Press Tool Calculation

MODULE 2
CUTTING FORCE
• “Cutting force is the force applied on the stock material in order
to cut out the blank or slug”.
• The capacity of a press is determined by the maximum cutting
force it can apply.
• The cutting force is determined by
• The length of cut
• Sheet thickness
• Material strength
• Formula for calculating the cutting force:
• Cutting force= L x S x T Max
• L = Length of periphery to be cut in ‘mm’.
• S = Sheet thickness in ‘mm’
• T max = Shear strength in N/mm2 (80 % of tensile
strength (σ max)
• Where the cutting surfaces become dull, the cutting force has to be
increased 15 to 30 percent.
CUTTING FORCE
Calculate the press force required to produce the following
component. Sheet thickness 2mm. Material is brass.
Cutting force = L x S x T max
= 126 x 2 x 400 = 100800 N = 100.8 KN
Press force = Cutting force + Stripping force
= 100800 + 20% (100800) = 120960 N = 120.960 KN.
P= ( L x S x Tß ) / 10
P = Stripping force
S = Material thickness
L = Total cutting length
A = L x S = Shear area
Tß = Shear strength
METHODS OF REDUCING THE CUTTING FORCE
• The blanking process is characterized by a very high punch force

exerted over a very short time, resulting in shock or impulse
conditions.
• The cutting force should be reduced for the life of punch and
die.
• This can be achieved by a gradual cut instead of sudden cut of

the stock.
• Two methods are employed for this.

• Shear on punch or die.
• staggering of punches.
Method of providing Shear

• When shear is provided, the working faces of punch or die are
ground off, so that these don’t remain parallel to the horizontal
plane but are inclined. This reduces the area of contact during
shear at any one time.
• This angle of inclination is called as shear.
• This has an effect of reducing the area in shear at any one time
and maximum force is much less.
• The cutting force is reduced by as much as 50 %.
• The relation of cutting force to shear is shown in figures.

• Shear is zero , i.e. edges of punch are parallel to stock surface.
• The material is cut at once on the entire perimeter of the punch.
• This results in heavy cutting force and hence heavy load on the
punch.
• The force diagram shows the steep rise in the cutting force and
then sudden release of force as the cut in complete.
• Face of the punch is ground off so that Shear is t/3.
• Cutting action will start at the leading edge of the punch and then it
will gradually spread to the rest of the punch.
• Thus a part of the punch would be cutting at any instance.

• While the maximum force needed will decrease but the energy
required remains the same.
• Thus the punch travel will be more for same energy but less force.
• Face of the punch is ground off so that Shear is t/1.
• When the leading edge of the punch has travelled through the stock
thickness, the trailing edge of the punch will start making contact
with the material.
• The cutting force would be half of that when the shear is zero,
• The punch travel will be more for same energy but less force.
• When shear is on the face of the punch, the blank cannot be flat
and when shear is on the face of the die, the hole (skeleton)
(piercing) cannot be flat.
• Thus in punching operation, shear is provided on the punch face

and for the blanking operation shear is provided on the die.
• When the shear on punch is too big, say 2t or 3t, the cutting edge of
the tool becomes too acute and liable to break away easily.
• However the shear must at least be equal to penetration.
• Amount of shear in die can be < or > stock thickness.
• Shear that is = in depth or > than stock thickness is called full shear.
Three types of shear on piercing punches.

Angle and depth of shear are exaggerated for emphasis.
• The most common type of shear used on the die is convex.
• The apex of the die face is slightly rounded to avoid initiating a
crack in the work metal.
• Concave shear is somewhat more difficult to grind on the die,
but holds the work metal more securely during blanking.
• A radius approximately = to that of the grinding wheel is
produced where the ground surfaces meet.
• Angle and depth of shear

are exaggerated for
emphasis.
• Normally, depth of shear
does not greatly exceed
stock thickness.
Fig: Convex shear and concave shear on blanking dies

