: Awake Awoke Awoken
3: Backbite Backbit Backbitten
4: Be Was/were Been
5: Bear Bore Borne
6: Begin Began Begun
7: Bid Bide Bidden
8: Bite Bit Bitten
9: Blow Blew Blown
10: Break Broke Broken

11: Choose Chose Chosen
12: Do Did Done
13: Draw Drew Drawn
14: Drive Drove Driven
15: Drink Drank Drunk
16: Eat Ate Eaten
17: Fall Fell Fallen
18: Fly Flew Flown
19: Forget Forgot Forgotten
20: Forsake Forsook Forsaken
21: Freeze Froze Frozen
22: Forgive Forgave Forgiven
23: Forbid Forbade Forbidden
24: Foresee Foresaw Foreseen
25: Get Got Gotten
26: Give Gave Given

27: Go Went Gone
28: Grow Grew Grown
29: Hide Hid Hidden
30: Know Knew Known
31: Lie Lay Lain
32: Mistake Mistook Mistaken
33: Outdo Outdid Outdone
34: Outgrow Outgrew Outgrown
35: Outrun Outran Outrun
36: Overdo Overdid Overdone
37: Oversee Oversaw Overseen
38: Overtake Overtook Overtaken
39: Overthrow Overthrew Overthrown
40: Partake Partook Partaken
41: Ride Rode Ridden
42: Ring Rang Rung

43: Rise Rose Risen
44: Run Ran Run
44: See Saw Seen
46: Saw Sawed Sawn
47: Sew Sewed Sewn
48: Shake Shook Shaken
49: Sink Sank Sunk
50: Shrink Shrank Shrunk
51: slay Slew Slain
52: Strive Strove Striven
53: Speak Spoke Spoken
54: Steal Stole Stolen
55: Strike Struck Stricken
56: Spring Sprang Sprung
57: Stink Stank Stunk
58: Strew Strewed Strewn

59: Stride Strode Stridden
60: Swim Swam Swum
61: Swear Swore Sworn
62: Take Took Taken
63: Take part Took part Taken part
64: Tread Trod Trodden
65: Throw Threw Thrown
66: Thrive Throve Thriven
67: Tear Tore Torn
68: Undertake Undertook Undertaken
69: Write Wrote Written
70: Wear Wore Worn
71: Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn
72: Wake Woke Woken
73: weave Wove Woven

Part two: two of them are same
1: Abide Abode Abode
2: Bind Bound Bound
3: Bend Bent Bent
4: Bleed Bled Bled
5: Breed Bred Bred
6: Build Built Built
7: Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt
8: Come Came Come
9: Deal Dealt Dealt
10: Dare Dared/Durst Dared/Durst
11: Dwell Dwelled/Dwelt Dwelled/Dwelt
12: Dive Dived/Dove Dived/Dove
13: Fight Fought Fought
14: Find Found Found

15:Flee Fled Fled
16: Feel Felt Felt
17: Feed Fed Fed
18: Foretell Foretold Foretold
19: Gainsay Gainsaid Gainsaid
20: Grind Ground Ground
21: Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged
22: Have Had Had
23: Hear Heard Heard
24: Hold Held Held
25: Heave Heaved/Hove Heaved/Hove
26: Keep Kept Kept
27: Kneel Knelt Knelt
28: Lay Laid Laid
29: Learn Learned/learnt Learned/learnt
30: Lead Led Led

31: Leave Left Left
32: Lend Lent Lent
33: Light Lighted/lit Lighted/lit
34: Lose Lost Lost
35: Leap Leaped/Leapt Leaped/Leapt
36: Make Made Made
37: Mean Meant Meant
38: Mislead Misled Misled
39: Misspend Misspent Misspent
40: Mishear Misheard Misheard
41: Misread Misread Misread
42: Misdeal Misdealt Misdealt
43:Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood
44: Mow Mowed/mown Mowed/mown
45: Outshine Outshone Outshone
46: Overbear Overbore Overbore

47: Overcome Overcame Overcome
48: Overhang Overhung Overhung
49: Overhear Overheard Overheard
50: Oversleep Overslept Overslept
51: Pay Paid Paid
52: Read Read/Red Read/Red
53: Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded
54: Rend Rent Rent
55: Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt
56: Say Said Said
57: Seek Sought Sought
58: Sell Sold Sold
59: Send Sent Sent
60: Shine Shone Shone
61: Shoot Shot Shot
62: Sleep Slept Slept

63: Slide Slid Slid
64: Smell Smelt Smelt
65: Spend Spent Spent
66: Spell Spelt Spelt
67: Spread Spread Spread
68: Spit Spat Spat
69: Stand Stood Stood
70: Sweep Swept Swept
71: Teach Taught Taught
72: Tell Told Told
73: Think Though Though
74: Understand Understood Understood
75: Wring Wrung Wrung
76: Withstand Withstood Withstood
77: Waylay Waylaid Waylaid
78: Weep Wept Wept

79: Wind Wound Wound
80: Wed Wed/wedded Wed/wedded
81: Withhold Withheld Withheld
82: Win Won Won
Part three: all three are same
1: Cost Cost Cost
2: Cast Cast Cast
3: Cut Cut Cut
4: Hurt Hurt Hurt
5: Let Let Let
6: Put Put Put
7: Rid Rid Rid
8: Set Set Set
9: Shut Shut Shut

10: Thrust Thrust Thrust
11: Spread Spread Spread
12: Hit Hit Hit
13: Read Read Read
14: Wed Wed Wed
Some of are confused how they are
1: Lay Laid Laid
2: Lie Lay Lain
3: Lie Lied Lied

Test: Fill in the table of missing words and then Translate
1: Grab Grabbed _____________ Dafid
2: _______ Spoke Spoken ______________
3: Come _________ Come Imaansho
4: Weave _____________ Woven ______________
5: Dive ___________ _____________ Quusid
6: Arise ___________ Arisen ______________
7:___________ Wrote _____________ Qorid
8: Query ___________ Queried ______________
9: ___________ Swept _____________ Xaaqid
10: ____________ _____________ _____________ Talaabsaho
11: Make Made Made ______________
12: Forgive _____________ _____________ Cafin
13:Shut ______________ Shut _______________
14:____________ Leapt _____________ Boodid
15: Abide ______________ _____________ _______________
16: ___________ ______________ Overheard Xan ku maqlid
17:____________ Threw ______________ Tuurid
18: Defy ______________ ______________ ________________
19:____________ _______________ Dedicated _______________
20: Deceive ______________ ______________ Qiyaamid

General formulas for irregular verbs
Statement: Subject+ Verb past +object
Question: Did+subj+verb present+object+?
Negative: Subj+did not/didn't+verb present+object.
Negative with question: Didn't+subj+V1+obj+?
Examples as working irregular verbs

1. She ate her disjune Did she eat her She didn't eat her Didn't she eat her
disjune? disjune disjune?
2. I met him Did i meet him? I didn't meet him Didn't i meet him?
3. They wove a novel Did they weave a They didn't Didn't they weave a
novel? weave a novel novel?
4. He hit me
badly(Try this)
Exercise: Turn into question and negative

1. They made practice. 5. You hurt me yesterday.
2. I drove a car. 6. It leaped the tree.
3. He fought his enemy. 7. The people wrote the book.

Past habitual (used to)
Definition: past habitual is used for an action someone used to do in the past
but does not do at the moment.
General Formulas
Statement: subject + used to + verb present + object.
Question: Did + subject + use to + verb present + object + ?
Negative: Subject + didn't + use to + verb present + object.
Neg. With qu: didn't + subject + use to + verb present + object + ?
Examples
Statement Question Negative Neg. With qu

1.They used to Did they use to They didn't use Didn't they use to
play football play football? to play football play football?
2. She used to play Did she use to She didn't use to Didn't she use to
truant from the play truant from play truant from play truant from
school school? school school?
3. I used to wash
my costume(Try)
Work out: use these sentences in past habitual
1. They (laugh) every night.
2. I ( be) active when I was in university.
3. Does she visit her kin?
4. We ( sell) autos.