• The cutting force for a die with shear can be calculated after first
finding the work done (energy used) in blanking.
• The work done in blanking equals the force required in blanking
(load on the press) multiplied by the distance that the force acted:
W = Force x punch travel
W = Force x thickness x % penetration before fracture
CENTER OF PRESSURE
• Irregularity in the shape of a blank, may result in a bending

moment in the press ram and undesirable deflections and
misalignment.
• This is because the summation of shearing forces on one side of
the center of the ram may greatly exceed the forces on the other
side.
• Center of pressure= Center of gravity of the perimeter of the
blank, not the area A point about which the summation of
shearing forces will be symmetrical.G
• Why is it important to find this point?
• The press tool will be designed so that the center of the pressure
will be on the central axis of the press ram when the tool is
mounted in the press.
• Perimeter of the blank
STRIP LAYOUT FOR BLANKING TOOLS
STRIP LAYOUT
• A layout of the metal strip which represents the sequence of the

operations to be performed is called as strip layout.
• It is basically the position and orientation of work piece in the
strip.
• The arrangement of operation sequence should give optimum
utilization of material.
• Otherwise the term is technically meaningless.
• If this sequence of operations has error, the error will surely
emerge out.
STRIP LAYOUT
• Blanking tools produce blanks out of the strip or unit stock.

• None of the edges of the strip or unit stock forms an edge of the
blank.
• Blanking is the most efficient and popular way of producing
intricate and closely tolerated blanks.
• The profile and accuracy built into the tool will be reproduced on
the blank.
• In the strip layout, blanks can be positioned in different ways in
the strip.
TERMS USED IN STRIP LAYOUT
Pitch (C)
• Distance between two consecutive operations on a strip.
Scrap bridge (B)

• It is the unused portion of the material after blanking operation.
• It is dist. between outer edge of the strip and the cutout portion.
• It is dist. between the two adjacent openings left out on Skelton.
Scrap bridge (B)

• This distance is important to prevent the scrap (skeleton) from
twisting and wedging between punch and die.
• This distance should increase with material thickness.
• Rule: - B is atleast = to 1.5 times the material thickness.
• Factors such as strip thickness, material hardness, type of
operation, shape of blank etc. may allow the web to be thinner.
• Softer material require larger spacing.
• Thinner material require larger spacing.
Front Scrap (A)

• It is the scrap bridge on that edge of
the strip which is towards the
operator.
A = t + 0.015 H
Back Scrap (A)
• It is the scrap bridge on that edge of
the strip which is away from the
operator.
Feed (S)
• It is the advancement in length of one
piece of stock needed to produce one
blank
No. of blanks (N)

• It is the number of blanks produced from one length of stock.
N = L-B / S
Material Utilisation
• It is the number of blanks produced from one length of stock.
MU = Area of blank to be cut / Area of material available

MU = Area of blank from strip / Area of strip before blanking
= (X/Y ) x 100
Percentage scrap = [ (Y - X) / Y ] x 100
Material available per blank = Feed x Stock width
Percentage Utilisation
• It is the amount of material utilised from one length of stock.
Percentage utilisation = (a x b) / [ (a +c) (b + 2d)]
Percentage utilisation should not be less than 70% for economical

working.
For complicated shapes, it can be less than 70%.
At A is shown a representative strip layout for a blank for a cut off
die positioned the wide way, and at B is shown a layout for a blank
positioned the narrow way.
• For this job we find that exactly the same number of blanks are
produced with blanks positioned the narrow way as for "wide-
run positioning" and there is no waste in either method.
• When blanks can be run either way, select the "wide run"
method for three reasons:
• 1. Fewer cuts will be necessary for producing the strips
• 2. The feed is shorter when running strips through the die, thus
reducing the time required
• 3. More blanks are produced per strip and fewer strips have to
be handled.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STOCK / STRIP LAYOUT
• Economy of material
• Direction of material grain or fibre
• Strip or coiled stock
• Direction of burr
• Press used
• Production required
• Die cost
FACTORS: ECONOMY OF MATERIAL
• The percentage utilisation of material increases by changing the

arrangement of the blank.
• However this does not ensure the best strip layout, as the die
construction may become difficult.
• This can be justified only for mass production.
• Change in percentage utilisation of material by changing the

• Change in percentage utilisation of material by changing the

FACTORS: DIRECTION OF MATERIAL GRAIN OR FIBER
• If the cut blanks have to undergo any subsequent operation like

bending or deep drawing, this factor is to be considered.
• During rolling of sheet metal in mill, fiber or grains are produced
in the direction of strip length.
• During bending operation, , bend should be made across the strip
or at right angle to fiber.
• This will ensure maximum strength in bending.
• Bending the strip along the grain direction results in crack and
fracture.
• If the strip is cut from the coil, the orientation of the grains
should be taken care of, if subsequent operations are to be
performed.
FACTORS: STRIP OR COILED STOCK
• Depending upon whether the strip is passed or coil is passed, the

strip layout will change.
• Strip may be passed through the coil more than once.
• Coil is passed through the die only once.
• Strip stock is used when:
• Production is low
• Thicker sheet metal are used.
• Stock need to be passed through the die more than once.
FACTORS: STRIP OR COILED STOCK
• Coil stock is used when:

• Production is high
• Thinner sheet metal are used.
• Stock is to be passed through the die only once.
• It need decoiling, and recoiling of stock, sheet straightener, feed
rolls. This is expensive.
FACTORS: DIRECTION OF BURR
• It is a decisive factor in laying the strip.
• In blanking, burr is found on the punch side.

• In piercing ,burr is found on the die side.
• If the burr has to be on the hidden side, expensive deburring

operations need not be done.
• Sometimes note is written of part drawing, - “burr down”.
• To control the burr position, the stock arrangement has to be

limited. This may reduce the percentage utilisation.
• FACTORS: DIRECTION OF BURR
• The shape, height, and roughness of burrs must be controlled to some degree
in nearly all blanking operations.
• Complete elimination of burrs is not possible, but their formation can be
minimized by the use of proper clearance between punch
• and die and by good maintenance.
• Exposed burrs on the finished part can be unsafe and unsightly.
• Burrs on some blanked work can cause difficulties in forming and can increase
the rate of workpiece breakage and die wear.
• Burrs can be removed by grinding, which generally removes the burr and a
portion of the work-hardened edge.
• Tumbling in a barrel is a common method of deburring small parts.
• Other deburring methods include chemical and electrolytic deburring, belt
grinding, polishing and ultrasonic methods.
• Hand scrapers can be used to remove burrs from irregular shapes or soft
metal parts.
FACTORS: PRESS USED
• The press will apply force on punch through a ram.
• So the press capacity will also decide the stock layout.
• Also the bed area of the press should be kept in mind while
designing the layout.
• The size of slug or blank falling down is limited by the size of the
bed.
FACTORS: PRODUCTION REQUIRED
• A) For low production thin material

• Strip stock and single pass layout.
• Cutting of one or more blanks at a time.
• B) For low production thick material

• Cutting of one blank at a time.
• C) For high production thin material

• coiled stock and single pass layout.
• Cutting of one or more blanks at a time.
• D) For high production thick material

• Cutting of more than one blanks at a time.
FACTORS: DIE COST
• Die cost will be higher for

• Higher production
• Cutting more than one at a time
• Cutting complicated shapes
• Cutting with less tolerance.

CONSTRUCTION OF DIE DETAILS
DIE BLOCK
• It is the female half of the two mated tools which carry out the
cutting operation.
• Subjected to extreme wear and tear.
• So made from tool steel. E- Tapped holes
F – Dowel pin holes
C- Blanking contour
D – Punching contour
For fool proofing place one of a dowel

at a different distance from other.
DIE BLOCK THICKNESS
Case - I
• The minimum thickness of die block depends upon the strength
required to resist the cutting force.
• It depends upon the type and thickness of the material being cut.
• Thumb rule for tool steel die block is given below.
• Die thickness = 19 mm, for blank perimeter ≥ 75 mm.

• Die thickness = 25 mm, for blank perimeter = 75 mm to 250 mm.
• Die thickness = 31 mm, for blank perimeter > 250 mm.
DIE BLOCK THICKNESS
Case - II
• If the die block is the function of stock thickness and quantity of
production, then the following table is followed.
• Die block should not be made unnecessarily thick, which may add
the weight and cost to the die block.
Case – III
If force is considered then thickness is considered as cube root of
force.
DIE OPENING
• The side walls of the die block opening should be provided with
sufficient relief.
• The taper can either start from the top or a straight land is
provided.
• The advantage of straight land is that the original dimensions of
the die are retained after repeated regrinding.
• With fully tapered die
cavity, the die opening
size increases after each
regrinding. This increase is
however very negligible to
cause any appreciable
effect on blank
dimensions.
DIE OPENING
• Die wall thickness from the edge of
die opening to the die block border,
distance A should be at least,
• A = 1.5 to 2 times T – for small dies

• A = 2 to 3 times T – for larger dies
As a thumb rule-
There should be a minimum of 32 mm
margin all around the opening of the
die. (distance A)
• Sharp corners in contour may

develop crack during heat
treatment, so they need more
wall thickness.
DIE OPENING
• The cross-sectional area A x T should be checked .