4) Past continuous tense(past progressive)
Definition: past continuous tense is used to express an action which was

happening in the past time.
 Past continuous tense is used to express an action that was taking
place at some time in the past.
QU: What is the key formula of past continuous tense?

ANS: key formula is :- sub+ verb to be past (was/ were) + verb with “ing”
+obj. The pronouns
 I, he, she, it, singular name} was - we, you, they, plural name}were
Examples of past continuous tense
1. He was writing Was he writing He wasn't writing Wasn't he writing

letters this morning letters this letters this letters this
morning? morning? morning?
2. They were Were they They weren't Weren't they

building the kitchen building the building the building the
kitchen? kitchen kitchen?
3. I was sitting there Was i sitting I wasn't sitting Wasn't i sitting

there? there there?
4. You were eating a

meat(Try this)

Exercise: Turn into question and negative
1. They were playing a game. 3. I was doing the work rightly

2. We were laughing at him. 4. He was making a chat with me
Note: as in the case of present continuous tense verbs of perception can’t
also be used in this tense
Don’t say: I was loving you say: I loved you when
Don’t say: they were having money say: they had money when
Don’t say: she was hearing me say: she heard me when
Time expression: we use when or while with the past continuous to mean
during the time that something was happening’ E, g, while Abdi and Ali were
playing I was reading
Forms
Affirmative Negative Interrogative NEG+inter

I heard a noise I didn’t heard a Did I heard a Didn’t I heard a
when noise when noise when? noise a noise
when?
He loved me He didn’t love Did he love me Didn’t he love

when me when when? me when?
Short answer yes or no question repeat the auxiliary E.G. was be working?
Yes he was/or no he wasn’t, were they working? Yes they were/no they were
not

NB. Verbs of perception, cognition, emotion and possession are not used in
continuous tense but we deal with as simple past tense.
(✔) I remembered the lesson when the teacher explained the lesson
(✖) I was remembering the lesson when the teacher explained the lesson
(✔) I loved king’s daughter
(✖)I was loving king’s daughter
5) Simple future tense

Definition: Is used to express an action which will happen in the future time.
 simple future tense is used to express a habitual action in the future.
QU: what is the key formula of simple future tense? Note: short form
ANS: key formula is:- sub+ shall/ will+ verb present+ obj. will not =won't
Pronouns: - He,She, it, you, they} will - I, We} shall Shall not: shan't
Examples
Affirmative Interrogate Negative Neg.with.interrogate.
1. You will help me Will you help You won't help Won't you help me?
me? me
2. I shall go to Shall i go to I shan't go to Shan't I go to home?

home home? home
3. She will sweep Will she sweep She won't sweep Won't she sweep the
the room the room? the room room
4. We shall rest

Exercise: Turn into affirmative and interrogate
1. I shall not meet him tomorrow. 6. He will not speak to me.

2. They won't play a game 7. I shan't explain the taka a view
3. You will get your money soon. 8. Shan't we begin our hard work?
4. Shan't we send a letter to them? 9. Maahir-maare won't arrive again.
5. He will talk to me immediately. 10. The school will open on
Monday.
Near future ( Be going to)
We often apply to this shape (be going to) when we demand to talk about
actions in the future that have already been molded on.
Definition: It's used to talk about future plans and intentions.
Formula: Subj+am, is, are+ going to+ verb present+ obj.
Here some examples of using be going to but sometimes you may hear gonna
where is it coming from.
So gonna means going to right now you have just gotten it.
 E.g. The boys of the village are going to rest at the home.
 Moha is going to explain the weakly journal if lord wills.
 The people are going to give them money
Examples

Turn into be going to for this sentence (I clean up the latrine)
Affirmative Interrogative Negative N with Interrogative

1.I am going to lave Am I going to I am not going to Aren't I going to lave
the latrine lave te latrine? lave the latrine the latrine?
2.She is going to
bake an pie(try
3. They(keep) it
Exercise: Turn into be going to: 1. She(annul) the room.
2. You (demand) a rent house. 3. We(remedy) the people.
4. She( freeze) the beverage.
6) Simple prefect tense (present perfect)
Definition: is used to express an action which has just finished.
 simple prefect tense is used to donate an action which has recently

been completed but which in some way is connected with present time
and we are not interested in when an action took place.
 QU: what is the key formula of present prefect tense?
ANS: key formula is: - sub+ has/have+ verb (p. p form)+ obj.

Common Time references in simple prefect tense:
Just, already, yet, only, never, ever, still, recently, this month, so far, up to now, during
over the last month
 Uses(ever) and (never) to talk about your general life expression. E.g. -
Have you ever seen a ghost?
 I have never seen a ghost.
 Have you ever been to abroad?
 I have never worked abroad.
 Uses(already), (never) and (just) between have/has and the verbs.
 E.g. he has already finished the task.
 I have just come in here.
 Uses(before, since, so far, many times, for, yet) at the end of sentence
or question.
 E.g. have you been there before?
 Use(just) is used for something happened a short time.
Examples
Affirmative Interrogate Negative Neg.with.interrogate.

1. You have just Have you just You haven't just Haven't you just
understood me understood me? understood me? understood me?
2. She has already Has she already She hasn't Hasn't she already
done her work done her work? already done her done her work?
work
3. He has taken
the trash yet (Try
Exercise: Turn into negative and interrogative
1. They have just swum in the pool.

2. She has just shrunk her clothes.
3. You have just stolen the secret money.
4. He has just slept in the bed.
5. I have started the dialog.
7) Present prefect continuous tense
Definition: is used for an action which has started in the past time and still
going on.
Formula sub+ have/has +been + verb+ng+ obj+ time reference
Pronouns Constructions
1. 'Ve: have e.g. I've, we've,

they've, you've.
2. 'S: has e.g. she's, he's, it's.
3. Hasn't: has not, haven't:

have not

Examples
Positive Interrogate Negative Neg. With.

Interrogate
1.She has been Has she been She hasn't been Hasn't she been
drinking a soup drinking a soup drinking a soup drinking a soup
since morning since morning? since morning since morning?
2. I've been Have I been I haven't been Haven't I been
watering the watering the watering the watering the plants
plants for 1 hour plants for 1hour? plants for 1hour for 1 hour ?
3. You've been
studying since 4
O'clock(Try this)
Exercise: Turn into tense 7: 1. I am watching Tv now.
2. They are playing football right now. 3. It(sleep) in here.
8) Past prefect tense
Definition: past perfect tense is used to show the sequence of two events in
the past.
- It used to describe an action that occurred b4 another action in the past.

Formula: subj+ had+ verb p.p+ 0bj. Time references
- Tomorrow, next, in a week, at 5

- All pronouns take had pm tomorrow, this time
tomorrow

Note:
We use the past perfect for the earlier episode and the later one is used for
simple past tense, for instance, They had returned the speaker when they had
used it. - I went to slumber when my sidekicks had left.
Constructions:1) 'd: had:- I'd, you'd, they'd, we'd, she'd, he'd, it'd
2) hadn't: had not:- I hadn't, you hadn't, they hadn't, we hadn't, she hadn't, he
hadn't and it hadn't
Examples
Positive Interrogate Negative Neg. With

interrogate
1. I'd spoken Had I spoken I hadn't spoken Hadn't I spoken
English English? English English?
2. She'd stolen a
kite(try this)
Exercise: part one: Turn into interrogate and negative.
1. They'd visited a doctor. 2. You'd washed your vests. 3. It had slept.
Part two: Turn into positive: 1. Hadn't we gone home when they got to
party?

9) Future progressive (continuous) tense
Definition: it is used for an action which will be happening in the future time.
- it is used for an action which will be happening certain time in the future
and continuing in the future.
Pronouns:
- I, we } shall be - He, she, it, you, they} will be
General formula: sub+ shall/will+ be + verb with ing + object
Examples

interrogate
1. It will be Will it be running It won't be Hadn't I spoken

running the gun the gun? running the gun English?
2. I shall be Shall I be shifting I shan't be shifting Shan't I be shifting

shifting to a new to a new room to a new room to a new room next
room next month next month? next month month?
3. He will be
waiting me(try)
Exercise: part one: turn into negative. 1. Won't they be playing poker?
2. Shan't we going to stadium the following hours?
Part two: turn into positive and question. 1. She will not be staying home.
2. You will not be watching the telly. 3. I shan't be laughing anymore.

10) Past perfect progressive (continuous) tense
Definition: It is used for an action which had been going on and completed
when another action started.
- It is used for to show an action which had begun to happen before another
past action but had not been finished yet.
- It is used to express an action that was in progress before another action in
the past. E.g. the armies had been looking for the thieves for a month
before they caught them. Time references:
Pronouns: all pronouns take had been. after, before, when, for, since
General formula: subject + had + been + verb + ing + object

Examples

interrogate
1. I'd been speaking Had I been I hadn't been Hadn't I been

English speaking English? speaking English speaking English?
2. She'd been stealing Had she been She hadn't been Hadn't she been
a kite stealing a kite? stealing a kite stealing a kite?
3. You'd been eating

a guava (try)
Exercise: part 1: turn into negative with question: 1. He'd been beating rat.
2. We hadn't been watching the match. 3. Had she been quizzing them?
Part 2: Turn into positive: 1. They hadn't been feeling anyone.
2. Had I been feeding the plants when I tripped and fell ?

11) Future perfect tense
Definition: Future perfect tense is used for an action which expected to be

completed a certain point of a time in the future.
Note. Future perfect tense is always used with a time adverbial.
Formula =subject + will/shall + verb p.p + object
Time references:
All pronouns take will except I and we
I, we} shall - by the next year/month, -by the time
Examples - by the following hours, - by this time tomorrow
Statement Question Negative Neg+question
1. By the next year, By the next year, By the next year, By the next year,
they will have written will they have they will not will not they have
an Other book written another have written an written anther
book? Other book book?
2. I will have married Will I have married I wiil not have Will not I have
my finance by the end my finance by the married my the married my
of this year end of this year finance by the finance
end of this year
3. By April 2021 I
shall have scripted
another book(try this)
Exercise: Part one: Turn into negative and question. 1. She will have called
me by the following hours. 2. They will have gone to the oversease.
3. By December 10, we shall have written a large book

Part two turn into statement: 1. Shall I have listened to her talking?
2. I shan't have written my exercise by the next day
12) Future perfect continuous tense
Definition: Future perfect continuous tense is used for an action which is

expected to be continuing by a certain point a time in the future. All pronouns will
take (will)
Formula =subject + will/shall + been + verb withʻʻingʼʼ + object except I and we
take (shall)
Examples
Statement Question Negative Neg+question
1. She will have been Will she have been She will not have Will not she have
washing my clothes by washing my washing my been washing my
the next time clothes by the next clothes by the clothes by the
time? next time next time
2. By the following year, By the following By the following By the following

I shall have been year, shall I have year, I shall not year, shall not I
marring my baby been marring my have been have been
baby? marring my marring my
baby? baby?
3. By April 15, Tayo

will have been holding a
party graduation(Try
this)

Exercise: part 1:Covert into negative and question: 1. the next year, we
shall have been opening another high school. 2. I shall have been playing
football. Part two: convert into statement and neg+qu:
1. You'll have been going to the do 2. By the next year, I will have been
teaching her English. 3. They will have been inviting a lot of mentees.
Modal auxiliary verbs

∆ Verb to can ∆ Verb to may ∆ Verb to Must
Verb to can: its describing the way of power or its
used to express how a person's ability is.
General formula: subject + modal can + main verb + complement. Or
Private Formula: can + infinitive (wit out)
In other tense: place of can is used verb to be + able to similarly, placed of

may is used verb to be +allowed to, so if god wills we shall see modal may.
Modal Can
Can is a one of the defect verbs and it has two forms: present (can) and
past (could) it has no present participle no future no p.p and also can it also
expresses permission, possibility and strong request
Form of can how it appears:

-an eagle can fly higher than other bird.
-my father can’t see you now

-can I take this book?
-this new can’t be true.
Eg. A person says " I can eat my corn" this using as a power
no one to lay off him. Because of that person needs to go to his home then it's
not request and that is why the modal of can is used the way of
power.
So modal of can works as possibility, ability, offer, request (informal) and
permission (informal).

But look this figure we see how to use can and could so we add suggestion
and conditional of can.
For instance: You can eat your meal. We can listen the radio.
The tenses that we will speculate including:-

Be note: how to using present form, past form, future form.
Present form
I } can/ am able to/ have been able to
He, she, it} can/ is able to/ has been able to
They, you, we} can/ are able to/ have been able to
Past form
I} could/ was able to/ had been able to
He, she, it} could/ was able to/ had been able to.
They, you, we} could/ were able to/ had been able to
Future form: this kind of using you can use all will be able to.
I, we} shall be able to. He, she, it} will be able to
They, you, we, I} will be able to
Can(use in tense 1)= able to(use in tense2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, can=could (use t.3)
Tense 1formula : Subject + can + complement. E.g: I can slumber.
Tense 2 rule: Sub+ am/is/are + able to + complement. E.g: I am able to
slumber.
Tense 3 rule: Subject + could + complement. E.g: I could slumber.
Tense4 rule: Subj + was/were + able to + complement. E.g: I was able to
slumber.
Tense 5 rule: Sub + shall/will + able to + complement. E.g: I shall be able
to slumber
Tense6 rule: Sub+have/has+been+able to+complement. E.g: I have been
able to slumber

Tense7 rule:Sub+have/has+been+able to+complement+S/F. E.g. I've been
able to sleep S/F.
Tense 8 rule: Sub+had+been + able to + complement. Eg: I had been able to
slumber.
Example 1: statements
1- I can go 5- I shall be able to go
2- I am able to go 6- I have been able to go
3- I could go 7- I have been able to go S/F
4- I was able to go 8- I had been able to go
The form of Negatives we only add (not) in the center

1- I can not go 5- I shall not be able to go
2- I am not able to go 6- I have not been able to go
3- I could not go 7- I have not been able to go S/F
4- I was not able to go 8- I had not been able to go
The form of questions we only out the helping verb of tenses

1- Can I go? 5- Shall I be able to go?
2- Am I able to go? 6- Have I been able to go?
3- Could I go? 7- Have I been able to go? S/F
4- Was I able to go? 8- Had I been able to go?

The form of negative with questions
1- Can't I go? 5- Shan't I be able to go?
2- Amen't I able to go? 6- Haven't I been able to go?
3- Couldn't I go? 7- Haven't I been able to go? S/F
4- Wasn't I able to go? 8- Hadn't I been able to go?
Try this: I can swim. Change into four ways that you have just taken.
Example 2: statements
1- She can visit me 5- She will be able to visit me
2- She is able to visit me 6- She has been able to visit me
3- She could visit me 7- She has been able to visit me S/F
4- She was able to visit me 8- She had been able to visit me
1- She can't visit me 5- She won't be able to visit me
2- She isn't able to visit me 6- She hasn't been able to visit me
3- She couldn't visit me 7- She hasn't been able to visit me S/F
4- She wasn't able to visit me 8- She hadn't been able to visit me

The form of questions we only out the helping verb of tenses
1- Can she visit me? 5- Will she be able to visit me?
2- Is she able to visit me? 6- Has she been able to visit me?
3- Could she visit me? 7- Has she been able to visit me? S/F
4- Was she able to visit me? 8- Had she been able to visit me?