• It should bear a relationship with cutting force.
Maximum cutting force Area between die opening border

(KN) (cm2)
200 3.25
500 6.50
750 9.75
1000 13.00
• If it does not give sufficeint area, then the die thickness

should be increased.
FASTENING OF DIE BLOCK
• The die block is secured either to the die shoe or bolster plate.
• The size of screws and bolts employed are not usually
calculated.
• Screw diameter = 0.5 T. For T≤ 19.

• Screw diameter = 0.4 T. For T> 19.
• Along with screws, dowel pins are also used for alignment.
• They are located near diagonally opposite corners of the die
block.
• For maximum locating effect, the diameter of the dowel pins is
taken equal to the outside diameter of the fastening screw.
• Two and only two dowel pins are used for locating the die
block.
DOWEL PINS
• Dowels used are hardened and ground steel pins.

• They are press fitted in the die and the lower shoe.
• Keeping the dowel dimensions same as that of the screw
facilitates the drilling and reaming of the holes.
• The position of dowels is selected such that, through holes can
be made for them.
• This facilitates removal of dowels during disassembly.
• If through holes are not available, a taper hole is drilled to insert
taper pins.
DOWEL PINS
DOWEL PINS
• Whenever possible, threading in the hardened component

should be avoided.
• Threads should be cut in the die shoe (made up of CS and not

hardened).
• Die block should be counter bored to accept the cap screw.
• The effective thread depth of the screw should be 1.5 to 2

times the screw diameter.
DOWEL PINS
• On die block up to 18 cm square, use two dowels of 10 mm

diameter and two screws of same outer diameter.
• On sections up to 25 cm square, use three screws and two
dowels.
• For blanking heavy stock, use screw and dowels of 12,7 mm
diameters.
Screws and dowels are preferably located about 1.5 to 2 times

their diameter from the outer edge of the blanking contour.
Minimum permissible center distance between the tapped hole

and dowel pin is ≥ 2 times the screw diameter.
Type of Die Block Construction
• Die Block may have solid or sectional construction.
• It depends upon the size and contour of the die opening.
• If the die opening is small and its contour is simple, a solid die
block is the choice.
• For complex contours, sectional dies are used.

Advantages of Sectional Die Block
• Dies of complex contours can be easily and economically

machined when they are broken into sections.
• It eliminates heat treatment, distortion and cracking as the

separate pieces are more uniform in cross-section.
• Grinding can be easily done for sections.
• If one section happens to crack, it can be easily replaced.
• Maintenance becomes simple as compared to a complicated

single die.
Disadvantages of Sectional Die Block
• The design is not suitable when the stock thickness is quite

large.
• Because for thick stock, the clearance is more which increases

the side thrust or horizontal force.
• If the bed and press slide are not parallel, proper alignment
between two halves will be difficult.
PUNCH DETAILS
• The punch must be a perfect mate to the die block opening.
• The minimum length of punch should be such that, it extends far
enough into the die block opening.
• The length should ensure complete shearing of the blank.
• The punch length must also provide for anticipated number of
regrinds.
• The maximum punch length can be calculated from the formula
L = π d/8 * (Ed/ τ t ) 1/2

E = modulus of elasticity
d = punch diameter
τ = permissible shear stress
• Total length of punch guided in stripper plate
• L ≥ thickness of stripper plate + thickness of punch holder plate +
sharpening allowance + Minimum distance between stripper and
punch holder (=25mm) So, L = 60to 85 mm
PUNCH DETAILS
• Punch are made of good grade tool steel, hardened and ground.
• Recommended hardness is RC 60 to RC 62.
• Punches with unguided length of more than 100 mm are avoided

as it may be subjected to buckling.
• Strength of the punch is checked for the weakest cross sectional

area by the formula
• σ compressive = Fmax / Area

• σ compressive ≤ permissible stress of the punch material
BACK UP PLATE
• Back up plate or pressure plate is provided between the punch
plate and the punch holder.
• The punch plate fits closely over the body of the punch and it holds
the punch in proper position.
• The back up plate is provided to
• take the cutting force of the punch
head
• provide a base to the punch
• ensure the punch against the deflection
when the punch does not have a flange.
• prevents the harder punch from being
pushed into the softer punch holder,
thus becoming loose.
BACK UP PLATE
• Criteria for Back up Plate
• It is the unit of compressive stress on the punch
• It is given by p = F/A
• Depending upon the punch construction, if p exceeds 245 N/mm2,

a back up plate is used.
• Also if the punch diameter is less than 4 times the stock thickness.
• The thickness of the back up plate depends upon the stock

thickness.
• For stock thickness up to 2 mm, a back up plate thickness should
be about 3 mm.
• For thicker stock, it should be 6 mm.
• Back up plate is made from PCS, hardened and ground.

METHODS OF HOLDING PUNCHES
• Punches are directly fastened to the punch holder without a punch
plate.
• Punches are directly fastened using screws.
• If punch plate is used, then its thickness should be equal to 1.5
times the punch diameter.
• Punches are directly fastened to the punch holder without a punch
plate.
• Punches are directly fastened using screws.
• If punch plate is used, then its thickness should be equal to 1.5
times the punch diameter.
PEDASTAL PUNCHES
STRIPPER
• After a blank has been cut by the punch on its downwards stroke,
the scrap strip has a tendency to expand.
• On the return stroke of the punch. The scrap strip has the tendency
to adhere to the punch and be lifted by it.
• This action interferes the feeding action of the stock through the
die.
• Some device needs to be used to strip the scrap material from the
punch as it clears up the die block.
• Such a device is called as stripper or stripper plate.
• It is basically a plate parallel to and above the die surface.
• An opening is cut through the stripper plate for free passage of the
punch.
• It should be 1.6 mm larger than the blank size on all sides.
STRIPPING FORCE
• Frictional forces originating within the skeleton prevents the
punch to move up.
• Considerable force is needed to overcome this influence.
• Stripping force is the force needed when the skeleton stick or jam
because of spring back.
• A properly designed tool needs to have a method for holding the
work while the punch is pulled back through the material.
• This stripping procedure can be either by a fixed-bridge or spring-
loaded stripper.
• Thinner material deforms easily when punch is withdrawn from a
hole, so the spring loaded stripper should be used.
STRIPPING FORCE
Stripping force can be calculated using:
Fst = S A t in KN
S is a stripping constant
A is the perimeter of the cut surface
t = stock thickness
Approximate values for the constant k (as determined by

experiment for low-carbon steel) are:
S = 0·01500 for sheet metal thinner than 1.57 mm
= 0·2100 for other cuts in sheet thinner than 1.57 mm
= 0· 3000 for sheet more than 1.57 mm (0.062 in.) thick
STRIPPING FORCE
Stripping Force Stripping force depends on:
• Type of material being cut,

• Area of the cut,
• Clearance between punch & die,
• Spring position, etc.
Naturally, with increasing clearance between the punch and die

arrangement, the amount of stripping force decreases.
But the quality of the cut decreases along with it.
Rough empirical equation:
F = 1.5 L t;
L and t are in mm and F in KN.
TYPES OF STRIPPER
• Fixed Stripper (Solid Stripper)
(Channel Stripper) MS
• This is attached on the die block

at a fixed height.
• The height should permit the
sheet metal to be fed freely
between the upper surface of die
and lower surface of stripper.
• The stripper plate is of the same

width and length as that of a die
block.
• In a simple die, it is fastened with
the same screws which are used
for die block.
TYPES OF STRIPPER
• Fixed Stripper (Solid Stripper)

(Channel Stripper) MS
• In complex die it will be independently

fastened.
• The stripper thickness should be
sufficient to withstand the force
needed to strip the scrap strip from
the punch.
• The usual thickness is 9.5 mm to 16

mm.
• Tstr = 1/8 (w/3 + 16 t)
• Where w & t are width and
thickness of strip
TYPES OF STRIPPER
• Spring Loaded Stripper: MS
• This type is used on large blanking

operations and also on very thin
and highly ductile material.
• The stripper plate is mounted on

the compression spring and
suspended by bolts from the
punch holder.
• As the punch travels downwards

for the blanking operation, the
stripper plate contacts the stock
strip first and holds it until the
punch clears the strip on its return
stroke.
TYPES OF STRIPPER
• Spring Loaded Stripper: MS
• As the punch rises, spring