1- Can't she visit me? 5- Won't she be able to visit me?
2- Isn't she able to visit me? 6- Hasn't she been able to visit me?
3- Couldn't she visit me? 7- Hasn't she been able to visit me? S/F
4- Wasn't she able to visit me? 8- Hadn't she been able to visit me?
Try this: He can walk. Change into four ways that you have just taken.
Exercise
Part one:- Replace into modal of can as statement , negative, question and
negative with questions.
1. He can watch the game.
2. It has been able to jump the tree.
3. We are able to speak English.
4. I can wash my visage.
5. You were able to do your task.
6. Am I able to read my lessons?

Part two:- Fill in the table with suitable linking modal of can,
complements, nouns and subjects.
1) He is .................. sleep 6) Young is ............ to explain the
passage
2) I .......... put on my sweater 7) will you be ........... to go
3) We have.......... able....... go 8) .......... we able......... love it?
4) .......... he been......... hark me 9) I have ........ able to do it S/F
5) Have I been..........to do cake 10) They .......... able ........ hang out
Part three:- Rewrite as accurately form for these questions

1. I rest able to am
2. Go could you
3. Was i to run able ?
4. Can come he ?
5. To you are able sleep.
Verb to may
Modal auxiliary of may: its describing the way of request or its

used to express how a person's request is.
The formula: subject + Modal may + main verb + complement
Eg. A person says " I may laugh with them" this using as a request.

Thus it’s request way however when you use the modal may it stands for as
request. So this title it’s consisting of permission, request, possibility and
wish.
For instance: You may eat your patty. We may listen the tutor.
The tenses that we will speculate are including:-
NB: how to use present form, past form, future form.

Present form
I } may/ am allowed to/ have been allowed to
He, she, it} may/ is allowed to/ has been allowed to
They, you, we} may/ are allowed to/ have been allowed to
Past form
I} might/ was allowed to/ had been allowed to
He, she, it} might/ was allowed to/ had been allowed to.
They, you, we} might/ were allowed to/ had been allowed to
Future form:
I, we} shall be allowed to
He, she, it} will be allowed to

They, you, we, I} will be allowed to
Ma y(use in tense 1)= allowed to(use in tense2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, may=might (use
t.3)
Tense 1 formula: Subject + may + complement. E.g: I may rest.
Tense 2: Sub+ am/is/are + allowed to + complement. E.g: I am allowed to

rest.
Tense 3 : Subject + might + complement. E.g: I might rest.
Tense4 : Subj + was/were + allowed to + complement. E.g: I was allowed to

rest.
Tense 5 : Sub + shall/will + allowed to + complement. E.g: I shall be
allowed to rest.
Tense6: Sub+have/has+been+allowed to+complement. E.g: I have been
allowed to rest.
Tense7 rule:Sub+have/has+been+allowed to+complement+S/F. E.g. I've
been able to rest S/F.
Tense 8: Sub+had+been + allowed to + complement. Eg: I had been able
to rest.
Example 1 as affirmatives or statements
1- He may ask me a question 5- He will be allowed to ask me a question
2- He is allowed to ask me a 6- He has been allowed to ask me a

question question
3- He might ask me a question 7- He has been allowed to ask me a

question S/F
4- He was allowed to ask me a 8- He had been allowed to ask me a

question question

1- He may not ask me a question 5- He will not be allowed to ask me a
question
2- He is not allowed to ask me a 6- He has not been allowed to ask me a

question question
3- He might not ask me a question 7- He has not been allowed to ask me a

question S/F
4- He was not allowed to ask me a 8- He had not been allowed to ask me

question a question
As question we only out the linking verb and add {?}
1- May he ask me a question? 5- Will he be allowed to ask me a

question?
2- Is he allowed to ask me a 6- Has he been allowed to ask me a

question? question?
3- Might he ask me a question? 7- Has he been allowed to ask me a

question? S/F
4- Was he allowed to ask me a 8- Had he been allowed to ask me a

question? question?

1- Mayn't he ask me a question? 5- Won't he be allowed to ask me a
question?
2- Isn't he allowed to ask me a question? 6- Hasn't he been allowed to ask me a

question?
3- Mightn't he ask me a question? 7- Hasn't he been allowed to ask me a

question? S/F
4- Wasn't he allowed to ask me a 8- Hadn't he been allowed to ask me a

question? question?
Example 2 as affirmatives or statements

1- I may come in the class 5- I shall be allowed to come in the class
2- I am allowed to come in the class 6- I have been allowed to come in the class
3- I might come in the class 7- I have been allowed to come in the class S/F
4- I was allowed to come in the class 8- I had been allowed to come in the class

1- I may not come in the class 5- I shall not be allowed to come in the
class
2- I am not allowed to come in the class 6- I have not been allowed to come in the
class
3- I might not come in the class 7- I haven’t been allowed to come in the
class S/F
4- I was not allowed to come in the class 8- I hadn’t been allowed to come in the
class

As question we only out the linking verb and add {?}
1- May I come in the class? 5- Shall I be allowed to come in the

class?
2- Am I allowed to come in the class? 6- Have I been allowed to come in the

class?
3- Might I come in the class? 7- Have I been allowed to come in the

class? S/F
4- Was I allowed to come in the 8- Had I been allowed to come in the

class? class?

1- Mayn't I come in the class? 5- Shan't I be allowed to come in the
class?
2- Aren’t I allowed to come in the 6- Haven't I been allowed to come in

class? the class?
3- Mightn't I come in the class? 7- Haven't I been allowed to come in

the class? S/F
4- Wasn't I allowed to come in the 8- Hadn't I been allowed to come in

class? the class?

Exercise
Part one:- change into eight tense as they are
1. I may eat my corn.
2. She may eat the toffee.
3. We may get identity.
4. It may slander one.
5. May Moha go to the work?
Part two: Rewrite as accurate forms for these sentences
1. Hasan want herself may
2. Mohaan go might
3. Am I allowed laugh to?
4. You come in the class may
5. Aragsan will be allowed me to
share the life
6. Maria sleep may at 10:00pm
7. Is he to allowed speak slowly?
8. Isack has just been allowed take
the penal to
9. Teacher Dalmar refuse you a
quarrel may
10. Teacher Shiine is not to allowed
you to late the period
Part three:- Fill in the blanks spaces with suitable terms

1. Hussein ................... Away. 11.Won't you..... Allowed to do?
2. Dalmar ........ Allowed to stay 12. .............. They been ............... To

tease?
3. ........... Am allowed to............. 13. ...........he allowed to go?
4. Moha has been .................. To go 14. You had ........... Allowed........

Commit us for any pity.
5. She is ..................... To go 15. It ........ Allowed to jump.
6. Am .......... Allowed ....... Go? 16. They ....... Allowed..... Play.
7. They have been................ To rest 17. Haven't I been ................ To

for a while. swim?
8. The teachers .................. Explain 18. Hasn't she............ Allowed .........

the lessons. Giggle?
9. Daada has just ............... Allowed 19. Hami-sare........... Come to

............ Sleep. school.
10. ............... he play a game? 20. Hassan ............. Go.
Verb to must

Modal auxiliary of must: It expresses obligation her means what some one
has to do.
Or must expresses obligation or necessity. Obligation or necessity her means
what one has to do. This necessity may be the result of external
circumstances, rules, speaker's own sense of necessity, moral obligation or
strong advice.
For instances:
Children must look after their old parents. ( Moral obligation)
You must know good English for a good job. ( External circumstances)
You must study regularly. ( Strong advice)
I must start early. ( Speaker's own sense of necessity)
Candidates must write on both sides of the answer books. (Rules)
Must here refers to the present and to the future. It has no past tense form.
1. Another way of expressing obligation is by using have to and its past and
future tense forms in place of must. These are:
Present tense Past tense Future tense
Have to Had to Shall have to/ will have to
Since must has no past tense form we use had to, to express obligation in the
past.
Examples:

We had to take a taxi to achieve the station in time. ( Reference to past) He
had to pass a medical test for entry into the army.
2. We use have to in place of must to refer to habitual action.
A policeman has to be on duty for ten hours a day.
Mummy had to get up at 5 a. m. every day.
Many office goers have to work overtime to add to their income.
3. Must can be used both for the present and the future.
But we use shall have to or will have to, to make the idea of obligations in
the future more exact so we take conditional form.
If we are late, we shall have to take a taxi.
If is January already; they will have to work hard.
We shall have to leave in half an hour's time.
You will have to come here again tomorrow.
You will have to reach there half an hour earlier to get front seats.
There is yet another way to express obligation or necessity. This is the use of
be + to + verb. This form is used when the necessity is the request of an
arrangement or order.
I am to report for duty tomorrow. ( order)
They are to meet us at the station at 6 p.m. (arrangement)
Must is used to express inference or certainty.
He must be at least thirty.
The child is crying to loudly. He must be hungry.

Who rang the bell? That must be my comrade.
Negative obligation: must not is used to prohibit a person from doing

something.
You must not pluck flowers here (don't pluck flowers)
Passengers must not carry petrol etc. with them.
Citizens must not throw rubbish on the streets.
No obligation: The absence of obligation is expressed by need not/ needn't.

Look at the following sentences.
You must go now. ( you have to go now: obligation)
You must not go now ( don't go now: negative obligation)
You needn't go now. ( It is not necessary for you to go now: no obligation)
Must he return the book today? No, he needn't. He can keep it till Thursday.
So we take now type of need.
Need
Form: need not + infinitive (without to)
For instance
I needn't go.
As an auxiliary, need can be used in forming negative and interrogative
sentences. Its use in the negative has been discussed in the previous section.
Use of need in interrogative sentences.
Need I write to him? ( Is it necessary for me to write to him?)

Need he go there?
Need as a main verb: As a regular verb it means to require.

He needs money.
He doesn't need money.
He needed money.
Does he need my help?
He will need your help?
Right now we take ought stands for past from must.
Form: Outgh +to infinitive.
You ought to go.
For instances
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I ought to go. I ought not (oughtn't) to Ought I to go?
(Some form for all go. (Some form for all
persons and numbers) ( some form for all persons and numbers)
persons and numbers)
Remind you this unit we can use as eight tenses so keep with that. How to
use forms like present form, past form and future form.
Present form
I} must/ have to/ have had to.

He, she, it} must/ has to/ has had to.
You, they, we} must/ have to/ have had to.
Past form: So you can only use ought to simple past tense. However all
tenses you can use had to but the tense past continuous it will take when.
I} had to or ought to/ had had to.
He, she, it} had to or ought to/ had had to.
You, they we} had to or ought to/ had had to.
Future form
I, we} shall have to.
He, she, it, they, you} will have to.
Before we get in examples we must know the tenses that we will use
including:-
4- Past continuous tense. 8- Past prefect tense.
Example 1 as affirmative or positive form

1. I must pray the prayers 5. I shall have to pray the prayers

2. I have to pray the prayers 6. I have had to pray the prayers
3. I had to pray the prayers 7. I have had to pray the prayers S/F
4. I had to pray the prayers when 8. I had had to pray the prayers
As negative form
1. I mustn't pray the prayers 5. I shan't have to pray the prayers
2. I haven't to pray the prayers 6. I haven't had to pray the prayers
3. I Hadn't to pray the prayers 7. I haven't had to pray the prayers S/F
4. I Hadn't to pray the prayers 8. I Hadn't had to pray the prayers

when
As question form
1. Must I pray the prayers? 5. Shall I have to pray the prayers?
2. Have I to pray the prayers? 6. Have I had to pray the prayers?
3. Had I to pray the prayers? 7. Have I had to pray the prayers? S/F
4. Had I to pray the prayers? 8. Had I had to pray the prayers?

when
As negative with question or question with negative form

1. Mustn't I pray the prayers? 5. Shan't I have to pray the prayers?

2. Haven't I to pray the prayers? 6. Haven't I had to pray the prayers?
3. Hadn't I to pray the prayers? 7. Haven't I had to pray the prayers? S/F
4. Hadn't I to pray the prayers? when 8. Hadn't I had to pray the prayers?
Try this: We must come with book and pen.

Example 2 as statement or positive form
1. People must take rubbish in the 5. People will have to take rubbish in the
street. street.
2. People have to take rubbish in the 6. People have had to take rubbish in the
street. street.
3. People ought to take rubbish in 7. People have had to take rubbish in the
the street. street S/F
4. People had to take rubbish in the 8. People had had to take rubbish in the
street. street
As negative form
1. People mustn't take rubbish in the 5. People won't have to take rubbish in
street. the street.
2. People haven't to take rubbish in 6. People haven't had to take rubbish in
the street. the street.
3. People oughtn't to take rubbish in 7. People haven't had to take rubbish in
the street. the street S/F
4. People Hadn't to take rubbish in 8. People Hadn't had to take rubbish in
the street. the street
As question form
1. Must people take rubbish in the 5. Will people have to take rubbish in the

street? street?
2. Have people to take rubbish in 6. Have people had to take rubbish in the
the street? street?
3. Ought people to take rubbish in 7. Have people had to take rubbish in

the street? the street? S/F
4. Had people to take rubbish in 8. Had people had to take rubbish in the
the street? street?
As negative with question or question with negative form

1. Mustn't people take rubbish in 5. Won't people have to take rubbish in the
the street? street?
2. Haven't people to take rubbish in 6. Haven't people had to take rubbish in

the street? the street?
3. Oughtn't people to take rubbish 7. Haven't people had to take rubbish in

in the street? the street? S/F
4. Hadn't people to take rubbish in 8. Hadn't people had to take rubbish in the
the street? street?
Try this: 1.They must look the hole. 2. Moha must explain the passage.
Try this: 1) She must bake the fish. 2) you must speak English.
Exercise

Part one: Change into statement, negative, question and negative with
question as they are.
1. It must leap the tree.
2. The guardian has to stay his position.
3. Dalmar ought to go the home.
4. She had to visit the beach.
5. We have to wait the period.
Part two: Rewrite as accurate form for these questions
1. Moha slumber must at 10:00 PM
2. Sofia to has commit the tasks
3. All teachers present must be
4. You have stay to in here
5. Nasra love must my romantic
Part two: Fill in the blank spaces and put in suitable complement
1. He ............ Eat the lunch. 11. You .............. ..............
2. She has ........ Stay at home. 12. It .............. .................
3. ........ You do practice? 13. We ................ .................
4. We ............. Love Allah. 14. Ciiltire has ......... Like the money

Conditional sentences
Conditional is a sentence that begins with if, when or unless.
There are three types of condition
1) Possible condition (open condition)
2) Imaginary condition (unreal condition)
3) Impossible condition (past condition)
Condition sentences have two parts:
If clause and main clause
If clause can’t stand alone, it depends on the fulfillment of the main cause
Main clause can stand alone
possible condition(open condition, second conditional)
If+ simple present, simple future.
Rule: if+ sub + present verb + object, sub + will/shall + verb + object.

Ore
Rule: if + sub + present verb + s, es, ies + obj, + sub + will/shall + verb +
obj
Examples Affirmative
 If you work hard, you will pass the exam.

 If he drives the car fast, we shall reach it soon
 If she leaves u.k, we shall call her.
 Unless you arrive here, we will read our lessons.
Questions,
 If you work hard, will you pass the exam?