pressure holds the strip,
stripping it from the punch
surface.
TYPES OF STRIPPER
Fixed Vs Spring Loaded Stripper
• Solid stripper is simple in construction.
• As fixed stripper does not apply force on strip, thin sheets may
buckle or jam in stripper. So mainly used for thick sheets.
• Fixed mostly used for hand feed. Spring stripper for coiled feed.
• For large SF, fixed stripper is preferred, as space may restrict

application of larger force.
• Travel of spring stripper is limited by compression permitted by

spring.
TYPES OF STRIPPER
Fixed Vs Spring Loaded Stripper
• Solid stripper is simple in construction.

• As fixed stripper does not apply force on strip, thin sheets may
buckle or jam in stripper. So mainly used for thick sheets.
• Fixed mostly used for hand feed. Spring stripper for coiled feed.
• For large SF, fixed stripper is preferred, as space may restrict
application of larger force.
• Travel of spring stripper is limited by compression permitted by
spring.
PRESS TONNAGE
• Press Tonnage
• The sum of all the forces required to cut and form.

• In many cases, the stripping forces must be added to the cutting
force.
• This is while the spring-loaded stripper is used. Because, the
springs are compressed while cutting the material.
• Any other spring forces for forming, draw pads, etc. will have to
be added.
• Fixed or tunnel strippers will keep the press load to a minimum,

but they will not control the stock as well as spring-loaded ones.

Press Tool Calculation

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MODULE 2

Cutting force = L x S x T max

= 126 x 2 x 400 = 100800 N = 100.8 KN

Press force = Cutting force + Stripping force

= 100800 + 20% (100800) = 120960 N = 120.960 KN.

• The blanking process is characterized by a very high punch force

• This can be achieved by a gradual cut instead of sudden cut of

• Two methods are employed for this.

Method of providing Shear

• This angle of inclination is called as shear.

• The cutting force is reduced by as much as 50 %.

• The relation of cutting force to shear is shown in figures.

• Shear is zero , i.e. edges of punch are parallel to stock surface.

• The material is cut at once on the entire perimeter of the punch.

• Face of the punch is ground off so that Shear is t/3.

• Thus a part of the punch would be cutting at any instance.

• Face of the punch is ground off so that Shear is t/1.

• Thus in punching operation, shear is provided on the punch face

• However the shear must at least be equal to penetration.

• Amount of shear in die can be < or > stock thickness.

Three types of shear on piercing punches.

• Angle and depth of shear

Fig: Convex shear and concave shear on blanking dies

• Irregularity in the shape of a blank, may result in a bending

• A layout of the metal strip which represents the sequence of the

• Blanking tools produce blanks out of the strip or unit stock.

Scrap bridge (B)

Scrap bridge (B)

Front Scrap (A)

No. of blanks (N)

MU = Area of blank to be cut / Area of material available

Percentage utilisation = (a x b) / [ (a +c) (b + 2d)]

Percentage utilisation should not be less than 70% for economical

• The percentage utilisation of material increases by changing the

• Change in percentage utilisation of material by changing the

• Change in percentage utilisation of material by changing the

• If the cut blanks have to undergo any subsequent operation like

• Depending upon whether the strip is passed or coil is passed, the

• Coil stock is used when:

• It is a decisive factor in laying the strip.

• In blanking, burr is found on the punch side.

• If the burr has to be on the hidden side, expensive deburring

• Sometimes note is written of part drawing, - “burr down”.

• To control the burr position, the stock arrangement has to be

• The press will apply force on punch through a ram.

• So the press capacity will also decide the stock layout.

• A) For low production thin material

• B) For low production thick material

• C) For high production thin material

• D) For high production thick material

• Die cost will be higher for

• Cutting more than one at a time

• Cutting complicated shapes

• Cutting with less tolerance.

For fool proofing place one of a dowel

• Die thickness = 19 mm, for blank perimeter ≥ 75 mm.

• A = 1.5 to 2 times T – for small dies

• Sharp corners in contour may

• The cross-sectional area A x T should be checked .

Maximum cutting force Area between die opening border

• If it does not give sufficeint area, then the die thickness

• Screw diameter = 0.5 T. For T≤ 19.

• Dowels used are hardened and ground steel pins.