 If he drives the car fast shall we it soon?
 If she leaves u.k, we shall call her?
 Unless you arrive here, shall we read our lessons?
Negatives
 If you don’t work hard, you will not pass the exam.
 If he does not arrive the car fast we shall not it reach soon
 If she does not leave u.k, we shall not call her
 Unless you don’t arrive here, we shall not read our lesson

 If I work hard, will not you pass the exam?
 If he drives the car fast, shall not we reach it soon?
 If she leaves u.k, shan’t we call her?
 Unless you arrive here, won’t we read our lesson?
Test your self : Change into conditional sentences
If she learns English, I will thank her.
Translate in to English
1) hadii uu macalinka magacaaga uu kasaayo, wuxuu ku su’aali doono 2

su’aal.(affirmative)
2)haday iyaga imman waayaan, Ana ma katagi dooni.(negative)
3) hadii uu cali mootada xoog u wado, xaafada ciyoow ma gaari doono

miyaa?(neg.+question)
If-inside
 I shall come to the station, if I get your message.

 We shall light fire, if we have match box.
 I will eat the food, when you come.
Imaginary condition
Simple past tense, present conditional tense

Rule: If + subject + past verb + obj. subject + would/should + present verb +
obj
Examples: Affirmative
 If I know the answer, I would tell you.

 If you went to Nairobi, I would hold small party.
 If she sent me a message, I would call her
 She would need him, if he courts her.
Questions
 If I know the answer, would I tell you?

 If you went to Nairobi. Would I hold small party?
 If she send me message, would I call her?
 Would she need him, if he courted her?
Negatives
 If I did not know the answer, I would tell you

 If you did not go to Nairobi, I would not hold small party
 If she did not send me message, I would not call her.
 She would not need, if he did not court her
 If I know the answer, would not I tell you?

 If you went Nairobi, would not I hold small party?

 If she sent me message, would not I call her?
 Would not she need him, if he courted her?
Practiced questions: Change into other forms
If she winked me, I would kiss her.
Translate into English
 Haddii Aan arki lahaa ninka, waan la hadli lahaa.

 Hadii aan bariis cuni lahayn , ma xifdin laheyn casharka
 Ma waxan Karin lahaa suugada, haddii aan shidi lahaa dabka?
Impossible condition (past conditions)
Past perfect tense, perfect condition tense
Rule: if+ subject+ had+ v.p.p+ object, subject + would+ have +v.p.p+ object
Affirmative
 If I had known the answer, I would have told you

 If they had taken our shirts, we would have dressed our shrouds.
 If she had known you, she might have respected you
 Ayan would have understood the lesson, if you had given her a pen.
Questions
 If I had known the answer, would I have told you?

 If they had taken our shirts, would we have dressed shrouds?

 If she had known you, might she have respected you?
 Would ayan have understood the lesson, id you had given her a pen?
Negative
 If I had not known the answer, I would not have have told you
 If they had not taken our shirts, we would not have told you
 If she had not known you, she might not have respected you
 Ayan would have not understand the lesson, id you had not given a pen
 If I had known the answer, would not I have told you?

 If they had taken our shirts, would not we have dressed shrouds?
 If she had known you, might not she respected you?
 Would not ayan have understood the lesson, id you had given her a
pen?
Practiced questions
If he had excused his teacher, he would have passed the exam
Translate into English
 Haddii uu aabehey sii aadi lahaa hajka , ana waan iska sii joogi lahaa
 Haddii aan ninka shaqada sii arki laheyn, ma si xiiri laheyn

 Haddii aan shaqada sii qaban lahaa, masii aadi laheyn miyaa badda?
All conditionals
 If the birds files, I will throw stone

 If the birds flew, I would throw stone
 If the bird had flown, I would have thrown stone
 she will go to the market, if she sees me
 she would go to the market, if she saw me
 she would have gone to the market, if she had seen me.
Practice questions
 if the dog barks, I will freeze the milk

 I will go to the pilgrimage, if the boys give $1000
Conditional as verb to be and verb to have
Verb to be
Possible condition as verb to be
Rule: if+ subject +is/am/are + object, subject +will/shall + be+ object
Examples
 If I am a bird, I will fly

 If she is a rich, he will marry the princess

 If you are dull, you will be clever
 If they are honest, everyone will be like that
 You will be ok, if Allah says.
Imaginary as verb to be
Rule: if + subject + were +object, sub +would/should + object.
Examples
 If he were a rich, he would help you

 If were a bird, I would fly
 If you were a dull, your children would be clever
Impossible condition
Rule: if + subject + had + been +object, sub + would + have +object
Examples
 If I had been bird, I would have flown

 If he had been a rich, he would have married the prince.
 If he had been a dull, your children would have been clever.
All conditions
 If she is a rich, she will marry a fat man

 If she were a rich, she would marry a fat man
 If she had been rich, she would marry a fat man

Practice question
1. If he is a manager, I would be a doctor

2. If I am a teacher, I will get a good salary.
Verb to have
She, he, it= has you,we,they, I= have
Examples
 If I have money, I will go to the abroad

 If I had money, I would go to the abroad
 If I had had money, I would have gone to abroad
Practice questions
If we have TV, we will watch the Channels
If she has fiddle, she will dance
Work out: Turn into English these sentences as conditional way
1. Haddii aan cuno loos, abood ayaan heli doonaa
2. Haddii aan laqoslo iyada, waan ka ooyn lahaa.
3. Kuleel ayaan dareemi lahaa haddii aan qolka dhex fedhin lahaa.
4. Maxaad sameyn laheyd haddii aad lacag heysan laheyd?

All conditional sentences by details

All Conditional tenses as four ways
This way as casual.
1. If he gets up, he goes to school.
(if+subj+verb present+e/es/ies+obj, subj+verb present + obj)
If he gets up, he will go to school
(if+subj+verb+e/es/ies+obj, subj+shall/will+verb present+obj)
If he got up, he would go to school.
(If+subj+v2+obj, subj+would/should+obj)
If he had gotten up, he would have gone to school.
(If+subj+had+v3+obj, subj+would+have+v3+obj)
2. Moha visits to his buddy, if Moha comes soon.
(subj+verb present + obj, if+subj+verb present+e/es/ies+obj)
Moha will visit to his buddy, if Moha comes soon.
(Subj+will/shall+v1+obj, if+subj+verb+e/es/ies+obj)
Moha would visit to his buddy, if Moha came/come soon.
(Subj+would/should+v1+obj, if+subj+v3+obj)
Moha would have visited to his buddy, if Moha had came/come soon.

(Subj+would/should+have+v3+obj, if+subj+had+v3+obj)
Look this figure we alternative the above that we have just seen
Verb to be as conditional tenses
1. Open conditional ( first conditional/possibe / Type 1)
its formula is: If+subj+am/is/are+complement,

subj+shall/will+be+complement.
If I am good student, I shall be either teacher or translator.

2. Present conditional ( second /unreal or imaginary / Type 2)
its formula is: If+subj+were+complement,

subj+should/would+be+complement.
If I were good student, I should be either teacher or translator.
3. Past conditional ( third conditional / impossible / Type 3)
its formula is: If+subj+had+been+complement,

subj+should/would+have+been+complement.
If I had been good student, I should have been either teacher or translator.
Example: If inside as verb to be
its formula is: subj+shall/will+be+complement

if+subj+am/is/are+complement.
Type 1: She will be cruel girl if she is generous lady now.
subj+should/would+be+complement if+subj+was/were+complement.
Type 2: She would be cruel girl if she were generous yesterday.
subj+should/would+have+been+complement
if+subj+had+bee+conplement.
Type 3: She would have been cruel girl if she had been generous one month
ago.

Verb to Have as conditional tenses
it mostly used this formalu:- If+subj+belong+noun, subj+will/shall or

would or would have+V1 or V3 so in case you see the if clause we use V1 or
V2 V3 while the main clause or result we use will/shall+V1 or would+V1 or
would have+V3.
Type 1:- formula: If+subj+has/have+complement, subj+shall/will+v1+obj.
E.g:- If outside: 1. If she has boyfriend, she will marry him.
Type 2:- Formula: If+subj+v2+ complement, subj+should/would+obj.
If she had boyfriend, she would marry him.
Type 3:- If+subj+V3+complement, subj+should/would+have+V3+obj.
If she had had boyfriend, she would have married him.
E.g:- If inside: 2. You will buy a car if you have money.
You would buy a car if you had money.
You would have bought a car if you had had money.
E.g:- 3. Type1:- If you have money what will you do?
Type 2:- If you had money, what would you do?
Type 3:- If you had had money, what would you have done?

general exercise
Part 1:- Make these into all three types of conditional as V.2 have
1. If we have TV, we will watch the breaking news.
2.If she has smartphone, she will call me.
3. If I have money, I will go to the abroad
Part 2: Fill in the blank spaces with suitable words
1. If she .............. a skirt, I shall give her a pants .
2. If you .................... vigor, you would protect yourself.
3. Moha .... .... done the work if he had had a chance.
4. The teacher ............... give us a chance if we have a good hope.
5. If they ........ .......... Money, they would have bought a new auto.
6. If I ................. a new pen, I ................... use it.
7. ............ we go to market? If we had a field day.
8. ......... they ............ Worked up a book, if they had had a internet

Unit four Active voice and passive voice

Rules of changing passive voice
1. A sentence can be written in either active voice or passive voice without

changing the meaning of it.
2. When the verb in a sentence shows that the subject is the doer of the action,
the verb is in the active voice.
3. Examples: Children painted these pictures. (Children – subject; painted –
verb; pictures – object)
4. James writes a letter (James – subject; writes – verb; letter – object)
5. When the verb in a sentence shows that the subject is not the doer of the
action, the verb is in the passive voice. (Generally you will find “by” in the
sentence. If “by” is not there, you can put a question “Who?”, you will get an
answer.)
6. Examples: These pictures were painted by children: (pictures – subject;
painted – verb; children - object
7. A letter is written by James (letter – subject, written – verb; James – Object)
Rules for conversion from Active to Passive Voice
 The subject and object are interchanged.

 The preposition BY is added before the object
 The verb is changed to past participle (3rd form of verb)
 A new auxiliary is added to the Past Participle form of verb.
 If the subject or the object in an active voice sentence is a pronoun (I, we,
you, he, she, they, it)

it changes: (I-me; we-us; you-you; he-him; she-her; they-them; it-it) and vice-
versa. e.g. I wrote a letter – A letter was written by me.
The prefect does keep accusing me daily – I am being accused by the prefect daily.
How the pronouns are changed
Active voice Passive voice Active voice Passive voice
I Me My My
You You His His
He Him Her Her
She Her Your Your
It It Their Their
We Us Our Our
They Them Its Its
6. If the subject in the active voice sentence is unknown or unimportant or

obvious, by + object is omitted. E.g. We make butter from cow’s milk. Butter is
made from cow’s milk.
 If the verb in the active voice sentence has a modal in it, the verb is changed
to – modal + be + the past participle. e.g. Rajesh can lift this box. This box

can be lifted by Rajesh. We should obey the rules. The rules should be
obeyed.
 When there are two objects or double objects, only one object is
interchanged. The second object remains unchanged so the direct one would
add(by)while direct object would add (to + indirect+by). (He told me a story
– He- subject; me – object 1; a story – object 2) ( I was told a story by him;
A story was told to me by him).
1. What is active voice?
 An active voice is a form of verb which means that the action is performed
by subject. In active voice, subject performs the action.
1. what is passive voice?
1. The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb)
and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject
is either less important than the action itself or that we don't know who or
what the subject is. So use the preposition (by) if you want to clarify the
action who did.
2. Note: the passive voice must has O + Hv + V3 + by+ S.
3. O:object, Hv: helping verb, V3: verb past participle, S:subject.
4. In passive voice, the action is performed on the subject. The
subject receives the action.
 E.g. Moha hits the ball ( it's active voice)
 (moha=(S)subject, hits=(V1) verb present, the ball=(O) object)
1. So the active voice must has S V O and then you can alternate into passive
voice so recollect when you wanna convert any sentence, it must has S V O ,
S:subjet, V:verb while O: object.

 E.g. The ball is hit by Moha. ( it's passive voice)
 (The ball: O, Is: Hv, By: it clarifies the action who did, Moha: S)
 Note: there are transitive and intransitive verbs so what are they?
 Transitive verbs: are those take an object. E.g. knock. :she knocked me.
 Intransitive verbs: are those don't take an object and also cannot be
converted into passive because the passive must be made up SVO so the
intransitive verbs are those don't need an object they can stand alone as they
are. E.g. smile. She smiled. That sentence has complete meaning so she has
gotten a full meaning. But some intransitive verbs can be changed into
passive if they agreed with an object. E.g. She slept my bed- my bed was
slept by her.
 Note: most passive voice sentences don't need the mention of the agent (
subject) in some sentences however the agent is specified and has to be
mentioned. E.g. He killed the man--the man was killed. So if you want to
mention who did the action you can add by and repeat who were done the
action. E.g. the man was killed bu him.
Here are some of the double transitive verbs
Ask Teach Show Offer
Award Lend Do Tell
Sell Make Buy Bring
Write Give Send Feel

Here are some of the intransitive verbs
Come Live Freeze Shout
Cry Lie Bark Fly
Fall Stay Kneel Arrive
Stand Become Sleep Grow
Have Die Rise Appear
Creep Go Sit Believe
Growl Seem Run Look



The eight tenses of using passive voice are including:-
1. Present simple 5. Future simple
2. Present continuous 6. Present perfect
3. Past simple 7. Past perfect
4. Past continuous 8. Future perfect
So there are other ways to use passive voice and they are:-
 Future be going to, Imperative, Request in passive

 Modal auxiliaries, Yes/no question,
 Double objects, modal perfect
 1. Present simple( simple present tense in passive voice)
Definition: It is used to express an event which occurs daily.
Active formula: Subject + verb with s, es, ies + object
Passive formula: Object + am, is, are + Verb pp+ by + subject.
Question: am, is, are+ Object + V3 + by + subject + ?
Negative: Object + am, is, are+ not+ V3 + by + subject.
Q with N: am, is, are + not + object + V3 + by + subject + ?
N.B. constructions way: isn't: is not, aren't: are not, Am I not: aren't I.
E.g. you're doing a task( the underline word is shorten from you are).

- I'm not done anything ( I'm: I am), She's taking a lesson (she's:she is)
- It's jumping the tree ( It's: it is) but It's a young midget(it's: it has).
1. Simple present tense
Formula: object+ is/am/are +verb p.p +by +subject
Example:
Active Passive
They learn English English is learnt by them
They do not learn English English is not learnt by them
Do they learn English? Is English learnt by them?
Exercise: Turn into passive voice as they are
1. She bakes a wafer. 2. They kick him. 3. I hate her. 4. It jumps the tree.

2. Present continuous tense
Formula: object+ am/is/are+ being+ verb p.p+ by +subject
Example:
Active Passive
I am playing dice Dice is being played by me
I am not playing dice Dice is not being played by me
Am I playing dice? Is dice being played by me?
1. He is eating a corn . 2. We are playing a game. 3. I am doing the chore.

Combined tenses: tense 1 and 2(t1 works: Hv+ V3, t2 works: Hv+ being+V3)
Active She steals my wallet They drive a car I toss the tin
1. Passive My wallet is stolen by her A car is driven by The tin is tossed by me

them
2. Passive My wallet is being stolen A car is being The tin is being tossed
by her driven by them by me
Exercise: Turn into combined passive voice as they are such as: tense 1&2
1. They laughs at me. 2. Ali makes me happy. 3. Sahra smiled.
4. We are working as hard. 5. They are watching the telly.
6. It brings a crisis. 7. I feel you. 8. She gets me.
3. Simple past
Formula: object+ was/were+ verb p.p+ by+ subject

Example:
Active Passive
They broke the stores The stores were broken by them
They did not break the stores The sores were not broken by them
Did they break the stores? Were the stores broken by them?
1. You wait him. 2. You admit them. 3. She cooks the gravy.
4. They play football. 5. Sofia washes the dishes.
4. Past continuous
Formula object+ was/were+ being + verb p.p+ by + subject

Example:
Active Passive
she was eating lunch Lunch was being eaten by her
she was not eating lunch Lunch was not being eaten by her
Was she eating lunch Was lunch being eaten by her?
1. She beat the oxen. 2. I did the work. 3. He accepted them.
Combined tenses: tense 3 & 4( t3 works:W2+V3, t4 works: W2+being+V3)
Active He wove a plays They enlarged me She exposed me
3. Passive A plays is woven by him I am enlarged by I am exposed by her

them
4. Passive A plays was being woven I was being driven by I am exposed by her
by him them
Exercise: Turn into combined passive voice as they are such as: tense 1&2
1. I hated them. 2. She bit me. 3. I slapped her. 4. We arrived the house.
5. I played ball. 6. It sat the table. 7. I baked a pie. 8. They killed the man.

5. Simple future
Formula : object + will/shall + be + verb p.p + by + subject.
Example:
Active Passive
We shall write letter Letter will be written by us
we shall not write letter Letter will not be written by us
Shall I write letter Will letter be written by us?
1. She will grab the meat. 2. I will get a cheddar. 3. People will go the mall.

6. Present perfect
Formula: object + has/have + been + verb p.p + by + subject
Example:
Active Passive
You have just done the work The work has just been done by you
You have not just done the work The work has just been not done by you
Have you just done the work? Has the work just been done by you?
1. I've gotten the pen. 2. She's just beaten the midget. 3.He's gone the town.
4. They have eaten the lunch. 5. I have launched the game. 6. It has run me.

7. Past perfect
Formula: object + had + been + verb p.p +by + subject
Example:
Active Passive
he had gone to party Party had been gone by him
he had not gone to party Party had not been gone by him
Had he gone to party? Had party been gone by him?
1. Sahro had wanted me. 2. Had I written a sweet-talk?
3.You had visited her. 4. Had they played football?

Note: past perfect tense is also used to show the sequence of two events in the past.
We use past perfect tense for the event completed earlier and simple past tense for
the later event.
Active Passive
I had met him before I came to you He had been met by me b4 I came to you
He took my pen when I had given him He took my pen when he had been given by
me
Exercise: Turn into passive as pair sentence like these.
1. She had worked them before I joined the job.
2. She used his book when they had loved each other.
3. We had done the task before you arrived to us.
Combined tenses: tense 6 and 7(t6 works: H2+ been+ V3, t2 works: H1+ been+V3)
Active He is making chat She will go home I exposed them
6. Passive Chat has been made by Home has been They have been
him gone by her exposed by me
7. Passive Chat had been made Home had been They had been
by him gone by her exposed by me

Note: the present perfect continuous, future continuous, verb to be, verb to have
are not normally used in passive ways.
8. Future perfect
Formula: object + will/shall + have + been + verb p.p + by + subject.

Example for future perfect:
Active Passive
Aragsan will have moved Bakaara Bakaara will have been moved by Aragsan
Wil Aragsan have moved Bakaara? will Bakaara have been moved by
Aragsan?
Aragsan will have moved Bakaara Bakaara will not have been moved by
Aragsan
1. I shall have defaced my style. 2. She will have slammed the door.
Be going to in passive
Formula : object + am, is, are + going to + be V3 + by + subject
Active Passive
He is going to dance the do The do is going to be danced by him
Is he going to dance the do? Is the do is going to be danced by him?
He isn't going to dance the do Had party been gone by him?
Imperative in passive voice (command)
Formula: Let + object + the + be + verb p.p.
Active Passive
Open the window Let the window be opened
Break the lock Let the lock be broken
Try these: 1. Do the work. 2. Take the pen. 3. Go your way

Here are a figure pointed imperative
Try these: 1. He may play a game. 2. I can wash my hands

DOUBLE OBJECTS:
are verbs those taken two objects.
Formula: Indirect object + helping verbs + V3 + direct obj + by + subject.
Formula: Direct object + helping verbs + V3 + to + indirect obj + by + subj.
Example:
He gave me a gift
he: subj gave: obj me: indirect obj a gift: direct obj
We have just known indirect and direct objects so we can change into passive if
we look the sentence it is past simple because the verb gave is verb past so that we
use the tense past simple.
 He gave me a gift --- take the indirect one : I was given a gift by him.
 He gave me a gift ---- take direct one: a gift was given to me by him.
 She asked me a question. Try it.
 I bought her a car. Try it.
look this figure how its changed

REQUEST IN PASSIVE VOICE
Notice that “PLEASE “turns into “YOU ARE REQUESTED” IN PASSIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Please close your eyes You are requested to close your eyes
Please open the saucepan you are requested to open the saucepan
Try these: 1. Please leave me alone. 2. Wait me. 3. Please stop.

Modal perfect in passive voice

The modal perfects are should, would, could and so on, they refer to past time.
Formula active: subject + should/would/could+ V1 + object.
Formula passive: Obj + should/would/could+ have + been + V3 + by + subj.
E.g.1) I should do my work--- my work would have been done by me.
2) I could watch the telly --- the telly could have been watched by me.
Try these: 1. She would go home. 2. They could play a game.

Conclusion
So here are important title that we must know how to change passive.
1. Tense 1 , you have to change itself.
2. Tense 2, you have to change itself.
3. Tense 3, you have to change itself so other tenses like these.
4. Imperative into imperative.
5. Request into request.
6. Modal verbs into modal verbs.
7. Modal perfect into modal perfect

Exercise change into all passive tenses
1. I am cleaning shoes.
2. She is beating her chum.
3. You hate them
4. They cried.
5. You killed him .
6. They was kicking ball
7. We'll watch tv .
8. It kills them
9. Please sit with me
10. Please help him.

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Basic English grammar

Unit one: Introduction To Grammar

Examples: love, clue, sky, star and etc.

Gthtou, mghyz, hfhgkl, eiynozg.

So those mentioned above don't get any meaning or they are

 A word is the smallest unit of grammar that can stand alone as

WORK UP: TAYO AND TAAMID TEACHERS PAGE 1

 How many personal pronouns are there in English?

WORK UP: TAYO AND TAAMID TEACHERS PAGE 2

So look this table we shall discern nicely.

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o They bought a pound of matches. ( the=subject, verb=bought)

What are objective personal pronouns?

 It describes: come after the verbs.

So here are some examples of objective personal pronouns.

 We know you. ( you= is the objective, know=is the verb)

What are possessive adjectives?

 It describes: are followed by a noun.

So here are some examples of possessive adjectives.

 My head goes woozy when I board the stair.( my=possessive)

WORK UP: TAYO AND TAAMID TEACHERS PAGE 4

 It describes: To stand alone and are not followed by a noun.

So here are some examples of absolute possessive pronouns.

 He is cully of mine. ( mine= is absolute possessive)

What is reflexive pronoun?

 A reflexive pronoun indicates that the person who is realizing the

Here are some examples of reflexive pronouns.

WORK UP: TAYO AND TAAMID TEACHERS PAGE 5

2. ................... goes to school everyday.

3. This pen is .........................

4. Those cars are ..................................

5. I waited for ............................

Part two: complete the following table:

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So we just use question way:-

2. Are there good students to suggest a super presentation?

3. ........................ some water remains in the pitcher.

4. How many teachers ............there in your school?

5. ...........there any question to ask me for now?

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1. Bulwark 16. Enamor

2. Put off 17. Empty-handed

3. Resilience 18. Pull up stakes

4. Spleen 19. Self-restraint

5. Intrinsic 20. Blast

6. Deep down 21. Park

7. Thrash 22. Elf

8. Adamant 23. Accompany

9. Agonize 24. Foe